abakan
has abstract: ABAKAN (in 1925–31 - Khakassk), a city, the capital of the Republic of Khakassia (Russian Federation). Main in 1675 as the Abakan prison. In 1782-96 - p. Ust-Abakan province of Tobolsk, in 1796-1822 - Tobolsk, from 1822 - Yenisei province. In 1930–91, it was the capital of the Khakass Autonomous Okrug, part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. 149 Jews lived in Armenia in 1939, 188 Jews in 1970, and 146 Jews in 1979.

abakanskiy ostrog
has abstract: ABAKAN OSTROG, see Abakan.

abasha
has abstract: ABASHA, city (since 1964), regional center (Georgia). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Senaki u. Kutaisi province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was the Georgian SSR. In 1939 there were 22 Jews living in Armenia, in 1959 - 7, in 1970 - 1, in 1979 - 8 Jews. M.A. Mostkov.

abasova
has abstract: ABASOV, does not exist now. In the 19th century. - the village of the Kyurinsky env. Dagestan region Jewish community A. main. immigrants from Derbent in the middle. 17th century The Jews were engaged in agriculture, gardening, viticulture, and fishing. A. was the spiritual center of the nearby Jewish communities. In 1797 (according to another version - in 1799) Armenia was destroyed, 157 Jews were exterminated, approx. 150 were taken prisoner, the rest moved to Derbent. A Jewish cemetery has been preserved in Armenia; the oldest grave dates back to 1687. (At the beginning of the 19th century, the Jews of Derbent buried their dead in this cemetery.) The author of the piuts Elisha ben Shmuel and comp. Commentary on "Yad Ha-Hazak" by Maimonides Gershon Lala ben Moshe Nagdi.

abastumani
has abstract: ABASTUMANI, an urban-type settlement (since 1926) in the Adigensky district (Georgia). At 17 - early. 19th century - as part of the Ottoman Empire. Since 1828 - part of Ros. empire. In 1828-40 - in the Imereti region, from 1840 - in the Akhaltsykh u. Georgian-Imereti gubernia, since 1846 - in Akhaltsykh u. Kutaisi, from 1867 - Tiflis province. In 1921-91 it was part of the Georgian SSR. In 1868 25 families (smoke) lived in Armenia, in 1913 there were 26 Jews, in 1926 - 8, in 1939 - 23, in 1970 - 12, in 1979 - 6 Jews (all Ashkenazi ). 17th century Jews who fled from Kakheti settled in A. Main occupations - small trade in the surrounding villages and weaving. With the beginning of the Russian tour. During the war of 1828–29, the Jews of Armenia moved to Akhaltsykh (present-day Akhaltsikhe). After taking the last one grew. troops returned to Armenia. In the 1840s. because of the post. attacks by the Adjarians, 27 Jewish families again moved to Akhaltsyh. The resettlement of Jews from Armenia to other cities and villages of Georgia continued later. M.A.Kapelyushnikov.D.M.Khananashvili

abatskiy
has abstract: ABATSKY, an urban-type settlement (since 1964), a regional center in the Tyumen region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Abatskoe Ishimsky u. Tobolsk Gubernia. In 1939, 20 Jews lived in Armenia.

abatskoe
has abstract: ABATISH, see Abatsky.

abazovka
has abstract: ABAZOVKA, now part of the village. Korytnoye in the Baltsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Baltsky district Podolsk, from 1920 - Odessa province. in 1849 by immigrants from Podolsk and Kiev provinces. Initially, 90 families lived in Armenia, and 20 dessiatines were allocated to them. free state lands. Not having experience of working on the land and not receiving benefits from the treasury for the acquisition of agricultural. inventory and draft animals, the colonists did not cultivate their plots, but gave them for grazing. In 1859 - 70, the number of families in the colony decreased from 125 to 40, the inhabitants were poor, engaged in small trade, and harness. In 1872 the lustration commission took away arable land and hayfields from the colonists, leaving only 94 dess. for farmsteads and pastures for cattle (later 80 dess. pastures were plowed up for sowing grain and industrial crops). In 1893, the colony had 43 courtyards and 333 inhabitants; in 1898-99 - 280 inhabitants, in 1905 - 47 households and 324 inhabitants, there was a synagogue. As a result, Civil. war, pogroms, famine, and epidemics by 1922, Armenia ceased to exist.

abchuk avrom
has abstract: ABCHUK Avrom (1897, Lutsk - 1937), prose writer, literary critic. In 1921 he settled in Kiev, worked as a Hebrew teacher. lang. in schools, then became a scientist. sotr. Institute of Hebrews. span. culture at the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. From 1926 he was published in Heb. g. "Prolit", "Di dig Velt", "Stern", "Farmest" and other ed. Mean. event in the present. Heb. the literature was his rum. "Gershl Shamai" - about Heb. workers and their new way of life. He also printed scientific research. works on the history of Heb. classic and modern lit-ry. Author of the book: "Mendele Moicher-Sforim: Zayn lebn un zane verk" ("Mendele Moicher-Sforim: His life and his works"), 1927; "Gershl Shamai un andere derceilungen" ("Gershl Shamai and other stories"), Kiev, 1929, "Wegn unzer prose" ("About our prose"), Kharkov-Kiev, 1932; "Etuden un materiali zu der geshichte fun der geeshichte fun der Yidischer literary-bavegung in FSSR" ("Studies and materials for the history of the Jewish literary movement in the USSR"), Kharkov, 1934; "Baryshevs Brigade" ("Baryshev's Brigade"), Kiev, 1934, etc. Repressed.

abdulino
has abstract: ABDULINO, city (since 1923), a regional center in the Orenburg region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1795. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Orenburg u. 33 Jews (0.2%) lived in Armenia in 1926, and 35 Jews in 1939.

abelev garri izrailevich
has abstract: ABELEV Garry Izrailevich (b. 1928, Moscow), biochemist, immunologist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1987), acad. Grew up. Academy of Natural Sciences. Science (1992). At the end of biol. Faculty of Moscow State University (1950) worked at the Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after N.F. Gamalei of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. In 1977 as part of the department. Virology and immunology of cancer transferred to Oncologic. scientific. Center of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (head of laboratory of immunochemistry). Since 1964 - prof. Department of Virology Biol. Faculty of Moscow State University, where he teaches a course in immunochemistry. tr. on immunochemistry, tumor immunology, immunobiology, cell biochemistry. He discovered the production of an embryospecific protein - alpha-fetoprotein by malignant cells of the liver, testis and ovaries, which formed the basis for immunodiagnostics of certain forms of cancer. He proposed extremely sensitive methods for the determination of antigens, as well as a method for immunodiagnostics of certain forms of leukemia. h. Amer. associations of immunologists and Europe. Society of Oncologists, Chl. New York Academy of Sciences. State pr. USSR (1978), Gold Medal of the Institute of Cancer (1975, USA), Medal Between Nar. about-va of cancer-embryonic biology and medicine (1976), Abbotovskaya pr. (1991). Works: Virology and immunology of cancer. M., 1962 (with L.A. Zilber).

abelev nosan shneurovich
has abstract: ABELEV Nosan Shneurovich (Naum Aleksandrovich) (b. 1901), process engineer, organizer of production. He graduated from Leningrad in 1927. technol. in-t. In 1925–41, working for Leningrad. metallic s-de, was engaged in the development and creation of large-caliber naval and coastal turret artillery. In 1942–44, Ch. engineer, then der. artillery plant. In 1944-57, the director. Taganrog Combine Plant. From 1957 to the beginning. Department of agricultural machines of the North Caucasus Economic Council. Linen. etc. (1964).

abelev yuriy matveevich
has abstract: ABELEV Yuri Matveyevich (real name and surname - Lev Mordukhovich Yuda) (1897, Rogachev, Mogilev province - 1971, Moscow), civil engineer. Graduated from the Gomel city (1919) and the Moscow Higher Technical School (1929). From 1931 he worked at Vses. Institute of Foundations and Structures (since 1956 - Research Institute of Foundations and Underground Structures). One of the founders of a new direction in foundation engineering - construction on subsiding loess soils. The method and principles of construction on loess soils developed by A. in 1934–37 (with N.M. Gersevanov) were the basis of construction in the USSR and in pl. countries of the world. With the participation and consultations of A. on subsidence soils, many were erected. production - Bobrikovsky chemical plant, Zaporizhstal plants, Nikopol South-pipe plant, Volzhsky automobile plant in Togliatti, etc. Introduced creatures. contribution to the development of methods for the study of soils and construction on soft soils. Became. pr. (1948). Cit .: Practice of construction on loesslike soils according to the experience of Kuznetskstroy, M.-L., 1934; Course of foundations and foundations, M.-L., 1934 (jointly with Sh.Ts. Voin); Erection of buildings and structures on fill soils, M., 1962 (with V.I.Krutov); Building in the USSR: 1917-1967, M., 1967 (co-author); Fundamentals of design and construction on subsidence macroporous soils. 3rd ed., M., 1979 (with M.Yu. Abelev).

abeli
has abstract: ABELI, see Obey.

abelj shloyme
has abstract: ABEL Shloyme (1857 - 1886), rabbi and publicist. He taught at the yeshiva in Telšiai. Author of Art., Publ. in Heb. periodic. press directed against the socialist. and anarchist ideas. In the book. A. "Beis Shlomo" (Vilna, 1893) examines the issues of human relationships.

abeljman iljya solomonovich
has abstract: ABELMAN Ilya Solomonovich (1866, Dinaburg, Vitebsk province - 1898, Vilna), astronomer. Graduated from physics and mathematics. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1891). Hands. the best private observatory of the Schwabe company. Then at the Pulkovo observatory. Among his scientific. works - "Collection of Algebraic Problems" (Riga, 1887) and "On Falling Stars"; the latter was adopted by Moscow. un-tom as a manual for young astronomers. The work "On the motion of meteor showers" was published in 1898 Imp. Russian astronomical. about-vom of St. Petersburg. A. is the author of pl. Art. on astronomy in rus. and it. lang.

abeljson avrom-yoelj
has abstract: ABELSON Avrom-Yoel (1841, Marijampole, Suvalki province - 1903, Odessa), rabbi. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. He was a rabbi in several cities of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1883-1903 he was a rabbi in Odessa. From 1893 he produced the rabbinical train. "Kneses hahamey Israel". He headed the Zionist organizations in Odessa. Published in Heb. periodic. ed.

abezgauz evgeniy zalmanovich
has abstract: ABEZGAUZ Evgeny Zalmanovich (b. 1939, Leningrad), painter. Studied in Leningrad at Electrotechnical. in-those communications them. MABonch-Bruevich (1957–62) and at the Higher. art-prom. uch-shche them. VI Mukhina (former Baron Stieglitz) (1968–72). In 1974, org. Leningrad. gr. Heb. thin Alef participated in her exhibitions in Moscow, Leningrad and abroad. Since 1977 - in Israel. Had staff. exhibitions in pl. countries of the world. A.'s works are kept in museums and private collections. Russia (including the State Russian Museum), Israel, USA, Canada, etc.

abiatar
has abstract: ABIATAR (IV century, Georgia), legends. spiritual hand. Jews of Georgia. In the chronicle "Kartlis Tskhovreba" ("Life of Georgia") A. and his daughter Sidonia are named the first known. writers of Ancient Georgia. It is known that A., considering Christ as one of the teaches. Judaism, began to promote its spread in Georgia, which led to the split of Heb. communities. A. was subjected to persecution, an attempt was made to stone A. and his daughter, from which they were saved only by the intervention of the king.

abinsk
has abstract: ABINSK, a city (since 1963), a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). Vozn. like the Abinsk fortification. At 19 - early. 20th century - village Abinskaya Temryuk dep. Kuban Region In 1939, 5 Jews lived in Armenia.

abinskaya
has abstract: ABINSKAYA, see Abinsk.

abinskoe ukreplenie
has abstract: ABIN FORTIFICATION, see Abinsk.

abkin abram davydovich
has abstract: ABKIN Abram Davydovich (1903, Polotsk, Vitebsk province. - 1983, Moscow), physicochemist. Dr. chem. Sciences, prof. from 1959. In 1928 graduated from Kazan University. From 1928 he worked in N. - and. physical and chemical in-those them. L.Ya. Karpova in Moscow, head. laboratory basic scientific. tr. are devoted to the study of the mechanism of polymerization. processes. Developed quantities, the theory of copolymerization (1951), research. ionic radiation polymerization and the influence of nature, environment on the polymerization of water-soluble monomers. Created (1966–70) an original method for producing polyacrylamide. Carried out solid-phase polymerization of a number of monomers at a temperature of approx. 4 ° C. In 1980 he discovered a photosensitizer. polymerization taking place at a temperature of approx. 4 ° K with a high rate and almost complete monomer conversion. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1974). Linen. pr. (1980). Works: Radiation chemistry of polymers, Moscow, 1973 (with co-authors).

abo
has abstract: ABO, see Turku.

abragam anatolj
has abstract: ABRAGAM Anatol (Anatoly Izrailevich) (b. 1914, Moscow), physicist. Lives in France since 1925. Graduated from the Sorbonne (1937). Since 1947 - at the Atomic Energy Commissariat. Since 1960 - prof. College de France. Member Parisian Academy of Sciences (1973), Brit. Royal Society and other scientific. org-tions. Main tr. in the field of magnetism and solid state physics, in particular, nuclear magnetism, hyperfine structure of a solid, the theory of spin temperature, polarization of nuclei, gamma-resonance spectroscopy of a solid. Works: Yaderny Magnetism, Moscow, 1963; Electronic paramagnetic resonance of transition ions (et al.), M., 1973 (translated from French); Nuclear Magnetism: Order and Disorder (et al.), Vol. 1, 2, M., 1984; Backward Time, or Physicist, Physicist, Where Have You Been, M., 1991.

abragamson bernard yakovlevich
has abstract: ABRAGAMSON Bernard Yakovlevich (1798, Lemberg - 1874, Odessa), doctor and society, activist. R. in the family of the master of surgery and obstetrics of the local un-that. Studied for honey. f-takh of Krakow and Berlin un-tov. Since 1824, Doctor of Medicine Petersburg. medical-surgeon academy. From 1835 - to the state. service. In 1838-43 - military. doctor. In 1843 - 47 chap. doctor of the Kiev province. at the Cherkasy district administration. In 1847, he retired with the rank of court councilor. He was engaged in private practice in Odessa, was a che. scientist to-that Min-va state. property. The participant will enlighten the activities of the Maskilim. In the field of reform, Heb. education sotr. with M. Lilienthal and O. Rabinovich, becoming related with the latter (A.'s son is the husband of his daughter). Raised to the hereditary nobility of the Vladimir province. Author of the op .: "Odessa estuaries, their medicinal properties and use in various diseases" (Odessa, 1850).

abrakhamov naftali
has abstract: ABRAKHAMOV Naftali (b. 1905, Bukhara), an entrepreneur in the region. tourism. From 1913 in E.-I. Graduated from Ped. seminary in Jerusalem. In 1928–37 he served in banks and in the Palestinian Authority, and later headed the Heb. schools in Iran and Afghanistan. The Creator will order. dir. tourist firms "Abrahamov Brothers" and "Abratur".

abrakhams izraelj
has abstract: ABRAHAMS Israel (1903, Vilna - 1973, Cape Town, South Africa), rabbi, writer. Studied at the University of London, received a master's degree in the humanities. From 1928 to 1932 he was rabbi of the Shepherds Bush synagogue in London, and from 1933 to 1937 - the Great Synagogue in Manchester. Since 1937 - in South Africa, Ch. Rabbi of Cape Town. Since 1938 - prof. Hebrew (Cape Town University). Head of the Rabbinical Court (Beth Din) and dec. educational and societies, institutions. The author of the books: "Remember the past days" (1942), "War and Peace" (1943), "Tragedy and Hope" (1944), "Foundations of Judaism" (1945), "Essays on the History of the Jews Vost. provinces (Cape) from 1870 to 1902 "," The birth of a community "(1955).

abramov
has abstract: ABRAMOV (real name Pasternak) Abram Matveyevich (| - |), opera singer (bass). He worked as a machinist at the Kursk-Kharkov-Azov railway. D., studied in Moscow. He made his opera debut in Kiev. In 1876–82 he was a soloist of the Bolshoi Theater (he made his debut in the part of Susanin in A Life for the Tsar by Mikhail Glinka). From 1882 he was a soloist of the Mariinsky Theater (he made his debut in the part of Ramses in Aida by G. Verdi). He toured the USA and Italy (1884), Mexico and Cuba (1886-87), Great Britain (1890). Among the parties: Demon ("The Demon" by A.G. Rubinstein), Eliakim and Holofernes ("Judith" by A.N.Serov), Cardinal ("The Jew" by F. Galevi).

abramov lev solomonovich
has abstract: ABRAMOV Lev Solomonovich (b. 1919, Dmitrov Moscow province), geographer. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1993). Graduated from geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University in 1941. In 1942 52 served in the army. In 1952–60 scientific. ed. g. "Nature". Since 1960 he has been working at the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Deputy ch. ed. g. "Izvestia RAN: Series of Geography". Tr. on the history of geogr. science in Russia, by physical. geography.

abramov shetielj semenovich
has abstract: ABRAMOV Shetiel Semenovich (b. 1918, Derbent), Hero of the Sov. Union (1945). Studied at Grozny Oil. in-those. Since 1941 - in Kr. Army. Graduated from Grozny military infantry. uch-shche. From May 1942 - at the front. Deputy com. battalion, captain A. rank Hero of the Sov. The Union was awarded for the liberation of Poznan. In 1949 he graduated from Grozny Oil. in-t. Cand. geological and mineralogical. sciences. Head Department of General Geology of Grozny Oil. in-that, dean of the geological-prospecting faculty.

abramov solomon abramovich
has abstract: ABRAMOV Solomon Abramovich (1884, Lipy, Mogilev Province - 1957, Moscow), publisher, editor, art critic and poet. Studied at Kazan University. In 1917 in Moscow he created a private publishing house "Tvorchestvo", a cut published by many. poetic collections (first publications) izv. later poets, literary-artistic. and children's almanacs "Creativity", art-publ. g. “Moscow” (No. 1-7, 1918-22), “Rus. art ”(No. 1–3, 1923–24), as well as ser. monographs about the masters of the "World of Art", "Union of Rus. thin. " and others. In the 1920s - early. 1930s was, along with I.E. Grabar, K.F. Yuon and S.L. Vinogradov, co-founder of the cooperative Moscow. thin publishing house that produced thin. and a suit-vedic literature. Under contracts with Izogiz, he produced high-quality. albums of reproductions ("Museum of New Western Art", "Koro in the Museums of the USSR", etc.), postcards. In recent years, he was engaged in the assembly of traveling exhibitions of reproductions.

abramov zalman
has abstract: ABRAMOV Zalman (b. 1908), polit. activist. From 1920 in E.-I. Graduate of the Herzliya state institution. Member central bodies of the General Zionists. Dep. Knesset 4-8 convocations: first from the General Zionists, and then from the Liberal Party. For many years he was before. Israel-USA Friendship Society. Author pl. articles on current topics in Israeli and foreign affairs. press.

abramovich
has abstract: ABRAMOVICH (real family member Rein) Raphael Abramovich (1880, Dinaburg - 1963, New York), politician, activist. Studied at the Riga Polytechnic. in-those; in 1901 he was expelled for participation in illegal activities. student circles. Completed his education in Liege (Belgium). From 1901 - member. Bund, was arrested, after his release he went abroad, worked in gr. assistance to the Bund. In 1903 he took part in the 5th Congress of the Bund, then returned illegally to Russia; worked in Bund organizations in Vilna and Warsaw. In 1904 he was co-opted into the Central Committee of the Bund. In the end. 1905 - member. Petersburg. Council of the slave. dep. In 1906 - cases. (with a deliberative voice) from the Bund at the 4th Congress of the RSDLP; elected member Central Committee. In 1907 - cases. 5th Congress of the RSDLP, where he joined the Mensheviks. During the years of reaction, one of the leaders of the "liquidationist" trend. in the Central Committee of the Bund. In 1910 he was exiled to the Vologda province, from where he fled abroad. In 1912-14, while living in Vienna, he was a member. editions of the legal organs of the Bund. In the years of the 1st world. war stood on "centrist" (social-pacifist) positions. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, re-entered the Central Committee of the Bund, and within the RSDLP joined gr. Menshevik internationalists. Dep. Petrogr. Council. Was a member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the 1st convocation, and then the Bureau of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In aug. participated in the work of the State. meetings. On Sept. participated in the work of Demokr. meetings in Oct. - member Time. Council Ros. rep. (Pre-parliament). In the end. oct. - cases. 2nd All-Russia. Congress of Soviets, called on cases. leave the congress in protest against the arms. performances of the Bolsheviks. 07/23/1918 arrested, released at the end. jan. 1919 at the request of the Western European s.-d. In the yea…

abramovich abram grigorjevich
has abstract: ABRAMOVICH Abram Grigorievich (1910, Katerinka, Kherson province - 1937, Brunete, Spain), Hero of Owls. Union (1937). Since 1932 - in Kr. Army. Com. tank. platoon. leit., participant citizen wars in Spain. Killed in battle.

abramovich aleksandr vladimirovich
has abstract: ABRAMOVICH Alexander Vladimirovich (1900, Odessa - 1988, Chisinau), musicologist. Grandson of the Jewish writer Mendel Moicher-Sforim. Graduated from the Odessa Music Theater. in-t them. L. Beethoven in 1924, in 1926 - jurid. Faculty of Odessa Institute of Nar. x-va. In 1924-30, a teacher of music. literature and head. uch. part of the muses. courses. In 1929–41 he taught the history of music at the Odessa muses. technical school, at the same time. from 1930 he read the history of music in the Odessa State. cons. in 1933–41 deputy. dir. by scientific. and uch. work. In 1941–49 he taught at the Irkutsk muses. uch-shche and in the same place was ed. muses. broadcasting obl. radio-ta. In 1949–70 he headed the Department of Music History of the Chisinau State. cons. Articles published in Moscow. collection of books in 1955-73, devoted to the history of muses. culture of the Sov. Moldavia and other problems of mold. music. Member Union comp. Moldova since 1957. Awarded with medals and honors. diplomas. Daughter - Elena Aleksandrovna A. - musicologist and teacher of the history of music.

abramovich boris aleksandrovich
has abstract: ABRAMOVICH Boris Alexandrovich (b. 1910, Kharkov), pianist-ensemble player. Graduated from Moscow. cons. (1930), where in 1931–32 he was an assistant in the opera class and the department of chamber singing; worked with K.N.Dorliak, Z.P.Lodiy, A.L.Dolivo and others. Since 1933, accompanist Mosk. Philharmonic. In 1934–40 he was an accompanist in the class of A.V. Nezhdanova at the Bolshoi Opera Studio, and was also Nezhdanova's accompanist. In 1941–43 he worked in the Leningrad city evacuated to Molotov (now Perm). Opera and Ballet Theater as an assistant to A.M. Pazovsky - Ch. conductor and thin. hands. t-ra. He performed in an ensemble with the largest owls. and foreign vocalists (including with D.Ya. Pantofel-Nechetskaya, E. Bandrovskaya-Turskaya).

abramovich david iosifovich
has abstract: ABRAMOVICH David Iosifovich (1904, Yukseevo, Yenisei province - 1966, Novosibirsk region), geographer-hydrologist and climatologist. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1947). Graduated in 1930 Geogr. Faculty of Leningrad State University. In 1930–36 he worked at Gidrologich. in-those and simultaneously. was an assistant at the Department of Hydrology of Moscow State University. In 1936–49 in Geogr. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow. Since 1949 in Zap.-Sib. branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, headed the lab. hydrology Transport and energy in-that in Novosibirsk. Since 1964 - at the Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk. In 1952-66 before. Novosibirsk branch Geogr. about-va USSR, scientific. hands. exp. research on the study of reservoirs of the Novosibirsk hydroelectric station, runoff in the Middle Ob. Osn. work related to the development of problems of water resources use in the bunkers. x-ve. In 1931–34 research. sediments of river Dagestan runoff for the construction of a number of hydroelectric power plants at pp. Sulak and Samur and published the country's first monograph on this issue. In 1960, for the first time, he gave a comprehensive coverage of the natural conditions of the Kulunda steppe, established the size of the static. and dynamic. sediments of groundwater on this territory. Completed a cycle of works on the use of water. resources in with. x-ve Zap. Siberia, works: Research. sediment load of the Sulak River, M.-L., 1935; The Pakhra River - as an example of small rivers Mosk. region, M.-L., 1946; Waters of the Kulundinskaya steppe, Novosibirsk, 1960.

abramovich dov-menashe
has abstract: ABRAMOVICH Dov-Menashe (1870, Rossieny, Kovno province - 1942, Siauliai), rabbi. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. All R. 1890s - 1915 - Rabbi in Rossiens. In 1915 he was evacuated to Ukraine. Passed as an external student for the course of the city and graduated from law. Faculty of Kharkov University. Since 1920 - in Lithuania. He was one of the most famous lawyers in Lithuania. Prev Heb. communities of Siauliai. Member commission for assistance to refugees from Germany. One of the leaders of religions. Zionism in Lithuania. 1941–42 - member. Judenrat in the Siauliai ghetto. Founded in the ghetto Heb. school.

abramovich emiliy
has abstract: ABRAMOVICH Emily (Emil) Abramovich (1864, Grodno - 1922, Saratov), ​​politician, activist, doctor. He graduated from the city of Grodno (1882). He studied at the Sorbonne (Paris), then honey. Faculty of Dorpat University (graduated in 1889). In student. years chl. Marxist, circle in Dorpat. In 1884–88, coming to Minsk for the summer, he led a roar. propaganda among the Hebrews. workers and artisans, joint. with L.E.Berkovich created a number of first workers' circles in the city, made up a program for classes in them (it was used until the second half of the 1890s). In 1886–87 he organized a study circle in Vilna, from which a number of prominent propagandists emerged. In 1889 he moved to Kiev, joint venture. with Berkovich created one of the first Social-Democrats. org-tions in southern Russia, organized a library, a mutual aid fund, led a roar. propaganda among the workers. Arrested in the same year. By imperial command, in 1890 he was imprisoned for 2 years in the Kresty prison (St. Petersburg), in 1892 he was exiled to Olekminsk, Yakutsk region, then to Nizhneudinsk, where he worked as a doctor. In 1896 he returned to Europe. Russia, settled in Smolensk. In the end. 1890s - early. 1900s worked as a doctor for angry. mines in Siberia, then in Saratov, where he was a member of the local Social-Democratic Party. org-tion. After the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP - Menshevik. In the 2nd floor. 1900s lived and worked in Yekaterinoslav. In 1912 for the publication of Art. arrested on the occasion of the Lena execution and exiled to Siberia. In 1915-17 he worked as a doctor in the village. Kaptsevo, Yaroslavl province. After 1917 he returned to Saratov, was one of the hands. local organization RSDLP, was persecuted by the Sov. authorities. In the 1910s. in letters to friends, he was pessimistic about the prospects of growing up. Jewry.

abramovich genrikh naumovich
has abstract: ABRAMOVICH Genrikh Naumovich (b. 1911, Warsaw), scientist, specialist in the region. theoretical and applied gas. speakers. R. in the family of a mechanical engineer. Graduated from Moscow. engineering and construction. Institute (1932). In 1932–44 he worked at the Center. aerohydrodynamic in-those (TsAGI) - Ing. (until 1938), deputy. early experiment. dep. (1938–42), early. aerodynamic. lab. (1942–44). In 1944–45 - deputy. early Research Institute-1 of the Ministry of Aviation industry of the USSR. At the same time. from 1939 he taught. work in Moscow. Aviation in-those (since 1945 prof., in 1962–82 - head of the department of theory of air-jet engines). Member Nat. to-that USSR on theoretical. and Applied Mechanics (1976). Doct. tech. Sciences (1939). work in the region. turbulent flows. One of the hands. projects of large wind tunnels (1934–39), proposed and substantiated projects of transonic and supersonic aerodynamics. pipes of high power with a closed working part and variable pressure (1936–40). Developed (since 1939) the basis for gas. dynamics of a ramjet engine at subsonic speeds. Created (1942) the theory of the centrifugal nozzle, which was used in the design and creation of jet engines. Author of the textbook “Applied Gas. dynamics ”(1951), which went through 5 editions. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1972). Became. pr. (1943) Cit .: Gaz. dynamics of jet engines, M., 1947; Foundations of theories of air-jet engines, M., 1947; The theory of turbulent jets, 2nd ed., Moscow, 1984 (in co-authorship); Applied gas. dynamics, parts 1–2, 5th ed., 1991.

abramovich german
has abstract: ABRAMOVICH German (1880 - 1948), rabbi, society. activist in the field of social. provision. From 1890 to the USA. He was educated at New York College, becoming a bachelor in 1900. After graduating from Theological Seminary in 1902, he was elected Rabbi of the Shaar Gashomayim Congregation in Montreal (Canada), where he was actively involved in educational, educational and philanthropic activities. He was one of the main founders of the "Sinai" sanatorium for tuberculosis patients and a member. to-that on the organization of the Montreal Federation of Jews. philanthropic societies. In 1907 he was one of the first graduates of the Theological Seminary to receive a doctorate; in 1932 he was awarded another doctorate. In 1909, having created a whole network of Hebrews. schools in Canadian agriculture. colonies belonging to the Association of Heb. settlers, A. became the director. Department of Education. Thanks to his achievements in this area, he was invited to the Canadian committee and in 1913 was sent on his behalf to the conference. in Paris. Represented Canada at the Congress. Zionists, held in Vienna the same year. Former prez. United Synagogues of America (1926) A. remained a member of the executive. to-that of this organization. The director also worked. Federation of Heb. philanthropic societies in Montreal, was hand. Montreal Hospital and Poch. Vice President Zionist organization of Canada. Member first Heb. about-va of school workers at Quebec. During the 1st world. war served as a soldier. a rabbi in the Canadian army.

abramovich grigoriy
has abstract: ABRAMOVICH Grigory (ps. Zevi Avraami, V. Farbman, Mikhail Farbman) (1880 - 1933), socialist Zionist, publicist, publisher, journalist. He studied in Munich and Zurich, where he became an active Zionist. Supported the plan of Heb. colonization of Uganda, wrote a number of articles on Zionism and the Ugandan problem (published in the Zionist newspaper "Evr. Zhizn", 1905). The author of Art. about Heb. emigration and economy. Moving away from societies. activity, created the publisher. the firm. From 1915 he lived in England, wrote Art. as an expert Sovietologist for English. and Amer. g. Among his book. - "After Lenin" (1924), "Five-Year Plan" (1931).

abramovich iosif isaakovich
has abstract: ABRAMOVICH Joseph Isaakovich (b. 1901), specialist in the region. lifting and transport equipment, prom organizer page-va. He graduated from the Kharkov building. in-t. From 1935 ch. engineer, then early. building of the Verkhne-Saldinsky plant. In 1936–39, associate professor of Moscow. in-that chem. machine. From 1940 ch. Defense Engineer Since 1942, he headed the construction of the aviation complex. s-dov near Kuibyshev, other industrial objects. production. In 1944 he directed the development of the project and methods of high-speed construction. After 1945 he headed the construction of a number of large industrial enterprises. objects. Author of Art., Uch. benefits. Became. pr. (1944). Works: Lifting machines, parts 1–2, Moscow, 1956 (jointly with L.G. Kifer); Atlas of drawings for lifting machines, Moscow, 1956 (with L.G. Kiefer).

abramovich mikhail
has abstract: ABRAMOVICH Mikhail (1860, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1940, Brussels), poet. Son of Mendele Moicher-Sforim. He spent his early years in Zhitomir. Graduated from the city. From a young age he joined the roar. movement, was a member. Zhytomyr circle of populists. In 1877 he was brought to trial, several. months was under house arrest. In the fall of 1878 he arrived in St. Petersburg to enter a medical surgeon. Academy, but was arrested and exiled to the Arkhangelsk province. After his release in 1884, he lived for some time in Odessa, where he graduated as an external lawyer. f-t. Novoros. un-that. In the beginning. 1880s printed poetry in Russian. lang. in f. "Voskhod", and in 1889 released Sat. "Poems", in which biblical motives predominated, ist. themes and love lyrics. In 1891 he published in Zh. "Sunrise" per. several heads of pov. his father "Nag", which led to the suspension of the publication of g. After the revolution, he moved to Zap. Europe to the end. life lived in Brussels. Son - Vsevolod (1890-1913) - was one of the first Russian. aviators. For the first time in the history of aviation in 1912 he made a long flight Berlin-Petersburg, died in a plane crash.

abramovich mikhail vladimirovich
has abstract: ABRAMOVICH Mikhail Vladimirovich (1884, Baku - 1965, ibid.), Specialist in the region. geology of oil fields, acad. AN Azerb. SSR (1955). After graduating in 1910 Petersburg. mining institute worked in the oil industry of Azerbaijan (until 1930), then headed the department of geology of Azerb. Phil. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In the study of oil fields of the Apsheron Peninsula, the productive strata were identified in its stratigraphic. section. He proved the possibility of dividing the oil strata into formations, the rhythm of the accumulation of oil sediments. Participated in the creation of a system for the rational placement of wells in the development of oil-bearing formations. He proposed the use of gas logging in the search for oil and gas. Developed a methodology for assessing oil and gas resources. Author of the first textbook in the USSR on prospecting and exploration of oil and gas fields. A submarine uplift in the Caspian Sea is named after A.

abramovich nikolay yakovlevich
has abstract: ABRAMOVICH Nikolay Yakovlevich (1881, Taganrog Region. Don Cossack - 1922, Moscow), writer. Published under ps. P.Kadmiya, Aratov. Graduated from grade 7. Taganrog city. From 15 years old publ. in the local press. From the beginning. 1900s - to petersburg. and sinks. ed. In 1909 he published the Social-Democrats. gas. "New Day", soon closed by the censors. How lit. the critic belonged to the modernists. He also wrote philosophy. work. In rum. "Woman on the Way" (M., 1917) and in issl. "Woman and the world of male culture" (M., 1913) expressed A.'s antifeminism. In the pamphlets "Russian word", "New time" and seduced babies " about-va under the pernicious influence of big newspapers. A. had an inherent feeling of disaster. development of Russia. Compiled by A. “History of Rus. poetry "was awarded in 1914 by the Scientist of the Min-va Nar. education. He died as a psychiatrist at the Kanatchikova Dacha hospital. Works: Man of the Future, St. Petersburg, 1908; In the autumn gardens. Lit-ra of today, M., 1909; The philosophy of murder, M., 1913; Demon of nakedness, M., 1916; Modern lyrics, M., 1921.

abramovich zeev
has abstract: ABRAMOVICH Zeev (Zinovy ​​Khefets) (1891-1970), polit. activist. Before the 1st world. Poalei Zion was an active activist during the war. After the revolution - one of the leaders of this party in Russia. After the split of Poalei, Zion joined her lion. wing. From 1922 in E.-I. One of the leaders is a lion. labor movement in E.-I., its ideologist. Later - one of the leaders of the Mapam party.

abramovo
has abstract: ABRAMOVO, a village in the Kamenets district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1851 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Avraamovo, Brest u. Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was in the Polesie Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1872, 10 Jewish families lived in Armenia, in 1921 there were 97 Jews (100%), and in 1935 the Jewish population was 75%. In the beginning. jan. 1941 Jews of Azerbaijan were sent to the ghetto in Kamenets-Litovsk (present-day Kamenets). 9 nov. 1942 Jews gathered on the railway stations in Vysokoe were sent to Treblinka.

abrams charljz
has abstract: ABRAMS Charles (1901, Vilna - 1970, New York), lawyer and writer. In the USA since 1904.Since 1924 member. New York Bar Association. In the 1920s and 30s. participated in the struggle for the preservation of Greenwich Village, its ist. streets and buildings. In 1934–37 in the mountains. council of New York, then in decomp. missions providing tech. assistance to developing countries. In 1936–60 he lectured on urbanization and economics at the New York School of Social. issl., in 1965 headed the faculty of mountains. planning price at Columbia Unt. Vice President liber. batch pcs. New York (1940), prev. commission pcs. New York Against Discrimination and Chl. Harriman's Cabinet (1955–59). The author of the book. and Art. on the mountains. planning and living. pages: "Revolution on the ground" (1937), "The future lived. p-va "(1946)," Forbidden Neighborhood "(1955)," Struggle for Shelter "(1964).

abramskiy iekhezkelj
has abstract: Abraham Yehezkel (1886, Dashkovichi, Grodno province - 1976, Jerusalem), rabbi, Talmudist, commentator on rabbinical sources. He studied at large Lithuanian yeshivas. In 1912-14, the rabbi in the Smolyany borough of Orshansky district. Mogilev province, in 1914–23 - in the m. Smolevichi, Minsk province, in 1923–30 - in Slutsk. In 1928, joint. with Sh.I. Zevin published a rabbinic journal. "Yagdil Toire", the only edition. of this kind in the USSR. In 1930 he was sentenced to 10 years for “counterrev. activity ". In 1931 he was released and left for England. He held the position of Dayan in London Religion. court. Since 1951 - in Israel. Pres. Associations of yeshivas. Member Council of Sages of the Torah - supreme. body of the party Agudat Yisrael. State pr. Israel (rabbinic literature, 1956) for research. work in the field of halakha.

abramskiy shmuelj
has abstract: ABRAMSKY Shmuel (b. 1913, Suwalki), ethnographer. In his youth - an active member. Communist Party of Poland. In 1930 he was arrested and spent a year in prison. In E.-I. since 1934. Studied at ped. seminary in Jerusalem, graduated from Heb. un-t in the same place. Was a lion activist. socialist movement. In 1938 he retired from watered, activities. Published articles and research, dedicated. ist. geography and archeology E.-I. Ed. "Encyclopedias of Biblical Geography".

abramson manuil
has abstract: ABRAMSON Manuil (Emmanuil) Moiseevich (ps. Mazurin) (1898, p. Privolnoye, Kherson province - 1941), orientalist-Sinologist. R. in the family of a farmer-colonist. In 1924 he graduated from the whale. Dipl. Faculty of Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies (MIV), worked in China, from 1928 on scientific. work in the Communist. un-those workers of China and research institutes in China. Member of the Harbin and Vladivostok underground in civil. war; secretary-referent VK Blucher in the "Great campaign" 1925-27 in China, sotr. Comintern, Far East. Secretariat of the ECCI. In 1935-37 at the Institute of World Economy and World Politics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Member editorial board “Mat-fishing on the whale. question ". The author of the work "Polit. about-va and parties in China "(" New East ", 1922, No. 1), reference encyclopedic. materials, etc. Ed. A. published “Brief Kit.-Rus. dictionary "V.S.Kolokolov (sred. Hu Jia; M., 1935) and others. 1938 arrested.

abramson shakhno girshevich
has abstract: ABRAMSON Shakhno Girshevich (Alexander Grigorievich) (1861 - 1907, Kovno), attorney at law. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. Dep. 2nd State thoughts from the Kovno lips. He was a member of the cadet faction.

abramson shraga
has abstract: ABRAMSON Shraga (b. 1915, Tsekhanovets Grodno province), rabbi. In 1936 he was promoted to rabbi in omжеa and in the same year he moved to E.-J. In 1950 he graduated from Heb. un-t in Jerusalem. In 1952–58 - prof. Heb. theological. seminaries (New York), from 1958 - Heb. un-that. Member Academy of Hebrew, was its vice-president. and ed. g. Lachoneinu (1970-80). State pr. Israel (Judaism) in 1974 for the study of the rabbinical literature of the Talmud era and the period of the Gaons and their languages., Middle-century. biblical exegesis, poetry and prose of the Middle Ages in Hebrew, Wed-century. philology lang. Hebrew.

abramzon saul mendelevich
has abstract: ABRAMZON Saul Mendelevich (b. 1905, Dmitrovsk, Orel province), ethnographer. Dr. East Sciences (1969). R. in the family of a craftsman. Graduated from ethnography. department of geogr. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1926). In 1926–31 the first director. Museum of Local Lore in Frunze (Kyrgyzstan). Since 1931 scientific. sotr. Leningrad. Department of the Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of works on ethnography and ethnicity. history of the Kyrgyz. In 1962 and 1973, A.'s works were sharply criticized, and A. himself was accused of “Kirg. nationalism ". Cit .: Essay on the culture of the Kyrgyz. people, Frunze, 1946; Kirghiz and their ethnogenetic. historical and cultural ties, L., 1971 (republished by Frunze, 1990).

abras iegoshua
has abstract: ABRAS Yehoshua (1820, Brody, Austria - 1896, Odessa), cantor. From childhood he became famous for his singing. Studied with B. Schulzinger and Sulzer. He was a cantor in Tarnopol, Lvov and Odessa (from 1880). He had the best singers of his generation. data. Issued Sat. melodies and tunes to prayers (Vienna, 1874).

abrene
has abstract: ABRENE, see Pytalovo.

abrikosov aleksey alekseevich
has abstract: ABRIKOSOV Alexey Alekseevich (b. 1928, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Ch.-c. (1964), acad. (1987) Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1948). In 1948–65 he worked at Ying-those physical. problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1965–88 the head. dep. Ying-that theoretical. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences L.D. Landau. In 1988–91, the director. Institute of Physics of High Pressure of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1991 advisor at the directorate of this Institute. At the same time. since 1966 - prof. Moscow un-that, in 1976-91 - head. Department of Moscow. Institute of Steel and Alloys. Since 1991 he has been working in the USA under a contract. interests - TV theory. bodies, quantum electrodynamics, physics of metals, theory of superconductivity, plasma physics. Calculated Green's functions and effective cross sections of different. processes at high energies in quantum electrodynamics (1954–56). He put forward the idea of ​​the existence of type II superconductors (1952). Built the theory of magn. properties of superconducting alloys, introducing the concept of two critical. fields and a "mixed" state with a vortex structure of currents ("vortices of Abrikosov", 1957). Joint. with LP Gorkov developed the theory of superconductors with magn. impurities and predicted the phenomenon of gapless superconductivity (1960). Research properties of highly compressed matter, gave the equation of state of hydrogen at ultrahigh pressures with the transition from the molecular to atomic phase (1954). He created a theory of semimetals like bismuth, predicted the appearance of a gapless state and excitonic phases in a strong magn. field, proposed the theory of gapless conductors (1970–74). Developed a general approach for studying the conductivity of quasi-one-dimensional systems and introduced the concept of the delocalization parameter (1976). Created the theory of spin glasses with short-range action (1978–80). Develops the theo…

achair
has abstract: ACHIR, a village in the Omsk district of the Omsk region. (Russian Federation) In 1929, the first in the West was created in the Achair region. Siberia Jewish s.-kh. the team "Equality" (300 people); wall gas came out. "The Voice of the Jewish Farmer".

achinsk
has abstract: ACHINSK, city, regional center in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1682. In 1782 - the district town of the Tomsk region. Tobolsk governorship, from 1822 - in the Yenisei province. 161 Jews lived in Armenia in 1861, in 1888 - 308, in 1897 - 484, in 1904 - 572, in 1905 - 580, in 1910 - 565 (6.2%). in 1913 - 776, in 1917 - 1091 (7.5%), in 1920 - 1149, in 1926 - 1192 (6.7%), in 1939 - 675 Jews. 19th century Jewish exiles began to settle in A. In 1859–61 there was a wooden synagogue; in 1895, with the permission of the Minister of the Interior, another synagogue was opened. In 1910, there were two synagogues and a Jewish cemetery in Armenia, and in 1913–14, a society of benefits for poor Jews. March-Apr. 1917 Jewish literature was formed in Armenia. on-in, there were Zionist groups and a branch of the Bund. From 1918 to 1919 a Zionist organization functioned in Armenia. In 1921 a branch of the Irkutsk Jewish library was opened. A Jewish school operated in 1920–25. In the 1930s. OK. A. there were 2 Jewish collective farms. In the 1990s. a Jewish community was created. M.A.Milshtein.I.V. Us

achkinazi veniamin moiseevich
has abstract: ACHKINAZI Veniamin Moiseevich (Boris Mikhailovich) (1927 - 1992, Simferopol), historian. Graduated from the Crimean state. un-t. Collector of materials on the language and folklore of the Krymchaks. The author of several. publications about the Krymchaks. First prev. Crimean cultural and educational. about-va "Krymchakhlar". Apologist for the theory of non-ethnicity of the Krymchaks. Jewry.

adabash
has abstract: ADABASH, railway station in the Novoukrainsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Adabashevo Elizavetgrad u. Kherson province. During the 2nd world. During the war, there was a prisoner of war camp in Armenia. In oct. 1941, 150 Jewish prisoners of war were shot in Armenia.

adabashevo
has abstract: ADABASHEVO, see Adabash.

adaljberg shmuelj
has abstract: ADALBERG Shmuel (1868, Warsaw - 1939, ibid.), Lit. critic, folklorist. He studied in different Europe. capitals. The main tr. A. is a collection of Polish proverbs and sayings (1889–94), the largest in the world. For this work A. was awarded a membership in the Krakow Academy of Sciences. A. translated and annotated 580 Heb. proverbs from the collection of I. Bernstein. They were published in the Polish Ethnographic. g. "Vistula" (v. 4, 1890), and later dep. book From 1918 A. was an adviser on Hebrew. issues in the Polish Ministry of Education and Religion and did everything possible to promote the Heb. communities and institutions. When the Nazis occupied Warsaw, he committed suicide.

adam baal-shem-tov
has abstract: ADAM Baal-Shem-Tov, legendary figure of the 18th century According to legend, A. bequeathed his comments to the Kabbalah to Rabbi I. Baal Shem Tov. Some people believe that A. is Rabbi Dovid Moishe Avraham of Rohatyn, who is considered the teacher of the Baal Shem Tov.

adamov
has abstract: ADAMOV, see Adamov.

adamuv
has abstract: ADAMUV, a city in the Siedleck Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Adamov Lukovsky u. Sedletskaya Gubernia. 494 Jews (32.7%) lived in Armenia in 1897. The Jewish population of Armenia was exterminated during the Holocaust.

adaskina ginda simkhovna
has abstract: ADASKINA Ginda Simkhovna (b. 1928, Moscow), trapeze trapeze artist. In 1949 she graduated from the State. school of circus arts. She performed in the program "Women - Masters of the Soviet Circus". After being injured in 1953, she worked as an assistant at E.T.Kio's illusion attraction. Since 1955 again an aerialist. In 1960 she prepared a complex innovative number on the air horizontal bar. From 1974 - stage director. The performances, staged by A., have repeatedly become laureates of competitions. Honored. art. RSFSR (1971).

adelj
has abstract: ADEL (1725— |), the only and beloved daughter of I. Baal-Shem-Tov. She was very revered by the Hasidim and entered Hasidic folklore as the image of an ideal woman. She was educated by her father. Accompanied him during his trip to E.-I. A.'s grandson - Rabbi Nachman from Bratslav.

adeljberg avragam
has abstract: ADELBERG Avraham (1875, Vilna - 1936, New York), entrepreneur, societies. activist. He studied at the yeshiva in Vilna and in the city of St. Petersburg. Since 1888 in the USA, where he created a network of sewing companies. In 1907 he helped a lot in the creation of Sidehurst Park on Long Island. Since 1910, members the first Board of Trustees of Sidehurst County, in 1920–24 - its treasurer, in 1926–27 the governor of the district; from 1928 to 1932 he was unanimously elected mayor of Sidehurst three times. Collaborated with decomp. philanthropic., societies. and patriotic. about-you, during the 1st world. war is one of the leaders of societies. movement for aid to soldiers, donated 100 thousand dollars for the construction of soldiers. club (later - the residence of the American Legion).

adeljgeym
has abstract: ADELHEIM, br. - Robert Lvovich (1860, Moscow - 1934, ibid.) And Rafail Lvovich (1861, Moscow - 1938, ibid.), Actors. Robert graduated from technical. uch-shche, later studied singing and fencing in Italy, Raphael was educated at the conservatory in the class of php. In 1888 A. graduated from drama. branch of the Vienna Conservatory, several. years worked in t-ts Germany, Austria, Switzerland. In 1894 Raphael and then Robert (in 1895) returned to Russia. Raphael made his debut in Oryol as Lear (King Lear, W. Shakespeare), Robert - in Zhitomir as Uriel Acosta (play of the same name by K. Gutskov). Soon, the brothers teamed up and toured for about 40 years. cities of Russia, incl. in Moscow and Petrograd, only occasionally performing on stage post. t-ditch. The repertoire of the A. brothers was extensive, it included the best works of classical music. drama. Robert played Ch. arr. heroic. roles: Acosta (Uriel Acosta, Gutskova), Othello, Hamlet; Edgar ("King Lear"), in the tragedies of W. Shakespeare; Karl Moor ("The Robbers" by F. Schiller), Faust, Oedipus; Godda (Execution by G.G. Ge). Raphael played the character roles: Iago, Shylock, Richard III, Lear, Franz Moor; Mephistopheles ("Faust" by IV Goethe), Ben Akiba ("Uriel Acosta" by Gutskov) and others. Nar. artists of the RSFSR (1931).

adeljson osip isaakovich
has abstract: ADELSON Osip Isaakovich (1800 - |), physician, graduated from the Medical-Surgical Academy in 1823, received the degree of Doctor of Medicine. From 1826 to 1848 A. - Senate physician and physician at the Ministry of Finance in St. Petersburg, state councilor.

adeljson voljf
has abstract: ADELSON Wolf (| - 1866, Odessa), educator. A student of the rabbi-philosopher M. Ilier, in his youth he was a teacher in Brest-Litovsk, in 1833 he settled in Dubno, enjoyed great influence among the Jews. youth, was persecuted by the Hasidim for "freethinking". After long wanderings, he settled in Odessa, died in poverty, most of A.'s manuscripts perished. Among the students and followers of A. - the grammarist H. Ts. Lerner, rus. censor V. Fedorov (before baptism - Greenberg). In the circle "Maskilim" ser. 19th century A. is known under the nickname "Diogenes"; among the surviving op. A. - etude about the book. "Esther" and a number of essays on ancient Hebrews. lit-re.

adigeni
has abstract: ADIGENI, urban-type settlement (since 1961), regional center (Georgia). In 1828-40 - in the Imereti region, from 1840 - in the Akhaltsykh u. Georgian-Imereti province, from 1846 - in Kutaisi province, from 1867 - in Tiflis province. In 1921-91 it was a part of the Georgian SSR. In 1939, 2 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1959 - 17, and in 1970 - 14 Jews. According to information from some sources, Jews lived in Armenia already in the first half. 18th century, occupying a special quarter - rabat (settlement). In Armenia there was a synagogue where a Torah scroll received from Istanbul was kept. The local rabbi was at the same time. Khazan, Shokhet and Heder teacher. Main Jewish occupations - small trade in the surrounding villages, cattle breeding and weaving. In 1826 20 Jewish families moved from Armenia to Akhaltsykh (present-day Akhaltsikhe), 2 families to Atskuri. K ser. 19th century Jewish community in Armenia ceased to exist.D.M. Khananashvili

adini yaakov-yosef
has abstract: ADINI Yaakov-Yosef (1898, Warsaw - 1969, Israel), translator, ed. He was an activist of the Ge-Halutz movement in Poland. Since 1920 - in E.-I. In 1923–24 he worked in Berlin, published books ser. "Et Lebanot". In 1924 he returned to E.-I. He was engaged in lit. activities. He studied in Jerusalem and England. Translated into Hebrew plural. books, among them the works of L. Feuchtwanger, G. Fast, F. M. Dostoevsky, I. S. Turgenev and others. Was one of the editors. encyclopedias "Yzrael".

adinkata
has abstract: ADINKATA, see Lumpy.

adirovich emmanuil iljich
has abstract: ADIROVICH Emmanuil Ilyich (1915, Melitopol - 1973, Tashkent), theoretical physicist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the UzSSR (1962). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1940). In 1940–62 he worked at Phys. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences, where he defended his doct. dis. under the hands. S.I. Vavilov (1949). Since 1962 hand. created by him. physics of semiconductors Phys.-tech. in-ta them. S.V. Starodubtseva of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR in Tashkent. interests - physics tv. body and semiconductors. One of the founders of the band theory of luminescence of crystals, on the basis of which he first solved the problem of nonradiative electronic transitions in solids, predicted and discovered the phenomenon of "cold flash". He established the law of electronic polarization and depolarization of photoelectrets, calculated the distribution of heterocharge and field, developed a general theory of the photoelectret state and showed the principle, the possibility of creating a photoelectret without external. polarizing zero. He showed the possibility of the existence of excitons of a new type, which made it possible to reveal the mechanism of fast low-temperature polarization. He laid (jointly with others) the foundations of optoelectronics (developed the theory of optocouplers and optocouplers, discovered the effect of anomalously high photovoltages and photomagnetic voltages in semiconductor films; developed optoelectronic methods of correlation processing of large amounts of information). One of the founders of dielectric. electronics, decided a number of funds. tasks in this area, developed and researched. dielectric diode structures based on thin high-resistance monocrystalline. layers of silicon, gallium arsenide and silicon carbide. Created the Tashkent School of Physics and Electronics TV. Tel. The author of St. 200 scientific. works: Nek-ry questions of the theory of luminescence of crystals, Moscow-Leningrad, 1951; M., 1956; Double injection currents …

adivi rekhavjya
has abstract: ADIVI Rekhavya (1900, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1972, Ashkelon), engineer, public. activist. In E.-I. came as a child with his parents. Graduated from the Herzliya government in Tel Aviv. Received an engineering degree from Philadelphia University. An active member of the Union of Engineers and Architects of Israel. Since 1965 - Mayor of Ashkelon.

adler
has abstract: ADLER, now a district within the city of Sochi (Russian Federation). Until 1961, it was an urban-type settlement, a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory. In 1926, 1 Jew lived in Armenia, and in 1939, 14 Jews.

adler german
has abstract: ADLER German (b. 1899, Jablonec nad Nisou, Austria-Hungary - |), conductor. In 1924 he graduated from the German Music. academy in Prague. 1927–32 - conductor of opera ts in Czechoslovakia and Germany. In 1932–35 - Ch. conductor symph. orchestra (Kharkov), in 1935–37 - ch. conductor orc. Ukr. radio (Kiev). Since 1939 in the USA.

adler israelj ieguda
has abstract: ADLER Israel Yehuda (Ishai) (1870, Pinsk - 1948, Israel), teacher, society. activist, translator, ed. From 1886 he was engaged in ped. activities. From 1905 - in E.-I. One of the first teachers to teach in Hebrew. He founded the first newspaper for teachers in Hebrew "Ha-Khinuh". Founder of the publishing house at the teachers' union "Kagelet". One of the first residents of Tel Aviv. For many years he taught at a girls' school in Jaffa. Author pl. Art. on pedagogy, education and societies, problems, as well as textbooks. Compiled the Little Library for Children (1916–17). The settlement of Ramat Yishai in northern Israel is named after him.

adler morris
has abstract: ADLER Morris (1906, Slutsk - 1966, USA), rabbi, leader in the region. education. R. in the family of a rabbi. Since 1913 in the USA. Rabbi first in Buffalo, then from 1938 until the end of his life in Detroit. In 1943–46 - soldier. rabbi. In 1957–66 A. before. Board of the Union of Workers of the Automotive Industry, member. Michigan Election Commission and K-that for citizens. management. In 1963–66 A., member. Governments. commissions for higher. education.

adler shaulj
has abstract: ADLER Shaul (1895 - 1966, Jerusalem), parasitologist. In 1900 he moved with his parents to England. He studied medicine at the University of Leeds, majored in tropical. diseases in Liverpool. During the 1st world. War - physician and pathologist in the British Army. In 1921–24 he was engaged in scientific research. research in Sierra Leone. Since 1924 - in Heb. un-those. Headed by scientific. expeditions from the Royal Society of London to the Tikhoi Islands approx. Main works are devoted to the etiology, pathology and ways of spreading pathogenic parasites in humans and animals, tropical. diseases and their treatment. Got the world. the fame of his tr. on malaria, relapsing fever, leprosy, dysentery, and ch. arr. research leishmaniasis. In 1934 he was awarded evil. medal to them. Chalmers, awarded by Eng. Royal Society Tropical. diseases. He translated the work of Charles Darwin "The Origin of Species" into Hebrew. State Israel Ave (1957).

adler yakov a.
has abstract: ADLER Yakov A. (1855, Odessa - 1926), actor, director. He performed in loves. performances. From 1879–83 in the troupe iz. playwright, director, theater. organizer A. Goldfaden. He left Russia after the ban on the activities of the Jews. troupes. He performed in London, then in Chicago, New York and other cities of the USA. Has toured in Warsaw, Lodz, Lvov. Back in New York, post. performances "Soldier Motele", "Siberia" (1891). These scenic production, especially the first, were a great success. Shylock ("The Merchant of Venice" by W. Shakespeare) stood out among the acting works that brought fame to A. also played Iago ("Othello" by W. Shakespeare). The play "Cafe Crown" told about the life path of A. He performed on the stages of "People-teetr", "Grand-teetre", where his children often played with him.

adler yankelj-yaakov
has abstract: ADLER Yankel-Yaakov (1895, Lodz - 1949, London), artist. He studied in Bremen. Since 1911 - in Dusseldorf, prof. Academy of New Art (1930). In the 1920s. published in Poland. Jung Yiddish. Since 1935 - in France. After the start of the 2nd world. During the war, he joined the Polish army, served until 1943. From 1945 - in England. At the beginning, creative. activities joined him. Expressionist school, but his thin. the style has always been based on plank beds. Heb. traditions. Later he became an imagist. In the last years of his life he had a great influence on the development of modern. art-va in England.

adlivankin samuil yakovlevich
has abstract: ADLIVANKIN Samuil Yakovlevich (1897, Tatarsk, Mogilev province - 1966, Moscow), painter, graphic artist, film designer. He studied at the Odessa Art. uch-shche (1912-17), then in the State. free thin workshops in Moscow (1918-19) with V.E. Tatlin. Worked for the publishing house "Young Guard" (1923-28), ill. g. "Lapot", "Atheist" and others, created by. polit. posters and cartoons (together with V.V. Mayakovsky). - one of the founders thin. association KNIFE (New Society of Painters, 1921–24), created. ex. graduates of VKHUTEMAS, opposition. attuned to non-objective art. Turning to subject painting, A. and other members. The KNIFE was used in the tradition of Nar. lubok and creatively processed hoods. methods of primitivism and expressionism ("Tram B", etc.). A. participated in the creation. f. to / st. Soyuzdetfilm (A Cup of Tea, 1927). Member Society of Artists "Isobrigada" (1931–32), which put forward the slogans "polit, realism" and "class. orientation of creativity ". A.'s works are kept in the State Russian Museum and the State Tretyakov Gallery.

admon
has abstract: ADMON (Rappoport) Shmuel (1914 - 1972, Israel), military leader, one of the creators of the Israeli artillery. From 1922 - in E.-I. Graduate of the Herzliya State University (Tel Aviv). Since 1938 - a member of the kibbutz Alonim. In 1940 he was mobilized into the British army, served in the artillery. He took part in battles in Italy. Demobilized in 1946 with the rank of captain. During the War of Independence, he commanded the Israeli artillery. Later it was the beginning. headquarters of the North. env.

admoni vladimir grigorjevich
has abstract: ADMONI Vladimir Grigorievich (1909, Petersburg, - 1993, ibid.), Literary critic and philologist-Germanist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1947), prof. (1948). Son of the historian G.Ya. Krasny-Admoni. In 1941–42 he worked at the Leningrad Political Administration. fr. and prepared antifash. agitator. materials. He taught at the universities of Leningrad. Since 1960 in Leningrad. department of Ying-ta yaz-knowledge of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The section was headed by poet. translation leningr. writing organization. A. acted as a witness for the defense at the trial in the case of I.A. Brodsky. Works in the field of Germanic and Scandinavian studies; he was the first to single out a "system of construction", i.e. a set of interrelated formal language facilities that provide both the structural integrity of grammaticals. units, and their structural division. He owns the concept of the musical score organization of the speech chain; the doctrine of syntactic. form, word order and actual division of the sentence, text linguistics, poetry language and art. prose, factors and ways of language development. Göttingen Academy of Sciences; och. Doctor of Philosophy, Uppsala University (Sweden). Great gold medal to them. Goethe (1971), etc. Konrad Duden (1987) Works: Introduction to modern syntax. yaz., M., 1955; East syntax is it. yaz., M., 1963; Syntax modern. German lang .: System of relations and system of construction, M., 1973; The grammatical structure as a system of construction and the general theory of grammar, L., 1988.

adutishkis
has abstract: ADUTISHKIS, a village in the Svenchen district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Godutishki Sventsiansky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–40 - in the Vileika region. Byelorussian SSR, and in 1940–91 in the Lithuanian SSR. 570 Jews lived in Armenia in 1847, 387 Jews in 1863, and 1373 Jews (61.1%) in 1897. In 1863, Armenia had a synagogue. Since 1905, Abraham-Dovber Popel (1869–?) Was the rabbi in Armenia. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings institution was established in Armenia. t-in. A. genus. N.-Sh. Feigenson.

adzhamka
has abstract: ADZHAMKA, a village in the Kirovograd district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Alexandria Kherson Gubernia. In 1910, 217 Jews (1.8%) lived in Armenia, in 1939 - 60 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery and a synagogue in Armenia. On May 18, 1919, a pogrom took place in Armenia, organized by the detachments of Ataman N.A. Grigoriev.

adzhiashvili dzhemal
has abstract: ADJIASHVILI Jemal (Semyon) (b. 1941, Tskhakaya, Georgian SSR), translator, publicist, playwright. Graduated from the Faculty of Oriental Studies (department of Persian languages) Tbilisi. state un-that. In 1979 publ. Sat. per. “Wed-century. Heb. poetry "on the load. lang. Book. had a great resonance all over the world. His lane is also known in Georgia. Russian, English, Japanese. and other classics. In 1988 in Bat Yam (Israel) his play “Sing, Harp” about the life of the Jews of Georgia was staged. The play was written for one actor and in tech. several years old iz. the actor K. Makharadze. Several his lane. manuf. were marked by foreign. lit. pr. since 1991 Parliament of the Georgian Rep.

adzhiashvili itskhak
has abstract: AJIASHVILI Itzhak (1929 (|), Kutaisi - 1993, Kiriyat-Ata, Israel), rabbi. Beginning religious educated by Rabbi M. Davarashvili in Kutaisi, higher. religious education in mosk. yeshiva "Kol Yaakov". His teachers were iz. rabbis Sh. Trebnik, Sh. Shlifer, I. Khanzin and others. After returning to Georgia he became one of the leading rabbis in Tbilisi. Since 1973 - with his family in Israel, settled in the city of Kiriyat-Ata. Here he served as cantor, shohet, moel. Actually became a spiritual hand. immigrants from Georgia in Kiriyat-Ata.

afrikanda
has abstract: AFRICANDA, urban-type settlement (since 1955) in the Murmansk region. (Russian Federation) In 1989, 2 Jews lived in Armenia.

aftaran-madzhi
has abstract: AFTARAN-MAJI, see Muji-Gaftaran.

agafievka
has abstract: AGAFIEVKA, a village in the Lyubashevsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Agafievka (other name. Kolendov) Ananievsky u. Kherson province. Oct.-Dec. 1941 during the deportation of Jews from Bessarabia to the territory. Agafiyevsky village council shot 180 weakened Jews and died of hunger and disease 200 Jews.

agalyk
has abstract: AGALYK, a village in the Samarkand region of the Samarkand region. (The Republic of Uzbekistan). Since 1876 - part of Ros. empire, from 1887 - in the Samarkand district. Samarkand Region. In 1930, an incident related to the "blood libel" took place in Armenia.

agara
has abstract: AGARA, an urban-type settlement (since 1934) in the Karelian region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the village of Gori u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was the Georgian SSR. In 1926 there were 9 Jews living in Armenia, in 1939 - 9, in 1970 - 3, in 1979 - 1 Jew.

agaron shmuelj ben israelj kaydanover
has abstract: AGARON Shmuel ben Israel Kaidanover (Magarshak) (1614, Koydanovo - 1676), one of the largest rabbis of his time. In his youth he studied at the famous yeshiva Rabbi Yaakov from Lublin. During the pogroms of B. Khmelnitsky (1648) he fled to Vilna, where he became one of the mountains. religious judges. During the Swedish-Russian. During the war, his house was robbed and a unique library burned down. He fled to Moravia. Later he was a rabbi in Glug, Fjord and Frankfurt am Main. After returning to Poland - the rabbi of Krakow. Author pl. religious essays.

agaroni
has abstract: AGARONI (Aronovich) Israel (1882, Vilno - 1946, Jerusalem), zoologist. He studied at un-those in Prague. From 1901 - in E.-I. He was a teacher, first in Rehovot, and then in Jerusalem. During World War I he served as a zoologist in the Turkish army. After the war, he was a zoological advisor to the British Credentials. Zool Creator. Museum, which later came under the jurisdiction of Heb. un-that in Jerusalem, in which in 1930-46 the professor. zoology. He studied and searched for the animals mentioned in the Tanakh and Talmud. He was engaged in breeding wild animals in captivity, incl. the golden hamster is one of the most important labs. animals. Autobiographical author. book “Memoirs of Heb. zoologist ".

agaronovich yosef
has abstract: AGARONOVICH Yosef (1877 - 1937, Tel Aviv), polit. and societies. activist, publicist. In his youth there was a s.-kh. a worker, a watchman. From 1906 - in E.-I. Active member "Ha-Poel ra-Tsair", ed. of the same name. gas. (1906–22), one of the ideologists of the labor movement, delegate from the workers E.-I. at the Zionist congresses. During the 1st world. war was expelled from the country by the Turkish authorities, lived in Egypt, opposed the entry of volunteers in Heb. legion. He actively participated in the creation and activities of Histadrut and Mapai. One of the founders of Bank Ha-Poalim, headed it until the last days of his life. Was a member. City Council of Tel Aviv. The head of the Writers' Union E.-I. Moshav Beit Yosef in the Beit Sheana valley is named after him. Author pl. works on the theory and practice of the labor movement.

agaryanskiy isroel-moyshe
has abstract: AGARYAN Yisroel-Moishe (1865, Alexandrovka Chigirinsky district. Kiev province - 1940, Cleveland, USA), rabbi. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. Since 1892 - in the USA. One of the pioneers of religious Zionism in the United States. I took an active part in helping the 1st world refugees. wars from Europe. Author of the book "Sulam Yisrael".

agbulakh
has abstract: AGBULACH, see Tetri-Tskaro.

agdam
has abstract: AGDAM, city (since 1828), regional center (Azerbaijan Republic). Main in 1741. From 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1868 - in the Elizavetpolskaya province. In 1918–20 it was a part of the Azerbaijan Republic, in 1920–91 it was the AzSSR. In 1910, 33 Jews lived in Azerbaijan, and in 1939 - 7 Jews.

agdash
has abstract: AGDASH, city (since 1900), regional center (Azerbaijan Republic). Izv. from the 16th century Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1868 - in the Elizavetpolskaya province. In 1918–20 it was a part of the Azerbaijan Republic, in 1920–91 - the AzSSR. In 1910, 38 Jews (0.7%) lived in Azerbaijan, and in 1939 there were 21 Jews.

agdati
has abstract: AGDATI (Kaumansky) Baruch (1895, Bender - 1976, Israel), cultural figure. He studied ballet in Odessa. Since 1910 - in E.-I. Studied painting at the Bezalel Academy. With the beginning of the 1st world. the war grew up. the subject was exiled to Russia. Was the soloist of the ball. in the opera house of Odessa. In 1919 he returned to E.-I. on the ship "Ruslan". Organizer of Purim carnivals in Tel Aviv. One of the first choreographers in the nat. ball. Founder of nat. cinema. Creator of the first film studio and the first doc. films.

aginskoe
has abstract: AGINSKOE, urban-type settlement (since 1959), the center of the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug (Russian Federation). Main in 1811 as a village of the Nerchinsk voivodeship, from 1851 - the Nerchinsk environs. Transbaikal Oblast. In 1939, 12 Jews lived in Armenia.

aglobi
has abstract: AGLOBI, a village in the Derbent region of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Derbent province, from 1860 - in the Kurinsky environs. Dagestan Province. 35 Jews lived in Armenia in 1867, 55 Jews in 1875, 33 in 1886, 25 in 1900, and 165 Jews in 1926 (67%). Jews lived in Armenia from the beginning. 19th century Between 1860 and 1870, anti-Jewish demonstrations by local Muslims took place in Armenia. population. In the 1870s. a synagogue was built. Jews owned 25 dess. arable land. During the Civil. During the war, self-defense was organized in Armenia, and in 1918 most of the Jews left Armenia. During the period of collectivization, Jewish collective farms were created in Armenia. Lenin (19 x-c) and "Red Dagestan" (15 x-c). In the 1930s. Jews left A.

aglona
has abstract: AGLONA, a village in Preili district (Republic of Latvia). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Aglon Dinaburgsky, from 1893 - Dvinsky u. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. In July 1941, 56 Jews were killed in Armenia.

aglonj
has abstract: AGLON, see Aglona.

agmon
has abstract: AGMON (Kuzminsky) Raphael (b. 1915, Mogilev), teacher, specialist in the region. s.-kh. production. From 1920 in E.-I. Studied at Ped. seminaries (Jerusalem), in s.-kh. school "Mikvah-Israel", un-those Nancy (France), at advanced training courses in the USA. In 1935–42 he taught. work. In 1942–44, dir. farms at Ying-those with. x-va (Magdiel). In 1944–48, he was an agricultural inspector of the Station. research in Galilee, at the same time. taught in S.-kh. school "Bet Shemen". The head of the department of agricultural. planning Min-va with. x-va of Israel; worked in Verkh. Volte (headed the demonstration center, was the head of projects for agricultural training). Member Center, to the Association of workers with. x-va. Comp. g. Gadassah, author of a number of brochures.

agnyatsvet edi
has abstract: AGNYATSVET Eddie (real name and surname Edi Semyonovna Kagan) (b. 1916, Minsk), poetess. Lit. she began her activity in 1929. Writes for a Belarusian. lang. Graduated from Minsk ped. Institute (1936). Worked ed. children radio broadcasting (1934–38). Head of the department poetry in f. Polymya (1940–41), in 1945–46 revised. State Publishing House of the BSSR. The author is poetic. collection: "My Generation" (1935), "Poems" (1938), "Spring Morning" (1941), "The Road to the Future" (1949), "Belarusian Rowan" (1959), "Desire" (1971); book for children "Vasilki" (1947), "Your comrades" (1957), "Country of childhood" (1975), "We are serious, we are funny" (1976), etc. Translated into Belarusian, lang. manuf. Heb. poets and prose writers, French. (P.Zh.Beranger, P.Eluard), Russian, Ukrainian, Uzbek, Latvian. poets. According to her libretto, op. for children "Janat" (1942, music by L. A. Schwartz) and "Marinka" (1955, music by G. K. Puksta). In 1976, Fav. manuf. " in 2 volumes.

agol izrailj iosifovich
has abstract: AGOL Israel Iosifovich (1891, Bobruisk - 1936), geneticist and philosopher, acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1934). Father V.I.Agol. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow State University (1923) and the Institute of Red Professors (1927) in Moscow. From 1926 he worked in Moscow. zootechnical in-those, from 1928 headed by Biologich. in-t them. K.A. Timiryazeva. In 1931 he worked in the lab. G. J. Moeller in the USA. Since 1932 - in the All-Ukrainian. associations of Marxist-Leninist scholars Institute (in 1933–34 - vice-president), since 1934 - at the Institute of Zoology and Biology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (head of the department). Repressed. tr. on genetics and philosophy. questions of natural science. Research the influence of x-rays on the genetic. apparatus (for example, Drosophila). Studied dominance in the genetic process. changes. One of the authors. the theory of stepwise allelomorphism (gene divisibility). Developed organic problems. expediency. A number of works are devoted to the criticism of neovitalism and neo-Darwinism. D. h. Communist. academy (1929). Founder and 1st Responsible ed. g. "Success of the present. biology "(1932). Cit .: Dialectic. method and evolution. theory, M., 1930; Vitalism and Marxism, 3rd ed., M., 1932; The origin of animals and humans, Kiev, 1935; I want to live, M., 1936.

agol vadim izrailevich
has abstract: AGOL Vadim Izrailevich (b. 1929, Moscow), virologist. Ch.-c. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1986). Son of I. I. Agol. At the end of the 1st Moscow. honey. in-that (1951) worked in the Karaganda honey. in-those, since 1956 - in Ying-those of poliomyelitis and viral encephalitis of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (since 1961 head of laboratory of biochemistry); in 1963 he participated in the organization of the Department of Virology at Biological. Faculty of Moscow State University (since 1969 - prof.), in 1965 - Interfaculty Lab. bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow State University (since 1991, A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physical and Chemical Biology). Auth. OK. 200 scientific. works. Main tr. by pier biology of RNA-containing animal viruses. He made a significant contribution to the study of the mechanisms of replication, translation, complementation and recombination of RNA-containing viruses. Member New York Academy (1983). Works: Molecular biology of viruses, M., 1971, (co-authors); Molecular biology: Structure and biosynthesis of nucleic acids, M., 1990 (co-authors).

agranov yakov solomonovich
has abstract: AGRANOV Yakov Solomonovich (Saulovich) (real name and surname Sorendzon Yankel Shevelev-Shmaev) (1893, Chechersk Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province. - 1938), employee of state bodies. security. In 1912-14 members. Socialist-Revolutionary Party, from 1915 - RSDLP (b). In 1919 20 sec. SNK, at the same time. Special Representative at the Presidium of the Cheka. Since 1921 sotr. secret-polit. Department of Management of the Cheka-GPU. From Oct. 1922 early. special bureau of the GPU. Since 1923 deputy. early Secret department OG-PU, then deputy. early OGPU in Moscow and Mosk. region On Feb. 1933 - July 1934 deputy. prev. OGPU, in July 1934 - May 1937 first deputy. Commissar int. affairs of the USSR, simultaneously. in dec. 1936 - Apr. 1937 early. Ch. management of state. security of the NKVD of the USSR, in April-May 1937 - early. 4th department of this department. From May 1937 beginning. Directorate of the NKVD of the USSR in the Saratov region. Carried out "supervision of the investigation" (actually fabricated cases) on all the most important political processes of the 1920s and 1930s. (from the so-called case of the Industrial Party to the case of G.E. Zinoviev-LBKamenev), conducted an investigation into the case of the so-called. Labor cross. parties ("the case of A. Chayanov-N.D. Kondratyev"). A. was close to many. writers and poets, but actually supervised their polit. moods. Soon after his appointment to Saratov, A. was arrested, taken to Moscow and executed on 08/01/1938.

agranovich leonid danilovich
has abstract: AGRANOVICH Leonid Danilovich (b. 1915, st. Zmievka, Oryol province), screenwriter, film director. In 1933–38 the actor Mosk. Modern t-ra, State. t-ra them. Sun Meyerhold, t-ditch of Tashkent, Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka. In 1941–43, actor and dir. Front t-ra, in 1943-46 Art. teacher of acting at VGIK. Since 1946 he has been engaged in literature activities, author of screenplays: "A man was born" (1956), "Life is in your hands" (1959, in co-authorship), "Heaven is subdued by them" (1963, in co-authorship); theater, plays: "Light is burning in the windows", "Pilots", "Devil's River" and others, as well as scripts of their films. He made his directing debut in 1963 f. “The Man Who Doubts” (with VG Semakov). He independently put f. "Case from the investigative practice" (1968), "Own" (1969), "In our factory" (1971), "City shield" (1979), "Statute of limitations" (1983). State pr. USSR (1971).

agranovich mikhail leonidovich
has abstract: AGRANOVICH Mikhail Leonidovich (b. 1946, Moscow), cameraman. In 1962–64, a developer at the laboratory for processing amateur photographs. Mosgorfabriki photoworks. In 1964-65, a mechanic for the maintenance of shooting equipment at the c / st. Mosfilm. In 1970 he graduated from the cinematography department of VGIK. Since 1970 - at Mosfilm (camera assistant, director of photography). 1st are independent. work - "Tryn-grass" (1976). Among other fictions: "Rudin" (1977), "Funny People" (1978), "Little Tragedies" (1980), "Three Years" (1981), "Look for a Woman" (1983), "Winning a Lonely Trader" (1984), "Repentance" (1986) and others.

agranovskiy anatoliy abramovich
has abstract: AGRANOVSKY Anatoly Abramovich (1922, Moscow - 1984, ibid.), Journalist. Son Izv. journalist A.D. Agranovsky (1896-1951). In 1943 he graduated from Moscow. ped. in-t them. K. Liebknecht. Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1947–61 he worked at Lit. gas. ”, in 1961-84 - in gas. "News". Participated in writing the book. LI Brezhnev Brother A. - Valery (b. 1929, Moscow), playwright, critic. Author pl. book, naib. fame from which got the pov. "Stop Malakhov!" (M., 1976). Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR.

agron
has abstract: AGRON (Agronsky) Gershon (1893, Ukraine - 1959, Jerusalem), journalist, society. activist. Since 1906 - in the USA. In 1918 he joined Heb. legion. After demobilization he moved to E.-I. Founder and first ed. gas. Palestine Post (later - Jerusalem Post). Mayor of Jerusalem (1955–59).

agroskin anatoliy abramovich
has abstract: AGROSKIN Anatoly Abramovich (1908 - 1993, Moscow), geochemist, specialist in the region. chem. technologies and thermal physics of coal. Dr. Tech. sciences, professor. Graduated from Dnepropetrovsk Mining Institute. He worked in Donetsk coal chemistry. in-those, was one of the creatures. department of specialists-coke chemists in the Donetsk industrial in-those (dean of the coal chemistry department, headed the department), in Energetich. in-those them. G.M. Krzhizhanovsky Academy of Sciences of the USSR (head of the energochemical laboratory). In 1941–45 he proposed and supervised the introduction of a method for increasing the bulk density of a charge for coking by wetting it with microadditives of hydrocarbon liquids. He made a significant contribution to the development of coke chemistry. Developed by scientific. basics of heating modern. coke ovens, hydraulics the theory of gas movement as applied to coke ovens. Author of scientific. works, monographs, textbooks. Became. pr. (1946). Works: Sovr. coke ovens and heat engineering for their heating, Moscow, 1932 (with G.S. Halabuzarsm); Ways of expanding the coal base of coking, M., 1959; Chemistry and technology of coal, 2nd ed., M., 1969; Phys. properties of coal, M., 1961; Physics of coal, M., 1965; Brown coals as technological. raw materials, M., 1976 (jointly with I.E. Svyatets); Thermophysics of Solid Fuel, I M., 1980 (with V.B. Gleybman).

agroskin iosif iljich
has abstract: AGROSKIN Iosif Ilyich (1900, Khotimsk, Klimovsk u. Mogilev province. - 1968, Moscow), engineer, specialist in the region. hydraulic engineering. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1938), professor. Since 1919 in Kr. Army. In 1924 he graduated from the irrigation and drainage faculty of the Goretsky agricultural department. in-that and worked in-those until 1927. In 1927–39 in Omsk agricultural. in-those (assistant of the department of hydraulics, since 1933 dean of the irrigation and drainage faculty, since 1937 head of the department and director of the institute). At the same time. in 1927–33 chap. Ing. Zap.-Sib. Melivodstroy. From 1939 he was appointed deputy. prev. Vses. to-that for higher affairs. schools under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. At the same time. from 1940 head. Department of Hydraulics in Moscow. irrigation and drainage institute. Since 1948, dir. in-ta.Osn. tr. associated with the development of hydraulic methods. calculation of canals and open reservoirs. He proposed new methods for determining conjugation. and critical. depths, differentiation integration. equations of uneven motion in open channels. He proposed methods for calculating rapid currents of uneven width, surge tanks, interface structures. Completed a series of works on the study of kinematic. the structure of the channel flow when flowing around cylindrical. Tel. One of the main. experimental developers, lab. and field sprinklers "Aida". Dep. Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR (1938–47). Honored. worker of science and technology (1966). Works: Canal hydraulics, M.-L., 1940; Hydraulics calculation of channels, M.-L., 1958; Hydraulics, 4th ed., M.-L., 1964 (in co-authorship).

agryz
has abstract: AGRYZ, a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Republic of Tatarstan (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Sarapulsky u. Vyatka Gubernia. In 1939, 38 Jews lived in Armenia.

agudas akhim
has abstract: AGUDAS AHIM (Hebrew - the union of brothers), a former Jewish farmer. partnership to the Crimea. ASSR. Main In 1925 they were immigrants from Gomel. In 1925, 124 people lived in AA.

agudzera
has abstract: AGUDZERA, a railway station in the Gulripsh district of Abkhazia (Georgia). In 1970, 31 Jews lived in Armenia.

agurskiy samuil khaimovich
has abstract: AGURSKY Samuil Khaimovich (1884, Grodno - 1947, Pavlodar), part. and polit. activist, historian. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the BSSR (1936). Received a tradition. Heb. education. From the age of 12 - a worker. Since 1902, members Bund. From 1905 - in the USA, worked as a tailor, sotr. in Heb. socialist ed. in Yiddish, one of the creators of the Chicago Heb. working institute where emigrants could get an education. In 1917, corr. one of the Amer. Heb. newspapers in Russia. In Jan. 1918 cum. with Amer. R. Williams, a journalist, formed one of the first internats. units Kr. Army. One of the creators and deputy. prev. Evsektsii, together with J.V. Stalin, signed a decree on the liquidation of the center. leadership Heb. religious communities. In the years of civil. War Commissioner for Heb. affairs of Vitebsk province, published by the Bolshevik. gas. Yiddish. In the beginning. 1920s repeatedly (including illegally) visited the United States, participated in the creation. Communist Party of the United States, raised funds to support the Sov. Russia (formally - to help starving people in the Volga region). Since 1930 deputy. dir. Institute of Party History at the MK VKP (b), since 1934 Dir. Ying-that history of the party of Belarus and Ying-that Evr. proletarian culture of Belarus. In 1938 he was arrested on charges of belonging to the Hebrews. fasc. organization and sabotage in the Academy of Sciences, sentenced to 5 years of exile (served in Pavlodar). Son A. - Mikhail (Malib) (1933, Moscow - 1991, ibid.), specialist in the region. cybernetics, member of the human rights movement in the USSR. Cand. tech. Sciences (1969). Since 1975 in Israel, he worked in the media, was engaged in history and political science. In 1983 he received an academic degree in Paris. Doctor's degree in reg. Slavic studies. Prof. Heb. un-that in Jerusalem, chl. Central Committee of the Party of Labor. Author of the book: "Ideology of National Bolshevism" (1980), "Sov. Golem "(1982) and other…

agus
has abstract: AGUS (Agushevich) Irving A. (1910, Svisloch - 1984, New York), a leader in the field of Jewish education. Since 1927 - in the USA. Graduated from New York University (1932), Doctor of Philosophy (1937). Since 1951 he taught Hebrew. history at Yeshiva University. In 1939–51 hands. religious uch. establishments in America and Israel; 1939–45 - Baron Hirsch Society in Memphis; 1945–47 - Yeshivas in Long Island; 1947–49 - Harry Fishel Institute for research. Talmud (Jerusalem); 1949–51 - Ekib Academy in Philadelphia.

ak-mechetj
has abstract: AK-MOSQUE, see Simferopol.

akbulak
has abstract: AKBULAK, urban-type settlement (since 1937), a regional center in the Orenburg region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in the Orenburg province. In 1939, 50 Jews lived in Armenia.

akhad ga-am
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=АХАД ГА-AM (наст. имя и фам. Ушер Исаевич (Ашер-Гирш) Гинцберг) (1856, Сквира Киевской губ. – 1927, Тель-Авив), писатель, публицист. Р. в богатой купеч. хасидской семье. Получил трад. евр. образование, самостоятельно осваивал естеств. науки, философию, иностр. яз. В 1882—84 слушал лекции в ун-тах Вены, Берлина и Бреславля. В 1884 поселился в Одессе, вошел в гр. «Ховевей Цион» (рук. Л.Пинскер). Впервые выступил в печати в 1889 в газ. «Га-Мелиц». В ст. кон. 1880-х – нач. 1890-х гг. доказывал необходимость длит. воспитат. работы в среде рос. еврейства, к-рая в конечном итоге приведет к более сознательной деятельности по заселению Э.-И. В 1889 А.г.-А. создал и возглавил орд. «Бней-Моше», объединивший его сторонников. Посетив в 1891 и 1893 Э.-И., А.Г.-А. в ряде ст. нач. 1890-х гг. дал критич. обзор экон., соц. и духовной жизни евр. поселений в стране, одноврем. выступил с резкой критикой ассимиляционных тенденций в зап.-европ. еврействе. В 1896 А.г.-А. возглавил изд-во «Агиасеф», в 1896–1902 редактировал ж. «Га-Шиллоах». После 1-го Всемирн. сионист. конгр. А.г.-А. в своих ст. подверг критике теорию полит, сионизма Т.Герцля, упрекал последнего в отказе от трад. ценностей евр. духовной культуры, выступал идеологом т.н. духовного сионизма, гл. цель к-рого – возрождение еврейства как нац.-культурной общности. В 1900 А.г.-А. вновь посетил Э.-И. В ст. нач. 1900-х гг. резко критиковал администрацию Э.Ротшильда в Э.-И., всю систему т.н. опеки, применявшуюся ею в отношении евр. поселений, а также деятельность евр. школ, созд. Всемирн. сионист. союзом в Э.-И. за их пренебрежение к нац. культурным и духовным ценностям. На съезде рос. сионистов в Минске (1902) А.г.-А. выступил с докладом «Духовное возрождение», посвященным практич. мерам подъема евр. нац. культуры. В 1903 А.г.-А. поступил на службу в чаеторг. фирму Высоцких, а фактически целиком отдался лит.-публицистич. деятельности. После Кишиневского погрома 1903 выступил за созд. евр. самообороны…

akhaldaba
has abstract: AKHALDABA, an urban-type settlement (since 1965) in the Borjomi region (Georgia). Izv. from the 12th century In the 15-18 centuries. - as part of the Kingdom of Kartli. Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Georgian province., from 1840 - in the Georgian-Imereti province., from 1846 - in the Gori district. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - the Georgian SSR. The fact of residence of Jews was first documented in 1703. According to the testimony of Tsarevich Vakhushti Bagrationi (1745), Armenia was inhabited by Georgians and Jews, who were serfs of the Kartli queen and carried in her favor numerous. duty. Due to the constant raids of the Dagestanis, Persians and others. The number of the Jewish population in tech. 18th century decreased from 150 families (smoke) to 8 families in 1801. By the middle. 19th century Jewish community in Armenia ceased to exist.D.M. Khananashvili

akhalgori
has abstract: AKHALGORI (1934-92 - Leningori), an urban-type settlement (since 1960), a regional center (Georgia). In the 16-18 centuries. - the center of the Ksan kn-va as part of the Kingdom of Kartli. Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - the village of Gori u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1939, 4 Jews lived in Armenia. According to legend, A. founded. in 1 century. BC e., from the end. 16th century - the princely residence of the Ksan princes, then. bargain. Centre. Jews appeared in Armenia after the 1760s. and up to mid. 19th century made up means. part of the population. Later, the Jewish community ceased to exist.D.M. Khananashvili

akhali atoni
has abstract: AKHALI ATONI (1955-92 - New Athos), an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Gudauta region of Abkhazia (Georgia). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Psirtskha of Sukhumsky u. Kutaisi province. In 1921-91 it was a member of the Georgian SSR. In 1926 in A.A. there were 3 Jews, in 1939 - 55, in 1970 - 21, in 1979 - 7 Jews (all Ashkenazim). Jews lived in A.A. from 1921. In 1992, Jews left AA.

akhali gavazi
has abstract: AKHALI GAVAZI, a village in the Kvareli region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - the village of Gavazi New Telavsky u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1904 there were 7 Jews living in AG, in 1926 - 24 Jews. Jews settled in AG in the beginning. 20th century

akhalkalaki
has abstract: AKHALKALAKI, city, regional center (Georgia). Izv. from the 9th century. Since 1828 - part of Ros. empire, in the Imereti region, from 1840 - in the Georgian-Imereti region, from 1846 - in the Kutaisi region, from 1867 in the Akhaltsykh u. Tiflis province. In 1921-91 it was part of the Georgian SSR. In 1883, 27 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1887 - 53, in 1897 - 193 (5.5%), in 1910 - 69 (1.4%), in 1939 - 3 Jews . Jews lived in A. from the middle. 19th century after relocation several. Jewish families from Akhaltsikhe (modern Akhaltsikhe). There was a synagogue in 1883. The Jews lived separately in the Jewish quarter. In 1910 a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery existed in Armenia. In 1918-21, when Armenia was under Turkish rule, Jews moved from Armenia to Akhaltsykh and Tiflis (present-day Tbilisi). DMKhananashvili

akhalsopeli
has abstract: AKHALSOPELI, a village in Lanchkhuti district (Georgia). Main in the 1850s. as the village of Lanchkhutsky u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - the Georgian SSR. In 1904 15 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1926 - 66, in 1939 - 15 Jews. In 1889, a Jewish merchant from Tskhinvali was killed in Armenia. (modern Tskhinvali) D. Davarashvili and Y. Davarashvili wounded. Jews lived in Armenia from the beginning. 20th century In 1928, in connection with the founding in the Lanchkhut region of the Jewish collective farm "Tsiteli Gora" some of the Jews of A. moved to the collective farm. In the 1940s. Jews left A.D.M. Khananashvili

akhaltsikhe
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=АХАЛЦИХЕ, город, районный центр (Грузия). Изв. с 12 в., в 12—16 вв. — центр ист. обл. Самцхе. С 1578 — под властью Османской империи, с 1628 — центр Ахалцыхского пашалыка. С 1828 — в составе Рос. империи, в Имеретинской обл., с 1840 — центр Ахалцыхского у. Грузино-Имеретинской, с 1846 — Кутаисской, с 1867 — Тифлисской губ. В 1921—91 — в составе ГССР.В 1830 в А. проживало 117 еврейских семей (в т. ч. 327 мужчин), в 1835 — 623 еврея, в 1837 — 60 еврейских семей, в 1852 — 724 еврея (5,9%), в 1859 — 1364 (9,7%), в 1864 — 1852 (15,1%), в 1882 — 1972 (10,9%), в 1897 — 1533 (10%), в 1905 — 2322 (12%), в 1910 — 2610, в 1911 — 2934, в 1915 — 3248 (12,7%), в 1926 — 921 (в т. ч. 94 ашкеназа), в 1939 — 1007, в 1970 — 836, в 1979 — 337 евреев (в т. ч. 245 грузинских).Евреи в А. впервые упом. царевичем Вахушти Багратиони в 1745 (селились в особом квартале к З. от крепости, поблизости располагалось еврейское кладбище). В 1740-х гг. сооружена синагога. В ходе рус.-тур. войны (1828—29) община пострадала от нападений мусульман-аджарцев, учинявших грабежи и погромы. После присоединения А. к России евреи причислены к гос. крестьянам. В 1827—29 в А. переселились евреи из соседних сел (Абастумани, Ахалдаба, Двири, Дигвири). В нач. 1830-х гг. во время эпидемии холеры умерло 100 евреев. В 1837 вновь вспыхнула эпидемия холеры, в результате к-рой число еврейских семей сократилось до 60. Гл. занятие еврейского населения А. — торговля (с 1830-х гг. существовало «Торг. об-во Соломона», к-рое вело торговлю с Персией, Турцией, а также с внутр. губерниями России). В сер. 1860-х гг. построена 2-я синагога. В 1872 из 206 еврейских семей 16 были состоятельными, 103 — малоимущими. С постройкой ж.-д. Поти — Тифлис (1873) торговля в А. постепенно пришла в упадок, начался отток еврейского населения в др. крупные города края. Осн. занятием евреев А. стала мелочная разъездная торговля. В 1889 евреи А. едва не стали жертвами «кровавого навета». В кон. 19 в. численность насел…

akhaltsykh
has abstract: AKHALTSYKH, see Akhaltsikhe.

akhdus
has abstract: AHDUS, see Leninsky.

akhiezer aleksandr iljich
has abstract: AKHIEZER Alexander Ilyich (1911, Cherikov, Mogilev province), physicist, acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1964), Hon. scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1986). Since 1934 he has been working at the Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology. Tr. in nuclear physics, quantum electrodynamics, elementary particle physics, plasma physics, magnetohydrodynamics, solid state theory, magnetism. Created a theoretical school. Etc. Of the USSR Academy of Sciences L.I. Mandelstam (1948). Works: Some questions of the theory of the nucleus (in co-authors), M.-L., 1948; 1950. Quantum electrodynamics (et al.), M., 1949; 1959; 1969; 1981. Biography of elementary particles (et al.), Kiev, 1983. Atomic physics: Reference book, Kiev, 1988.

akhiezer aleksandr samoylovich
has abstract: AKHIEZER Alexander Samoilovich (b. 1929, Moscow), economist, specialist in social philosophy and methodology of history. Sciences. Graduated from Moscow. state econom. Institute (1953), postgraduate studies at the Research Institute of the State Planning Committee of the USSR in the specialty "Planning bunks. x-va "(1964), graduate school at Moscow. in-those nar. x-va them. GV Plekhanov with a degree in Philosophy (1967). Cand. Philos. sciences. In 1969-91 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of the workers' movement and compare, political science of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1991 leading scientist. sotr. Institute of International employment of RAS. A. develops reproduction. the concept of the about-va, anti-entropic understanding of the essence, genesis and essence of mass people. activities. In addition, in his tr. problems and topics are being developed: the inconsistency of modern. grew up. worker as a subject of reproduction about-va; mechanisms of cultural dynamics, their significance and place in activity; humanization ist. the process of human development; originality (specificity) ist. the paths of Russia. Cit .: Culture. Modality. Interpretation: Categories and concepts of the Marxist-Leninist theory of culture, M., 1985; Culture and social relations: Restructuring societies, relations and contradictions in culture, M., 1989; Russia: Critique of East. experience, t. 1-3, M., 1991; Social and cultural problems of the development of Russia: Philos. aspect, M., 1992.

akhiezer naum iljich
has abstract: AKHIEZER Naum Ilyich (1901, Cherikov, Mogilev province - 1980, Kharkov), mathematician. Ch.-c. AN VOIN (1934). Graduated from Kievsk. Institute of Higher Education education (1924), graduate school - in the same place (1928). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1936), prof. (1940). He worked in Kievsk. un-those, (1928–33), Kiev. Aviation in-those (1928–33), Kharkov. un-those (1933–41), Alma-Atinsk. Mining Institute (1941–43), Moscow. energetic in-those (1943–47), from 1947 - to Kharkov. un-those. results - in the theory of best approximations, where he developed the ideas of P.L. Chebyshev and S.N.Bernstein. Works on the theory of functions, funkts. analysis, theory integr. equations, approx. and num. methods, aerodynamics, history of mathematics. He introduced functions known as Akhiezer-Baker functions, which play an important role in the theory of nonlinear integrals. systems. The author of a number of ist.-mat. research Etc. Of the USSR Academy of Sciences P.L. Chebyshev (1952). Works: Lectures on the theory of approximation, Moscow, 2nd ed., 1965; Theory of linear operators in a Hilbert space, M.-L., 1950, sovm. with I.M. Glazman.

akhimeir abba
has abstract: AHIMEIR Abba (real name and surname - Abba Shaul Geisinovich) (1898, Dolgoe Bobruisk district, Minsk province - 1962, Tel Aviv), polit. activist, publicist, writer, one of the leaders of the Zionist revisionists, the ideologist of the most radical revision wing. movement In 1912 he arrived at E.-I. In 1914 he returned to Russia, joined Ceirei Zion. After the 1st world. war studied history in high fur boots of Liege and Vienna. In 1924 he returned to E.-I., joined Ga Poel Ha-Tsair, and in 1928 joined the Zionist revisionists. A supporter of active resistance to the Britons, the mandate authorities, A. organized a series of protests against them, for which he was repeatedly arrested. In 1933 Brit. the authorities in the murder of Kh. Arlozorov, but was acquitted by the court. In 1935 he was arrested and imprisoned for illegal organization. "Union of rebels" ("Brit ha-birionim"). A.'s views have rendered meaning. influence on the formir. ideology of clandestine fighting organizations Etzel and Lehi. Author pl. ostropolich. publicistic. Art. (partly included in his "Selected works.", v. 1–2, 1966–68) and several. book

akhmeta
has abstract: AKHMETA, city (since 1966), regional center (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the village of Telavsky u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1926 15 Jews lived in Armenia. Jews lived in Armenia in the 1910s and 1930s.

akhron iosif yuljevich
has abstract: AHRON Iosif Yulievich (1886, Lodz - 1943, Hollywood, USA), violinist, composer. He studied violin in Warsaw under I. Lotto, in 1899-1904 in St. Petersburg. cons. in the class of prof. L.S.Auer (preliminary training was given by the adjunct Auer I.R.Nalbandyan); he studied composition with A.K. Lyadov. He gave concerts in Russia and Europe. In 1913-16 he taught at the Kharkov muses. uch-shche. Member "Society of Hebrews. folk music ". In 1922 he left Russia for Europe, then in 1925 for the USA. In 1925, together with the world famous musicians - S.V. Rachmaninov, I. Hoffman, J. Kheifets, E. Tzimbalist - he took part in the celebrations, an anniversary concert in the Carnegie Hall, having eaten. 80th anniversary of Auer. Author of 3 concertos for violin and orc., 2 sonatas for violin and fp., 4 suites for violin and fp. and others. In his work he addressed the intonation of the Hebrews. muses. folklore: “Heb. melody "for violin and orc., suite" Golem "for chamber orc.," Heb. lullaby "for violin and fp. (as amended by Auer), suite "Stempenu" after Sholem Aleichem for violin and piano, piece for cello "Khazan".

akhron isidor yuljevich
has abstract: AHRON Isidor Yulievich (1892, Warsaw - 1948, New York), pianist. Graduated in 1918 from St. Petersburg. cons., learned to play php. A.N. Dubasov and A.N. Esipova, compositions - from A.K. Lyadov. From 1918 he toured cities in Russia and Germany. From 1922 he lived in the USA. Debuting in New York, in 1922–33 he was the accompanist of J. Heifetz. He performed both as a soloist and in ans. with other musicians. From 1933 he toured the USA as a soloist with leading Amer. symph. orc. He performed with success in 1936 in The Hague and Amsterdam. Author of "Grotesque Suite" for orc. (performed in 1942) and fp. plays.

akhsharumova anna markovna
has abstract: AKHSHARUMOVA Anna Markovna (b. 1957, Moscow), chess player; international grandmaster (1989). B.F. Gulko's wife. International Winner tournaments in Tbilisi (1975), Budapest and Timishiara (1978). USSR champion (1976 and 1984). Since 1986 - in the USA. USA Champion (1987). As part of the US team, a member of two Everyone. Olympiads (1988–90). Participant of the World Championship: Interzonal Tournament (Kuala Lumpur, 1990) - 5th-6th place.

akhsu
has abstract: AHSU, city (since 1967), regional center (Azerbaijan Republic). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - the village of Shemakha province., from 1859 - Shemakha district. Baku lips. In 1918–20 - as part of the Azerbaijan Republic, in 1920–91 - in the Azerbaijan SSR. 20th century The rabbis in Armenia were Rabbi Abraham, Rabbi Daniel, Rabbi Gershon, Rabbi Irliya, Rabbi Azaria, Rabbi Michael, and Rabbi Gershon-Shmuel.

akhtiar
has abstract: AKHTIAR, see Sevastopol.

akhty
has abstract: Akhty, a village, a regional center in the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1840 - the city of the Cuban y. Caspian Region, from 1846 in Derbent Gubernia, from 1860 in Dagestan Region. 11 Jews lived in Armenia in 1939. In 1734, the troops of the Persian military leader Nadir Shah captured Armenia and converted the entire surviving Jewish population to Islam. Jews who converted to Islam over time began to consider themselves Lezgins. The Lezgins living now in A. remember their Jewish origin. Back in the 1920s. In A. there were Lezgi women who lit Shabbat candles. On the wall of one of A.'s mosques there was an inscription in Hebrew indicating the date of construction.

akhtyrka
has abstract: Akhtyrka, city (since 1703), a regional center in the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in 1641. In 19 - early. 20th century In 1902, there were 30 Jewish families in Armenia, 161 Jews in 1910, 640 in 1920, 369 (1.4%) in 1926, and 277 Jews in 1939. the synagogue was opened. 1942 in A., apprx. 25 Jews.

akilov yakhielj
has abstract: AKILOV Yakhiel (1900, Samarkand - 1972, Tashkent), writer. One of the first Komsomol members of Turkestan. In 1920 he graduated from the teacher. courses. Then he begins to publish his poems in the local press. First. book "Dadi u" ("His father") in Bukhara-Heb. lang. came out in 1927. Delegate of the First All-Union Congress of Sov. writers.

akimovka
has abstract: AKIMOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1833. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Aleksandrovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1926, 305 Jews did not live in the Akimovsky District, and in 1939 there were 44 Jews in Armenia. 1941 - early. 1942 in Armenia several were killed. remaining Jews.

akivis maks ayzikovich
has abstract: AKIVIS Max Aizikovich (b. 1923, Novosibirsk), mathematician. Participant in the 1941–45 war: He studied at Moscow State University, was expelled from the 5th year in ideological studies. reasons. Graduated from Moscow State University in 1951. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1964). Prof. (1966). He worked in Tulsk. mechanical in-those (1956-60) and in Moscow. Institute of Steel and Alloys (since 1960). Author fuidam. results in multidimensional projective and conformal geometry, the theory of webs and the theory of differential-geometric. Structures, Works: Conformal Differential. geometry. On Sat. "Geometry. 1963 "(Results of Science), M., 1965, etc.

akkerman
has abstract: AKKERMAN, see Belgorod-Dnestrovsky.

akkord elias
has abstract: ACCORD Elias (Ilya Samoilovich) (|, Mogilev - 1811), doctor. He studied medicine in Berlin, received a medical degree in St. Petersburg in 1788. From 1789 he served as a military man. doctor in Kiev and Vasilkov, and also had a private practice. In 1798 he was promoted to the courtyard. advisors. Later he was an obstetrician at the Kiev Medical Council. Interested in the reforms of the living conditions of Jews in Poland, trans. anonymous pamphlet "Jews, or Reforms in the life of the Jews of the Polish Rep." (1786) from Polish. lang. on it., in which immediate changes in the status of Polish Jews were required. Appreciating this work, A. opposed certain conclusions of the pamphleteer, in particular, denying the assertion that Jews are alien to enlightenment and explaining this by their exclusion from secular education. A.'s arguments reflected the views of the skylight. M. Mendelssohn's school and other scientists of Haskala.

akmechetskie stavki
has abstract: AKMECHETSKIE RATES, a village in the Domanevsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - farm Akmechetsky Ananyevsky u. Kherson province. 1942 until March 1944 in AS there was a camp of Jews from Odessa, transferred from the camp in Domanevka. There were also Jews from Bessarabia in the camp, in particular from Chisinau, including 58 psychic. patients delivered in the summer of 1942. Approx. 3 thousand people, of which 150 survived.

akmechetskiy
has abstract: AKMECHETSKY, see Akmechetskie Stavki.

akmola
has abstract: AKMOLA, see Astana.

akmolinsk
has abstract: AKMOLINSK, see Astana.

akmoly
has abstract: AKMOLS, see Astana.

akmyane
has abstract: AKMYANE, city (since 1956), regional center (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 16th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Okmyany Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847, 677 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1897 - 543 (36%), in 1921 - 150, at the end. 1930s - OK. 100, in 1979 - 3 Jews. Jews lived in Armenia from the middle. 18th century Main occupations - trade, craft, villages. x-in. In 1867 there were three synagogues in Armenia. In the end. 19th century Rabbi A. was Aron-Eliyahu Kagana, from 1907 - Nokhum-Mordkhe Verbovskiy (1875-1941). During the 1st world. During the war, the Jews of A. were evicted to the int. province of Russia. After 1920, some of them returned to A. 4-9 August. 1941 Jews of A. were shot. Through several. years at the place of execution a monument was erected. After 1944, several. Jewish families returned to A.V. the clan B.Kader.

akniste
has abstract: AKNISTE, city (since 1991) in Jekabpils region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20 c - the town of Oknista Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was in the Latvian SSR. In 1920, 194 Jews (75%) lived in Armenia, in 1930 - 176 Jews, in 1935 - 199 Jews (42%). in A. in the middle. 19th century In the 1920s. there were 2 synagogues in Armenia, and there was a shohet. Library and drama worked. circle. Jews A. were shot in the 2nd half. July 1941 on the bank flowing approx. A. rivers. After 1945, a monument to the executed was erected at the Catholic cemetery of Armenia.

akosta yan'd
has abstract: AKOSTA Yand (in Russian sources - Lacoste) (| - |), court jester of Peter I. R. in the family of Portuguese. Jews - Marrans who fled the country from the persecution of the Inquisition. In the beginning. 18th century maintained a brokerage office in Hamburg. OK. 1714 by invitation grew up. resident in Hamburg moved to Russia (according to another version, brought to the country by Peter I himself) and was appointed court jester. Thanks to his cheerful disposition, wit and resourcefulness, as well as the ability to speak almost all Europe. languages ​​A. won the favor of Peter 1; an expert on the Bible, A. often waged theological disputes with the tsar and was one of his favorite interlocutors. For his diligent service, Peter I bestowed on A. the clownish title of "Samoyed King" and presented him with the uninhabited Sommera Father in the Hall of Finland. In the 1730s. A. was still a jester at the court of the imp. Anna Ivanovna; his further fate is unknown. Numerous. "Anecdotes" attributed to A. were widely circulated in Russian. lubochny lit-re con. 18-19 centuries

aksay
has abstract: AKSAY, a city (since 1957), a regional center in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 16th century. as the village of Ust-Aksayskaya, from 1791 - the village of Aksayskaya, Cherkassky, from 1805 - Novocherkassky env. The lands of the Don Cossack, since 1870 - the regions of the Don Cossacks. In 1939, 10 Jews lived in Armenia.

aksayskaya
has abstract: AKSAY, see Aksai, Rostov region.

akseljrod aljbert yuljevich
has abstract: AXELROD Albert Yulievich (1934, Voronezh - 1991, Moscow), resuscitator, dir. t-ra and TV. In 1958 he graduated from the 1st Moscow. honey. in-t them. I.M.Sechenov. In 1962–69 he worked in the lab. experimental physiology for the revitalization of organisms of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Org. and headed the first in the country C. outgoing reanimation. Since 1969 he worked at the Central Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors. Created a department. neuroresuscitation in Moscow. clinics hospital them. S.P. Botkin, organized the country's first reanimation baro-center, developed the principles of using the hyperbaric method. oxygenation in intensive care. One of the main. resuscitation service in the USSR. Cand. honey. Sciences, Assoc. He hosted on TV a weekly program "You - 03" about the rules for providing first aid in extreme situations. He contributed to the development of growing up. culture. In 1957, together with IG Rutberg and MG Rozovsky, he organized the pop studio of Moscow State University "Our House". He was the initiator of the creation and presenter of the game television programs (with M. Yakovlev and S.A. Muratov) "BBB" ("Evening of cheerful questions", 1959) and "KVN" ("Club of the cheerful and resourceful", 1961). Op. : Problems of reanimatology, M., 1968 (et al.); Anesthesia and resuscitation for acute massive blood loss in obstetrics, M., 1971; Revival without sensations, M., 1988; Hyperbaric oxygenation - medical and business information, M., 1990 (et al.).

akseljrod elena meerovna
has abstract: AXELROD Elena Meerovna (b. 1932, Minsk), poet. Daughter of M.M. Axelrod and writer R.R. Rubina. Graduated from the Faculty of Rus. lang. and literature from MGPI. Author pl. book for children: "Vanka-Vstanka and Sanka-Spanka" (M., 1961), "The Blizzard Walked in Moscow" (M., 1965), etc., as well as poetry. collection of books "Window to the North" (Moscow, 1975), "Poems" (Jerusalem, 1992). Also known as the lane. poetry from different languages, incl. and from Yiddish. The Jewish theme in her work has long served as an obstacle to the publication of poems. A.'s work is distinguished by subtle lyricism, romanticism of the world view. Since 1992 - in Israel.

akseljrod gleb borisovich
has abstract: AXELROD Gleb Borisovich (b. 1923, Moscow), pianist. Studied under L.I. Roizman in music. school at Moscow. conservatory. In 1948 he graduated from Moscow. conservatory, class fp. from G.R. Ginzburg (p.), in 1951 he also took a postgraduate course. Laureate of the International. piano competitions - them. B. Smetana (1st avenue, Prague, 1951), them. M. Long and J. Thibault (4th avenue, Paris, 1955), them. J. Viana da Mota (2nd Ave., Lisbon, 1957). Member jury of the 1964 pianist competition Viana da Mota in Lisbon. In 1951–56 he was a soloist of the Touring Bureau (since 1957, the All-Union Concert Touring Association). Since 1959 he has been teaching at Moscow. Conservatory, since 1967 - associate professor, since 1979 - prof. The repertoire includes ch. arr. PI Tchaikovsky, SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, RK Shchedrin, D.B. Kabalevsky, as well as traditional pianists' op. D. Scarlatti, I. Haydn, L. Beethoven, F. Schubert, F. Liszt (including the play "Memories of Russia"), C. Debussy. Includes rarely executed FPs in programs. pieces by B. Smetana, J. Sibelius, B. Bartok, Portuguese composers J. de Sousa Carvalho, J. Seixas. In a duet with O.G. Glebov, he performed all 4-hand php. manuf. Beethoven. Honored. art. RSFSR (1966).

akseljrod lyubovj isakovna
has abstract: AXELROD Lyubov Isakovna (ps. Orthodox) (1868, Dunilovichi, Vilna province - 1946), rev. activist, literary critic. The daughter of a rabbi. She broke up with her family and joined the Narodnaya Volya. circle in Poltava. She worked in the roar. org-tions of Kharkov and Melitopol. In the end. 1885 passed the examination for the title of house in St. Petersburg. teachers. Graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Berne University in 1900. In 1887-1906 - in France and Switzerland. From 1892 - member. gr. “Union of Rus. social democrats abroad ", as well as gr. Emancipation of Labor. Follower of G.V. Plekhanov's ideas. In 1917 - member. Menshevik. Central Committee, then - member. Central Committee of the Plekhanov group "Unity". After 1917 she was engaged in scientific research. and ped. work. From 1917 to 1920 she lectured at the Tambov State. un-those, Nar. un-those, in 1920 - in the 1st Moscow. state un-those, in 1921-23 led a seminar on philosophy at the Ying-those red professors, later worked at Ying-those scientific. philosophy Ros. Association of Scientific Research Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, headed the sociological dep. State academy thin. sciences. Main directions of philosophy. research: history of philosophy, ethics, social philosophy, ontology. A. is known as a participant in philosophy. discussions of the 1920s; was one of the leaders of the so-called. "Mechanists" and opposed the Deborin ("formalistic") interpretation of philosophy. She criticized the concept of class morality from the standpoint of the eternal principles of morality. The author of the book. “Philos. sketches ", M.-Pg., 1923 (2nd ed.); "Against idealism", M.-Pg., 1922; "Leo Tolstoy", M., 1922; “Morality and beauty in the production. Oscar Wilde ", Ivanovo-Voznesensk, 1923; K. Marx as a Philosopher, Kharkov, 1924; “In defense of the dialectical. materialism: Against scholasticism ", M.-L., 1928; “Idealistic. Hegel's dialectics and materialist, Marx's dialectics ", M.-L., 1934, e…

akseljrod meer moiseevich
has abstract: AKSELROD Meer Moiseevich (1902, Molodechno Vileisky district. Minsk province - 1970, Moscow), painter, theater, art. Brother of Z.M. Axelrod. Studied at VKHUTEMAS under V.A. Favorsky, P.Ya. Pavlinov and S.V. Gerasimov. Since 1926 - a member of the association "Four Arts", a supporter of drawing from life, portrait and landscape painter. The early impressions of the life of the poor Jews remained the breeding ground for A.'s creativity. small towns of Belarus, illustrated by Sholem Aleichem and I.E. Babel, in the 1930s. tried to reflect the originality of the life of Heb. collective farms of Belarus and Crimea. As a theater, the artist A. collaborated in Moscow, Belarus. and Ukr. GOSETS. The most famous was his design of "Jacquerie" by P. Merimee in the 1st Belarusian. t-re, as well as "Measure of Severity" D. Bergelson in Moscow. GOSET (1933), "The Strike of the Reapers" by Z. Lev in Belarus. GOSET (1935), "The Robber Boytre" M. Kulbak in the State Department of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. Creating a pictorially plastic. decisions theater, space, A. acted as the author of costumes (each sketch is a portrait of a character with his lively character). During the war, he created a series of gouaches dedicated to the tragedy of the Jews in the 20th century, and in the middle. 1960s - a cycle of large compositions "Ghetto".

akseljrod moisey markovich
has abstract: AXELROD Moisey Markovich (1897, Smolensk - 1940), orientalist. 1918–20 - in Kr. Army. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1923) and an Arab, branch of Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (1924). In 1924–27 sotr. owls. consulates in Jeddah (Saudi Arabia). In 1927-29 he worked in the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. cases, from 1929 in foreign. department of the OGPU (worked in Turkey, in 1934–37 in Italy). In 1929–30 he taught at Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies and Moscow State University. In 1938 he was arrested and died in prison. The author of works on Arab countries. East, ed. "Arabic-Russian. dictionary "(Moscow, 1931).

akseljrod natan
has abstract: AXELROD Nathan (1905, Mogilev - 1987, Bnei Brak, Israel), film producer. In his youth he was fond of cinema. Per. credits from rus. in Ukrainian lang. In 1926 he was sentenced to 3 years in exile for Zionist activities. After the hunger strike was declared, the link was replaced by expulsion from the USSR. From 1926 in E.-I. One of the creatures. Israeli cinema. In 1920-30, a cameraman and dir. first Heb. doc. f. in E.-I. Deer. "The film is moving" (from 1927), "Carmel the film" (from 1933). Then the producer pl. films.

akseljrod pavel
has abstract: AXELROD Pavel (Pinkus) Borisovich (1850, Chernigov province - 1928, Berlin), polit. activist, publicist, memoirist. From the family of an innkeeper. He graduated from the government in Mogilev, studied at the Nizhyn Lyceum, where he met with the roar. lit-swarm. In the beginning. 1870s left the Lyceum and devoted himself to the roar. activities. From 1872 - in Kiev, created a roar. populist. circle, in 1873 - one of the founders of the Kiev branch of St. Petersburg. circle "Tchaikovsky", participated in the preparation of "going to the people" in southern Russia. In 1874 he left for Berlin, became close to the Germans, Social-Democrats, and soon moved to Switzerland. In Geneva he joined the growing circle. roar. emigrants - supporters of M.A. Bakunin, on their instructions went to Russia to establish contacts with local roar. circles. In the 1870s. put in gas. “Mogilev lips. Vedomosti "a number of articles on the position of Heb. the poor. In 1875 he returned to Switzerland, sotr. roar. g. "Worker", one of the editors. roar. g. "Community". From 1879 - in Russia, conducted propaganda in Odessa, in the fall of 1879 he joined the roar. org-tion "Black redistribution", was one of her hands. In the beginning. 1881 emigrated to Switzerland due to the threat of arrest. In 1883 - one of the founders of the first rose. Marxist, c. "Emancipation of Labor", translated into Russian. lang. a number of works by K. Marx and F. Engels, the author of a number of publications on the parliamentary activities of Western Europe. s.-d. parties. Comp. s.-d. g. "Worker" (1885), "Banner" (1889), one of the editions. g. "Socialist" (1889), "Social Democrat" (1888–92), "Worker" (1896), since 1900 - one of the founders and editors. gas. Iskra and Zh. "Zarya", one of the hands. “Zagran. league rus. roar. s.-d-tii ". Affairs. 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903), after which - one of the leaders of the Mensheviks. Supporter of cooperation of the Social-Democratic Party with Ros. liberals. At the 4t…

akseljrod zelik moiseevich
has abstract: AXELROD Zelik Moiseevich (1904, Minsk - 1941, ibid.), Poet. At the age of 16, he made his debut verse. in Minsk Heb. gas. Der Veker. Studied in Moscow in Lit. in-those them. V.Ya.Bryusov, then in Leningrad. After returning to Minsk in the middle. 20s actively participated in lit. life of Belarus. He published poems and reviews in f. "Stern", as well as in the period, ed. Moscow and Kharkov. In Heb. after having finished. poetry occupies a prominent place as a lyricist who knows how to subtly convey deep feelings. In 1939 he worked in the mountains. gas. in Bialystok. After returning to Minsk he was repressed. He died in a Minsk prison. Author of collection of poetry., Ed. in Minsk: "Tsapl" ("Trembling"), 1922; Leader (Poems), 1932; "Oig af oig" ("Eye to eye"), 1937, etc.

aksenfeljd avgust
has abstract: AXENFELD August (1825, Odessa - 1876, Paris), doctor. Graduated from honey. faculty in Paris, received scientific. Dr. med. Participated in the fight against cholera in Paris at the beginning. 1850s, for which he was awarded the French. pr-va, including a large gold medal. From 1853–58 A. taught at the Sorbonne, from 1857 - prof., In 1858–71 - Ch. doctor of the hospital "Bojan" in Paris.

aksenfeljd isroelj
has abstract: AXENFELD Yisroel (1787, Nemirov, Podolsk province - 1866, Paris), prose writer, playwright. R. in a Hasidic family. All R. 20s 19th century moved to Odessa, took up self-education, worked as a notary. One of the first among the Hebrews. educators began to write in Yiddish. Author of over 20 plays, pov. and rom., to-rye spread in manuscripts for a long time. During his lifetime he managed to print only two works: the play "Der Ershter Yidischer Recruit" ("The First Jewish Recruit"), Leipzig, 1862 and p. "Dos sterntihl" ("Headdress"), ibid., 1861. Author: "Man un vibe, schwester un brooder" ("Husband and wife, sister and brother"), "Di gefkervelt" ("Deceiving world" ), "Kaptsn oysher spire" ("From wealth to poverty"), "Noh tsvei gozn" ("For two hares"), etc. He died in Paris, where he moved from Odessa to his son, A. Aksenfeld. Some of A.'s works were translated and published in French. the tongue of his son.

aksenov vasiliy pavlovich
has abstract: AKSENOV Vasily Pavlovich (b. 1932, Kazan), writer. Son of E.S. Ginzburg. Graduated from Leningrad. honey. in-t. First stories publ. in 1959. In 1960 in the railway. "Yunost" comes out pov. "Colleagues", and in 1961 rum. "Star ticket" - about the life of the present. youth, after the publication to-rogo A. becomes one of the recognized leaders of the so-called. youth confessional prose. In the 60s. in the same train. "Youth" are published and other works. A. - "Oranges from Morocco", "It's time, my friend, it's time", "Overstocked barrel", stories, some of them become the subject of fierce disputes. Was a member. editorial board "Youth", in 1969 excluded from it together with EA Evtushenko. In the 70s. published a little. One of the books. this period - p. about LB Krasin "Love for Electricity" (M., 1972) in the middle. "Ardent Revolutionaries". A. is one of the organizers and participants of the samizdat alm. "Metropol" (1979), which entailed repression against the department. its authors. In protest left the SI of the USSR (together with I.L. Lisnyanskaya and S.I. Lipkin). I ate, manuf. this period, publ. in the USSR, became a pov. "Search for a genre" ("New World", 1978). In the same year he leaves at the invitation abroad, and after a few. months comes out the decision of the Top. Council of the USSR on deprivation of A. owls. citizenship. 1979 in the USA. He worked at the University of Southern California, Kennon Institute, then prof. in un-those "George Mason" (Washington). Already in the US, they published. works written in the USSR: p. Our Golden Piece of Iron (1973), rom. "Burn" (1969-75), "Crimea Island" (1977-79), as well as new ones - rum. "Paper Landscape", "Say Raisins", collection of works. stories "The Right to the Island", Sat. plays "Aristophanic with frogs", book. about America "In Search of a Sad Baby" and others. lang. written rom. "Egg yolk". Realistic. in fact, A.'s prose is mixed with fantasy, parody, grotesque, irony and lyricism are fused in…

aksenovo-zilovskoe
has abstract: AKSENOVO-ZILOVSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1930) in the Chernyshevsky district of the Chita region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway Zilovo station, Nerchinsky environs. Transbaikal region. In 1939 in A.-Z. there were 38 Jews.

aksha
has abstract: Aksha, a village, a regional center in the Chita region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - a district town of the Trans-Baikal Region. In 1897, 10 Jews (0.6%) lived in Armenia, in 1939 - 4 Jews.

aktin rut
has abstract: ACTIN Ruth (b.1900), society. activist. Kibbutz activist. She took part in the activities of the Zionist socialists in Russia. She was arrested on charges of Zionist activities. Since 1924 - in E.I. Member parties Akhdut ha-Avoda and Mapai. Member reign "Ha-kibbutz ha-meuhad". She was the ambassador of the kibbutz movement in Italy (1946). One of the leaders of the women's labor movement. Member Knesset from Akhdut ha-Avoda - Poalei Zion, member. c. Labor Party, member. c. "Naamat", part. Centre. control commission of Histadrut and Labor.

aktsin binjyamin
has abstract: AKTSIN Binyamin (1904, Riga - 1985, Jerusalem), lawyer. Graduated from Vienna (1929, Doctor of Law) and Parisian (1929) high fur boots. In the 1930s and 40s. active member of the Zionist movement in the USA, revisionist. In 1941–46 he was an expert on international issues. rights at the B-ke of the Congress (Washington). In E.-I. - since 1949, since the same year prof. constitution. law and polit, sciences in Heb. University of Jerusalem (honored prof. from 1972). State pr. Israel (right) 1967 for tr. according to int. right.

aktyube
has abstract: AKTUBE, see Aktyubinsk.

aktyubinsk
has abstract: AKTUBINSK (until 1891 - Aktobe), city, center of Aktobe region. (The Republic of Kazakhstan). Main in 1869.Since 1891 - a district town of the Turgai region, from 1921 - a provincial town. Since 1932 it has been the center of the Aktobe Region. In 1910, 35 Jews (0.3%) lived in Armenia, in 1939 - 251, in 1959 - 902 (0.9%), in 1970 - 870 (0.6%), 1979 - 705 Jews (0.4%) In 1996 the Jewish cultural center "Shalom" and a Jewish Sunday school were opened in Armenia.

alagir
has abstract: ALAGIR, a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania (Russian Federation). Main all R. 19th century as a fortified settlement at z-de col. metals. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - from. Alagirskoe Vladikavkaz u. Tersk Region In 1939, 15 Jews lived in Armenia.

alagirskoe
has abstract: ALAGIR, see Alagir.

alanta
has abstract: ALANTA, a village in Molėtai district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 13th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ovanta Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. 222 Jews (about 50%) lived in Armenia in 1923. Jews settled in Armenia in the 19th century; there was a synagogue. In 1878-83, the rabbi of A. was Benjamin Gitelzon, the author of the book. "Ha-Poteakh ve-ha-Hotem" (New York, 1898), from 1911 - Shmuel-Itskhok Cigar (1875—?), In the 1930s. - Zalman Dobchansky. In 1921 the council of the community was elected, a school with teaching in Hebrew was opened, library with books in Hebrew and Yiddish. In 1931 the Jews owned two grocery and one butcher shops, a pharmacy, a tannery, a tavern, a representative office of the Singer firm, a mill, and two wool spinning workshops. In the beginning. 1930 a branch of the Jewish National Bank was opened. The group "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair" was active. In the spring of 1939, a pogrom took place in Austria, caused by the "blood libel." After the occupation of the Germans. the troops of the Jews of A. and neighboring towns were taken to the Antaksciai farm and on August 29. 1941 shot (only a few people survived, hidden by local peasants).

alapaevsk
has abstract: ALAPAEVSK, city, regional center in the Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1639 as the village of Alapaikha. From 1781 it was a district town, and from 1802 it was a provincial town in Perm province. In 1939, 47 Jews lived in Armenia.

alapaikha
has abstract: ALAPAIKHA, see Alapaevsk.

alatyrj
has abstract: ALATYR, city, regional center in the Chuvash Republic (Russian Federation). Main in 1552. From 1780 - the district town of the Simbirsk governorship, then - the Simbirsk province. In 1920-25 it was a part of the Chuvash Autonomous Region, in 1925-90 it was the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1910, 106 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1920 - 305 (1.6%), in 1925 - 265, in 1939 - 121 Jews. In 1910, Armenia had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In the 1930s. it was illegal. minyan. After its closure, the Torah scrolls were confiscated and transferred to the Cheboksary local history museum. Between 1941 and 1941 the number of the Jewish population of Albania grew at the expense of the evacuees. After 1945, most of the evacuees left A.D. M. Kostinskaya

albina
has abstract: ALBINA, a village in the Cimislia region (Republic of Moldova). In 1941, after the occupation of the Roman-German. troops, in A. all Jews were shot.

alchedar
has abstract: ALCHEDAR, a village in the Soldanesht district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Alchidari Orhei district Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 174 Jews (10.4%) lived in Armenia. In June 1941, most of the Jews of Albania were evacuated; those who remained through the transit camp were deported in the fall of 1941 to Transnistria.

alchevsk
has abstract: ALCHEVSK (up to 1901 - Yuryevka, in 1931-61 - Voroshilovsk, in 1961-92 - Kommunarsk), a city (since 1932) in the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1895. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Lugansk district. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia In 1920, there were 1,117 Jews living in Armenia, 781 in 1923, 856 in 1926, 1383 in 1939, 1165 (1.3%) in 1959, 1100 (0.9%) in 1970, 1979 - 900 Jews (0.8%) After the mass execution of the Jewish population on 24 Sept. 1942 approx. 100 Jews. In 1998, approx. 500 Jews.

alchidari
has abstract: ALCHIDARI, see Alchedar.

alchin
has abstract: ALCHIN, see Muromka.

aldan
has abstract: ALDAN (until 1941 - the settlement of Nezametny), a city (from 1939), a regional center in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Russian Federation). Main in 1775. At the end. 18th century - a district town of Irkutsk province., At 19 - beginning. 20th century - Yakutsk Region. In 1939 64 Jews lived in Armenia.

aldanov mark
has abstract: ALDANOV Mark (real name and surname. Mark Alexandrovich Landau) (1889, Kiev - 1957, Nice), writer. Graduated from law. and phys.-mat. f-you Kiev, un-that, School of societies. Sciences, in Paris. He left Russia in 1918. He lived in France. Years 2nd world. war spent in the United States, where joint. with M.O.Tsetlin founded "New Journal". He made his debut as a literary book. "Tolstoy and Rolland" (vol. 1, 1915). In 1918, in the pamphlet "Armageddon", he analyzed the lessons of Russian. rev-tion. In the first. years of emigration, Ch. arr. journalism, collaborated in the train. "Modern Notes" in Paris. The work of A.'s life was a cycle of 16 ist. rum., pov. and "Philosophy. fairy tales ”covering almost two hundred years of Russian. and peace. stories from the reign of Catherine II to the death of Stalin. Among the productions that make up the cycle, Vol. about fr. revolution and terror ("9 Thermidor", 1923), about the last days of Napoleon ("Saint Helena, a small island", 1923), about Russia during the rise of the roar. movement ("Origins", 1950). In the book. "Ulm Night" (New York, 1953) A. defines the meaning of ist. process as the eternal struggle of "goodness-beauty" with "gloomy phenomena of the kingdom of chance." Jews and Hebrews topic in the book. A. episodic, associated with the world. and, ch. arr., rus. culture and societies, life. In a number of books. A. there are positive Jewish characters ("Suicide", "Live as you want", "The Story of Death"). Anti-Semitism is strongly condemned and fears of the coming Holocaust are expressed in the essay "Hitler" (1936). Peru A. owns essays on polit. Jewish figures L. Blume, W. Rathenau. In his letters A. stressed that he had never been a Zionist, that he was a "liberal, European and Jewish." In addition to thin. Prod., A. is also the author of a number of experiments, works in chemistry.

alek sh.
has abstract: ALEK S. (1888 - 1956, Odessa), prose writer, publicist. During civil. war in Ukraine was associated with anarchists. All R. 20s was ed. Heb. gas. in Berdichev, and in the middle. 30s gas. "Odesar Arbater". Being ed. gas. in Yiddish, A. tried to reform the language, introducing into it numerous. Slavicisms. During these years A. published several. book stories and essays: "Farmekte vegn" ("Crossed out roads"), Berdichev, 1932; "In ongli" ("In heat"), Kharkov, 1932; "Tempn" ("Tempos"), Kharkov-Kiev, 1932 and others. 30s was repressed. All R. 50s returned to Odessa mentally ill and died in hospital.

aleksanderfeljd
has abstract: ALEXANDERFELD, see Berezanka.

aleksandravele
has abstract: ALEXANDRAVELE, a village in the Rokiskis district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Aleksandrovo, Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. On the eve of the Second World. War in A. lived apprx. 200 inhabitants, including 10 Jewish families. After the occupation of Austria by German. troops (June 1941), almost all Jews were killed in the fall of the same year.

aleksandreny
has abstract: ALEXANDRENES, see Aleksandren.

aleksandriya
has abstract: ALEXANDRIA, see Zemaichiu-Naumiestis.

aleksandriyskaya
has abstract: ALEXANDRIYSKAYA, a village in the Georgievsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Pyatigorsk env. Terek Region. In 1939, 9 Jews lived in Armenia. 1942 55 evacuated Jews were shot in Armenia. Lazar Moiseevich Dorokhov (1900-1964, Kishinev), corresponding member. Academy of Sciences of the MSSR (1961), from 1961 director. Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry of Plants of the Academy of Sciences of the MSSR.

aleksandro-nevskaya
has abstract: ALEXANDRO-NEVSKAYA, see Alexander Nevsky.

aleksandro-nevskiy
has abstract: ALEXANDRO-NEVSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1947), center of Novoderevensky district, Ryazan region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway Art. Alexander Nevskaya Ranenburgsky u. Ryazan province. In 1939 in A.-N. 9 Jews lived.

aleksandronevsk
has abstract: ALEXANDRONEVSK, now part of the village. Cherry in the Kuibyshevsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - colony of Grunau Aleksandrovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1897, 90 Jews (13%) lived in Armenia.

aleksandropolj
has abstract: ALEXANDROPOL, see Gyumri.

aleksandrov
has abstract: ALEXANDROV (real name Miller) Haim (1869, Petersburg - 1909, New York), poet, prose writer, publicist. R. in the family of a retired Nikolaev soldier. He wrote poetry in Russian. and Heb. lang. He studied at Vilen. teacher. in-those. Since 1898 in the USA. Collaborated with Heb. ed., published poems, stories, dramas, feuilletons, trans. His verse. "Breeder, world obn geshlosn ..." ("Brothers, we have concluded ...") in the years of the lane. Russian Revolution of 1905 became the anthem of the working youth. A. was a passionate language propagandist. Yiddish. Among his works. naib, known: "Biography of Leo Tolstoy", 1903; "Interview with M. Gorky", 1908. In 1906, his drama "Di ershte libe" ("First Love") was staged in New York. Translated into Yiddish. Gorky, G.A. Machteta and others. writers.

aleksandrov aleksandr petrovich
has abstract: ALEXANDROV Alexander Petrovich (1900, Oryol - 1946, Tallinn), military leader, rear adm. (1944). Graduated from 6th grade. g-zii, Naval. academy (1927). In Kr. Army from 1918. In 1918–20 - in cavalry. brigade G. I. Kotovsky. From 1921 in the navy. In 1927-29 - pom. teams. battleship "Marat". In 1929–33 - com. cruiser "Aurora". In 1934–36 - early. department of strategic. and operational claim naval. academy. In 1936–40 - early. Naval. academy. Participant citizen wars in Spain. In 1940–41 - com. Novorossiysk navy. base. Since 1941 - teams. Azov military flotilla. At the end of 1941 - beginning. 1942 was under investigation on charges of leaving the fleet from the base in Mariupol. In 1942–44 - early. headquarters of the Ladoga military flotilla, com. Leningrad navy. base. 1945–46 - early. headquarters Balt. fleet. Killed in a plane crash. Awarded the 7th order.

aleksandrov avraam yakovlevich
has abstract: ALEXANDROV Avraam Yakovlevich (1915, Zhitomir, Volyn province. - 1983, Novosibirsk), physicist, specialist in the region. rigid body mechanics and elasticity theory. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1947), prof. from 1948. In 1939 he graduated from the Rostov Institute of Ing. railroad transport. In 1931–41 he worked in Rostov-on-Don, from 1941 - for the military. s-dakh of Novosibirsk. Since 1951 head. Department of Buildings, Mechanics of the Novosibirsk Institute of Engineering. railroad transport and in Siberian n.-i. Aviation in-those. Osn. research devoted to the calculations of three-layer structures with fillers, polarized-optical. methods and mechanics of solids (in particular, the method of photoelastic coatings) and spaces. problems of the theory of elasticity. Completed a series of works on axisymmetric problems of the theory of elasticity (B.G. Galerkin Ave., 1964). Author of scientific. printed works and monographs. Member Nat. to-that USSR on theoretical. and Applied Mechanics (1965), Hon. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1966). State etc. USSR (1980). Cit .: Structures with foam fillers, 2nd ed., M., 1973; Polarized-optical methods of mechanics of a deformable solid, Moscow, 1973 (with M.Kh. Akhmetzyanov); Spaces. problems of the theory of elasticity: application of methods of the theory of functions of a complex variable, Moscow, 1978 (with Yu.I. Solov'ev).

aleksandrov moisey aleksandrovich
has abstract: ALEXANDROV Moisey Alexandrovich (| - 1922, Moscow), polit. activist, engineer. While studying in Berlin (1903-1904), he joined the Social-Democrats. emigrant circles. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07, worked in Moscow. org-tion of the RSDLP. During the years of reaction "liquidator", participated in the publication of books by N. Cherevanin, V. Gorn and others. In the years of the 1st world. wars - in the army. Feb the Revolution of 1917 met in Moscow, joined the Menshevik Party. He was a member of Ch. to-that of the Union of Cities (member of the Presidium from the Menshevik faction) and to Zemgor. Oct he did not accept the revolution, was led by an anti-Bolshevist. agitation and propaganda. In 1919–21 he worked as an engineer, as well as in the system of prof.-tech. education, was repeatedly arrested. 02/25/1921 during the mass arrests of the Social-Democratic menypeviks imprisoned in the Butyrka prison, after 2 months. transferred to Oryol Central, where he participated in an 8-day hunger strike watered. prisoners. After 9 months. delivered to Moscow at the disposal of the Cheka; he was in Lubyanka, in Taganskaya and Butyrskaya prisons. He contracted typhus, which caused brain inflammation and paralysis. 03.12.1921 released from Butyrok, a month and three days later he died. A.'s funeral turned into a demonstration (about 400 people) with the participation of representatives of the RSDLP and the Union of Engineers.

aleksandrov shmuelj
has abstract: ALEXANDROV Shmuel (1865, Borisov, Minsk province - 1941, Bobruisk), rabbi. R. in the family of a rabbi. Got a trad. Heb. religious education. He independently studied secular sciences, incl. lang., philosophy, history. In the 1900s. joined the religious movement. Zionism and became an active promoter of its ideas, collaborating in Heb. press. Tr. A. influenced the decision of A.I. Cook to join the Mizrahi movement. From the beginning. 1920s - a rabbi in Bobruisk. In his last work (published in 1932 in Jerusalem) he contrasted Zionism with communism. He was shot together with other Jews of Bobruisk.

aleksandrov vladimir yakovlevich
has abstract: ALEXANDROV Vladimir Yakovlevich (b. 1906, Cherkassy, ​​Kiev province), cytophysiologist, doctor of biological sciences. Sciences (1940), prof. In 1929 he graduated from the Leningrad State. un-t, in 1934 - graduate school of the State. to radiologists., radiological. and cancer in-that. In 1941 he volunteered for the front. Since 1945 head. lab. cytology Ying-that experiment. medicine. In 1950 he opposed the pseudoscientific theory of O.B. Lepeshinskaya and was fired. In 1952 the head. the lab organized by him. cytophysiology and cytoecology Botanich. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1986 - scientific consultant. Joint. with DN Nasonov, a protein theory of damage and irritation was developed, according to a cut, the primary target of damaging agents and irritants are proteins of the cytoplasm, which undergo structural changes of the denaturation type. A. identified sources of specific. and nonspecific. changes in cells and proteins under the action of external agents. A theory has been developed to explain the parallelism in the evolution of all organisms between the thermophilicity of a species and the heat resistance of cells and proteins (registered as a discovery in 1989). It has been proven that with nonspecific. increasing cell resistance in response to stress, stress proteins may not be responsible for increasing primary cell resistance, but some stress proteins may contribute to the repair of damaged cells. A. published ca. 200 works. Became. pr. (1943), gold medal named after II Mechnikov (1972). Works: The reaction of living matter to external influences, L., 1940 (jointly with DN Nasonov); Cells, macromolecules and temperature, L., 1975; Reactivity of cells and proteins, L., 1985; Difficult years of Soviet biology, St. Petersburg, 1992.

aleksandrovich mikhail davidovich
has abstract: ALEXANDROVICH Mikhail Davidovich (b. 1914, Stock Exchange, Kovno province), singer, cantor. Since childhood, he had a beautiful, strong voice (high altitude). From the age of 9 he performed as a child prodigy in Riga and other cities of neighboring countries. He studied singing in Heb. bunk bed cons. in Riga with E. Weisbein and accompanist S. Zegor. Under their guidance he performed songs by him. romantics, opera arias, romances rus. comp., songs by E. Shklyar and other Heb. comp. and Heb. bunk bed songs (all in the original language). In 1925 he toured Poland and Germany. He made his debut as a cantor in the Riga Old-New Synagogue in 1933. In 1934–36 he was cantor at the Great Synagogue of Manchester (Great Britain), in 1936–40 - at the Kaunas Choral Synagogue, performed at an opera house (parts of Lensky and Count Almaviva: “ Eugene Onegin "by P. Tchaikovsky," The Barber of Seville "by G. Rossini); sometimes he performed secular melodies in the synagogue. Periodically improved with B. Gigli in Rome (mastered the bel canto style). In its art, it follows the traditions of Sh. Rozovsky (combination of Hebrew folk melodies and elements of national liturgical music with the achievements of European music culture). In the cantor's performance he combined synagogue singers. traditions with prof. wok. the bel canto school. From 1940 he lived in the USSR. He sang on the radio in Minsk (1940). Since 1941 artist of the All-Union. concert association; He toured a lot in the cities of Central Asia, in Baku. In 1941 he gave concerts with front-line brigades in the Caucasus, in 1942–43 - in Tbilisi. From 1944 he performed with great success in Moscow and other cities of the USSR. He gave concerts as a soloist with symphony. orc. and decomp. ensembles. Along with opera arias and Neapolitan songs, he performed romances and songs of Russian. and owls. comp., included in the programs rarely executed works. G.Persella, J.S.Bach, A.Vivaldi and others, sometimes accompanied by organ a…

aleksandrovka
has abstract: ALEXANDROVKA, see Buzovarovo.

aleksandrovo
has abstract: ALEXANDROVO, see Alexandravel.

aleksandrovo-troyanovo
has abstract: ALEXANDROVO-TROYANOVO, see Alexandruv-Kujawski.

aleksandrovsk
has abstract: ALEXANDROVSK, see Zaporozhye.

aleksandrovsk-grushevskiy
has abstract: ALEXANDROVSK-GRUSHEVSKY, see Mines.

aleksandrovsk-sakhalinskiy
has abstract: ALEXANDROVSK-SAKHALINSKY (until 1926 - Aleksandrovsky), a city (from 1917), a regional center in the Sakhalin Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1862 as Aleksandrovskaya settlement, from 1881 - Aleksandrovsky Post, from 1884 - the center of Fr. Sakhalin, isolated from the Primorsk region. in themselves. admin-terr. unit. In 1932-47 it was the center of the Sakhalin Region. In 1939 in A.-S. there were 180 Jews.

aleksandrovskaya
has abstract: ALEXANDROVSKAYA, see Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky.

aleksandrovskaya dacha
has abstract: ALEXANDROVSKAYA DACHA, see Birofeld.

aleksandrovskaya sloboda
has abstract: ALEXANDROVSKAYA SLOBODA, see Alexandrov.

aleksandrovskiy
has abstract: ALEXANDROVSKY, see Novosibirsk.

aleksandrovskiy post
has abstract: ALEXANDROVSKY POST, see Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky.

aleksandrovskoe
has abstract: ALEXANDROVSKY, see Belogorsk, Amur Region.

aleksandru chel bun
has abstract: ALEXANDRU CHEL BUN, a village in the Soroca region (Republic of Moldova). July to 19 Aug 1941 there was a camp in A. Ch. B., in which more than 2 thousand Jews were gathered. After its liquidation, the Jews were transferred to a camp in Vertyuzhany (present-day Pridnestrovskoe).

aleksandruv
has abstract: ALEXANDRUV, a village in the Warsaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1844 - d. Aleksandrov Varshavsky u. 401 Jews (50%) lived in Armenia in 1897, and in the 1930s. - 1,300 Jews. The Jewish population of Albania was destroyed during the Holocaust.

aleksandruv-kuyavski
has abstract: ALEXANDRUW-KUJAWSKI, a city (since 1880) in the Wloclaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - a village, then the city of Aleksandrovo-Troyanovo Neshavsky u. Warsaw province. In 1897 in A.-K. Inhabited by 286 Jews (11%), in 1921 - 977 (12%), in 1939 - 1200 Jews (10%). Jews settled in A.-K. at the end. 19th century A.-K. at that time it was a border point, which had a railway. station. At first, the Jews built their houses at a certain distance from A.-K., since they were forbidden to live near the station, which stood directly on the border. Over time, the Jewish settlement became part of A.-K. In the 1880s. in A.-K. a synagogue was built. There was a cheder, in 1910 it was opened early. Jewish school. Jews were engaged in trade and crafts, they owned textile, grocery, hardware and other shops. Among the Jews were tailors, shoemakers, hatters, some were involved in smuggling. In the 1920s. a philanthropist was opened. cash desk, in 1928 - a branch of the Cooperative Credit Bank. Rabbi A.-K. from 1906 he was Avrom-Yeoshua Gliksman (1860—?), from 1933 - Yaakov-Hirsch Galdzhaler. In the 1920s and 30s. in A.-K. there were branches of Jewish parties and movements, c. incl. Bunda, "Agudas Israel". After the beginning. 2nd world. wars in sept. 1939 A.-K. bombed; there were great casualties among the Jewish population. On Sept. and nov. 1939 some of the Jews were sent to Bergen-Belsen, the rest to the Warsaw ghetto.

aleksandruv-ludzki
has abstract: ALEXANDROW-LUDZKI, a city (since 1822) in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in 1818 on the site of the Bruzitsky glass factory in the ęczycki district of the Mazovian voivodeship, since 1867 - the Aleksandrov posad of the Lodz district. Petrokovskaya province. 1850s. in A.-L. lived approx. 1000 Jews, in 1897 - 1673 (27.9%), in 1921 - approx. 3,500 Jews. In 1826 Jews were allowed to reside and acquire land for only a few. streets A.-L. In 1876 Ichiel Danzscher (1848-1894) founded in A.-L. Hasidic court. 1940 in A.-L. a ghetto was created, liquidated in June 1942.

alekseev
has abstract: ALEXEEV (real family. Lifshits) Alexey Grigorievich (1887, Petersburg - 1985, Moscow), entertainer, dir. As a high school student in Odessa, he participated in amateur performances. In 1905 he entered the law. Faculty of Odessa University. From 1909 he acted as an entertainer in the Bibabo cabaret and other theaters in Odessa. In the 1911/12 season, he worked at the Green Parrot Theater, then held a conference at the Kiev Bibabo; in the same place, in Kiev, he graduated from the university as an external student (1913). In the 1914/15 season, an entertainer and thin hand. Odessa "Maly Theater". A. belonged to the type of entertainer-improviser, not having, as a rule, a prepared text, he responded wittily and vividly to remarks from the audience, linking what was happening on stage with the everyday events of the surrounding life. From 1915 he appeared at the Liteiny Theater and at the Pavilion de Paris in Petrograd. His appearance was unchanged: a tailcoat and a monocle. In 1926, at the request of the public, who saw in this the attributes of an "alien element", A. parted with a monocle, and later with a tailcoat. In 1917–20 the actor and dir. t-ra "Grotesque" in Kiev. In 1921-24, thin. hands. sinks, t-ra "Jimmy's Curve". He attracted talented authors (N.R. Erdman, V.M. Inber), ballet masters (K.Ya. Goleizovsky) to work. In May 1924 the shopping mall was closed; Moscow began to work in its premises. t-r satire, from 1927 A. ch. dir. this mr. In 1927, together with V.E. Ardov, he wrote a post, here is a review "Aren't you a hooligan, citizen |", which entered the repertoire for a long time. A year later, A. left the t-ra and became the head of the Operetta Theater. Author of texts and director of the operetta "Louis ... the eleventh" (1928), music. comedy "The Singer from the Factory Committee" (1932). In 1933 A. was arrested and sent to a camp; in Karelia in Medvezhyegorsk hands. t-rum, to-rogo actors were also prisoners. Returning from exile in 1939, he staged conc…

alekseev aleksandr
has abstract: ALEKSEEV Alexander (until 1845 - Wulf Nakhlas) (1820, borough Nezarinets, Podolsk province - 1895), orthodox. missionary, publicist. As a boy, he was taken to the cantonists, in 1845 he was baptized, promoted the conversion of many to Orthodoxy. Jews-cantonists, for active missionary activity in 1848 promoted to non-commissioned officer. Soon he fell seriously ill (paralysis of the legs) and retired. In the 1850s. acted as an expert in the case against gr. Jews in ritual murder (the so-called "Saratov case"), convincingly proved the falsehood of the accusation. Later, while living in Novgorod, he collaborated in the Orthodox Church. periodic. editions "Spiritual conversation", "Church. chronicle ”,“ Wanderer ”, where he posted a number of articles with sharp attacks on Heb. everyday life, customs, religion. He argued that the conversion of the Cantonists to Orthodoxy was completely voluntary, argued with publicists who questioned the sincerity of Jews who converted to Christianity, and opposed the abolition of restrictions. laws on Jews, for the preservation of the Pale of Settlement. Book. A. “Worship, Holidays and Religious. rituals of today's Jews ”has withstood 3 editions (Novgorod, 1861, 1863 and 1865). To refute the "blood libel" he dedicated the brochure "Do Jews Use Christian Blood from Religion. purpose | " (Novgorod, 1886).

alekseev georgiy alekseevich
has abstract: ALEKSEEV Georgy Alekseevich (1905, Montpellier, France - 1989, Moscow), therapist-hematologist. In 1912-13 he studied at the Paris Lyceum, after moving his parents to Russia - at the Feodosia gymnasium. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Central Asia. University (Tashkent) in 1928. Medical. and scientific activity began in Tashkent as a resident at the Department of Therapy of the University. In 1936 he moved to Moscow and, at the invitation of I.A. Kassirsky, worked at the 3rd Department of Therapy Center, in-that improved. doctors, where he went from a resident to prof. From 1952 to 1960 - Ch. railway therapist transport of the USSR; from 1973 to 1986 - professor-consultant at the Center, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion. In 1944 he defended his doctorate. dis. on the topic "Sternal puncture and its clinical significance." He made a significant contribution to the study of the pathology of red blood, developed a classification of anemias, highlighting the Addison-Birmer disease itself (pernicious anemia), helminthic pernicious anemia, and pernicious anemia of pregnant women. Described the clinical picture of these forms; studied changes in internal organs with anemia; specified the mechanisms of hematopoiesis disorders in Addison-Birmer disease. He developed a method for determining the bone marrow index and leukogram in case of abnormal changes in the nuclei of leukocytes. A. paid great attention to the problem of therapy of malignant anemia. Together with IA Kassirskiy, he developed an original method of treating the disease with a "campolon stroke", which normalizes bone marrow hematopoiesis in a patient. elected member. Right. Vseros. about-va therapists, chl. Int. about-va of hematologists, ch. about-va of hematologists of Germany. Works: Leukoses, M., 1950; Anemia, M., 1953; Multiple myeloma, M., 1960 (in co-authorship with Andreeva N.A.); Clinical Hematology, M, 1970 (in co-authorship with Kassirsky I.A.).

alekseevka
has abstract: ALEXEEVKA, see Torez.

alekseevo-druzhkovka
has abstract: ALEXEEVO-DRUZHKOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Alekseevka Bakhmutskiy u. Yekaterinoslav province. In 1939 in A.-D. lived 29 Jews.

alekseevo-lozovskiy
has abstract: ALEXEEVO-LOZOVSKY, see Alekseevo-Lozovskoye.

alekseevo-lozovskoe
has abstract: ALEXEEVO-LOZOVSKY, a village in the Chertkovsky district of the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - farm Alekseevo-Lozovsky, Donetsk env. Regions of the Don Army. In 1939 in A.-L. there were 8 Jews.

alekseevsk
has abstract: ALEXEEVSK, see Free.

alekseevskoe
has abstract: ALEKSEEVSKOE, a village in Blagodarny district of Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Pyatigorsk env. Stavropol province. 24 Aug. 1942 26 evacuated Jews were shot in Armenia.

aleksendrenj
has abstract: ALEXANDREN (up to 1991 - Alexandrens), a village in Edinet district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Beletsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lip. In 1918-1940 it was a part of Romania, in 1940-91 it was the MSSR. In 1897, 1190 Jews (95%) lived in Armenia, in 1907 - 1275, in 1919 - 350 Jewish families (90%), in 1930 - 1018 Jews (66.8%), in 1940 - 300 Jews. in 1836 on the initiative of the governor of Bessarabia with the aim of attracting Jews to agricultural. labor. The first Jews in Armenia were immigrants from the Podolsk province. Main occupation - the cultivation of corn, before the 1st world. war - growing tobacco. Husband. the population went to work in the cities. In the 1900s. the EKO school was opened in A., and there were 3 synagogues. Introduced in the 1920s. the monopoly on tobacco led to a sharp drop in purchasing prices. Jews began to grow Ch. arr. sunflower. In the 1930s. in Armenia there was a sharp deficit in agriculture. technology and tools. ORT organization opened a rental shop for agricultural products. technology. The head of the station was a representative of ORT, an agronomist student. In 1941–42, the Jews of Armenia were shot. The erection of a monument on the mass grave of the dead Jews, which began after 1945, was not completed due to the ban of the authorities.

aleksin
has abstract: ALEXIN, city, regional center in the Tula region. (Russian Federation). Main at the end. 13th century From 1777 it was a district town of the Tula governorship, then a province. In 1897 there were 56 Jews (1.6%) in Armenia, in 1910 - 62, in 1926 - 68, in 1939 - 31 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery.

aleksin anatoliy georgievich
has abstract: ALEKSIN Anatoly Georgievich (real fam. Goberman) (b. 1924, Moscow), writer, playwright, society. activist. Ch.-c. APN USSR (1982). R. in the family of desks. employee. As a schoolboy, he published the first. verse. into gas. "Pionerskaya Pravda" and Zh. "Pioneer". Subsequently, everything is verse. A. entered the joint venture. with S.A. Baruzdin sb. "Flag" (1951). The first prose writer. manuf. A .: stories, essays, journalism published in ser. 1940s In 1950 he graduated from the Indian Department. Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies. First. Sat. prose "Thirty-one days" was published. in 1954. Then the book was published. for children and youth: "The Unusual Adventures of Seva Kotlov" (1958); Sasha and Shura (1957); The Seventh Floor Says (1961); "Meanwhile, somewhere ..." (1967); “My brother plays the clarinet” (1968) and others. editorial board "Youth". For many years, being one of the secretaries. SP RSFSR, headed the section for children. and a young man. lit-ry. By production A. made films and television films. Plays A. were staged in many. t-tah countries and abroad. A. the author is numerous. public Art. in the period, print. In 1979–81, the collection was published. op. A. in 3 volumes. Since 1993 in Israel. Etc. Linen. Komsomol (1970), State. pr. RSFSR (1974); State etc. USSR (1978), etc.

aleksinets
has abstract: ALEXINETS, see [[Old Aleksinets.

aleksot
has abstract: ALEXOT, see Alyaksotas within the city of Kaunas.

aleksota
has abstract: ALEXOTA, see Alyaxotas.

aleshki
has abstract: ALYOSHKI, see Tsyurupinsk.

aleshkovskiy yaakov
has abstract: ALESHKOVSKY Yaakov (1872, Moscow - 1946, Tel Aviv), one of the leaders of Ukrainian Jewry and the world. Mizrahi. On the maternal side - the grandson of Rabbi H. Berlin. Was brought up in the house of his grandfather. He studied in Volozhin. In 1894 he was promoted to rabbi. In 1903–04 he was a rabbi in the city of Alexandria (Kherson province). In 1904–20 - in Kiev. Was an inspector of schools belonging to the Kiev community. He studied law at Kiev un-those, received his doctorate (1917). Member "Zionist Center of Ukraine"; in 1917-19 - member. nat. Council of Ukraine, vice-president. nat. Council of Jews of Ukraine. In 1921 he moved to Warsaw, where he became one of the leaders of Mizrahi: he was elected to the central parties, organs in Poland, member. Directorate of the Joint. Sec. World Mizrachi in Europe. In 1925 he rejected an offer to become the rabbi of Helsinki. From 1925 - in E.-I. There was a deer. uch. establishments "Netzah Yisrael" in Petah Tikva. Since 1927 in Tel Aviv, founder (1930) and director. wives gymnasium "Talpiot", ped. seminary for girls "Talpiot". Founded the first religion. children garden in Tel Aviv. Was before. Mizrahi in E.-I. and a branch of the party in Tel Aviv.

aleshkovskiy yuz
has abstract: Aleshkovsky Yuz (real name Iosif Efimovich), (b. 1929, Krasnoyarsk), writer. At the age of 19 he was tried for violation of military discipline and spent 4 years in prison. After his release, he worked as a digger and driver. He gained his first fame as a songwriter: "Soviet Easter" and "Songs about Stalin" - in the years when amateur and bardic songs, along with "samizdat", opposed official songwriting and literature. The publication of A.'s camp songs in the Metropol almanac (1979) led to emigration to the United States. Prose works previous years - p. "Nikolai Nikolaevich" (1970), rom. "Kangaroo" (1974-1975) and "Disguise" (1978) could not be published at that time in Russia because of the openly anti-Soviet orientation and because of the typical writing style for A. with a predominance of "profanity" vocabulary. In those years A. published only his stories and stories for children. He also wrote the story "Little Blue Modest Handkerchief" (1982), the novels "Hand" (1980; "Carousel" (1983). In the last novel, the story is told from the perspective of an elderly Jewish worker who, under pressure of circumstances, is forced to admit emigration from the USSR the only salvation from state anti-Semitism.

alferov zhores ivanovich
has abstract: ALFEROV Zhores Ivanovich (b. 1930), physicist. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1979). In 1952 he graduated from Leningrad. electrical engineering in-t. From 1952 - in Physics and Technology. in-those them. A.F. Ioffe: scientific. sotr., head. sector, head. lab .; since 1987 - director. Prof. Since 1990 - Vice-President. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Works in the region. physics of semiconductors, semiconductor and quantum electronics. 1989-91 - bunk bed. dep. THE USSR. Ch. ed. g. "Physics and technology of semiconductors." Linen. pr. (1972), State. pr. USSR (1984), Int. avenue "Gallium arsenide". Foreign member Academy of Sciences of Germany, Poland, Nat. acad. USA.

ali
has abstract: ALI, a village in the Khashur region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Gori district. Tiflis province. in the 12th century. as a city at the intersection of bargaining. ways between Vost. and Zap. Georgia. In the 13-14 centuries. gradually fell into decay, in the 18th century. revived and became one of the centers of the Kingdom of Kartli (had its own manager - Muravi). In the 2nd floor. 17th century part of the Jewish population from Vakhan, devastated by the Turks, took refuge in A. According to the testimony of Tsarevich Vakhushti Bagrationi (1745), the majority of the inhabitants of Armenia were Jews and Armenians. K ser. 19th century Jewish community in Armenia ceased to exist.D.M. Khananashvili

aliger margarita iosifovna
has abstract: ALIGER Margarita Iosifovna (1915, Odessa - 1992, Moscow), poet, prose writer, translator, playwright. She studied in Lit. in-those them. M. Gorky (1934–37). First published in 1933. Attention to social issues, the spiritual world of the present. man, philos. comprehension of reality, heightened emotionality, lively conversational intonations - that's the main thing. features of poetry A. Collection of poems: "Year of birth" (1938), "Railroad" (1939), "Stones and herbs" (1940), "In memory of the brave" (1942), "First signs" (1948), Lyrics (1955), Several Steps (1962), Blue Hour (1970) and other poems This Winter's (1938), Zoya (1942, separate ed. 1943; Steel pr. . 1943), "Your Victory" (1945), one of the strongest chapters dedicated to Heb. to the people (in full, although with obvious distortions, went to the lists). Author of travel essays "Return to Chile: Two Journeys" (1966), "Meetings and Separations" (1981), book. "The path in the rye". About poetry and poets (1980), numerous. poetic. per., some of which are collected in the book. "Huge World" (1968). Cit .: Sobr. op. in 3 volumes. M., 1984–85.

alitus
has abstract: ALITUS, city, regional center (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 14th century In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Trok Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - West. part of Armenia was part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw, east. - in Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century A. is divided into two parts: the town of Olita Troksky u. Vilna lips. and the village of Kalvinsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1765, 360 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1897 - 1234, in 1923 - c. 5000, in con. 1930s - OK. 4,000 Jews. The Jewish community of Armenia is one of the first in Lithuania, as evidenced by the preserved tombstones of the 17th century. Main occupation of the Jewish population in the 19th century - trade. Jews owned b. h. bargaining. houses, 30 crafts. workshops, small businesses (including 2 mills and 2 sawmills). Before the 1st world. war several. Jews were kr. landowners. In 1919, a community council was elected in Armenia, the first leader of which was Chaim Kretschmer, a representative of the Zionist socialists, founder and director. Jewish People's Bank. In the 1920s and 30s. A Jewish school of the Tarbut network, a gymnasium with teaching in Hebrew, prof. ORT school, heders, yeshiva, library, Ge-Halutz branch, branches of Jewish parties and movements, a Zionist youth club, and other youth organizations. The rabbis in Armenia were: Nathan Levin (1825– 1898), Yosef-Yaakov Rosenberg (acting rabbi at 50), Reuven Levinbock, Ioel Zelkind, Nachman Kolyaditsky, Aron Milyavsky, Yehuda Yablonsky, Bezalel Levin (the last two died during the Holocaust). June 22, 1941 during the art ... shelling A. germ. troops of several. dozens of Jews died. In the end. June 1941 several. hundreds of Jews A. were sent to Suwalki and killed there. At the same time, a ghetto was created, in which Jews were forbidden to create self-government. 13 Aug 1941 in the Vidzgiris forest, near A.,…

aljbak khanokh
has abstract: ALBAK Hanoch (1890-1972), rabbi. Son of Sholem Albek (1858–1920), a Talmudist scholar who attempted to publish the Babylonian Talmud with modern commentaries. A. was educated at the Theological Seminary and Vienna University. In 1920–26 he was engaged in research. work in Berlin at the Akadsmi für di Wissenschaft des Juden-Toms and the Hochschule für di Wissenschaft des Juden-Toms. Since 1936 in E.-I., where he became prof. Talmud in Heb. un-those (Jerusalem), having worked there until 1956. A.'s works cover all regions. Talmudic knowledge. Its main. tr. - "Untersuhungen uber di editors der Mishna" (1923), "Ha-Drashot be-Israel" (1947), "Mavo la-Mishna" (1959).

aljbertin
has abstract: ALBERTIN, now a district within the city of Slonim (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the estate of Slonimsky u. Grodno province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1897, approx. 50 Jews (less than 10%), in 1921 - 16 Jews. By the Law of December 9. In 1903 Jews were allowed to settle in Armenia, as exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. In July 1915, all Jews were evicted from Armenia.

aljberton meer iosifovich
has abstract: ALBERTON Meer Iosifovich (1900, Bershad - 1947, Chkalov), prose writer. He studied at the cheder and in Russian. school. He worked in metal. workshops in Odessa. After the Revolution, he moved to Yekaterinoslav, where he worked at a factory, studied at the workers' faculty and at the mining institute. After graduation. studies worked as a mining engineer. Lit. activity began in 1926. He published stories in Heb. g. "Prolit", "Di rote velt" and other ed. Author doc. pov. Birobidzhan (1930), Shakhty (1931). A. first in Heb. after having finished. lit-re introduced productions. theme, showed the restructuring of Heb. vital. way of life, created vivid images of workers who came from Hebrews. townships for factories and plants. In the beginning. During the 1941–45 war, he was evacuated to the Urals, lived and worked in Chkalov, published essays in Russian. press, as well as in Heb. gas. "Einikite", organ of Heb. antifash. to-that. Having eaten the theme of war, it is not finished. rum. "Pa two banks", fragments from which were published. in 1947 in Moscow. Heb. alm. "Geimland".

aljbrekht vladimir yanovich
has abstract: ALBREKHT Vladimir Yanovich (b. 1933, Moscow), human rights activist. By education - a mathematician (graduated from the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute named after V.I. Lenin in the mid-1950s), taught mathematics at the correspondence institute. Father, a prominent figure Kom. Party of Poland, shot in 1937. In the beginning. 1970s A. gained fame as one of the organizers of the mater. assistance to the families of political prisoners. In 1973–75 A. organized numerous houses. concerts of A.A. Galich; part of the funds collected during these concerts went to help the families of the repressed. From the beginning. 1970s every Saturday at the Moscow building. synagogues gave free law. consultations, advice, provided practical. assistance in drawing up the official. documents to Jewish refuseniks. Supervised a special jurid. seminar. Accepted the act. participation in the preparation of the symposium “Heb. Culture in the USSR: State and Prospects ”, which was supposed to take place in 1976, but was thwarted by the authorities. A. is one of the initiators of the creation of two human rights defenders in Moscow. org-tions: "Group-73", one of the goals of the cut was the study of the problems of convicts, and then -nat. section Int. amnesty. After the arrest of A. Tverdokhlebov, he acted as secretary. Moscow gr. Int. amnesty (1975–78), and after the emigration of V. Turchin (1977) - duties of the head. owls. section of this org-tion, left the section in 1981. Signature A. stands under pl. open letters and appeals from dissidents, in particular - on amnesty for prisoners of conscience and on the abolition of the death penalty. The author of several. samizdat brochures related to the genre of legal enlightenment, begun in 1968 “Jurid. memo "A.S. Tverdokhlebov. In 1983 he was arrested and convicted of “slandering the Sov. build ”for 3 years of camps. In 1985, while serving his sentence, he was again convicted on charges of "malicious hooliganism" for 3.5 years. Released in 1…

aljbum simon girsh
has abstract: ALBUM Simon Hirsch (1849, Tsitovyany, Kovno province - 1921, Chicago), rabbi. Got a trad. Heb. religious education. Rabbi of a number of communities. Since 1891 in the USA, A. ch. a rabbi of the Orthodox community in Chicago. Author of comments on some Talmudic treatises.

aljburt lev osipovich
has abstract: ALBURT Lev Osipovich (b. 1946, Odessa), chess player; int. grandmaster (1977), chess. journalist and trainer. Graduated from physics and mathematics. Faculty of Odessa University (1968), theoretical physicist. Participant of five USSR championships (1967-1977); best result: 1974 - 5th. Since 1979 - in the USA; national champion (1984 and 1985). Participant of 2 interzonal tournaments (1985 and 1987) and as a member of the USA team of 2 Olympiads (1982 and 1984). Winner of the Intern. tournaments, incl. Bucharest (1978), New York (1979 and 1984), Beer Sheva (1980) and Reykjavik (1982).

aljfes
has abstract: ALFES (Alfas) Benzion (1850, Vilna - 1940 Jerusalem), writer. In Vilna he worked as a proofreader and for many years. years. ran his wife's factory. A. devoted his life to religion. education and was one of the few writers of his time, to-rye could combine the secular aspirations of Haskala and her ideology with religion. lit. compositions in Hebrew and Yiddish. His reaction to the spread of secular rum. in the 19th century. was the book. "Maase Alfes" ("History of Alfes"), published in series since 1900 and was a collection of works. fairy tales on moral themes with elements of allegory and didactics, sustained in the epistolary genre. Book. withstood 12th ed. and gained great popularity. Since 1924 in E.-I. A. translated from Hebrew. in Yiddish a number of religious works, including the philosophical works of Maimonides, and also published various works. authors. At the age of 90 he wrote his biography "Toldot ve-Zichronot", publ. we sing, in 1941.

aljkishki
has abstract: ALKISHKI, see Alkiskiai.

aljkishkyay
has abstract: ALKISHKIAI, a village in the Akmene region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Alkishki Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. A Jewish cemetery has survived in Armenia.

aljman shmuelj
has abstract: ALMAN Shmuel (Samuel) (1877, Sobolevka Gaisinsky district of Podolsk province - 1947, London) comp. (composer of synagogue and secular music) and conductor. R. in a Hasidic family. He studied at the cheder. As a child, he sang in the synagogue choir. In 1895-1903 he studied at the Odessa and Kishinev cons. While in Chisinau, he came under the strong influence of the cantor Razumny. After the Kishinev pogroms of 1903, A. left Russia. He lived in Warsaw, then in London, where he graduated from the Royal Muses. college and wrote an opera based on biblical themes "King Ohaz" (post, in 1912 the first op. in Hebrew, based on the novel by A. Manu). was a choirmaster in decomp. London synagogues and choir. groups. The author of cantorial music. His style was closely related to the cantorial traditions of South Russia. A. solved the problem sovr. harmonization of their tools. production, developing the tradition of impressionistic. style of C. Debussy. A. kept melodic. features and deep emotional fullness of the chants of Eastern European Jews, often creating a mystical atmosphere. He translated the libretto op. "Rigoletto", "Cavaleria Rusticana", "Faust", "The Barber of Seville", to-rye were staged by many. Heb. t-rami of the world. Among his published works: "Shirey Beit-ha-Knesset" (vols. 1-2, 1925, 1938) for cantor and chorus; Psalm 15 (1915) for choir and organ and Psalm 133 (1934) for chorus and fp. Mi addir and Sheva Brakhot (1930) for cantor and organ; The Ethics of the Fathers (1928); arrangements of Heb. bunk bed songs, as well as songs to verses by H.-N. Bialik, S. Chernikhovsky, Z. Shneur, and compositions for strings. instr., incl. Quartet-suite "Ebraika" (1932). A. also published "Shirey Razumny" (1930) and an addition to the book. F. Cohen "Prayer Voice and Praise" (1933). The author of Art. about Heb. music.

aljmog
has abstract: ALMOG (Kopelovich) Yehuda (1896, ca. Vilna - 1972, Jerusalem), society. activist. From 1919 in E.-I., where he became the founder of Gdud ha-Avoda. Joint. with I. Trumpeldor created "Ge-Halutz". In 1923 he came to the Sov. Russia as an emissary of Ge-Halutz, then he was in Persia and other countries. Founder of kibbutz Ramat Rachel (near Jerusalem). From 1934 A. devoted himself to the development of settlements located in the Dead Sea zone. Author of Hevel Sdom (Sodom Region, 1945) and Hevel Yam Ha-Melach (Dead Sea Region, 1956).

aljmogi
has abstract: ALMOGI (Krelenboim) Yosef Aharon (b. 1910, Grubeshov, Lublin province), polit. activist. From 1930 in E.-I., he worked on citrus plantations and on construction sites. During the 2nd world. war participated in the formation of Heb. brigade Brit. army. Once captured, he represented Heb. prisoners of war in negotiations with him. the authorities. After the war - secretary. Labor Council of Haifa, in 1948 created a special. brigade, edges of the city's needs after the evacuation of the British. Dep. Knesset of the 3rd convocation (1955) from the Mapai party, gen. sec. Mapai (1960-62), min. lived. building and development (1962-65), min. labor (1968). In 1966-68 a member. Rafi (before his merger with Mapai and Akhdut ha-Avoda).

aljpern daniil evseevich
has abstract: ALPERN Daniil Evseevich (1894, Kharkov - 1968, ibid.), Pathophysiologist. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (since 1939). Graduated from Kharkov University (1917). From 1919 he worked in the Kharkov honey. in-those (since 1929 - head of the Department of Pathophysiology). At the same time. head dep. Ukrainian n.-i. psychoneurological. Institute (1923-54) and Ukrainian Institute of Experimental. medicine (1935–41). Sci. tr. are devoted to the issues of the body's reactivity and its regulation in pathology, the role of nervous and humoral factors in the pathogenesis of tissue metabolism, inflammation and allergies. reactions. Discovered the anti-inflammatory and desensitizing effect of extracts of the pituitary gland (suggested the medical drug mesophysin). He was the first to point out the role of acetylcholine, cholinesterase and adenine compounds as endogenous factors of inflammation. Established the importance of the hypothalamus in the pathogenesis of allergies. Honored. active Science of the Ukrainian SSR (1948). Works: Vegetative nervous system and metabolism, Kharkov, 1931; Chem. the nature of nervous excitement in the human body, Kharkov, 1939; Inflammation: (Questions of pathogenesis). M., 1959; Cholinergic. processes in pathology, M., 1963; Pathological. physiology, 6th ed., M., 1965.

aljperovich evgeniy markovich
has abstract: ALPEROVICH Evgeny Markovich (1888, Gomel province - 1938), participant of the roar. movement, engineer, organizer of prom. production. Member Communist. parties since 1914. Graduated from the Imp. Technical uch-shche in Moscow. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 worked in Moscow. region Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), a participant in Oct. battles in Zamoskvorechye. Until 1920 he worked before the government department. metal VSNKh RSFSR, in 1921 23 master at Podolsk fur. and Podolsk steam locomotive repair plant, engaged in the reconstruction and establishment of the issue. products. Since 1923 - managing director of the joint stock company. about the rationalization of production in heavy. Prom-sti "Orgametall" (since 1929 - the same name. Trust), was engaged in the reconstruction of factories: Kharkov steam locomotive building., "Press" (Moscow), etc. Participated in the design of new factories: Lugansk steam engine building., Mosk. bicycle, Podolsk mechanic., Moscow. "Caliber", "Fraser", etc. Created as part of the trust special. office "Organization of production", developed and implemented the principles of scientific. org-tion of labor and production, ed. the first reference book on scientific. organization of production ("Orga-reference book on the organization and reorganization of the production of metal industry", v. 1-3, M., 1926-27), in which the system was generalized and systematized the latest achievements of scientific. org-tion of production of that time. Repressed.

aljperovich moisey samuilovich
has abstract: ALPEROVICH Moisey Samuilovich (b. 1918, Moscow), historian, Dr. Sciences (1965). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1941). In 1941–46 in Kr. Army, fought on the fronts, in 1945–46 he served in the Sov. occupier. troops in Germany. In 1946–49 he studied at the graduate school of Tychowk. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1949–54 - Art. teacher of the Ryazan ped. in-that, since 1954 - in the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1968 - senior, then leading scientific. sotr. Institute of General History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the author of works on the modern history of countries Lat. America, the historiography of these countries, Russian-Latin American. relations 2nd floor. 18th century A number of works have been translated into foreign languages. lang. Awarded by the Mexican hordes. Aztec eagle, hon. diploma Nat. to-that ist. Sciences of Mexico. Cit .: Mexican Revolution of 1910-1917. and US policy, M., 1958 (et al.); War of Independence of Mexico (1810-1824), M., 1964; Will liberate, the movement of the con. XVIII - early. XIX centuries. in Lat. America, M., 1966; Sov. historiography of countries Lat. America, M., 1968; New history of countries Lat. America, M., 1970 (et al.); Use America in the struggle for independence, M., 1971; Revolution and dictatorship in Paraguay (1810-1940), M., 1975; Birth of the Mexican state, M., 1979; History Lat. America: From ancient times to the beginning. XX century, M., 1981 (2nd ed. - M., 1991) (in co-authorship); Francisco de Miranda in Russia, M., 1986; Russia and the New World: (The last third of the 18th century), M., 1993.

aljperson mordkhe
has abstract: ALPERSON Mordkhe (1867, Lyantskorun, Podolsk province - 1947, Mauritsia, Argentina), prose writer, playwright. I tried different professions. In 1891 he emigrated with his family to Argentina, where he was one of the organizers and founders of the Hebrews. agriculture. colony of Maurizia. Here A. to a ripe old age was engaged in agriculture, published Art. about the organization with. x-va in Heb. colonies. Ch. tr. A. - three-volume op. "30 years in Argentina", written in the 1920s. Author of works: “On the Argentine Land” (1931), “Ruth” (1934), “Tales from the Field” (1943), “Golut” (1929), “Tenants of Culture” (1933), etc. One of A's granddaughters - Rebecca Maktas-Pollach became a Spanish-Jewish writer.

aljpert naum pinkhosovich
has abstract: ALPERT Naum Pinkhosovich (1913, Slonim - |, USA), painter, graphic artist. Studied at Vilenskaya thin. school (1931–34), Yerevan art. school (1943–45) and Yerevan art. in-those (1945–47) at A.V. Bekaryan, Kh.A. Yesayan, E.A. Isabekyan. A.'s work can be divided into two periods: before and after 1960. The first period was spent in Yerevan and Rostov-on-Don, where he created a number of significant works ("Fishing Port", "Still Life", the series "Old Vilnius", etc.) ... The second period begins with a return to Vilnius, where A. works a lot in the technique of linoleum engraving and aqu., Giving preference to the portrait genre and landscape ("Portrait of Sholem Aleichem", middle "Don fishermen", middle "Vilnius", etc.) ... Since 1936 academic. in various exhibitions, incl. aqu. First personal exhibition in 1946 (Yerevan). Since the 1980s in the USA.

aljpin lev moiseevich
has abstract: ALPIN Lev Moiseevich (1898, Kremenchug, Poltava province - 1986, Moscow), geophysicist, one of the founders of electrical prospecting in the USSR. Prof. (1948). In 1914 he began his labor activity as a worker. He graduated from general education in 1926. courses for workers and entered the Phys.-Math. dep. Moscow state university, graduated in 1930. From 1955 head. Department of Geophysics, Moscow. geological exploration. in-that. One of the founders of Russian scientific. schools of exploration geophysics (electrical exploration). research associated with the development of theoretical. foundations of exploration geophysics, electrical exploration and electric. logging. Author of fundamental publications and textbooks. Works: Theory of dipole soundings, M.-L., 1950; Field theory, M., 1966; Micro-logging using a flat field, M., 1979; The theory of fields used in exploration geophysics, M., 1985 (in co-authorship).

aljsedzhyay
has abstract: ALSEDZHYAY, a village in Plungė district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1253.Since 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Olsyady Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a volost center within the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 295 Jews (27%) lived in Armenia, in 1923 - 199 (19%), in 1940 - approx. 30 families. First mention. about Jews in Armenia belongs to 1662. In the beginning. 19th century Zvi Broyde was the rabbi in Armenia, and Avrom-Aba Zak (1858-1941) in 1890-1941. Main occupations of the Jewish population - trade and craft. In Armenia, the Jews owned a brick and hardware plant (owner Sondel Klein), 2 leathers. plant (one of them was owned by the Faktor brother), 2 mills, a plant for the production of wood. nails. Jews have been actively trading for 4 years. fairs in A. In the summer of 1920, almost all of A. burned down. Jewish homes and a synagogue were rebuilt with loans from the Joint and aid from abroad. In the 1920s and 30s. Talmud-Torah and a school of the Tarbut network operated in Armenia. Herm. troops entered Armenia on June 25, 1941. On July 5, 1941, a ghetto was created. Most of the Jews of A. were shot in July 1941. The ghetto was finally liquidated on December 24. 1941. The family of Yosef-Ber Faktor (one of the owners of the leather plant) managed to escape from Armenia and hid until the arrival of the owls. troops in Oct. 1944. Before his escape, Factor managed to save the Torah scrolls and several others from the synagogue. books and give them to the local priest Dambrauskas, who returned the relics after the war.

aljshits daniil natanovich
has abstract: ALSHITS Daniil Natanovich (lit. ps. D. Al) (b. 1919, Petrograd), playwright and prose writer. Dr. East sciences. In 1937 he entered the East. Faculty of Leningrad State University, but graduated only in 1945, because in June 1941 he went to the Nar. militia of Leningrad. After the war he began to study Old Russian. handwritten book. Dec. 1949 was repressed. He served his term in Kargopollag (Arkhangelsk region). In the beginning. 1955 A. was rehabilitated and returned to his scientific work. In 1983 he defended his doctoral dissertation. "Oprichnina and the formation of the apparatus of power of the autocracy: Search and research. new ist. sources ". Author of 40 scientific researches. and 60 publ. thin manuf. in the genres of drama, prose and journalism. His scientific works, dedicated. ch. arr. history of Russia during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, were highly appreciated growing up. and nick. scientists. Among his plays: "More Dangerous than the Enemy" 1962, (co-authored with L.L. Rakov), "Truth! Nothing but the Truth! ", 1976. Prose:" There was no order to die ", L., 1980," Stories from Old Russian Life: In collaboration with the great tragedian and equally great satirist - History "(in the almanac" White Nights ", L., 1989); “We had a good time: Memories of the times of Stalinism”, part 1 (journalist “Neva”, 1992, No. 8), etc.

aljshits vladimir iosifovich
has abstract: ALSHITS Vladimir Iosifovich (b. 1941, Barabinsk, Novosibirsk region), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1977), prof. (1993). After graduation. Moscow engineer-phys. Institute (1966) works at the Institute of Crystallography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1988 - head of the laboratory). scientific. tr. related to questions of the theory of dislocations, physics of strength and plasticity, crystal acoustics and ka. The author will follow. quantum mechanical the theory of phonon and electron drag of dislocations, which is important for understanding the processes accompanying plastic deformation. A.'s work began a new direction in crystal physics, associated with the study of acoustic. effects and phenomena entirely due to the anisotropy of crystals and having a resonant singular or "catastrophic" character. Opened (jointly) and experiment in detail. and theoretical. research magnetoplastic. the effect. The author of St. 130 scientific. publications, co-author of 8 monographs and 3 inventions.

aljshvang arnoljd aleksandrovich
has abstract: ALSHVANG Arnold Alexandrovich (1898, Kiev - 1960, Moscow), musicologist, pianist. Doctor of Lawsuit (1944). In 1911 he entered the Kiev horse, studied at the performing and composing faculty. As a student cons. entered (1916) in a commercial institute. In 1920 he graduated from the horse, class fp. (studied under G.K. Khodorovsky and G.G. Neuhaus), in 1922 - composition (was a student of B.L. Yavorsky and R.M. Glier). activity as "politically unreliable" was exiled to Olonets province. In 1917 A. - a member. council of representatives of the Kiev cons. after 2 years - early. military muses. schools that trained the military. kapellmeister. In 1920 he graduated from the Institute of Nar. farms. Since 1923 prof. Kiev horse. He organized a musical and scientific faculty in it, and became its dean. Introduced new courses - “The structure of the muses. speech "and" Listening to music "in the Kiev Nar. horse. Since 1924 in Moscow (invited to teach at the Literary Institute named after V.Ya.Bryusov). He gave concerts as a solo pianist and lecturer-popularizer. He made his debut as a theater. composer. In 1928–32 - Doctor of State. Academy of Arts. sciences; in 1930–34 he taught at Moscow. cons. He accompanied his lectures, which enjoyed great success, with brilliant illustrations for php. For the first time in the program, he introduced the themes: opera and instru. music con. 19 - early. 20th century, music by I.F. Stravinsky, French. composers so-called "Sixes". A serious illness forced A. to focus on research work. Published many. articles, a number of scientific. works dedicated. Western-European and Russian. music, problems of muses. styles, performance, and popular brochures. Less known A. as a composer - the author of symphony. (1922), symph. poems in ukr. bunk bed theme (1927), fp. plays, choirs, romances. Major works: "C. Debussy: Life and work, worldview and creativity", M., 1935; "AN Skryabin: To the 25th anniversary of his death", M., 1940; "Beethoven", M., 194…

aljt-auts
has abstract: ALT-Auce, see Auce.

aljter
has abstract: ALTER (ps. Ananiev) Lev Bentsianovich (1907, Ananyev, Kherson province - 1968, Moscow), economist, Dr. Sciences (1959). Graduated from the Communist Academy. upbringing them. N.K. Krupskaya (1929). In 1933–68 he worked in the system of the State Planning Committee of the USSR, in 1938 41 and in 1945–60 as amended. g. "Planned economy", since 1960 - deputy. dir. and head. sector for the study of nicks, econ. theories and programming of the Research Institute of the State Planning Committee of the USSR. Since 1933 at the same time. taught political economy and taught a course “criticism of the bourges. econom. theories ”at Moscow State University (including at the economics department, prof.) and at other car washes, universities. Participated in the development of a number of 5-year plans. Author of works on planning issues, econom. "Competition" of the two systems, the introduction of mathematics in the economy. research The critic of the bourges. econom. teachings, watered, economy. Ed. and with the participation of A. ed. Sat. “The growth of societies. production and proportions of bunks. x-va of the USSR "(1962) and other works. Works: React. character is mute. bourgeois. polit. savings, M., 1946; Bourges. US economists are in the service of the imperialist. reactions, M., 1948; The collapse of the theory of "planned capitalism", M., 1954; Criticism of the theory of "regulated capitalism", M., 1957; Bourges. polit. economy of the USA, M., 1961; Criticism of modern. bourgeois. polit. savings, M., 1972.

aljter viktor
has abstract: ALTER Victor (1890, Mlawa Plock province - 1941, Kuibyshev), polit. activist. R. in a Hasidic family. Ing. From 1912, an activist of the Bund in Warsaw, was arrested and exiled to Siberia, soon fled and emigrated. During the 1st world. war lived in Great Britain, was a worker, then Ing. After the war he returned to Poland, in 1919–39 a member. Central Committee of the Bund and one of the hands. Heb. trade unions. For almost 20 years he was a member. municipality of Warsaw, since 1936 also a member. Council of Heb. communities. After Poland's defeat in the 2nd world. war on sept. 1939 fled from Warsaw to the territory occupied by the Sov. troops. Soon he was arrested and in July 1941 sentenced to death. On Sept. 1941, together with H. Ehrlich, was released from prison (the Soviet authorities intended to appoint him as secretary general of the Hebrew anti-fascist committee), but on December 4, 1941, he was arrested again and soon shot together with Ehrlich. A. - the author of the works “To Heb. the Question in Poland ”(1937, in Yiddish) and“ Anti-Semitism in Figures ”(1937, in Polish).

aljterman grigoriy yakovlevich
has abstract: ALTERMAN Grigory Yakovlevich (1888, Odessa - 1958, Moscow), sculptor, artist. In 1919 he graduated from thin. uch-shche in Odessa. Created posters for "YugROST Windows". In 1920 he left for Poland. Hood. continued his education in Paris (1921–25) and Berlin (1925–33), where he improved in the region. ceramic art. In 1933 he returned to Poland, where until 1936 he worked. picturesque and model workshops at the faience factory in Woclawek. From 1939 in the USSR, from 1941 he worked at the plant. MI Kalinin in Konakovo, in 1947–49 - Ch. thin h-yes. created forms and decor of serial dishes, improving the technique of iodoglaze painting, innovatively worked with color. glazes, revealing the great possibilities of watered earthenware (majolica). Author's works A. post. exhibited at the Fatherland. and nick. exhibitions.

aljterzon
has abstract: ALTERZON (Alterson) Grigory Petrovich (1857 - 1912, Moscow), humorist writer. In 1875 he tried to enter the Institute of Ing. ways of communication, but did not pass the exam. Lit. activity began in 1880, collaborated in humorous. g. "Splinter", "Observer", "Shards", "Entertainment", "Jester" and others. "Alarm Clock" performed with stories and one-act plays. After the publication of the story "From the memoirs of a hat" (1885), he was nicknamed Alter Pater. He is also known for his sharp, witty epigrams.

aljtman arje
has abstract: ALTMAN Arie (1902, Balta, Podolsk province - 1982), polit. activist. One of the leaders of the revisionist movement in Zionism. R. in the family of the teacher. Hebrew, local leader Zionists. Studied economics and jurisprudence at Novorossiysk University (Odessa), later specialized in sociology and political. sciences in the USA. Doctor of Sociology. Tseirei Zion activist in Odessa. After the establishment of owls. authorities were repressed and in 1924 was expelled from Russia. At the beginning of 1925 he arrived at E.-I. In 1928 he went to the United States to continue his studies and there he joined the Zionist revisionists. Thanks to his vigorous activity A. was elected before. revision. traffic in the USA. He returned to E.-I. in 1935 and began working in the publication of the revisionist movement "Ha-Yarden". In 1937 he was elected leader. revisionist movement in E.-I. In 1938 he was appointed personal representative. Z. Zhabotinsky in Poland. With the beginning of the 2nd world. During the war, he returned to E.-I., where he continued his social and political activities within the framework of the revisionist movement. One of the creatures. military. org. revisionists Etzel. Arrested by the British. Member Knesset from the Herut party (3-5 convocations). Poch. gr. Jerusalem.

aljtman iogann ljvovich
has abstract: ALTMAN Johann Lvovich (1900, Orheev, Bessarabian province - 1955, Moscow), literary and theater critic. Lit. He began his career in 1920. From 1921 he lived in Moscow. In 1926 he graduated from Moscow. un-t, in 1932 - lit. dep. Institute of red professors. Since 1933 he has actively appeared in print with reviews of the performances of washes, t-ditch. His literary-Vedic works about the creativity of the present. owls. playwrights. A number of articles by A. were eaten, to the classics of Russian. lit-ry. The problems of theater criticism and drama were raised in his works "New Drama and the Problem of the Classics" (1935), "On the Tasks of Theater Criticism" (1935), "Problems of Sov. drama of the era Vel. Otech. War "(1946), and others. A. studied the theory of ancient drama -" The Dramatic Principles of Aristotle "(1936), studied the work of G. Lessing" Lessing and the Theory of Drama "(1936)," Lessing and Drama "(1939). Mn. Art. A. dedicated peripheral t-frames, t-frames of Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan. Author of a monograph about cargo, actor AA Khorava (1947) and others. In 1936–38 ed. gas. "Soviet art", in 1939 41 - f. "Theater". In 1947–48 (before the closure of the theater), the deputy. thin hands. according to the GOSET repertoire. In 1949, together with a group of theater critics, he was accused of anti-patriotic activities. In 1957 ed. Sat. "Fav. Art. "

aljtman moisey elevich
has abstract: ALTMAN Moisey Elevich (1890, Lipkany, Bessarabian province. - 1975, Chernivtsi), novelist, poet, publicist. He studied at the gymnasium. Debuted verse. and lit.-critical. Art. in 1920. Published in Heb. period. ed. Romania, Poland, USA. In 1930 he left for Argentina. Was the head. Heb. orphanage in Buenos Aires. In 1931 he returned to Romania, then to Bessarabia. In 1945, after returning from evacuation to Chernivtsi, he worked in Hebrew. theater. In 1949 he was repressed and exiled to Siberia. After his release he settled in Chernivtsi. In the 60s and 70s. was published in Polish-Heb. lit. weekly "Yiddish font", in f. "Sovetish gameland". Author of the book: "Blendenish" ("Mirage"), 1926; "Die viper carriage" ("Vienna carriage"), 1935; "Medrish Pinhas", 1936, etc. He was also engaged in per. in Yiddish.

aljtman natan isaevich
has abstract: ALTMAN Natan Isaevich (1889, Vinnitsa - 1970, Leningrad), painter, graphic artist, sculptor. He studied at the Odessa Art. school (1903–07) with K.K. Kostandi, L.D. Iorini, G.A. Ladyzhensky. In 1907, dissatisfied with the setting of teaching, he left for Vinnitsa, where he took up independently, the development of painting, problems, began to paint portraits ("Lady on the balcony", 1906, "Portrait of a grandmother", 1908). In 1910 he left for Paris, attended the "Free Russian. acad. " M. Vasilyeva (1910-11), created. his first painting "Jewish Funeral" (1910). In 1913 A. came to Gritsev, Volyn province, where he created a number of graphic works. Used ital. pencil, straightening my compositions. in gold, which gave them their distinctiveness. splendor, bringing them closer to the luxury of the East. lawsuit. Since 1914 in Petrograd. Lecturer in the studio of M.D. Bereshitein (1915–17), State. free thin workshops (1918–20). Uch. at the base of Heb. about-va promotion thin. In 1914 created. the famous "Landscape" and "Portrait of AA Akhmatova", which became a sensation at the exhibition. "Mira isk-va" in 1915. Gradually in the work of A. color problems are replaced by probl. volume. Hood. the construction of things interests. He begins to work as a sculptor, building his work on the same division of volume as in painting, combining various plastic materials - bronze, forged. copper, wood (The Head of a Young Jew, Self-Portrait, 1916). In 1920 A. ser. graphical portraits of V.I. Lenin. In 1922 the beginning. work in t-re, having designed the play "Gadi-Buk" by An-sky (directed by EB Vakhtangov) in the T-re-studio "Habima", becoming an event in Moscow. theater, life. In 1924-28 yavl. ch. thin Moscow state Heb. chamber t-ra (later GOSET), to the eye of the hands. A.M. Granovsky. A.'s best work in this t-re - "Uriel Acosta" by K. Gutskov (1922). Among the means, theater, works A. also "Othello" (1944) and "Hamlet" (1954) in Lenipgr. t-re drama them. Pushkin. In 1920 he to…

aljtman peysi izraylevich
has abstract: ALTMAN Peysy Izrailevich (1904, Ivangorod, Kiev province - 1941), prose writer, literary critic. From the age of 14 he worked for a shoemaker, then at a shoe factory in Uman. At the same time he studied at the evening school. After graduation. The Institute of the Red Professors in Kharkov was a secretary scientist. Inst ukr. literature VUAN. Before the war he worked as a scientist. sotr. Institute of Hebrews. culture of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. He wrote in Yiddish. Began to publish in the end. 20 - early. 30s in Heb. press. Published essays, stories. Author of the book: "Dos tsilbretl lakht" ("The target laughs"), Kharkov, 1931; Positions, ibid., 1933; Derceilungen (Stories), Kiev, 1936; "Yugnt" ("Youth"), in the same place, 1941, etc. In 1939, his monograph "TG Shevchenko" was awarded a repub. pr. as one of the best biographies of the writer. Killed at the front.

aljtov genrikh saulovich
has abstract: ALTOV Genrikh Saulovich (real family. Altshuller) (b. 1926, Baku), scientist, writer, engineer-inventor. In 1959 he graduated from the Baku Polytechnic. in-t. At the age of 16 he received the first. the author, a certificate for the invention of a diving apparatus, at the age of 17, built a boat with a carbide-powered rocket engine. In 1946 at the Naval. the Navy accepted his proposal for a new way to get out of a sunken submarine without scuba gear in tech. 15 minutes. In the same year A. was admitted to the service in the invention. dep. Caspian military. flotillas. Having studied the patent funds, A. formulated DOS. decision rules invented. tasks, to-rye formed the basis of his theory of the solution of invention. tasks (TRIZ). After addressing a letter to Stalin in 1948 about putting things in order in the invention. was arrested and sentenced to 25 years. Returning to Baku after Stalin's death, he continued to fight for the implementation of his theory of invention. creativity. From 1971 to 1975 A. taught at the Azerbaijani society. in-those Ing. creativity (AzOIIT). In 1956 in the railway station. "Questions of Psychology" was published by Art. A. and his constant. et al. and friend R. Shapiro “On the psychology of invention. creativity ". He wrote a number of essays on the fate of the scientific. foresight of J. Verne, H. Wells, A.R. Belyaev. Since 1957, his first science fiction stories have appeared in print under ps. G. Altov. Author of collection of books. stories and book., dedicated. heuristics: "Legends of Star Captains" (1961), "How to Learn to Invent" (1961), "Ballad of the Stars" (co-authored with V. Zhuravlsva, 1963), "Scorching Mind" (1968), "Made for the Storm "(1971)," The algorithm of invention "(1973)," Creativity as an exact science "(1979), etc.

aljtshteyn anatoliy davidovich
has abstract: ALTSHTEIN Anatoly Davidovich (b. 1935, Yalta), virologist. Ch.-c. RANS (1991). At the end of the 1st Moscow. honey. in-that (1957) - in the Institute of poliomyelitis and viral encephalitis of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, in 1963–69 - in the State. Research Institute of Standardization and Control of Biol. and honey. drugs them. Latarasevich (head of laboratory. Entero- and adenoviral drugs), in 1969-81 - in the Institute of Virology named after. DI Ivanovsky, in 1982–90 - at the Institute of General Genetics. NI Vavilov of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1990 - in Ying-those Biol. gene of the USSR Academy of Sciences (head of laboratory of genetics of viruses). Dr. med. Sciences (1970), prof. (1991). Osn. tr. oncogenic viruses, vaccines, incl. genetically engineered, genetic in origin. systems. Discovered a new class of adenovirus hybrids (1968). He proposed a leukemic cell system for the production of vaccines (1968). Developed the concept of the cellular origin of viral oncogenes (1972) and the origin of genetic. systems - the progen hypothesis (1987). Cit .: Ruk. on virology, M., 1982 (in co-authorship).

aljtshuler boris ljvovich
has abstract: ALTSHULER Boris Lvovich (b. 1904, Moscow), film director. In 1924 he graduated from the State. in-t words. In cinema since 1925 - editor of the script department. Since 1926, a teacher at VGIK. Script writer f .: "Baba Ryazansky" (1927, jointly with O. Vishnevskaya), "Revenge" (1931, with MI Romm and NI Zhinkin), etc. Since 1932 in popular science and academic. cinema. He took off the f., Dedicated. decomp. problems of technology "Conveyor of houses" (1939), "Smart machines" (1948), "Story about a Soviet car" (1954), "Screen of life" (1955), "The future begins today" (1957), "Guarding life" (1959), “Gleb Maksimilianovich Krzhizhanovsky” (1963), “Composer Kabalevsky” (1964), “We are Kurians” (1970, with GF Chertov) and others. manuals and articles. Honored. worker of culture of the RSFSR (1969). Cit .: Composition of the script of a popular scientific film, Moscow, 1958; Creative questions of educational cinema, M., 1976.

aljtshuler eliezer-mordkhe
has abstract: ALTSHULER Eliezer-Mordhe (1844, Marijampole, Suwalki province - 1921, Suwalki), society. activist. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. One of the first supporters of the Palestinian movement Hovevey Zion. After the pogroms of 1881, he began work on organizing the "return movement" in E.-I. The organizer of the group "Isod ha-Maale", which aimed to purchase land in E.-I. The author of the book. "Parshes Mordkhe" (Warsaw, 1896), containing an analysis of the narrative part of the Talmud.

aljtshuler georgiy yakovlevich
has abstract: ALTSHULER Georgy Yakovlevich (b. 1918, Petrograd), electrical engineer, specialist in the region. equipment for submarines. Graduated from Leningrad in 1940. electrical engineering in-t. He worked in the design bureau, dealt with the design and implementation of electrical equipment for submarines. In 1964–84, Ch. designer for a complex of electrical equipment, then deputy. ch. designer Leningr. design and assembly bureau "Rubin". Linen. pr. (1957).

aljtshuler lev vladimirovich
has abstract: ALTSHULER Lev Vladimirovich (b. 1913, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1954), prof. (1956). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1936). In 1934 he began to work in Moscow. evening mechanical engineering. in-those them. A.S. Bubnov, in 1940 he was transferred to the Institute of Mechanical Engineering of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1940–42 he served in the army. In 1947–69 head. lab. VNII experiment. physics (Arza-mas-16). In 1969–89 head. lab. All-Union. Research Institute of Optical Phys. measurements. Since 1989, Ch. scientific. sotr. n.-i. c. thermal impulse effects. scientific. tr. related to the physics of high pressures, shock waves, detonation phenomena, X-ray structural analysis. Developed methods for high-speed X-ray structural analysis. He studied the properties of metals and minerals at high and ultrahigh pressures (–10 Mbar) and discovered previously unknown changes in the electronic structure. Research certain minerals at megabar pressures, which made it possible to refine the model of the Earth's lower mantle and estimate its chemical. composition. Developed an experiment. methods and measured the detonation pressure of powerful explosives. Studied the extreme states of matter achieved in strong shock waves. Head of scientific. schools. Author approx. 80 scientific. works. Became. pr. (1946, 1949, 1953). Linen. pr. (1962). Etc. Amer. physical about-va (1991).

aljtshuler modest
has abstract: ALTSHULER Modest (Moisey) Isaakovich (1873, Mogilev - 1963, Los Angeles), cellist, conductor. In 1884-86 he studied cello with J. Gebelt in the Warsaw horse, then in Moscow. cons. in the class of V.V. Fitzenhagen (until 1890), then in the class of A.E. Glen (among his teachers are also A.S. Arensky, V.I.Safonov, S.I. Taneev). He began performing as a student. Graduated from cons. in 1894.3 Dec. 1892 took part (together with I.V. Grzhimali, B.F. Patseev, N.N.Sokolovsky, Ya.I. Altshulier and Glen) in Moscow. premiere of the sextet "Memories of Florence" by PI Tchaikovsky. One of the organizers (1892) and participant of Moscow. trio (together with pianist D.S. Shor, violinists D.S. Kerin). Joint. with Shor founded in Moscow "Historical Chamber Morning". Since 1895 - in the USA. In 1903 he organized in New York "Rus. symph. about-in "(the first concert took place on January 7, 1904), in the concerts of which S.V. Rachmaninov, A.N. Skryabin, S.S. Prokofiev, I. Levin, M. Elman performed. The programs included production. Russian classical composers and contemporaries A. Orchestra under exercise. A. for the first time in the United States performed all symphonies, symphonies. poems - "The Poem of Ecstasy" (world premiere), "Prometheus" by Scriabin, 2nd symph. Rachmaninov. The society existed until 1919. A. continued his conducting activity later. Written by orc. transcription fp. PI Tchaikovsky trio. A. own "Memories of Scriabin", memoirs (1956).

aljtshuler semen aleksandrovich
has abstract: ALTSHULER Semyon Aleksandrovich (1911, Vitebsk - 1983, Kazan), experimental physicist, Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1976). Graduated from Kazan University (1932) and postgraduate studies at FIAN (1934, student of I.E. Tamm). From 1934 he worked at Kazan University. In 1941 he volunteered for the front, served in the anti-tank. artillery. In 1946 he returned to Kazan University, from 1955 - prof. Member editorial board of "Journal of Experimental and Theoretical. physics ". The area of ​​scientific. interests - magnetic properties of matter, paramagnetic resonance and radiospectroscopy. In 1934 joint. with Tamm predicted the presence of a magnetic moment in the neutron and correctly estimated its magnitude and sign. 6 1948 (together with BM Kozyrev and SG Salikhov) discovered the influence of hyperfine magnetic interactions on the spectra of electron paramagnetic resonance. He predicted and built a theory of acoustic. paramagnetic resonance, which led to the creation of quantum acoustics. He proposed a new method for obtaining ultra-low temperatures, investigated the effect of a narrow background "throat" and a background "throat" in paramagnetic crystals. The author of several. tens of Art. and the monograph "Electronic paramagnetic resonance of compounds of elements of intermediate groups" (with BM Kozyrev), M., 2nd ed. - 1972 (also published in Poland, Germany, England and the USA).

aljtshulj iosif
has abstract: ALTSHUL Joseph (known as Yoschke Slonimer) (1839, Vilna - 1908, Grodna), cantor and composer of synagogue hymns. He combined his studies at the yeshiva with studies at the local cantor. Later he trained with the famous cantor I. Blindman in Berdichev. A. first copied his style, then began to develop his own, being already a mountain. cantor in Slonim (1870–88). Having become popular, he attracted students from Lithuania and Poland. A. was also distinguished by his rabbinical. knowledge. From 1888 until his death A. served as a cantor in Grodno. Only 4 small works have survived, to-rye A. recorded for E. Birnbaum, and some of his compositions and improvisations. Some of them include masterfully written, very popular 6/8 melodies, representing the cantonal recitative characteristic of the Jews of Lithuania. In his synagogue melodies, the melodies of nar is clearly traced. songs.

aljtshuller aleksandr yakovlevich
has abstract: ALTSHULLER Alexander Yakovlevich (1870, Polotsk, Vitebsk province - 1950, Moscow), singer, director, teacher. Hero of Labor (1923). In 1888–93 he studied at Moscow. music-dram. uch-shche. In 1893 he made his debut in Moscow. Ital. op. In 1894-1912 he sang on the op. scenes of Kazan, Astrakhan, Yekaterinburg, Voronezh, Irkutsk, Perm, Saratov, in 1917–26 in Odessa, Baku, Kharkov and other cities. Best parts: Bes ("Cherevichki"), Pantoleone ("The Barber of Seville"), Benno ("Fra-Diavolo"). From 1898 he was engaged in directing. In 1920–24 ch. dir. Kharkov op. t-ra. He taught at the Kharkov Institute of Music. culture, in Moscow. muses. technical school them. M.P. Mussorgsky. In 1912-19 the members. Of the WTO Council. In 1928-30 - head. op. dep. Tsentromedrabisa. Since 1930 - prompter of the Big Theater. Honored. art. Ukrainian SSR (1923) and RSFSR.

aljtshuller boris ljvovich
has abstract: ALTSHULLER Boris Lvovich (b. 1926, Moscow), a famous architect-restorer, scientist, specialist in the restoration of monuments of ancient Russian architecture. In 1943 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Practical experience is summarized in the dis. "Pillarless temples of the 15-17 centuries." (1977). Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1986). Main restoration. works: The Savior Cathedral of the Andronnikov Monastery, 14th century. (together with L.A. David, 1961), the Church of St. Nicholas in the village of Kashinsky, 16th century. (1975), architectural and archaeological reserves "Panticapaeum" in Kerch (1990) and "Chersonesos" in the Crimea (1991).

aljvitas
has abstract: ALVITAS, a village in Vilkavishki district (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - c. Olvita of the Avgustov province, from 1867 - Volkovyshsky district. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1901, 12 Jews lived in Armenia, and in 1923 there were 31 Jews (10.9%). The Onia estate in the vicinity of A. belonged to a Jewish family; the Jews of A. were exterminated in 1941.

allakh-yunj
has abstract: ALLAH-YUN, an urban-type settlement (since 1937) in the Ust-Maisky region in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Allah-Yunskaya Yakutsk district and region In 1939 in A.-Yu. there were 18 Jews.

allakh-yunskaya
has abstract: ALLAH-YUNSKAYA, see Allah-Yun.

allon
has abstract: ALLON (Rogozitsky) Gdalia (1901, Kobrin - 1950, Jerusalem), historian. In E.-I. from 1924. Graduated from Heb. un-t (Jerusalem) in 1931, where he then taught the Talmud and Heb. history. State pr. Israel (Judaism) for issled. history of Jews E.-I. periods of the Second Temple and the creation of the Mishna and Talmud. Awarded posthumously in the year of the establishment of the State. Israel Ave (1953).

alma-ata
has abstract: ALMA-ATA, see Almaty.

almaty
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=АЛМАТЫ (в 1856—67 — Верное, в 1867— 1921 — Верный, в 1921—91 — Алма-Ата), город, областной центр (Республика Казахстан). Осн. в 1854 на месте казах. поселения как рус. воен. укрепление Заилийское, с 1867 — город, центр Семиреченской обл. в составе Туркестанского ген.-губернаторства. С 1918 — в составе Туркестанской АССР (с 1922 центр Джетысайской обл.), с 1924 — в Кирг. (с 1925 — Казах.) АССР (с 1929 ее столица), в 1936—90 — столица КазССР, в 1990—98 — столица Республики Казахстан.В 1897 в А. проживало 99 евреев, в 1910 — 206 (0,6%), в 1939 — 2228, в 1970 — 9051 (1,2%), в 1979 — 8592 (0,9%), в 1989 — 7636 (0,7%), в 1992 — 4626 евреев (0,4%).Первые евреи (бывш. николаевские солдаты, многие из к-рых были кантонистами) появились в А. после 1867. В 1879 была организована община. К сер. 1880-х гг. в А. проживало 30—45 еврейских семей (0,7%), гл. обр. торговцы и ремесленники. В 1882 в А. имелась синагога, вскоре возникло еврейское кладбище (существует и поныне). Первый раввин Шлойме Рейтборт прибыл в А. в нач. 1880-х гг. При его доме действовал хедер. В 1908 зарегистрировано Верненское еврейское молитвенное об-во (первый староста — Симха Абрамович Аронович), преобразованное после Февр. рев-ции 1917 в еврейскую религ. общину. В кон. 19 — нач. 20 в. в городе существовали з-д безалкогольных напитков Гирша Гамбурга, мебельная мастерская Михи-Лейба Хаимовича Блёнда (ныне — АО «Мерей»), фотоателье Абрама Соломоновича Лейбина, евреям принадлежал ряд лавок, аптек, мастерских. Ок. 1917 в А. практиковал врач Александр (Израиль) Рязанский (?—1930), основавший больницу Красного Креста (ныне больница скорой помощи). В нач. 1930-х гг. сов. власти превратили старую синагогу в казарму. Для новой синагоги было выделено помещение в 20 кв.м.В 1920— 30-х гг. численность еврейского населения А. увеличилась за счет миграции из зап. р-нов СССР. Евреи внесли большой вклад в развитие нар. х-ва и культуры А. Так, одним из основоположников казах. проф. муз. иск-ва с…

almaznaya
has abstract: DIAMOND, a city (since 1977) in the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1895. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Bakhmutskiy u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. 106 Jews lived in Armenia in 1926, and 165 Jews in 1939.

almi e.
has abstract: ALMI E. (real name and surname Sheps Eliyahu-Chaim), (1892, Warsaw - 1963, Buenos Aires), poet, prose writer, publicist. He made his debut in 1907 in Warsaw weekly. "Roman-Zeitung". Was sotr. gas. Der Moment (1910-1915), published poetry, feuilletons, fairy tales in it. Since 1912 in the USA. Worked sotr. gas. Keneder Odler. In 1922 published in Canada Sat. "Epoch", to-ry gathered lit. the youth. Author pl. collection of verses. and stories, essays and essays. In 1948 A. published the book. rec. "Moment fun a lebn" ("Moments of one life").

alov
has abstract: ALOV (real name Lapsker) Alexander Alexandrovich (1923, Kharkov - 1983, Riga), film director, screenwriter. Member of the 2nd world. war. Graduated from dir. Faculty of VGIK. In 1951–57 - dir. Kiev film station. He made his debut as an assistant dir. in f. "Taras Shevchenko" IASavchenko; after the death of the master, he completed an unfinished painting with V.N. Naumov. From 1957 - dir. movie theater Mosfilm. All f. fast. joint with V.N. Naumov. "Anxious Youth" (1954), "Pavel Korchagin" (1956), "Wind" (1958). In 1961 the post. anti-war f. "Peace to the incoming", which was subjected to fierce elaboration for "pacifism" ("Silver. Lion of St. Mark" and special jury prize of the International Film Festival in Venice, 1961); ave. Association ital. film critics for the best foreign. f. of the year); ave. "Femina Belge" for the best foreign f. years, Belgium, 1962). In 1966 the post. f. "A nasty anecdote" based on the novel by FM Dostoyevsky, criticized for "slandering the Russian people" and sent "to the shelf" until the end of the 80s. Among other ph. - "Running" based on the production. MA Bulgakov (1971), "The Legend of Thiel" based on the novel by Charles de Coster (1977), "Tehran-43" (1981), "Coast" (based on the novel by YV Bondarev, 1984). Author pl. scripts, also co-authored with V.N. Naumov. Nar. art. USSR (1983).

alove
has abstract: ALOVE, a village in the Alytus region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - D. Olav Troksky Vilna lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923 78 Jews lived in Armenia. there was a Zionist organization. During the Holocaust, all the Jews of Armenia were exterminated.

altauzen yakov
has abstract: ALTAUZEN Yakov (Jack) Moiseevich (1907, Bodaibo - 1942, near Kharkov), a poet who praised the romance of the roar. battles and the first five-year plans, the beginning of the social. building in the USSR. R. in the family of an exiled. At the age of 11 he left the family. He lived in Chita, Harbin, Vladivostok, Shanghai. The first verses publ. in Irkutsk in 1922. Comp. into gas. Siberia. Studied at Moscow State University. Member lit. gr. "Pass". Among his poems and a number of poems - "Mustache Enthusiast" (1928), "Lit. manifesto "(1930)," The first generation "(1934)," Awakening of the hero "(1940). Killed at the front.

altynovka
has abstract: ALTYNOVKA, a village in the Krolevets district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Krolevetsky u. Chernigov province. In 1897, approx. 500 Jews (approx. 10%) First mention. about the Jews of Armenia dates back to 1735. By the law of May 10, 1903, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882, Jews were allowed to settle in Armenia.

aluf iegoshua
has abstract: ALUF Yehoshua (1900, Slonim - 1980, Israel), society. and sports, activist. In E.-I. from 1912. In 1925 he graduated from the Institute of Physics in Copenhagen. In 1938–65 he was a physical inspector in Israeli schools. Hands. dep. physical and sports Min-va image. Organizer of the first five Maccabiads. State pr. Israel 1974 (state and general. activity) for works on physical. education and organizational activities.

aluksne
has abstract: ALUKSNE, city (since 1920), regional center (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from 1285.Since 1721 - as part of Ros. empire. In 1721-96 - the Marienburg Valksky district. Riga, from 1796 - Livonia province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1920, 233 Jews (11%) lived in Armenia, in 1925 - 164 (5%), in 1930 - 184 (5%), in 1935 - 176 (4%), in 1940 - approx. 100 Jews (2%) Jews began settling in Armenia in the 1890s. Main occupation - small trade. In the 1920s and 30s. a Jewish library and a theater worked. circle, there was a branch "Ge-Haluts". In the 1930s. in A. there was a Jewish doctor. In the same years, a significant part of the Jews moved to Riga. Latvian culture exerted a significant influence on the Jews of Azerbaijan. Most of the Jewish children studied in a Latvian school, some in a cheder. In the 1930s. the first rabbi of A. was Yosef Kovnat. 12 Aug. 1941 in A. was shot apprx. 180 Jews.

alupka
has abstract: ALUPKA, city (since 1938) of the Yalta City Council in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Izv. from the 10th century. Since 1783 - part of Ros. empire, in 1784-97 - in the Tauride region, in 1797-1802 - in the Novorossiysk province., from 1802 - in the Yalta district. Tavricheskaya lips. In 1921-46 - in the Crimean ASSR, in 1946-54 - in the Crimean region. RSFSR, in 1954-91 - in the Crimean region. Ukrainian SSR. In Jewish medieval monuments A. (Alubika) mention. as a city where Jews lived. In 1926 94 Jews lived in Armenia, including 12 Krymchaks, in 1939 - 142 Jews.

alushta
has abstract: ALUSHTA, a city (since 1902) in the Simferopol region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in the 6th century. like the Byzantine fortress Aluston. Since 1783 - part of Ros. empire, in 1784-97 - in the Tauride region, in 1797-1802 - in the Novorossiysk province., from 1802 - in the Yalta district. Tavricheskaya lips. In 1921-46 - in the Crimean ASSR, in 1946-54 - in the Crimean region. RSFSR, in 1954-91 - in the Crimean region. In 1910, 544 Jews (13.3%) lived in Armenia, in 1914 - 569 Jews and 15 Karaites, in 1926 - 242 Jews (5.1%), in 1939 - 251, in the district - 277 Jews (1%). From the 10th century. A. (Alus) mentioned. as a place of residence for Jews. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. In connection with the development of the resort, a Jewish community was formed in Armenia, which strengthened after 1902, when, with the granting of the status of a city, it entered the Pale of Settlement. The community consisted of Ashkenazi Jews and Krymchaks. Zionist organizations operated in Armenia, and a Jewish library existed. In 1910 there were 2 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. In 1914 there was a Jewish charity society. Until 1915 the Teachers' Sanatorium operated. In the summer of 1916, a sanatorium for the treatment of refugees with tuberculosis, owned by the OZE, was opened in Armenia. In 1923 a synagogue was closed in Armenia, which was later rebuilt into a cinema. 24 Nov. 1941 in Armenia, 30 Jews were shot, on December 5. 1941 - 250 Jews. During the German period. occupation in the Alushta region, 500 Jews were not destroyed.

aluston
has abstract: ALUSTON, see Alushta.

alyaksotas
has abstract: ALYAKSOTAS, does not exist since 1987. In 19 - early. 20th century - v. Aleksota Mariampolskogo u. Suwalki lips. From 1918 to 1940 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, and from 1940 it was part of the Lithuanian SSR. 644 Jews (48%) lived in Armenia in 1897. In 1825, a synagogue was built in Armenia at the expense of a local landowner. In 1890 there was a Jewish school.

alyanskiy samuil mironovich
has abstract: ALYANSKY Samuil Mironovich (1891, Petersburg - 1974, Moscow), publ. activist. His father, Miron Isayevich Alyansky, was a well-known bookbinder in St. Petersburg. From 1903 to 1911 he studied at the city, at the same time he worked as a technician. assistant as amended. newspaper "Rech", in the library of LI Zheverzheev on the compilation of the catalog. In 1917 A. and V. Vasiliev opened a shop. In 1918 A. organized and headed the publishing house Alkonost. The first published book is AABlok's poem "The Nightingale Garden". In total, Alkonost A. published about 50 books, incl. works by Andrey Bely, Alexey Remizov, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Anna Akhmatova, Fyodor Sologub, etc., almost all of Blok's works. In 1919, Alkonost published the first issue of the Zapiski drementeley magazine. A total of 6 issues of this magazine were published. In 1922 A. released the collection. The Serapion Brothers, reflecting the aesthetic views of the literary group of the same name. After the closure in 1923 of "Alkonost" A. worked in the publishing houses of the People's Commissariat for Education, in charge of bookstores in the publishing house "Kniga" and "International Book". In 1929 A. headed the Writers' Publishing House in Leningrad. He was the initiator of the release of the "Art Series" with works. modern foreign. writers and ser. "Masters of Contemporary Literature" dedicated to the Sov. writers. In 1938-1942 he headed the Leningrad publishing house. Union of Artists, known for its release in the years of the 2nd world. war of propaganda posters "Battle Pencil". Since 1943 - Member. editorial board and arts, editor J. "Murzilka" and publishing house "Detgiz", where until the end of his life he was a consultant on the design of a children's book.

alyashishkes
has abstract: ALYASHIKES, a village in Trakai district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Oleshishki Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. Before the 1st World. During the war, 3 Jewish families lived in Armenia.

amazar
has abstract: AMAZAR, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Mogochinsky district of the Chita region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway station Nerchinsky env. Trans-Baikal Region. In 1939, 9 Jews lived in Armenia.

ambrolauri
has abstract: AMBROLAURI, city (since 1966), regional center (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the village of Rachinsky u. Kutaisi province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1939 10 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1970 - 14, in 1979 - 14 Jews. According to legend, the name. the village came from the name of a Jewish merchant, whose name was Ambrola, who owned a unity. a shop in the neighborhood.

amielj moshe avigdor
has abstract: AMIEL Moshe Avigdor (1882, Porozovo Grodno Gubernia - 1945, Tel Aviv), rabbi, public. activist, writer. He studied at the best Lithuanian yeshivas - in Belz, Brest-Litovsk, Vilna. At the age of 18 he received a rabbi diploma. In 1905–13, a rabbi in Sventsiany founded a yeshiva there. Member of the Mizrahi movement. Was engaged in organizer. active., published articles on the themes of Zionism and religion in the press of Mizrahi. He gained fame as an ideologue of religions. Zion. In 1920 he took part in the congresses of Mizrahi in Holland and Belgium. Ch. Rabbi of Antwerp. Participated in the Zionist congresses (from 13 to 19) and the world congresses of Mizrahi. In 1933 he visited E.-I. and in 1936 Ch. Rabbi of Tel Aviv. He expanded the "Tel Aviv yeshiva", founded by his predecessor Sh. Aronson, and introduced there together with the religion. disciplines teaching secular subjects in the volume of cf. schools. Yeshiva received the name "Yishuv hadash". She became a type of cf. Yeshiv "Bnei Akiva". Bibliography tr. A. contains 306 titles.

aminoakh nekhemjya
has abstract: AMINOAKH Nehemya (Zvi) (1896, Zhitlin Grodn. Gubernia - 1966, Tel Aviv), polit. activist. One of the leaders of ha-Poel ha-Mizrahi. On the maternal side - a descendant of the Magid from Volozhin. Studied at decomp. "Lithuanian" yeshivas. During the 1st world. war - Russian soldier. army. Since 1920 - in E.-I. He was a worker in Rishon Lezion. Founder of the local ha-Poel ha-Mizrahi. Since 1923 - in Kfar-Arya, secretary. and mukhtar settlements. In 1924 he was elected to the workers' council of ha-Poel ha-Mizrahi and moved to Jerusalem. In 1925 he headed the group that led the party to a split and moved to Histadrut ha-Clalit. In 1928 he returned to ha-Poel ha-Mizrahi. In 1929–32 - secretary. World Union ge-Halutz ha-Mizrahi, ed. school desks. printed organ "Netiva". Was a member. municipality of Petah-Tikva, one of the founders of the settlement of Kfar-Avraham. Delegate to the 20th and 22nd Zionist Congresses. For many years there was a secret. ed. gas. "Ha-Tsofe". One of the theorists is socialist. directions in religion. Zionism. In numerous works, he substantiated the unity of the socialist. ideas and Heb. traditions.

aminov avragam
has abstract: AMINOV Avraham (1854, Bukhara - 1939, Jerusalem), one of the leaders of the Bukhara community. In E.-I. since 1892. Dedicated himself to the rallying of Bukharian Jews, founded the Bukhara quarter in Jerusalem. Repeatedly traveled to Bukhara and Turkestan as a messenger of the community, imported etrogs and lulavs there from E.-I. and collected donations for the needs of the community in Jerusalem. He founded the "Magen Avraham" yeshiva with a well-known library, which contains books from the personal library of Ch. the Sephardic rabbi Raphael Meir Panijil.

amsterdam abram isaevich
has abstract: AMSTERDAM Abram Isaevich (Abram-Meer Izrailevich) (1872, Vitebsk - 1899, Shklov), Jewish activist. labor movement. Graduated from Aleksandrovskoe Heb. crafts. school in Moscow (1887), worked at the plant, member of the Moscow. circle of "Palestinophiles", led the cult.-skylight. work among the Hebrews. youth. After the eviction of the Heb. from Moscow (1891) lived in Vitebsk, organized a number of self-education circles ("Amsterdam circles") of student youth, workers, artisans, developed in his associates a sense of nat. self-awareness, interest in cultural and social. questions. In 1892 he was drafted into the military. service, but kept in touch with his circles. All R. 1890s became a Marxist. Having received sick leave in 1894, he traveled under the guise of a bookseller in the cities and metro North-West. edge, conducted propaganda among artisans and workers, studied the needs and views of Hebrews. population of the region. One of the founders of the Social-Democrats groups in Mogilev, led the roar. propaganda among the Hebrews. workers. From Sept. 1896 (iro departure of service) lived in Vilna, where he became one of the hands. Heb. labor movement, tried to harmonize the teaching of Marxism with Heb. nationalism. In Jan. 1897 Arrested in Vilna in the case of a local Social-Democratic Party. group, was involved in the investigation in the case of the Vitebsk Social-Democrats, was held in prisons in Vilna, Vileyki, Vitebsk. In 1899, due to illness, he was released pending a verdict under the special supervision of the police and was exiled to Shklov, Mogilev province, where he drowned while swimming in the Dnieper. Created by A. Heb. workers' circles became the nucleus of the Bund.

amur-nizhnedneprovsk
has abstract: AMUR-NIZHNEDNEPROVSK, now a district within the city of Dnepropetrovsk (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novomoskovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1897, 1235 Jews (20.4%) lived in Armenia, in 1910 - 3360 (9.2%), in 1920 - 2162, in 1923 - 1427 Jews. In 1890 the first synagogue was opened in Armenia. By the law of May 10, 1903, as an exemption from the "Provisional Regulations" of 1882, Jews were allowed to settle in Armenia. In 1910 there were three synagogues in Armenia, a Talmud Torah, a society of benefits to the poor, and wives. classroom societies. uch-shche, Jewish societies. b-ka-reading room, two cemeteries; the sum of the box collection reached 2,500 rubles. In 1899, N.T.Berenstein (1873—?) was the rabbi in A., during the First World. war - N.-Sh. Sosonkin.

amurzet
has abstract: AMURZET, a village in the Oktyabrsky district of the Jewish Autonomous]] region]] (Russian Federation). In 1939, 708 Jews lived in Armenia. In May 1928, KOMZET established a resettlement center in Armenia, and in the same year a Jewish resettlement collective farm was organized " Reuter Oktyabr "(" Red October ", now - the Amur state farm). By 1930, several were plowed. hundreds of hectares of virgin lands. In 1931, Armenia had 760 hectares of crops, 70 horses, 270 cows, 66 pigs, and an apiary for 180 hives; built 16 apartments, 2 dormitories, a technical school for social agriculture (30 students), a nursery, children. garden; organized by children. commune, a Jewish village council, a Jewish school, and a reading room were operating. The collective farm specialized in potato growing. In A. worked MTS (director - Yuri Meerovich Shpolyansky), edges were the forefront in the region. In 1934, the newspaper operating at the political department of the Amur MTS was transformed into a regional newspaper, with a circulation of 500 copies. In the 1930s. in Armenia, a canning plant (250 people) and a cheese-making plant functioned. By 1936, the Reuter Oktyabr collective farm had become the largest in the Stalin district of the Jewish Autonomous Region. In 1999, the Jewish Cultural Society and a charitable canteen were opened in Armenia. DI Vayserman

amusin iosif davidovich
has abstract: AMUSIN Joseph Davidovich (1910, Vitebsk - 1984, Leningrad), orientalist, historian, philologist, translator, Dr. Sciences (1965). From the family of an employee. Since 1924 in Leningrad, he worked as a loader, a laborer at a number of factories, at the same time. studied in economics. college, did a lot of self-education, promoted the ideals of humanism and justice. In 1926–33 he was imprisoned and exiled. In 1933-35 he worked as an accountant and accountant. In 1935–38 student of history. Faculty of Leningrad State University (studied under S.Ya. Lurie and V.V. Struve), in 1938 he was arrested again, in 1939 he was released. In 1941 he graduated from un-t, in 1941-45 at the front. In 1945-50 he taught at Leningrad State University and Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute. A.I. Herzen. During the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism" he was forced to leave for Ulyanovsk, in 1950–54 he taught at a local pedagogue. in-those. In 1954 he returned to Leningrad, was a secretary. acad. A.I. Tyumenev, since 1955 scientific. sotr. Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1960 in the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1961 senior researcher). 100 works on the history of Hellenic Egypt, Western Asia, papyrology. One of the most prominent specialists in the region. coumranology. The author of the book. Dead Sea Manuscripts, 1964, ed. 1965; Qumran Community, 1983; Sat. translations of A. from other Hebrew. and Aramaic, publ. in the book. "The Texts of Qumran", v. 1, 1971; Social problems structures of the ancient Bl. East (1st millennium BC) according to biblical sources, M., 1993. Mn. A.'s works have been translated into Polish, German, French, English. and other languages.

amvrosievka
has abstract: AMVROSIEVKA (until 1944 - Donetsk-Amvrosievka), a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1869. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Taganrog u. Don Cossack regions. In 1939, 128 Jews lived in Armenia.

an-skiy s.
has abstract: AN-SKY S. (nast, name and surname. Shloyme-Zainvl (Semyon Akimovich) Rappoport) (b. 1863, Chashniki, Vitebsk province - 1920, Warsaw), poet, prose writer, playwright, ethnographer. At the age of 17 he learned Russian. lang. He worked as a tailor, bookbinder, worker, teacher. He was fond of populism, wandered around the center, and south. Russia, he lived among the peasants and miners. Published in populist. g. "Russian wealth" and other period, ed. In the end. 1892 leaves Russia, lives in Germany and Switzerland. He worked in Paris as a secretary. from Izv. Russian revolutionary P.L. Lavrov, then secretary. Internats. schools in Paris, published Art. and stories from Russian. and Heb. life. Until 1904 he wrote, mainly in Russian, then in Yiddish. In 1905 he moved to St. Petersburg and was actively involved in the work of the Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR). The anthem of the Bund, written by A. Di Shvue (Oath), became the Marseillaise of Heb. workers ". At the same time. studied Heb. ethnography. In 1911–14 A. organized a folklore expedition, which over the course of three years visited about 70 cities and m. Volyn and Podolia, collecting unique material. The bunks recorded by him. legends, Hasidic traditions, etc., as well as his own stories from the life of Heb. the poor brought a living folklore stream into the Yiddish literature, revealing a deep understanding of the spirit. values ​​of the common people. Coll. them folklore material formed the basis of the famous play by A. "Gadibuk", first staged in Yiddish by the Vilna theater, by the troupe in 1920. The play was translated into Hebrew by H.-Ya. Bialik and staged in "Habim" by EB Vakhtangov (1922) ... The play was performed on many stages in Europe and America. "Gadibuk" was filmed twice. During the 1st world. war A. worked on the organization to-to help Heb. refugees. In 1917 A. was elected affairs. from the Socialist-Revolutionaries to the Constituent Assembly, after the dispersal to-rogo fled to Vilna, …

anadyrj
has abstract: ANADYR, city (since 1965), the center of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (Russian Federation). Main in 1649 as the Anadyr prison, in 1771 it was destroyed. At 19 - early. 20th century - post of Novo-Mariinsky Anadyr district. Kamchatka Oblast: 32 Jews lived in Armenia in 1939, and 44 Jews in 1970.

anadyrskiy ostrog
has abstract: ANADYR OSTROG, see Anadyr.

ananj
has abstract: ANAN, see Ananiev.

ananjev
has abstract: ANANIEV, city (since 1834), regional center in the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1767 as an Anan settlement. Since 1792 - as part of Ros. empire, in 1834-1920 - the district town of Kherson, from 1920 - Odessa province. In 1924-40 it was a part of the Moldovan ASSR, in 1940-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1856 532 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1860 - 1009, in 1864 - 992, in 1897 - 3257 (20%), in 1910 - 4817 (21.7%), in 1920 - 4135, in 1923 - 3673, in 1926 - 3516 (19.3%), in 1939 - 1779 Jews. the occupation of the Jewish population is the manufacture of clothing and trade. In the 1810s. there was a synagogue in A. In the beginning. 20th century - 5 synagogues, 2 Jewish cemeteries. Since 1837 the Khevra Kaddish functioned, since 1899 - the society of benefits to the poor, from 1893 - the Jewish state school and the private Jewish women's school, from 1906 - the Society for helping poor Jewish artisans, since 1903 - the Society for the aid students in need, since 1912 - Jewish loan-save. m.In the 1860s the rabbi in Armenia was Solomon Nukhimovich Chernetsky, in the district - Solomon Markovich Zgut and Felix Fantukh. Since 1908, the duties of rabbi in Armenia have been performed by Abram-Wolf Berenshtein (1872 -?). April 27. 1881 a pogrom took place in Armenia, as a result of which 175 houses were damaged. The pogrom of 1905 had less serious consequences. In 1919 the Jewish population suffered from a pogrom organized by parts of the Directory. In 1919 a Jewish agricultural was organized in Armenia. artel, later transformed. to the collective farm. In the beginning. In 1920, a Jewish self-defense detachment of 300 people was created, 220 of them died in a battle with Tyutyunnik's gang. In 1921 a branch of the Evsection was created in Armenia. Until 1930, several functioned. synagogues. The Jewish school was closed in 1934. 28 Aug. 1941, 300 Jews were shot in Armenia. 1941 a ghetto is created, in October. 1941 the deportation of the Jews of A. to Transnistria began. 28…

ananuri
has abstract: ANANURI, a village in the Dusheti region (Georgia). In 1801 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Dusheti district. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was the Georgian SSR. In 1776 two serfs from Kutaisi (present-day Kutaisi), Joseph and Yakov, lived in Armenia. 5 Jews lived in Armenia in 1906, and in 1926 - 1 Jew.

anapa
has abstract: ANAPA, a city (since 1846), a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). From 1829 - part of Ros. empire. Since 1866 - a resort on the Black Sea coast. In the 2nd floor. 19 - early. 20th century - the city of Temryuk dep. In 1897, 19 Jews lived in Armenia, 12 in 1910, 41 in 1926, and 59 in 1939. The law of 1846 allowed Jewish artisans to live in Armenia, but the organization of fasting was prohibited. settlements. In 1905-06 the chief of the Kuban region. filed a report on permission for sick Jews to receive treatment at the Anapa resort. In 1998, approx. 600 Jews.

anastasievskaya
has abstract: ANASTASIEVSKAYA, a village in the Slavyansky district of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Temryuk dep. Kuban Region. In 1939, 2 Jews lived in Armenia.

anchikrak
has abstract: ANCHIKRAK, see Tarutino.

andizhan
has abstract: ANDIZHAN, city, center of Andijan region. (The Republic of Uzbekistan). Izv. from the 9th century. under the name Andukan. He was a member of the Kokand Khanate. Since 1876 - part of Ros. empire, the county town of Fergana oblast. In 1897 721 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1926 - 1833 (2.5%), in 1939 - 1788, in 1970 - 4122 (5.4%), in 1979 - 4033 (1, 8%), in 1989 - 5360 Jews. - one of the traditional places of residence of Bukharian Jews. The Ashkenazi Jews who moved to Armenia after 1876 created their own community. In 1894 the authorities officially authorized the opening of the synagogue. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery. Since the 1890s. in A. there was a purchase point bargaining. at home “Br. Schlosberg ", in 1917 bargaining. the house in A. owned a cotton-ginning plant. From the beginning. 20th century A. is one of the largest economies. and trade-prom. centers of Turkestan. Bukharian Jewess Ester Sholomonovna Davydbaeva owned two cotton ginning plants in A .; in the beginning. 20th century in A. a branch of the "Potelyhovsky trade and industrial company on shares" was opened, the board of which included E.Sh.Davydbaeva and R.Sh. Potelyakhov; the m-in had a steam flour-grinding mill. Means. some Bukharian Jews in Armenia were engaged in dyeing fabrics and in petty trade; among Ashkenazi Jews, craftsmen and representatives of the free professions - doctors, pharmacists, photographers, and others - predominated. In 1918 a Jewish pogrom took place in Armenia; there were cases of forced conversion to Islam. In 1926 in the Andijan env. was organized by the Jewish s.-kh. artel "Kzyl-Dekhkan" (122 people), in 1927 - 2 artels: "Nadezhda" (100 people) and "Madat" (23 families). In the end. 1920s in the Andijan env. there were 2 Jewish handicraft artels - "Buyakhchi", "Birgium"; 3 indigenous Jewish schools. In the 2nd half. 1920s - early. 1930s In A., there was a campaign to close synagogues. In 1945 by the Council for Religious Affairs. cults, the petition of believing J…

andreapolj
has abstract: ANDREAPOL, a city (since 1967), a regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). In the 16th century. - border post Dubno. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Ostashkovsky u. Tver Gubernia. 265 Jews (31.9%) lived in Armenia in 1923, 327 (28.7%) in 1926, and 133 Jews in 1939. Moisey Naumovich Chernomorsky (1913-1980, Moscow), Dr. sciences, specialist in the region. auxiliary ist. disciplines.

andreev
has abstract: ANDREEV, see Endzheyuv.

andreeva nataljya evgenjevna
has abstract: ANDREEVA Natalia Evgenievna (b. 1933, Vitebsk), hematologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1981), prof. (1988). Graduated from the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. Institute (1957). In 1957-60 she worked as a district doctor, head. therapeutic. dep. mountains. hospitals in Murmansk; in 1960-63 a graduate student at Ying-those therapy of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences in Moscow, in 1965 ml. scientific. sotr. in gr. I.A. Kassirsky in the same place. Since 1965 he has been working at the Department of Hematology and Intensive Care Center, Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors. scientific. tr. A. poev. decomp. problems of hematology and immunopathology: pathology of immunoglobulins (antibodies synthesized in blood serum and participating in the creation of immunity), incl. at diff. tumors; tumor diseases of the hematopoietic system (hemoblastosis); thrombocytopenic and immunodeficiency states, as well as methods of their treatment and prevention. Discovered the activity of the immunoglobulins synthesized in myeloma against antigens, to-ry the body is immunized. She proposed a treatment regimen for myeloma. State pr. USSR (1987). Cit .: Multiple myeloma, M., 1966 (et al.); Immunoglobulinopathies, M., 1985 (et al.).

andreevka
has abstract: ANDREEVKA, now a district within the city of Bashtanka (Ukraine). Vozn. as a settlement at the Novo-Poltava Jewish agricultural. school, main. in 1902 on the initiative of G.O. Gintsburg in the Kherson district. Kherson province. The construction, equipment and maintenance of the school was carried out at the expense of funds allocated by the EKO to Jewish farmers. colonies of Kherson province, and private donations. The school was designed for 60 students; boys aged 14 and over were accepted. The duration of the studies was 3 years, the third year was intended exclusively for practical training. work in the field and farms. For this, the pr-in allocated 300 dess., On which a model farm was created with crops of grain. and tech. crops, garden, vineyard, forest plantations; there was also a dairy farm and a stable for draft animals. The organizer and the first head of the school was the agronomist and scientist G.A. Lyubarsky. Near school fuss. also a settlement in which the attendants lived (in 1911 - 139 inhabitants). During the war, the school was ruined. In 1922-24 academic. building and household. the premises were restored, and the Novo-Poltava Jewish agricultural village was located there. technical school, in which 74 teenagers from old Jewish farmers studied in 1926-27. colonies and new settlers. villages. In an exemplary economy for 500 dess. highly productive varieties of wheat and other grains were grown. and tech. cultures. Much attention was paid to viticulture, for which 2 thousand phylloxera-resistant seedlings were purchased in 1926. The dairy farm kept a herd of tribes. cattle (30 cows and 40 heads of young animals), there was a tribal. cattery eng. pigs owned by Agrojoint. In 1928-30, the account was expanded. and households. base, technical school transformed into Jewish agricultural in-t with agronomical. and vet. f-tami. After the liquidation of the institute (1935), the students were transferred to the Odessa agricultural. in-t, in the premises…

andreevo
has abstract: ANDREEVO, a village in the Khasavyurt district of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - aul Andreevskoe Khasavyurt env. Tersk Region. 157 Jews lived in Armenia in 1886, and 170 Jews in 1900. Jews settled in Armenia before the conquest of the Caucasus by Russia. In the 1830s. As a result of the persecution, the Jews of A. were forced to move to other us. points. Some of them returned to Armenia. In 1868 there was a rabbi in Armenia, there was a synagogue and a school.

andreevo-ivanovka
has abstract: ANDREEVO-IVANOVKA (in 1910-27 - Chernovo), a village in the Nikolaev district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Andreevo-Ivanovka (other name. Kulikovo Pole) Ananievsky u. Kherson province. In 1897 in A.-I. 546 Jews (37.5%) lived, in 1939 - 330 Jews. In 1873 in A.-I. there was a synagogue. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in in Jan. 1942 in A.-I. 7 Jews were killed.

andreevsk
has abstract: ANDREEVSK, a village in the Bodaibinsky district of the Irkutsk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Andreevsky mine of Kirensky u. Irkutsk province. In 1939, 6 Jews lived in Armenia.

andreevskiy priisk
has abstract: ANDREEVSKY PRIISK, see Andreevsk.

andreevskoe
has abstract: ANDREEVSKOE, see Andreevo.

andrelishki
has abstract: ANDRELISHKI, see Andryalishkes.

andropov
has abstract: ANDROPOV, see Rybinsk.

andrushevka
has abstract: ANDRUSHEVKA, city (since 1975), regional center in Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1683. In the 16th and 18th centuries. - in the Kiev Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Radomysl u. In 1897, 430 Jews (16%) lived in Armenia, 388 in 1923, 658 (10%) in 1939, and 47 (0.4%) in 1989. After 1917, large production of food. prom-sti, sakh. and alcohol s-dy. This determined the migration to Armenia of Jews — specialists and workers from other cities and nearby districts. In 1925, immigrants from A. founded. in the Kherson env. three Jewish farmers. colonies: them. Chemerissky (26 people), "Jewish grain grower" (50 people), "Trud" (25 people). 1941 in the Andrushevsky district, 500 Jews were shot, in the fall of 1941 - 460, in April. 1942 - c. 700 Jews lived in Armenia in 1995. dozens of Jews. S. Ya. Elisavetsky

andryalishkes
has abstract: ANDRYALISHKES, a farm in the Vilnius region (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Andrelishki Vilensky u. and lips. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–40 it was the Republic of Lithuania, and in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1898 69 people lived in Armenia. 20th century - 37 people. 19th century the population of Armenia was engaged only in agriculture for 139 dess. state land. By the beginning. 20th century because of the crushing of the land, the inhabitants of Armenia went bankrupt.

andrzheev
has abstract: ANDRZHEEV, see Andzheevo.

andukan
has abstract: ANDUKAN, see Andijan.

andzheevo
has abstract: ANDZHEEVO, see Endreyavas.

andzheyuv
has abstract: ANDZHEV, a village in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in 1805. Until 1807 - a part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - in ód district. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1921, 99 Jews (17%) lived in Armenia. 20th century A. becomes a suburban suburb of Lodz. Until 1927, Rabbi A. was Moishe-Aron Toyerman, from 1927 - Moishe-Yehuda Kirschenboim. There were philanthropists in the community. organization and mutual aid fund. In 1939, after the beginning. 2nd world. war, the Jews left A.

angarova
has abstract: ANGAROVA (nee Shiser) Gilde Arnoldovna (b. 1908, Cottbus, Germany), translator. She studied arts, in-those in Berlin. In 1929 with her husband, prof. A.I.Angarov, came to the USSR. She worked in the publishing house of Inostr. lit-ry. Translated from Russian. On him. lang. St. 70 books, incl. works by FM Dostoevsky ("The Meek"), NS Leskov, NV Gogol, AP Chekhov; owls. writers I.G. Erenburg ("D.Ye. Trust"), V.P. Kataev ("The Grass of Oblivion", "The Horn of Obsron"), E.G. Kazakevich, D.A. Granin, L.M. Leonov , P.F.Nilin ("Cruelty"), Ch.Aitmatova ("Farewell, Gyulsary!"), V.A.Kaverina ("Two Captains"), V.F.Tendryakov ("The Court", "Spring Changes" ), V.L. Kondratyev ("Sashka"), M. Auezova ("Abai"), S.P. Zalygin, I.A.Efremov, A.T. Bitova, T.N. Tolstoy, V.I. Belova ("Habitual Business"), MI Tsvetaeva ("My Pushkin"). In the translation of the story by D. M. Kalinovskaya "Oh, Saturday!" recreated her special Heb. coloring. In 1941–45 she translated antifash. Produced by: "The Leningrad Story" by NS Tikhonov, "The People are Immortal" by VS Grossman (1943), his Stalingrad. essays and other Unities. original production A. - the story "Synagogue" (published in Israel in Zh. "Aufbau" in 1974) - peculiar. Fash resistance symbol. barbarism. Nat. pr. GDR in the region. arts and literature.

angarsk
has abstract: ANGARSK, a city (since 1951) in the Irkutsk Region (Russian Federation). Main In 1948, 1,470 Jews (1.1%) lived in Armenia in 1959, and 1,124 (0.6%) in 1970. In 1992, the Jewish community "Simkha" (previously E. Shogam) was established in Armenia. In 1999, approx. 200 Jews.

angoff charlz
has abstract: ANGOFF Charles (1902, Minsk - 1979, USA), writer, publisher. Since 1907 in the USA. Graduated from Harvard University. Taught in decomp. educational institutions in the United States. A.'s writing career began in the 20s. He helped G. Mencken at the American Mercury Publishing House and in 1934 became his successor. First. book A. “Lit. history of Amer. people ”(2 volumes, 1931) traced the period from 1607 to 1815. Naib. A. brightly revealed his talent in his fantastic. Producer: Adventures in Heaven (1945), When I Was a Boy (1947), Something About My Father and Others (1956). Fame came to A. in the 50's, when he began the saga of the integration of Eastern Europe. Jewish immigrants to Amer. about-ve. A. belongs to ser. autobiographer, rom., in the center of which is his "alter ego", writer D. Polonsky: "Journey at Dawn" (1951), "Morning Light" (1952), "Sun at Noon" (1955), "Between Light and Darkness" (1959), "Early Spring" (1961), "Summer Storm" (1963), etc. In these rom. A. created a whole gallery of Hebrews. types: from Yiddish speaking poor immigrants early. centuries before their Americanized descendants of the period of the 50s. and those who survived the Holocaust. Author Sat. verse. The Bell of Time (1967) and Sat. essays "Tone of the Twenties" (1966). In 1957 A. became the publisher of J. "Literary Review". He wrote rec. about the teacher and colleague G. Mencken (1956). Since 1969 A. - prez. Union of American Poets.

anikshchyay
has abstract: ANIKSCHIAI, city, regional center (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Vilkomir district of the Vilna voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Onikshty Vilkomirsky u. Vilna province, from 1842 - Kovensky province. In 1918-40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1765 390 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1847 - 1556, in 1897 - 2754 (69.7%), in 1921 - 1800 (45%) , in 1940 - c. 2000, in 1959 - 9 (0.16%), in 1989 - 2 Jews. Jews have lived in Armenia since the 17th century. In the 18th century. Gershon Isserlis was the rabbi in Armenia; - Arye-Leib ben Nathan-Nota, Avrom Lichtenstein, Jacob ben Avrom from Emden, Eliyahu from Ragola, Moishe-Eliyahu, Moishe-Yoel Gurion, Shlomo Schlossberg, Avrom-Aron Burshtein (before 1899), in 1899-1905 - Shmuel- Avigdor Fayvelzon, then - Eliyahu-Yakov-Doiv Shur (? -1938, Jerusalem), a former rabbi in A. in tech. 30 years old, I. Zhuravin and at the same time. Avrom-Mordkhe Vesler (? -1941) and Kalman-Itskhok Kadishovich (? -1941). In 1910, Armenia had a Jewish beginning. uch-shche. In the 1910s. the Bund organization was active in Armenia. July 14, 1915 Russian soldiers. army, a pogrom was organized, during which a Jewish miller was killed, trying to protect his wife and daughter from rapists. During the 1st world. war A. was destroyed, the Jews fled to the internal. districts of Russia. After the war, some of the Jews returned, rebuilding their homes with the help of the Joint. In the 1920s and 30s. main the occupation of the Jews of Armenia was craft and trade. In the 1920s. ORT organized a cooperative in A. for the production of boots, approx. 100 Jews were engaged in their production; 150 people worked at a shoe factory, 20 - in an agricultural workshop. technology. In 1931 Jews owned 26 out of 27 shops, 24 out of 30 workshops. In 1920 there was a foundation in Armenia. J…

anikst abram moiseevich
has abstract: ANIKST Abram Moiseevich (1887, Chisinau - |), member of the roar. movement, part., prof. and households. worker. R. in the family of a bricklayer. He graduated from a 4-grade school. Into the roar. movement from 1904, in 1906–07 anarcho-communist, participated in the revolt. movement in the south of Russia. Since 1907 - in exile, worked as an electrician, participated in the anarcho-syndicalist movement in France and Switzerland. Member overseas groups rus. anarcho-syndicalists. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, collaborated with the Bolsheviks, was before. Pavlograd District Council of Workers' Deputies (Yekaterinoslavskaya Gubernia) Participated in the struggle for the Sov. power. In 1918 he joined the RCP (b). In 1919-22, members. collegiums and deputy. People's Commissar of Labor of the RSFSR, in 1920 at the same time. served as deputy. prev. Ch. to-that on universal labor service. In 1922-23 - deputy. prev. Ural region economic council; in 1923–25 - People's Commissar of Labor of Ukraine, employee of the Central Committee of the Union of Miners and the Central Committee of the Union of Builders. From the end. 1925 worked in the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR, was a member. his presidium. Arrested in 1937. Mind. in custody. Father AA Anikst. Author of the book: "Organization of labor force", collection of articles. Art., M., 1920; "Labor force", M., 1929; “Stages of development of Nar. Commissariat of Labor ", M., 1923; "Rep. about VI Lenin ", M., 1933; "Cultural construction in the five-year plan", M., 1930.

anikst aleksandr abramovich
has abstract: ANIKST Alexander Abramovich (1910, Zurich - 1989, Moscow), literary critic, theater critic. Doctor of Art History (1963). Son of A.M. Anikst. In 1930-33 he studied at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. VI Lenin, in 1933–36 - in graduate school, defended by Cand. dis. based on the works of J. Milton (1940). In 1936–41 he taught English literature at Moscow. state pedagogical in-those foreign. languages. In 1941–44 he fought at the front. In 1944–49 - early. department of general nat. literature of the Military Institute of foreign lang., since 1946 - associate professor; in 1949–51 he taught at GITIS, taught a special course on W. Shakespeare; from 1955 until the end of his life - Art. scientific. employee of the Institute of History of Laws, doctoral dis. defended on the works of Shakespeare (1963). English history specialist and Amer. literature, theater. Participated in publications: “History of English. literature "(M.-L., 1943-1945)," History of Western-European. theater "(M., 1956-1957)," History of English. literature ”(1956). Ed. (jointly with A.A. Smirnov) 8-volume collection. op. Shakespeare (1957-60), author of articles for several volumes; the author will enter, Art. to the 6-volume collection. op. JB Shaw (1978–81). One of the initiators of the publication and ed. series "B-ka playwright". Author of 22 books, including: "Bernard Shaw" (1956), "Daniel Defoe" (1957), "Shakespeare" (1964, "ZhZL"), "Theater of Shakespeare's Era" (1965), "Shakespeare. The playwright's craft "(1974)," The first editions of Shakespeare "(1974)," Goethe and Faust: From conception to accomplishment "(1983)," Tv. the way of Goethe "(1986). Since the late 1960s. studied drama theory, published 5 volumes of "History of the doctrine of drama": "Drama theory from Aristotle to Lessing" (1967), "Drama theory in Russia from Pushkin to Chekhov" (1972), "Drama theory in the West in the 1st half ... XIX century. " (1980), "Theory of Drama from Hegel to Marx" (1983), "Theory of Drama in…

aningof
has abstract: ANINGOF, see Pichevka.

anisfeljd boris
has abstract: ANISFELD Boris (Ber) Izrailevich (1879, Balti - 1973, New York), painter, theater artist. He studied at the Odessa rice. school, in the Academy of Arts (1900–09) at D.N. Kardovsky. An active member of the Blue Rose association. He worked in drama, t-re VF Komissarzhevskaya with VE Meyerhold ("Zobeida's Wedding" and others). As an artistic-decorator, together with the masters of the World of Art, he designed performances-entreprise by S.P.Dyagilev (1911–13) (the ballet scene “Underwater Kingdom” to music from the opera “Sadko”, etc.), productions by M.M. .Fokin ("Islamey" and others), tour performances by A.P. Pavlova, V.F. Nizhinsky. Since 1918 in the USA, he taught, designed opera performances in the t-ts of Chicago and New York. Constantly study. in exhibitions in the USA, France, exhibited his works at exhibitions in Leningrad and Moscow (1920s).

anisimov
has abstract: ANISIMOV (real name Nisim-oglu) Ilya Sherbetovich (1862, Tarki Temir-Khan-Shurinsky district of Dagestan region - |), ethnographer. The son of a rabbi, the first Mountain Jew who studied at the Volozhin yeshiva. He graduated from the highland school and the city of Stavropol. From 1884 in Moscow, he studied at Moscow. tech. uch-shche, made essays on Mountain Jews, at the initiative of prof. Moscow University of V.F. Miller (to-rogo A. introduced him to his native Tatian language) began to study the ethnography of Mountain Jews. In 1886, on behalf of Moscow. archeol. about-va made a trip to the Caucasus to collect information about Mountain Jews. Based on the results of the trip, I compiled an ethnographic stat. research "Caucasian Jews-Highlanders" (published in "Collection of materials on ethnography", v. 3, Moscow, 1888 and separate prints), a cut for a long time there were unity. serious scientific. work about Mountain Jews. In the 1890-1910s. A. - unity. Mountain Jew with higher. education.

annenkov yuliy lazarevich
has abstract: ANNENKOV Yuliy Lazarevich (real family member Soliterman) (b. 1919, Vinnitsa), prose writer, playwright. Graduated from MIFLI them. NG Chernyshevsky in 1941. Participant in the 1941-45 war. He began to publish in 1946. The author of the romanized biographies of F. Joliot-Curie ("Truth travels without visas", Moscow, 1954), Pablo Neruda ("Miner's Senator", 1962). Front-line experience captured in production. A. about the fleet and the formation of personality during the war (novel "Torpedo Boat Flag", Moscow, 1958; "Shturmanok Plots Course", 1972, etc.). A. own plays for muses. t-ra: "Sevastopol Waltz" (1961), "Polar Star" (1966), "Southern Cross" (1971), etc.

annenskiy isidor markovich
has abstract: ANNENSKY Isidor Markovich (b. 1906, Olviopol, Kherson province - 1977, Moscow), film director. Studied in muses. school and lit. Faculty of Odessa University. He graduated from the theater school in Odessa (1922). He worked as an actor and dir. in theaters of Odessa, Arkhangelsk, Baku and other cities. Since 1931, actor and dir. Moscow Theater of the Revolution. In 1934 he graduated from dir. Faculty of GITIS, in 1936 dir. Faculty of VGIK. From 1938 to various film stations. country. He made his debut in 1938 as a short. f. "Bear". Subsequently, he filmed the stories of A.P. Chekhov ("The Man in the Case", 1939, "Wedding", 1944, "Anna on the Neck", 1954. Prospect "Golden Olive Branch" International Film Festival in Bordighera, Italy). Filmed also production. M.Yu.Lermontov ("Princess Mary", 1955), M. Gorky ("Three", 1969), AN Ostrovsky ("Talents and admirers", 1973). Among other ph. - "Elusive Jan" (1942, jointly with V.M. Petrov), "Ekaterina Voronina" (1957), "Sailor from" Comet "(1958)," First trolleybus "(1963)," Tatiana's day "(1967 ). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1971).

anninskiy lev aleksandrovich
has abstract: ANNINSKY Lev Alexandrovich (nast, surname Ivanov-Anninsky) (b. 1934, Rostov-on-Don), critic. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Moscow State University in 1956. Since 1956 he regularly appears in print with articles, essays, essays, dedicated. Russian literature of the 19th and 20th centuries, ethics and aesthetics of cinema. Art. A. are distinguished by polemicism, a wide range of the studied material and associations, emotional assessments, and relevance. He writes about the work of M.A.Bulgakov ("Banner", 1986, No. 5) and about the prose of S.E. Kaledin ("Friendship of Peoples", 1988, No. 5), about the problems of educating the young generation ("Lit. Gazeta" , 1985, no. 12) and about Anna Barkova's "Way of the Cross" ("Lit. Oz.", 1991, Mb 8). Author of the book: "The kernel of a nut: Critical essays" (Moscow, 1965), "" How the steel was tempered "by Nikolai Ostrovsky" (Moscow, 1971; caused controversy in the journal "Questions of Literature", 1973, Mb 6), " Thirties-seventies: Lit.-critical. Art. " (Moscow, 1977), "Leo Tolstoy and the cinema" (Moscow, 1982), "Leskov's necklace" (Moscow, 1982), "Three Heretics" (about A.F. Pisemsky, P.I. Melnikov-Pechersky , NS Leskov) (M., 1988), "The Sixties and We: Cinematography, which has become and has not become history" (Moscow, 1991).

annopolj
has abstract: ANNOPOL (before 1761 - Glinniki), a village in the Slavutsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1602.Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ostrozhsky u. Volyn province. In 1923-30 - the regional center of the Shepetovsky environs. In 1784, 215 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1847 - 1626, in 1897 - 1812 (82%), in 1923 - 1008, in 1926 - 1278 (67.4%), in 1931 - 1280 Jews. A. in the 18th century. Since the 1770s. A. played a significant role in the Hasidic movement. Doyv-Ber from Mezhirich and his son Avrom "Ha-Malakh" ("Angel") (1741-1776, Fastov), ​​who later became a tzaddik in Fastov, lived in Armenia. Schneer-Zalman from Lyad studied in A. After Doiv-Ber's death, his disciple and follower Meshulam-Zusya Annopolsky (? -1800) settled in Armenia, who did a lot to spread Hasidism in Volyn. The son of Meshulam-Zusi Tzvi-Menachem-Mendel (? -1814), after the death of his father, was a tzaddik in Armenia. the Jews of Armenia participated in the wholesale and intermediary trade of agricultural products. products, were engaged in crafts. In 1890, Armenia had synagogues and a Jewish almshouse. Between 1910 and 1916 a circle of Bundists and a Zionist group operated underground. 30 nov. 1917 The peasants who came to the fair in Armenia staged a pogrom. After the 1st world., Grazhd. wars and Oct. revolution, the number of the Jewish population of A. decreased. In 1920–34, Aron-Uri-Leib Klimnovich was the rabbi in Armenia. There were 5 synagogues, a four-year school teaching in Yiddish, in which children were not forced to write on Saturdays. In 1925 founded. Jewish Union of individual handicraftsmen. Among the Jews of A. in the middle. 1920s - 175 workers, 45 employees, 123 handicraftsmen, 232 - poor peasants, 458 - middle peasants, 3 wealthy, 22 representatives of the clergy. IN OZET - 110 members There was a Jewish hut-reading room. In 1931 a Jewish national was created in Armenia. village council. Between 1932 and 1933 …

antazave
has abstract: ANTAZAVE, a village in the Zarasai region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Antuzovo, Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 15 Jews (14.9%) lived in Armenia, and in 1939 - 3 Jews.

antik vladimir moritsevich
has abstract: ANTIK Vladimir Moritsevich (1882, Konigsberg - 1972, Moscow), publisher. Born into the family of a bank employee. After graduating in 1901 in Ryazan, he entered the law. Faculty of Moscow un-that, having graduated with a diploma of 1 degree. In 1904–06 he worked at the publishing house of br. Pomegranate is the distribution agent for their publications. In 1906 he founded in Moscow an independent book publishing house "Polza" following the example of the publishing house "Cheap Library" A.S. Suvorin, starting the release of ser. "Universal Library", with produced, izv. Zap.-Heb. and Russian authors. In addition to thin. lit-ry, in ser. published memoirs, East. sketches, dictionaries, popular science literature. Also "Benefit" produced: in 1906 - mid. "Practical Encyclopedia", in 1907 - mid. "People's University", "Popular Science Library", "Pedagogical Academy in essays and monographs." After the revolution A. continued to lead the publishing house, where he released ser. "General Library", and in 1928 organized and headed the publishing house. ser. "Cheap Library" State Publishing House. In 1930, A. dealt with issues of book economics, submitted the idea of ​​creating "book building", paper and printing plants near sources of raw materials.

antin benjyamin
has abstract: ANTIN Benjamin (1884 - |), lawyer. R. in Russia. He was educated in Law. School of New York. Was engaged in polit. activities. In 1920–22 he was a member. Legislation. Assembly pcs New York, in 1922-26 - the senator of this piece. A. owns important legislation concerning the education and protection of children, as well as numerous Art. on problems related to children and social. security. He wrote an autobiography under the title. The Gentleman of the 22nd (New York, 1927).

antokolj
has abstract: ANTOKOL, now part of the city of Vilnius (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - a suburb of Vilna. Since 1870 Benjamin Friedman was the rabbi in Armenia. By law of May 10, 1903, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882, Jews were allowed to settle in Armenia. In 1916, a Jewish school was opened in Armenia.

antokoljskiy lev moiseevich
has abstract: ANTOKOLSKY Lev Moiseevich (1872, Vilna - 1942, Sterlitamak), painter. The nephew of M.M. Antokolsky. Studied at the Academy of Arts (1891, 1893-1900) under I.E. Repin. One of the founders of the Artel Rus. thin in Petersburg. (1901–03). Rice was in charge. cl. in Vilna (1905–12). Secretary of Vilensky art-prom. about-va in memory of M.M. Antokolsky. From 1912 he worked in Moscow, was engaged in monum.-decor, painting (c / t "Odeon", "Modern"). Participated in the execution of paintings for the All-Russian. agricultural. exhibition (1923). Participant of exhibitions in the halls of Imp. AH (1903-10); “Exhibitions of paintings and sculptures. artist-Jews ", org. Heb. about-in the promotion of thin. in Petrograd (1916) and Moscow (1917; 1918); exhibitions of the Association (Society) art. them. IE Repin (Moscow, 1927–29), member. to-rogo first formulated the principle of "social. realism ”, based on a combination of realism and romanticism. Deputy ed. and thin. g. Painting (1930–32).

antokoljskiy mark matveevich
has abstract: ANTOKOLSKY Mark Matveyevich (Mordukh Matysovich) (1843, Vilna - 1902, Bad Homburg vor der Hee, buried in St. Petersburg), sculptor. Prof. (1880), d.h. AH (1893). He painted since childhood, was apprenticed to a woodcarver. At the age of 17 he left the owner, independently studied history, literature, French. language. He entered the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg (1862–68), where he studied under N.S. Pimenov and II Reimers. He became close with I.E. Repin, later with I.N. Kramskoy and V.V. Stasov, who played an important role in the formation of the artist. The first independent works are devoted to Jewish life, childhood impressions. There are sketches for the Jewish types and scenes conceived by A., such as Moses, Samson, Deborah, Shylock, Jeremiah, Spinoza, and others. He lived in St. Petersburg, from 1871 - in Italy, at the end. 1877 settled in Paris. In 1875 he took part in a competition for memory. A.S. Pushkin. In 1893 A. organized his exhibition in St. Petersburg, which was a success among the intelligentsia, but was greeted with extreme hostility by the Black Hundred circles; the artist was offended by the attacks of anti-Semites, who believed that he had no right to portray the heroes of Russian history, Christian saints. A. wrote a lot, his articles on the issues of art are known in "St. Petersburg Vedomosti", "Week", f. “Art and thin. prom-st ", in the" Bulletin of Europe "in 1887 publ. his "Autobiography", shortly before his death, wrote the novel "Ben-Yzak" - a chronicle from Heb. life (manuscript in the State Public Library named after M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in St. Petersburg.), letters A., collected by V.V. Stasov, ed. Wolf in 1905. works: "The Jew-Tailor" (1864, village), "The Miser" (1868, bone, village), "Boy stealing apples" (1865, bone), "Dispute about the Talmud" (1868, wax, village. ), “Attack of the Inquisition on the Jews (1863–69, wax),“ Ivan the Terrible ”(1870–71, plaster of paris, lost; 1871 br .; 1875, mr., In 1871 received the tit…

antokoljskiy pavel grigorjevich
has abstract: ANTOKOLSKY Pavel Grigorievich (1896, Petersburg - 1978, Moscow), poet, translator, essayist. In his youth he worked dir. in the drama studio of E.B. Vakhtangov. First. collection of A. ("Poems", 1922; "West", 1926; "Third Book", 1927) bear the imprint of acmeism. schools. Center, place in TV-ve A. is occupied by Western-European. ist. themes (poems "Robespierre and the Gorgon", 1928; "Francois Villon", 1934, etc.). From the later works. naib. meaning poem "Son" (1943, Steel pr. 1946), collection "Eternal Memory" (1946) and "Workshop" (1958), "Time" (1973). Among the lane. A. naib. Izv. Sat. Civic Poetry of France (1955). The author of the book. "On Pushkin" (1960; poems and essays) and others.

antolenty
has abstract: ANTOLENT TAPES, see Antolepta.

antolepte
has abstract: ANTOLEPTE, a village in the Zarasai region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Antolenty Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 474 Jews (85.5%) lived in Armenia, in 1923 - 367 (63%), in the end. 1930s - OK. 300 Jews. The financial situation of the Jews of Armenia was supported by the renting of housing to visitors to the Orthodox monastery and work on its maintenance. In the beginning. 20th century Zalman-Tuvya Markovich was the rabbi in Armenia. During the 1st world. war, many Jews left for the South. Africa, USA and Uruguay. After the 1st world. war DOS. the occupation of the Jews of A. was trade in the market and at annual fairs. In the end. 1930s there were 16 Jewish artisans in Armenia; several Jewish families were engaged in villages. x-vom. In 1937, a Hebrew school was opened. In A. there were 3 synagogues, including 2 Hasidic, several. headers. Rabbi A. in the 1930s. was Yehuda Levin. Herm. troops occupied Armenia on June 26, 1941. the Jews of A., together with the Jews of the surrounding areas, were shot. In total, 2,569 Jews of A.V. of the genus were shot. K.M.Shuras.

antoniny
has abstract: ANTONINS (until the 1770s - Golodki), an urban-type settlement (since 1956) in the Krasilovsky district of the Khmelnitsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 14th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Zaslavsky u. Volyn province. In 1939, 110 Jews lived in Armenia.

antonovichi
has abstract: ANTONOVICHI, see Antonovka, Dobrushinsky district, Gomel region.

antonovka
has abstract: ANTONOVKA, see Fedorovka.

antonyuki
has abstract: ANTONYUKI, a village in the Nikolaev district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine) .Aug. 1941 19 Jews were killed in Armenia.

antopolj
has abstract: ANTOPOL, see Borovaya of the Republic of Latvia.

antoria
has abstract: ANTORIA, village of Tkibulsky city council (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Kutaisi env. Imereti region, from 1840 - in Kutaisi u. Georgian-Imereti gubernia, since 1846 - in Kutaisi district. Kutaisi province. In 1918-21 - as part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. According to the testimony of Acad. Petersburg. AN IA Gildenstedt, to-ry in 1770-72 traveled to the North. Caucasus and Georgia, A. - a Jewish village, where 50 Jewish families (smoke) from our neighboring countries moved. points. A fair was held in the village every Friday. The further fate of the Jewish community of A. is unknown.

antratsit
has abstract: ANTHRACITE (in 1936-62 - Bokovo-Anthracite), a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 19th century. as the Kraselshchik mine in the Miussky env. Don Army regions. From the beginning. 1920s - pos. Mines No. 13 118 Jews (0.9%) lived in Armenia in 1939. On July 19, 1942, Austria was occupied by the Germans. troops. In 1942 several were killed in Armenia. remaining Jews.

antselovich naum markovich
has abstract: ANTSELOVICH Naum Markovich (1888, Petersburg - 1952, Moscow), state, part. and prof. activist, member Communist. party since 1905. R. in the family of a carpenter, electrician. In 1906 he was subjected to a short period. arrest. In 1907–08 he worked in the trade unions of tanners, plumbers and printers, took part in organizing demonstrations, transporting weapons, etc. In 1908 he was arrested again and exiled from St. Petersburg. In 1910, prof. work in Odessa, chl. Bureau of the RSDLP. In 1911 he was arrested in Crimea and exiled to the Vologda province, where he stayed until 1913. In 1915 he was again arrested for participating in a campaign against the military-industrial. to-to (until Feb. 1917 - in exile). After Feb. Revolutionary agitator Petersburg. to-that RSDLP (b), dep. Petrosovet, cases. 7th Apr. Vseros. conference RSDLP (b), participated in the organization of trade unions, hands. union of electricians. One of the organizers of Kr. Guards in Petrograd, an active participant in Oct. coup of 1917, part. Petrogr. VRK, commissar over the offices of the quartermaster. In 1918 - member. Petrosovet Executive Committee, member Bureau Petrograd. to-that party, one of the founders of Petrograd. Gubernia Trade Council, member. its Presidium (in 1918–21 it was before.). In 1919 the deputy. early defense of Petrograd. In Sept-Dec. 1919 deputy. early political department of the RVS. South front. In 1923–31 - before. Central Committee of the Union of agricultural and forest workers (Vserabotzemles), in 1931–32 sec. All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions; in 1931–34 - deputy. People's Commissar of the RFL of the USSR; in 1934–38 - deputy. prev. Commissions of Sov. control under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR; in 1938–40 the People's Commissar of the Forestry Industry of the USSR. In 1941, 45 on polit. work in Kr. Army. Since 1945 - deputy. People's Commissar of Trade of the USSR, then Deer. moscow s-yes Glavmebelprom. Affairs. 9th, 12-18th Party Congre…

antsilevich shneur-zalman
has abstract: ANTSILEVICH Shneur-Zalman (1861, Ostrovets, Vilna province - 1936, Tel Aviv), rabbi. R. in the family of a rabbi. In 1897-1935 he served in Mozyr (Minsk province), from 1935 - in E.-I.

antsiss yulius isaakovich
has abstract: ANCISS Julius Isaakovich (1903, Krinki of Grodno district and province - 1972, Moscow), Arabic philologist, translator. R. in the family of a leatherworker. He graduated from an Arab. dep. Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies (1927), later taught there, in 1936–43 at the same time. east. dep. ist. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1928-29 he compiled (with S. S. Meisel) for students "Reader Arab. polit.-econ. literature "(with a dictionary). Since 1930 scientific. consultant and ed. per. tr. classics of Marxism-Leninism in Arab. lang. for ed.-ed. dep. Executive Committee of the Comintern, at the same time. sotr. in the Communist. un-those working people of the East and in N. - and. associations for the study of nat. and colonial problems under him, participated in the compilation of the Russian-Arab. dictionary of society.-polit. terminology for students from Arab countries. In 1943–47 he worked at TASS, in 1946–50 - scientific. ed. in the Publishing House of Literature on Foreign. lang. In the beginning. 1950s was persecuted in the course of the "fight against cosmopolitanism" campaign.

antuzovo
has abstract: ANTUZOVO, see Antazave.

anuchino
has abstract: ANUCHINO, a village, a regional center in the Primorsky Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Primorsk region. In 1939, 25 Jews lived in Armenia.

anzhero-sudzhensk
has abstract: ANGERO-SUDZHENSK, a city (since 1931) in the Kemerovo region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1897. In 1928 of us. A workers' settlement was formed at the Anzher and Sudzhen mines. In 1939, in A.-S. lived 120, in 1970 - 100 Jews (0.1%).

apatity
has abstract: APATITY, a city (since 1966) in the Murmansk region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. In 1935, 6 Jews lived in Armenia in 1939, 197 in 1989, and 80 in 1998.

ape
has abstract: APE, a city (since 1928) in the Aluksne region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1721 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ope of the Livonian province. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 - the Latvian SSR. 20th century in A. lived apprx. 200 Jews, in 1920 - 120 (16%), in 1925 - 99 (10%), in 1930 - 90 (9.5%), in 1935 - 82 Jews (8.9%). By the time Armenia was occupied by parts germ. army (July 5, 1941) only a few. Jews managed to evacuate to the east. regions of the USSR. All the remaining Jews of Albania were shot in the summer of 1941.

apostolovo
has abstract: APOSTOLOVO (until 1923 - Pokrovskoe), a city (since 1956), a regional center in the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Yekaterinoslavsky u. In 1939, 81 Jews lived in Armenia.

appelj ieguda leyb
has abstract: APPEL Yehuda Leib (1857, Vekshni Shavelsky u. Koven province - 1934), leader of the Zionist movement, publisher. For 25 years he served as secretary of the department. "Hovevey Zion" in Vilna. There was also the secretary of the department. about-va "Bnei Moishe". In 1902 A. and S. Greber founded a publishing house that published Zionist periodicals and propaganda literature. From 1921 in E.-I., became the secretary of Isaac Leib Goldberg and the manager of his estate. The author of the memoirs on decomp. periods of the history of "Hibbat Zion" and Zionism in Russia, to-rye were publ. in the book. “B'tokh will decide ha-tkhiya” (“At the beginning of the revival”, 1936). He died in E.-I.

aprelevka
has abstract: APRELEVKA, a city (since 1961) in the Naro-Fominsk district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. as a station settlement. 87 Jews (1.5%) lived in Armenia in 1939, 97 (0.5%) in 1970, and 79 Jews (0.4%) in 1989.

apreljsk
has abstract: APRELSK (in 1932–38 - the April mine), a rural village in the Bodaibo district of the Irkutsk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - gold mine Nadezhdinsky Kirensky u. Irkutsk lips. From 1938 to 1970 it was an urban-type settlement. In 1939, 10 Jews lived in Armenia.

apreljskiy priisk
has abstract: APRILSKY PRIISK, see Aprilsk.

apresyan yuriy derenikovich
has abstract: APRESYAN Yuri Derenikovich (b. 1930, Moscow), linguist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1983), prof. (1991), acad. RAS (1992). Graduated from Moscow. state in-t foreign. languages ​​(1953) and postgraduate studies there (1956). In 1958-60 he worked as a teacher in Moscow. state in-those foreign. lang., in 1960-72 - in Ying-those rus. language of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1972-85 Art. scientific. employee, then head. sector VNII "Informelectro". Since 1985 in the Institute of Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ch. scientific. employee (1985–89), head. laboratory of computational linguistics (1989-94), since 1994 chap. scientific. employee. Since 1990, part-time in Ying-those rus. language of RAS, Ch. scientific. employee, since 1994 head. sector theoretical. semantics. research areas: semantics, syntax, theoretical. and practical. lexicography, formal language models and machine translation. Author of 6 monographs and approx. 200 articles. Took part in the work on dictionaries. Works: Experimental study of semantics rus. verb, M., 1967; Lexical semantics. Synonymous. means of language, M., 1974; English-Russian synonym. dictionary, M., 1972 (with E.M. Mednikova, A.V. Petrova and others, ed. 1977, 1979, 1987); New large English-Russian dictionary, v. 1–3, M., 1993–94 (with E.M. Mednikova, A.V. Petrova and others).

aprilj aron
has abstract: APRIL Aron (b. 1932, Vilkaviskis, Lithuania), painter, sculptor. In 1960 he graduated from the Moscow Art Institute. V.I.Surikov. Formation of creative. worldview took place among the artists of the sixties every year. moscow youth. exhibitions. Since 1958 academic. mosk., all-union, rep. and nick. exhibitions. Since 1972 in Israel. Lives in Jerusalem. Taught painting, drawing, comp. at Haifa University, Heb. un-those in Jerusalem, the Academy of Arts and the House of Artists (ibid.). From 1991 to. board creative associations in the village. thin Sanur (Shomron). In painting A. strives to convey the essence of the phenomena of language. plastics and color movement. Over the years of their stay in Israel, the artist has changed. orientation A .: higher. he finds ethical and aesthetic criteria in TANAKH, based on which he creates a number of productions. ("Yaakov the Shepherd", "Yaakov, Leah and Rachel", "The Heir", "Yaakov's Old Age", etc.). Since 1972, a number of personal exhibitions in Israel, America, Canada, Germany, Switzerland, France.

apt solomon konstantinovich
has abstract: APT Solomon Konstantinovich (b. 1921, Kharkov), literary critic, translator. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Moscow State University (1947). Translated into Russian. lang. op. Aristophanes, Aeschylus, Euripides “Hippolytus”, Plato “The Feast”, Menander “The Grouch” (1950–70s). Cand. philol. Sciences (1950). History specialist him. literature, author of biography T. Mann (1972, "ZhZL") and Art. "Over the Pages of T. Mann" (1980), translated into Russian. lang. his novels (including the tetralogy "Joseph and His Brothers"), art., letters, a number of op. G. Hesse ("The Glass Bead Game", "Steppenwolf", stories and sketches), R. Muzil ("A Man without Properties", "Mental Troubles of Ter-Les' pupil"), 6 plays by B. Brecht, novels by L. Feuchtwanger , M. Frisch, E. Canetti, K. Jaspers "The question of guilt", as well as manuf. E.T.A. Hoffmann, G. Kleist, F. Hölderlin, V. Gauf. them. Hesse (Germany, 1982), Austr. state pr. (1986), A. - hon. Dr. of Cologne University (1989).

apter yakov natanovich
has abstract: APTER Yakov Natanovich (1899, Shpola, Kiev province - 1941), graphic artist. He studied at the Odessa Art. school (OXU) (1915–18) and VKHUTEMAS-VKHUTEIN (1924–29) at KN Istomin and in the woodcut workshop of VA Favorsky. In the 30s. created a number of aqu., drawings, woodcuts and lithographs ("AM Gorky among collective farmers", "Seated woman", "Kremlin", "Portrait of the artist VA Favorsky", "Landscape", etc.). Collaborated in decomp. publishing house. Since 1932 constantly study. in sinks, and all. exhibitions of graphics, as well as exhibitions of owls. graphics abroad (London, Sofia, Nanjing, Brussels). Killed at the front during the defense of Moscow.

arad
has abstract: ARAD (Mine) Zvi (1909, Vilna), poet, writer, translator. He studied in Heb. (Hebrew) G-zii Vilna. In E.-I. from 1931. Until 1958 members. kibbutz Ein Shemer. The author of several. poetic collection. and prose works. Collaborated merged. g. "Turim" and "Mahbarot Lesifruit". Izv. as a translator - from Russian, English, French, German, Polish. and Yiddish. Laureate of Sh.Chernikhovsky prospect (1981).

arak
has abstract: ARAK, a village in the Tabasaran region of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - the village of Ashaga Arag, Derbent province, from 1860 - Kyurinsky env. Dagestan Region. 439 Jews lived in Armenia in 1867, 480 in 1875, 428 (36.9%) in 1897, and 169 Jews in 1926. The first information about Jews in Armenia dates back to the beginning. 18th century Main the occupation of the Jews of Armenia is tobacco growing. In the 1820s and 40s. the rabbis in Albania were Yehezkel ben Nisu (? —1873) and Asaf ben Ihezkel Mizrahi. A synagogue was built in 1832. In 1886, Armenia had 2 melamed, teaching 30 children. In the 1860s. there was a shohet who served as a rabbi in the 1880s. - 2 shohets. Azaria ben Shlomo became Shohet in Armenia in 1899, and Chaim ben Emmanuel in 1906. In the beginning. 20th century the rabbi in A. was Ichil ben Shem Tov. Most of the Jews left Armenia during the Civil Period. war. After that, 40 Jewish farms remained in Armenia in 1925; handicraft and trade became occupation. In 1930, there were 20 Jewish farms in Armenia. In the 1920s and 30s. the departure of Jews to Derbent and other cities continued.

aramilj
has abstract: ARAMIL, a city (since 1966) in the Sysertsky district of the Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1675. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Yekaterinburg district Perm province. In 1939, 11 Jews lived in Armenia.

aranov
has abstract: ARANOV (Aranovich) Shiko (Yeshayagu) Veniaminovich (1906, Tatarbunary Bessarabian province - 1969, Chisinau), composer, conductor. Studied at the Chisinau cons. by class French horns. In 1935 he graduated from the Bucharest Academician. muses. and dram. lawsuit according to cl. pipes and compositions. Since 1940 he organized a pop orc in Chisinau. at Mold. Philharmonic, directed it until 1945, in 1947-56 was a musician. hands. and conductor orc. Ensemble of plank beds. dance "Jock", in 1956-63 and 1967-69 thin. hands. jazz orchestra "Bucuria", in 1964-66 orchestra. Mold. state Committee on Radio and Television. All jazz orchestras in Armenia were typical big bands and were distinguished by good swing. A. played a significant role in the creation of mold. pop orc. music. Author of 12 fantasies for pop orc., Music for choreographic scenes, for mold. Ph.D. "Liana", "Moldavian tunes". Created many. treatments mold., rus., heb. bunk bed songs. Nar. art. Mold. SSR (1953).

aranovich semen davidovich
has abstract: ARANOVICH Semyon Davidovich (b. 1934, Derazhnya Kamenets-Podolsk region), film director. He graduated from the navy. aviation mine and torpedo school (1955). In 1955-56 he served as a navigator in the sea. aviation. In 1965 he graduated from dir. Faculty of VGIK. In 1964–70 dir. to / st. "Lenkinokhronika" and "Lennauchfilm". Author of Historical and Doc. ph .: "Friend of Gorky - Andreev" (1966, Grand Prix "Golden Dove" X ICF in Leipzig, 1967), "People of the Earth and Heaven" (1969, Ch. Prize "Silver Dove" XII ICF in Leipzig), " Dmitry Shostakovich "(1981)," I served in Stalin's apparatus "(1990)," The Great Concert of Nations, or the Breath of Cheyne-Stokes "(1991, about the" Doctors' Case "). Fast. thin f .: "The Red Diplomat" (1971, t / f), "Torpedo bombers" (1983), "Broken Horseshoe (1973)," ... And Other Officials "(1976)," Rafferty "(1980, t / f), "Opposition" (1985), "Big Game" (1988).

aranovich yuriy mikhaylovich
has abstract: ARANOVICH Yuri Mikhailovich (b. 1932, Leningrad), conductor. In 1952 he graduated from Leningrad. cons. in conducting class of N.S. Rabinovich. He also studied with N.G. Rakhlin (who, according to A. himself, was for him the ideal conductor) and K. 3anderling. He worked in Petrozavodsk and Saratov, in 1956 headed the orc. Yaroslavl Philharmonic. Since 1964 in Moscow, artist. hands. and ch. conductor symph. orc. All-Union Radio and Television. A.'s repertoire includes all the symphonies by P.I. Tchaikovsky and L. van Beethoven. He performed several concert performances. operas, incl. op. "Iolanta" by Tchaikovsky, "Not only love" by RK Shchedrin, "Romeo, Juliet and darkness" by KV Molchanov (about a Jewish girl from the ghetto), etc. Since 1972 in Israel. Since 1975, Ch. conductor of the Stockholm Royal Symphony. orc. and symph. orc. Cologne. Chevalier of the Royal Swedish Order of the Pole Star (1987).

aranovskiy mark genrikhovich
has abstract: ARANOVSKY Mark Genrikhovich (b. 1928, Leningrad), musicologist. Cand. lawsuit (1967). He graduated from Leningrad in 1952. horse, studied the history of music (under the direction of E.L. Fried), in 1966 - graduate school Leningrad. in-ta t-ra, music and cinematography (M.K. Mikhailov), where he worked as a senior scientific. employee (1967–80). Since 1980 - in the All-Union Scientific and Research Institute. Institute of Art Studies (now Russian Institute of Art Studies). Author of the book: "Melodica Prokofiev", L., 1969, "Symphonic searches", L., 1979, as well as many others. scientific. articles dedicated. questions of theory and aesthetics of music, muses. thinking, creative process. He wrote a number of works about Russian. and owls. composers (including about D.D. Shostakovich).

arazi ieguda
has abstract: ARAZI Yehuda (1907, Lodz - 1959, Israel), politician. From 1923 in E.-I. While serving in the police from 1926–34, he passed information on to Gagana, helped arrested independence fighters, and smuggled weapons. In 1936–39 A. participated in a secret operation to purchase weapons from the Polish pr-va, and in the beginning. 2nd world. wars from the warehouses of the British army in the Middle East and North. Africa and smuggled it into E.-I. A.'s activities were disclosed by the British authorities. At the end of the war, he illegally left E.-I., arrived in Italy and headed a secret emigration activity. In 1946 he took part in the organization of the ferry from Italy to E.-I. two rescue ships with illegal refugees. In the summer of 1947, A. came to the United States and organized the purchase and smuggling into E.-I. light and heavy. weapons and aircraft for Gagana. Most of the equipment reached E.-I.

arbatov georgiy arkadjevich
has abstract: ARBATOV Georgy Arkadievich (b. 1923, Kherson), political scientist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1974), Dr. Sciences, prof. Graduated from Moscow. state in-t international. relations (1949). In 1953 62 he worked as a scientific. editor of the publishing house "Foreign Literature", deputy. head Department "Questions of Philosophy", head. dep. g. "Novoye Vremya", editor-consultant Zh. "Communist" and deputy. head department and columnist. "Problems of Peace and Socialism". In 1962–64 - head. sector of the Institute of the world economy and international. relations of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1964–67 - a consultant, then hands. group of consultants of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Since 1967 - Director of the Institute of the USA and Canada of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was a deputy of the USSR Armed Forces of the 9th, 10th and 11th convocations, pl. Deputy of the USSR (1989–92), member. Central Committee of the CPSU (1981–90). Since 1992, member. Presidential Advisory Council. Scientific interests of A. - the world economy, int. and US foreign policy, foreign policy of the USSR. Works: Foundations of Marxism-Leninism, Moscow, 1958; Ideological struggle in the present. int. relations, M., 1970; Modern US foreign policy, M., 1983; Protracted recovery (1953-1985), M., 1991, etc.

arbatova mayya
has abstract: ARBATOVA Maya (1911, Dribin, Mogilev province), ballerina, choreographer. She danced in the Riga op. Since 1938 - in E.-I. Together with her husband, Ios. Holland, founded the studio ball. and humor "Af-al-pi". She danced in the bunk. op. She founded the studio classic. ball. Raised several. generations of students.

arbuzinka
has abstract: ARBUZINKA (until 1946 - Garbuzinka), an urban-type settlement (since 1967), a regional center in the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Elizavetgradsky u. Kherson province. In 1939, 99 Jews lived in Armenia.

ardagan
has abstract: ARDAGAN, see Ardahan.

ardakhan
has abstract: ARDAKHAN, a city in the Karsky vilayet (Republic of Turkey). In 1879-1918, part of Russia, the town of Ardahan in the Kara region. Since 1921 it has been a part of Turkey. 100 Jews lived in Armenia in 1897, 22 in 1904, 35 in 1909, and 40 in 1910 (1.1 percent).

ardashnikov solomon naumovich
has abstract: ARDASHNIKOV Solomon Naumovich (1908, Buda-Koshelevo, Mogilev province. - 1963, Moscow), geneticist, radiobiologist. Honey. educated in Smolensk and 2nd Moscow. honey. in-takh (1924–31). Graduated from postgraduate studies at Medico-genetic. in-those (1935), in which he then worked until 1936; since 1937 in Vses. in-those experiment. Medicine (VIEM) in 1939–41 in Oncologich. in-those. During the war years 1941–45 he served as an assistant to the beginning. evacuation hospital in Tajikistan. In 1943 he was returned to Oncologich. Institute, since 1944 in Moscow. Research Institute of X-ray Radiology, Head. radiological department. In 1949 he was sent to Chelyabinsk - 40 hands. department of the plant "Mayak", but was soon relieved of his post (on denunciation of his studies in genetics), after which St. had no job for two years. Since 1951 - in physiotherapeutic. department, and then in a radiological. lab. Centre. in-that balneology and physiotherapy; in 1961 63 he worked in the department of radiobiology of the Institute of Atomic Energy. I.V. Kurchatov. Sci. research A. until 1939 dedicated. ch. arr. human genetics (papers on this topic have not been published). Later he was engaged in radiobiology (improvement of radiation sources and clinical dosimetry), studied the effect of radiation on the development of tumors (the so-called radiation oncogenesis), the role of viruses in oncogenesis after irradiation, biol. aspects of the action of alpha radiation. Cit .: Dosing of gamma radiation in curie therapy in X-rays, M., 1947 (with V.A. Kozlova); Protection against radioactive radiation, M., 1961.

ardatov
has abstract: ARDATOV, city, regional center in the Republic of Mordovia (Russian Federation). In 1688 on the site of A. was founded. from. Novotroitskoe, since 1780 - a district town of the Simbirsk governorship, since 1797 - a provincial town, since 1802 - a district town of Simbirsk province. In 1910 there were 9 Jews in Armenia, in 1915 - 2 Jewish families, in 1926 - 1 Jew, in 1939 - 5 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Armenia.

ardon
has abstract: ARDON, see Ardon.

ardonj
has abstract: ARDON, a village in the Klintsovsky district of the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Ardon Surazhsky u. Chernigov Gubernia. 43 Jews lived in Armenia in 1910, 33 Jews in 1923, and 19 Jews in 1926. M.N. Plotkin.

ardonskaya
has abstract: ARDON, see Ardon.

ardov
has abstract: ARDOV (real family member Zilberman) Viktor Efimovich (1900, Voronezh - 1976, Moscow), writer. Graduated from car wash. Institute of Nar. x-va. Lit. engaged in activities in 1921, from the same time periodically. his caricatures appear. In the future, more than once he designed collections of his stories. Collaborated with satirical. magazines "Red Pepper", "Crocodile", wrote for the stage. Mn. A.'s monologues and sketches were included in the repertoire of V.Ya. Khenkin, B.Ya. Petker, R. Zelena, A.I. Raikin. In 1924 Moscow. t-rum satire was staged the first play by A. "The Birthday Girl", written by him in collaboration with V.Ya.Mass. Together with LV Nikulin, A. writes the comedy "Article 114 of the Criminal Code" (1926), "Skloka" (1926), "Tarakanovshchina" (1929). Author of more than 40 collection of humorous books. stories, screenplays (including "The Light Path"), the comedy "Little Trumps" (1937), as well as a number of works on the theory and technique of the spoken genre of pop and circus. The published poem is of interest. book "Sketches for portraits" (M., 1983), where A. writes about V.V. Mayakovsky, M.A.Bulgakov, A.A. Akhmatova, M.M. Zoshchenko, I. Ilfa and E. Petrov, M A. Svetlove and others.

arega leon
has abstract: AREGA Leon (b. 1908, Prasnysh Plock Province), prose writer. Voluntarily joined the French. army at the beginning. 2nd world. war. He was taken prisoner and escaped three times. prisoner of war camps. After his release, he received a French. order for courage. He began to write soon after the war, having published several in France. rom .: "As if it ended" (1946), "Experience" (1951), "The same river" (1954), "Pseudonyms" (1957) and "Nobody's Trace" (1963). Rum. "Hand on Lips" was written by him et al. with T. Sandra. Production style A. is distinguished by musicality and rhythm. Their main. theme - failure due to unfortunate circumstances, to-rye the author considers universal. Only an autobiographer. rum. "As if it were over" this theme is colored by Heb. color. Here A. describes the fate of a Jew who lives in France and volunteered to serve in the French. army. Despite all his efforts, he cannot become his own for the French.

aregala
has abstract: ARYOGALA, a city (since 1956) in the Rasein region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 13th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Eiragola, Vilna province, from 1842 - Kovensky district. and lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847, 1237 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1897 - 1541 (65%), in 1921 - 420, and in 1923 - 456 Jews (38%). Jews lived in A. from the middle. 18th century Main classes in the 19th century. - craft and trade, including cattle, flax and timber. Jews owned several. mills, a workshop for the production of felt boots, a distillery plant. In A. weekly were held. and 2 years. fairs in the 19th century. The rabbis in Armenia were Avrom Ragoller, Avrom (brother of Eliyahu from Vilna), Eliyahu (Kalisher), Tzvi-Yehuda Rabinovich-Taumim, and Benzion Fridman. Treasury rabbi A. in the 1880s. was S.P. Yashunsky. In the end. 19th century in Armenia there were 4 synagogues, 6 heders, a Talmud-Torah, and a yeshiva. 19 - early. 20th century several dozens of Jewish families left for the USA, South. Africa, in E.-I. During the 1st world. A. war was destroyed. In 1915 all Jews were expelled from Armenia. In the 1920s and 1930s. the A. community was headed by a deer. Jewish People's Bank Zvi Ziv. Jews owned 65% of A.'s shops and workshops. 1930s in A. there was a school with teaching in Hebrew and a cheder; the detachments of "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair", Beitar, "Maccabi" operated. In the spring of 1931, an incident involving a "blood libel" occurred in Armenia, which led to the death of a Jew who was accused of murder. In 1940–41 an amateur theater continued to operate in Armenia. Yiddish team at hand. Yosef Markovich, created. in the 1930s. In the end. 1940 was staged a performance based on P. Hirshbein's play "Der intellectual". On June 23, 1941, the Lithuanian police shot several. Jews A., including community leaders Ziva, Michael Kaganovich, Markovich. In June…

arensburg
has abstract: ARENSBURG, see Kuressaare.

argo
has abstract: ARGO (real family member Goldenberg) Abram Markovich (1897, Elisavetgrad, Kherson province - 1968, Moscow), playwright. Lit. started his activity in 1915 in Odessa. In 1917 he arrived in Moscow, was published in gas. "New life". The meeting with the poet N.A. Aduev marked the beginning of their joint work for many years. In 1919 A. head. lit. part of the grotesque t-ra in Kharkov, collaborated in the "Windows of Satire" UkROST. In 1920 he finally moved to Moscow. For theaters and collectives "Blue Blouse" wrote the propaganda buffonade "A fly on trial", satirical. scene "History of autocracy" for the cabaret "Neryday" and political outlook "The Journey of Bulbus 17-21" (with Aduev and DG Gutman) for T-ra rev. satire (Terevsat). In collaboration with Aduev, he created new texts for the operettas "Zhirofle-Zhiroflya" (Chamber Theater, 1924), "Beautiful Elena" (Bolshoi Theater, 1925), "Orpheus in Hell" (Moscow Theater of Musical Comedy , 1925). Published in f. Red Pepper (1923–24). In 1927 he staged (with Aduev) "Mendel Marantz" based on the stories of D. Fridman (staged in Rostov-on-Don). For Mosk. Dr. A. Satire, together with other authors, created a new playwright. forms - a comedy-review: "Oh, do not go, Gritsu, to the" Conspiracy of the Empress "" (jointly with R.G. Korf and E.B. Krasnyansky, 1925), "Europe that is needed" (jointly with Aduev and L.V. Nikulin), A. author of the libretto of one of the first Sov. operetta - "Polar Passions" (1931) In June 1941, A. wrote a one-act patriotic. the play "We Will Not Give Up", in 1941-42 he worked in the agit-re "Yastrebok", collaborated in the "Windows of Growth". A. is also known as the author of poignant epigrams, parodies, satirists. couplets, to-rye successfully performed V.Ya.Khenkin, B.S.Borisov], L.O.Utesov. A. translated into Russian. plays "Ruy Blaz" by V. Hugo, "Charles IX" by A. Chenier, verses by French. Poets Brothers A. - libretist Ya.M. Goldberg, wrote under the pseudo. Cuba Galitsky and film actor L.M. G…

argov nekhemjya
has abstract: ARGOV Nehemya (1914, Riga - 1957, Israel), state. and military. activist. From 1927 he took part in the “Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair” movement and soon became one of its activists in Latvia. From 1935 in E.-I., he was a builder, a worker. Since 1939, member. Gagans, adjutant of teams. Haifa district, later - adjutant of teams. Gagans Y. Dori, I. Sade and I. Galili. After the creation of the State of Israel (1948), the military. D. Ben-Gurion's advisor (was the closest person to him). He committed suicide (for Ben-Gurion, who was then in the hospital, a special edition of the newspaper was published, in which there was no message about A.'s death).

argov sasha
has abstract: ARGOV Sasha (Alexander Abramovich) (b.1914, Moscow), comp. Mother - Olga A. - a concert pianist. He has been writing music since he was 3 years old. One of his children's tunes became, 40 years later, the basis of the popular izr. songs. In 1932-34 - in Poland. Since 1934 - in E.-I. In 1934, 44 worked in a bank, at the same time. composed music. He wrote for kibbutz and army ans. The author is numerous. songs, pl. of which were the most popular songs of Israel in the 1940s – 1960s. He worked for t-ra and cinema. Has recorded 25 records of his music. The creator of the lyric and civic style of "Eretz Yisrael songs". In the end. 1950s inherited. shop in Tel Aviv rus. book "Boleslavsky", which became one of the centers of Russian. cultural life of the city, and owned it to the end. 80s

ariarskiy mark arievich
has abstract: ARIARSKY Mark Arievich (b. 1928, Minsk), teacher. Graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Leningrad state un-that. In 1948–79 he headed the movement for a qualitative renewal of the system of prof.-tech. education by integrating prof. and general cultural training of young workers. Since 1973 works in Leningrad. State Academy of Culture. He created a school of applied cultural studies. Author of more than 250 publications on the problems of cultural studies and education. Works: Organization of educational work in vocational schools, Moscow, 1965; Leisure Pedagogy, M., 1987; Fundamentals of Applied Culturology, M., 1993.

arielj yosef
has abstract: ARIEL Yosef (real fam. Fisher) (1893, Odessa - 1964, Israel), diplomat. From an early age he actively participated in the Zionist. movement, was a member. student Zionist. org-tion "ge-Haver", for which he was arrested by the tsarist authorities. Since 1924 - in E.-I. He worked in Heb. nat. foundation. He was sent to Paris, where he headed the department. Heb. nat. fund until 1950. In Paris he published and edited a gas. La Terre Retruve, published twice a week. After the occupation of France by the Nazis in 1940, he supported the underground Zionist. activities in Lyon. Was one of the active members. organization "Representative Council of the Jews of France" since its inception. In 1950 he returned to Israel and was sent as ambassador to Belgium (1952–57). As an ambassador, he organized the visit of Queen Elizabeth to Israel. In 1960–64 - at the Yad Vashem Institute he studied the history of the French. Jews of the Holocaust period. Author pl. Art. in periodicals and a number of books.

arievich abram mikhaylovich
has abstract: ARIEVICH Abram Mikhailovich (1896, Moscow - 1988, ibid.), Dermatovenerologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1947). Graduated from honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University (1920). Until 1923 he worked as a doctor in the zemstvo hospital in the Klin district, until 1938 - in the Suschevskaya hospital, in the department. for patients with gonorrhea at the Botkin Hospital, Ch. doctor of the isolation ward for children with skin and venereal diseases. diseases in Moscow, simultaneously. (1925–35) headed the first dispensary in the country, which he created, and then the department. honey. mycology at the Center. dermatovenerologic. in-those (1938–67); 1967–70 scientific. hands. dep. deep mycoses and actinomycosis Ying-that honey. parasitology and tropical. medicine, since 1970 - head. mycological c. at Horus. dermatovenerologic. dispensary in Moscow. tr. A. dedicated ch. arr. fungal skin diseases - mycoses, incl. yeast lesions of the skin and mucous membranes. One of the first in the USSR to describe and research. mycosporia, mycoses caused by trichophyton, rubrophytosis, histoplasmosis, a number of candidiasis; proposed a classification of fungal skin diseases, as well as methods for the treatment of mycoses, incl. the method of detachment (method A.), the use of keratolytic agents, etc. Works: Atlas of fungal diseases, M., 1951 (et al.); Candidamycoses and other mycoses as a complication of antibiotic therapy, M., 1965 (et al.); Nail Pathologists, Tbilisi, 1976.

arikha
has abstract: ARIKHA (Long) Yosef (1907, Olevsk - 1972, Tel Aviv), writer. He studied at secondary schools in Kovel and New York. From 1925 - in E.-I. Ed. youth railway La Kore ha-Tsair; member Center, to-that Association of Heb. writers. In rum. "Udmutsal" ("Rescued from the Fire", 1937) describes the pogroms in Ukraine in 1919. Historical. events of deep antiquity dedicated. his rum. “Sancheriv be-Yehuda” (“Sancheriv in Judea”, 1958) and “Sofer ha-melech” (“The Royal Scribe”, 1966) and the play “Mule Kherev” (“Before the Sword”, 1962). The author of the book. stories and novellas: "Lehem Ve-khazon", "Kanfey Kesef", "Be-Sunverim", "Marot be-Kahol", "Psak Din", "Yom ve-Laila". He also wrote for children. In the last. time was pre. out. PEN club. Laureate of several lit. etc.

arje-leyb ben eliyagu
has abstract: ARIE-LEIB ben Eliyahu (1808, Satanov - 1888), rabbi. For some time he was engaged in trade, but by 1834 he headed the rabbinical court in Zaslav. This position A.-L. occupied until his death. Corresponded on halakha issues with leading authorities. His works: "Arugat ha-Bosem" (1869), commentary on the section "Yore Dea" of Shul-khan-Arukh, "Shem Arukh" (1874).

arkadak
has abstract: ARKADAK, a city (since 1963), a regional center in the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Nikolskoe (other name. Arkadak) Balashevsky u. Saratov Gubernia, since 1939 it has been a workers' settlement. In 1939, 11 Jews lived in Armenia.

arkanov
has abstract: ARKANOV (real fam. Steinbock) Arkady Mikhailovich (b. 1933, Kiev), writer, playwright. In 1934, after the arrest of his father, he moved with his mother to Vyazma. After his release (1938), the family settled in Moscow. In 1957 he graduated from the 1st Moscow. honey. in-t. He worked as a district doctor. In 1957, student amateur activities brought him together with G.I. Gorin, and they became co-authors for almost 10 years. In addition to a number of variety productions. they wrote plays: "Wedding for all of Europe" (1966), "Banquet" (1969, both staged in the Moscow satire theater), "Staircase" (1967), "Was there a Dumas-father |" (1968), a number of one-act plays, later combined into one - "Little Comedies of the Big House" (1973, T-p satire). In 1962-66. works in train. "Youth", where his first story "Yellow Sand" (1963) is published. Author and one of the founders of the "12 Chairs Club" ("Lit. gas"). In 1966, A.'s stories are included in the collection. "Four under one cover", which also included the production. Gorin, F. Kamov and E. Uspensky. In 1979 he took part in the almanac "Metropol", after which on several. years lost the opportunity to publish. Participated in many. TV programs: "Artloto", "Around the laugh", "Blue light". Prod. A. entered the repertoire of many. Izv. variety performers. In 1980, especially for VN Vinokur, the play "I go out alone ..." was written. Author of collections: "Solo for a duet" (1975, jointly with G. Gorin), "Chin on the side" (1975), "There are many worlds in this world" (Moscow, 1984), "Everything" (Moscow, 1990), as well as published in Russian. lang. in the USA in the publishing house "Liberty" - "From Ilyich to the Bulb: A Textbook of the History of Soviet Power for Underdeveloped Children" (New York, 1993). Twice laureate of the Golden Calf Prize; laureate of the w. "Crocodile" (1993) and the "Aleko" prize (Bulgarian Union of Writers, 1993).

arkatov
has abstract: ARKATOV (real family member Mogilevsky) Alexander Arkadievich (dates and places of birth and death unknown), film director. He worked as a journalist and theater critic. In cinema since 1912. Post. OK. 35 lb at different movie sites. Russia, including: "God of Vengeance" (based on the play by Sh. Asha) and "Rachel" (both 1912), "The Mountain of Sarah" (1913), "I Want to Be a Rothschild" (based on the story of Sholem Aleichem) and " Judge, people ”(based on the story of I.-L. Peretz, both 1917). Filmed the stories and stories of N.S. Leskov ("Katerina the gas chamber" based on "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District, 1915), N.V. Gogol (" Nevsky Prospect ", 1915), V.M. Garshin (" Signal "1917) ... One of the founders of owls. "Agitation" in 1918-1920. - “About the priest Pankrat, aunt Domna and the revealed icon in Kolomna”, “Parasite”, “Four months at Denikin's”, “Two worlds”, “May Day”. Since 1920 abroad.

arkhangeljsk
has abstract: ARKHANGELSK (until 1613 - Novokholmogory), city, center of the Arkhangelsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1584. From 1702 - the center of the voivodeship, from 1708 - the center of the Arkhangelsk province, from 1780 - the Arkhangelsk region. Vologda governorship, from 1784 - Arkhangelsk governorship, from 1801 - Arkhangelsk province. Since 1929 - the center of the North. edge, from 1936 - North. region, since 1937 - Arkhangelsk region. In 1858 in Arkhangelsk region. 156 Jews lived. In 1879 102 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1897 - 248 (1.2%), in 1910 - 503 (1.5%), in 1923 - 850, in 1926 - 896, in 1939 - 1346, in 1970 - 773 (0.2%), in 1979 - 600 Jews (0.2%). The Jewish community in Armenia was founded. in 1828 by cantonists. In 1879, a request to open a Jewish school for boys was turned down. A synagogue was opened in 1893. In 1910 a Jewish cemetery operated in Armenia. In the 1920s. A. was a place of exile for dozens of arrested Zionists, in 1939 - 40 to the Arkhangelsk Region. Many Jews were exiled from the territories recently annexed to the USSR. Since 1997, the Society of Jewish Culture (headed by Elena Lyagina) began to function in Armenia. In 1994, several hundred Jews lived in Armenia. M.N. Kalik, S.I. Kondakova.

arkhangeljskaya
has abstract: ARKHANGELSKAYA, a village in the Tikhoretsky district of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kuban Region. In 1939, 3 Jews lived in Armenia. 18 Sept. 1942 75 evacuated Jews were shot in Armenia.

arkhangeljskoe
has abstract: ARKHANGELSKOE, a village in the Budennovsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1840. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Novogrigorievsky u. Stavropol province. In 1939, 2 Jews lived in Armenia. 1942 48 evacuated Jews were shot in Armenia.

arkhara
has abstract: ARKHARA, urban-type settlement (since 1950), a regional center in the Amur region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway station in Amur Region. In 1939, 33 Jews lived in Armenia.

arkhaygorod
has abstract: ARKHAYGOROD, see Novoarkhangelsk.

arkhonskaya
has abstract: ARKHONSKAYA, a village in the Prigorodny district of the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vladikavkaz u. Tersk Region. In 1939, 6 Jews lived in Armenia.

arkhyz
has abstract: ARKHYZ, an urban-type settlement (since 1972) in Zelenchuk district of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic (Russian Federation). In 1928–43, he was part of the Karachay Autonomous District. 1942 in gas. 20 Jewish children evacuated to A. were killed in the cell of the special vehicle.

arkin arkadiy efimovich
has abstract: ARKIN Arkady Efimovich (b. 1904, Dmitrov, Moscow province), architect, town planner. Son of E.A. Arkin. In the 1930s. studied at VKHUTEMAS under N.A. Ladovsky, in 1931 he graduated from Hud.-tech. Institute in Leningrad. He worked for I.V. Zholtovsky. Main works: in Moscow - the project of the Red Stadium on Vorobyovy Gory (1924, as part of the group of students of VKHUTEIN, in 1925 the project received the Grand Prix at the International Exhibition of Decorative Arts in Paris), the project of the T. Vl.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko (1932), the project of the Institute of Oriental Studies (1934), the project for the development of the southwestern district of Moscow (1934), as well as the project of the House of Prospect in Simferopol (1934).

arkin david efimovich
has abstract: ARKIN David Efimovich (1899, Moscow - 1957, ibid.), Architect, scientist, historian of architecture, critic of architecture. Ch.-c. Academy of Architecture of the USSR. Son of E.A. Arkin. In 1922 he graduated from philology. Faculty of Moscow State University. In the 1920s. promoted productions, art-in, later established. paid attention to the analysis of the classic. lawsuit. Persecuted during the period of the "fight against cosmopolitans." Prof. Higher. art-prom. uch-schA (formerly Stroganovskoe). Main works: "Art of household items" (1932), "Images of architecture" (1941), "Monumental sculpture of Leningrad" (1944), "Rastrelli" (1954), "Images of sculpture" (1961).

arkin efim aronovich
has abstract: ARKIN Efim Aronovich (1873, Pinsk - 1948, Moscow), doctor, psychologist. Acad. APN (1947). He graduated from the city with a gold medal and honey. Faculty of Kiev University (1898). He worked as a factory and zemstvo doctor in the Dmitrovsky district of Moscow. lips. In 1903 he trained as a pediatrician in Switzerland. During the Russian-Japanese War, he served as a military man. doctor in D. Vostok, was the chairman of societies, a committee for helping refugee children. From 1906 - in Moscow, worked as a doctor for internal and children's diseases. In the years of the 1st world. war - head. Moscow mountains. soldiers' infirmary; organized assistance to refugee children. After the October coup, which he accepted sympathetically, he taught a course in physiology and psychology of childhood in various pedagogues. educational institutions of Moscow. In 1924 A. organized and headed the country's first cafe. preschool pedagogy at the 2nd Moscow State University (now Moscow Pedagogical State University). In 1936, without the protection of the dis. A. was awarded the degree of Dr. pedagogical. the science. - the founder of the doctrine of drugs, pathology, for the first time in the world. Liter in 1901 described the signs of drugs, diseases and proposed this term to designate it as an independent nosological form. Developed questions fiziol., Pa-tol., Hygiene and psychology. preschool age, as well as theoretical. problems of raising children. One of the first to pay attention to the beneficial effect of mother's love on the psyche. the development of the child, substantiated the position that by the age of one year, the child is a person. Developed theoretical. the basics of raising children in preschool institutions. Cit .: To the doctrine of medicinal rashes, M., 1901; Brain and Soul. M., 1921; Personality and environment, M., 1924; Human physiology, M.-L., 1928; On some questions of raising children, 1935; Features of school age, M., 1947; Child in preschool years, M.,…

arlozorov khaim
has abstract: ARLOZOROV Haim (Victor) (1899, Romny, Poltava province - 1933, Tel Aviv), Zionist leader. labor movement. In 1905 (after the pogrom) he and his family moved to Germany. In 1918 he joined the ha-Poel ha-Tsair party, after its merger with the Gitagdut party (1920), one of the leaders of the new party. In 1924 he graduated from Berlin University, settled in E.-I. Since 1930 one of the leaders of the Israel Labor Party (Mapai). Since 1931, member. Zionist rule. org-tion and Heb. agency (headed by his polit, dep.). In the end. 1920s - early. 1930s began to doubt the reliability of the English. support for the idea of ​​creating Heb. state-va and in the ability to achieve mutual understanding with the Arabs. Confidential letter to H. Weizmann (June 1932, published in 1949) discussed the possibility of a transitional "rev." period, in tech. to-rogo Heb. the minority must create conditions in the country for the reception of as many immigrants as possible, otherwise the coming peace. war and an Arab, nationalism will make it impossible to achieve the goals of Zionism. In 1933, A. took an active part in organizing mass immigration from Nazi Germany. In 1933 he was killed while walking. The revisionist Zionists were charged with the murder. However, circles not connected with the labor movement argued that the trial of A.'s murder had been fabricated by forces hostile to the revisionists. A number of settlements in Israel are named after A. Coll. op. A. (v. 1-7) (Hebrew) publ. in 1934–35.

armand david ljvovich
has abstract: ARMAND David Lvovich (1905, Moscow - 1976, ibid.), Geographer and soil scientist, popularizer of science. He spent his childhood abroad (in Switzerland, France, Italy), where his parents lived, exiled from Russia for participating in the events of 1905. In 1913 the family returned to Russia. He graduated from the Pushkin Experimental Colony School of the 2nd stage (1924), in the same year he entered Moscow. e-machine-build Institute, after graduation from 1927 he worked at Moscow. s-de "Dynamo" - first engineer, then art. designer, and from 1933 - head. workshop. In 1936 he decided to change his profession, entered the correspondence department of geography. Faculty of Leningrad State University, and from the 3rd year he transferred to Moscow State University. He graduated from it in 1940. Since that time - at the Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences (in 1960–65 - head of the department of physical geography, in 1965–70 - scientific director of the Kursk forest-steppe station, since 1970 - scientific consultant). Vice President Moscow Branch Geographer, Society of the USSR (1958–63). In years. 2nd world. war participated in geological and geogr. servicing Kr. Army. active Science of the RSFSR (1973). In the 1940s, he was engaged in regional studies. In 1946–49 he developed physical and mathematical research. and experiment. methods geographer, research, as well as theoretical. physical problems geography, publishing ser. monographs on these problems. Since 1949, he began a cycle of studies aimed at diet, use of natural resources, the fight against soil erosion, the protection of the biosphere and the relationship between man and the environment, and the determination of the role of radiation. frontiers at a physicist-geographer. zoning. From 1967 he developed a new direction in landscape science - landscape physics. He wrote a number of popular scientific books for children and youth. Vol .: Terrible forces: Stories about the terrible phenomena of …

armavir
has abstract: ARMAVIR, a city (since 1914) in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1839 under the name. Armenian Aul, from 1848 - A. At the end. 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Labinsky dep. Kuban Oblast In 1910, 7 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1926 - 349 (0.5%), in 1939 - 323, in 1970 - 353 (0.2%), in 1998 - approx. 500 Jews.

armon avragam
has abstract: ARMON Avraham (1887, Cherikov, Mogilev province - 1960, Israel), teacher. Economist by education. Since 1913 - in E.-I. In 1928–31, dir. schools them. S Lemel in Jerusalem. From 1933 - school. inspector, and since 1948 Ch. school. Inspector of the Ministry of Education. Member collegiums of the Ministry of Education. The author of Art. and works on the problems of pedagogy. State pr. Israel for the teacher. activity (1960).

armyansk
has abstract: ARMYANSK (until 1921 - Armenian Bazaar), an urban-type settlement (since 1968) in the Krasnoperekopsk region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Since 1783 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the city of Perekopsky u. Tavricheskaya Gubernia. In 1880, 602 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1926 - 156 Jews and 32 Karaites, in 1939 - 107 Jews. 20th century in Armenia there was a synagogue, a talmud-torah, a society of benefits to poor Jews, and a Karaite philanthropist. about. In 1900-10 K. Magid was the rabbi of A.. 26 November. 1941 in Armenia, during the German period. occupation, 14 Jews were shot. Ilya Ilyich Kazas (1833-1912, Yevpatoria), actual state councilor, Karaite writer, poet, in 1895-1907 - inspector of the Alexandrov Karaite spiritual school in Yevpatoria.

armyanskiy aul
has abstract: ARMENIAN AUL, see Armavir.

armyanskiy bazar
has abstract: ARMENIAN BAZAR, see Armyansk.

arnoljd
has abstract: ARNOLD (real fam. Barsky) Arnold Grigorievich (1897, Kiev - 1969, Moscow), director. From 1907 he performed in the children's troupe of the entrepreneur Gorin, then played with NN Solovtsov in Kiev and in other drama. t-pah. From 1919 he worked on stage and in the circus. In 1922 he staged the pantomime "Marietta and the Clown Pipo" in the Kiev circus; in the 1920s. performed in the dance. number "Lucy and Arnold", as well as the quartet of the tap dancers "Foley". Since the 1930s. A. worked in music halls; in Leningrad. the music hall staged the reviews "City Fathers" by A.S. Bukhov and A.A. D'Aktil (1932), "Bride and Automatic" by M. Frolov and I. Efremov (1934), in Leningrad. circus - a new edition of the pantomime "Black Pirate" (with EP Gershuni, 1934), in Moscow. music hall - a program for Tea-jazz by L.O.Utesov "Music Store" by N.R. Erdman and V.Z.Mass (1938, jointly with Utesov), staged a number of numbers for E.T.Kio: "House on the outskirts of Paris ”,“ Head from Wall Street ”,“ Speech of the Warmonger, ”and others. In 1941, A. staged one of the best performances by AI Raikin -“ Don't Pass By! ” V.S. Polyakov. 1943–45 - A. Ch. dir. Moscow circus, in 1956-60 - arts, hands., then Ch. dir. Centre. circus studio. In the 1950s and 60s. A. dir. performances "Arena of Friendship" (with M.S.Mestechkin, 1955), ballet and circus performances on ice (with L.M. Lavrovsky, 1959), "Mysterious Crystal" by I.V. Lukovsky (Swimming pool central stadium in Luzhniki, 1960), circus program with an illusion attraction by Z.A. Tarasova (Central Park of Culture and Leisure named after M. Gorky, 1963), "Circus on Ice" (premiere at the Tula Circus, 1964), etc. . Hon. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1963). Laureate of Vses. creative review of new works of circus art for the 50th anniversary of the Sov. circus (1969).

arnoljdov arnoljd isaevich
has abstract: ARNOLDOV Arnold Isaevich (b. 1915, Moscow), culturologist. Dr. Philos. Sciences, prof. Received higher education. philol. education, completed postgraduate studies in philosophy at Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. As a military man. corr. The Sovinformburo took part in covering the Nuremberg trials. Hands. dep. science "Lit. newspapers "(1948–51), scientific. sotr. Institute of Slavic Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1951–52), head. Department of History and Theory of Culture Mosk. state Institute of Culture (1962–82), head. sector of philosophy. problems of culture of the Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Honored. active science of the Russian Federation. Member Executive Committee of Europe. about-va culture. Research A. associated with the development of the theory of culture and cultural studies, humanistic. principles of cultural policy, with the rationale for decomp. types of cultural revolutions. Cit .: Culture and modernity, M., 1973; Lifestyle and culture, M., 1976; Ch. And the world of culture, M., 1992.

arnoljdova elena arnoljdovna
has abstract: ARNOLDOVA Elena Arnoldovna (b. 1928, Moscow), actress. After graduating from the acting department of GITIS (1949) she worked in Moscow. dram, t-re oil workers, led by M.F. Astangov. Played here Agniya, Lyudmila ("Not everything for the cat is Shrovetide", 1950 and "Late Love", 1951, AN Ostrovsky), Dorina ("Tartuffe" by J.-B. Moliere, 1953), Eva Grand ("Mansion in a side street" bro. Tur, 1952), Slavka ("Earthly Paradise" by O. Vasilev, 1953), Kapu ("The Scarlet Flower" by ST Aksakov, 1954), etc. In 1957, director was invited. AG Vovsi in the pop performance "Husband, Wife and Entertainer" by S. Grodzenskaya as a partner of GM Dudnik for the role of wife. From that moment on, their pop duet took shape, finally taking shape in the season 1963–64 and existed on the stage of St. 2 decades.

arnon daniel izrailj
has abstract: ARNON Daniel Israel (b. 1910, Warsaw), biochemist and plant physiologist. Graduated from California University in Berkeley (1932). Since 1936 he has been working there (since 1950 - prof., Since 1961 - head of the Department of Cell Physiology). tr. on photosynthesis. He studied the photochemistry of chlorophyll in plants and in the cell-free system, the chemistry of the reduction of carbon dioxide by chloroplasts. Discovered the process of photosynthetic. phosphorylation (1954) and found that all enzymes necessary for photosynthesis are concentrated in chloroplasts. Research the role of ferredoxin in energetic. reactions of photosynthesis. He showed that molybdenum and vanadium are essential trace elements for the life of green plants. Pres. Amer. Society of Plant Physiologists (1952-53), member. Amer. Academy of Arts and Sciences (1962). Member Nat. AN (USA, 1961).

arnshtam leo oskarovich
has abstract: ARNSHTAM Leo Oskarovich (1905, Ekaterinoslav - 1979, Moscow), film director, screenwriter, composer. Graduated from Leningrad. conservatory on class. piano (1923). He gave concerts. In 1924–27 the head. muses. part of the theater. Sun Meyerhold. Author of muses. design for a number of performances in the theaters of Leningrad. In 1929–42 he was a sound engineer and dir. movie theater "Lenfilm" and "Mosfilm". Film debut - 1931 (sound engineer and co-author of the script for the film "Golden Mountains"). Co-director, cum. with F.M. Ermler, f. "Counter" (1932). He independently put f. "Girlfriends" (1935), "Friends" (1938, jointly with V.V. Eisimont), "Zoya" (1944), "Glinka" (1946), "Romeo and Juliet" (with L.M. Lavrovsky, 1954, ave. International Film Festival in Cannes, Durban, Rio de Janeiro), "History Lesson" (1956, jointly with Bulgaria), "Five days, five nights" (1960, jointly with the GDR), etc. . Nar. art. RSFSR (1969), Steel. pr. (1946, 1947).

arnshteyn
has abstract: ARNSTEIN (Orenshtein) Mark (1878, Warsaw - 1942 (43) |), playwright. He studied at a private gymnasium, worked for metal. factory, was engaged in self-education. From a young age he played on stage and tried his hand at drama. In 1900 he wrote the drama "Hasidim" in Polish, staged. in Polish. t-re. In 1901 he began to write and publish in Yiddish. A. fame brought a one-act play "Dos eibike lid" ("Eternal Song"), post, in Riga in 1905. He published stories, humoresques, poetry and theater, reviews in Hebrew. periodic. ed. Under ps. Andrzej Marek delivered the first Heb. ph .: "Hasid and the Apostate" (1911); Der Wilder Vater (The Sixth Father) (1911); Mirele Efros (1912). From 1914 he lived in the USA, where he staged his plays. In 1916 he returned to Russia. There was a deer. Russian t-ra in Vitebsk. Together with N. Tsemakh he was one of the founders of the "Habima" trade center in Moscow. Since 1919 A. again lives in America, where he continues to write and stage his plays. Among them - "A zun fun tsvey national" ("Son of two nations"), "Far der khasene" ("Before the wedding"), "Di hasidishe tochter" ("Hasidic daughter"), etc. In 1921 he became dir. to New York, Heb. thin t-re. In 1923 he created in Argentina Heb. r and traveled with him in Heb. colonies. In 1924 he visited Chile and Brazil, where he continued dir. activity. Then A. returned to Poland, where he staged the plays "Gadibuk" by S. An-sky and "Golem" by G. Leivik in his own. per. He staged performances in Krakow, Lodz and other cities. During the 2nd world. During the war, he staged plays in the Warsaw ghetto.

arokh arje
has abstract: AROKH Arie (1908, Kharkov - 1974, Jerusalem), artist, diplomat. From 1924 in E.-I., he studied at the school of arts in "Bezalel" in Jerusalem and in the workshop of Collarossi in Paris. One of the founders of the group is thin. New Horizons (1948). Until the 1950s. creativity A. developed within the framework of expressionism, later he turned to themes and motives depicting folklore, developed a peculiar. style, characterized by the use of letters, graphic. signs and decoration. motives. In 1950–53 A. - 2nd, then 1st secretary. the Israeli embassy in Moscow, in 1956-59 the ambassador to Brazil, in 1959 62 - in Sweden. State Israel Ave (1970).

aron-shmuelj ben isroelj kaydanover
has abstract: ARON-SHMUEL ben Yisroel Kaidanover (Magarshak) (1614, Koydanovo - 1676), rabbi. In his youth he studied at the famous yeshiva Rabbi Yaakov from Lublin. During the pogroms of B.M. Khmelnitsky (1648) he fled to Vilno, where he became one of the mountains. religious judges. During the Swedish-Russian. During the war, his house was robbed, and the unique library was burned down. A. fled to Moravia. Later he was a rabbi in Glug, Fjord and Frankfurt am Main. After returning to Poland - the rabbi of Krakow. One of the largest rabbis of his time. Author pl. religious books.

aron-shmuelj ben naftali gerts ga-koen
has abstract: ARON SHMUEL ben Naftali Hertz ha-Cohen (1740 - 1814, Belaya Tserkov), rabbi. Comes from a well-known rabbinical family. He was a rabbi in Yampol and other cities. The author of comments to the "Midrash Raba", to the book. "Bereshit", and also Sat. sermons written in the form of a spiritual testament to sons.

aronchik ayzik borisovich
has abstract: ARONCHIK Aizik Borisovich (Itskhok-Aizik Berovich) (1858, Zhitomir | - 1889, Shlisselburg), a Narodnoye revolutionary. He graduated from the Kremenchug real school (1877) and supplemented. class of the Odessa real school (1878). In 1878 he entered the Institute of Railway Engineers in St. Petersburg, became close to the populist. circles. In 1879 he left the Institute and devoted himself entirely to the roar. activities. Since May 1879, members. terrorist, Freedom or Death group. From the fall of 1879 - Agent Execute, the roar. org-tion "Narodnaya Volya", participated in the preparation of a number of attempts on the imp. Alexander II. Arrested in St. Petersburg on the night of March 18, 1881. At the "trial of 20" (1882) he was sentenced to eternal hard labor. From March 1882 he was held in solitary confinement at the Alekseevsky Ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress. In July 1883 he fell ill with a mental breakdown, complicated by paralysis of the legs. In aug. 1884 transferred to the Shlisselburg fortress. A. until the end of his days remained in solitary confinement.

aronin lev solomonovich
has abstract: ARONIN Lev Solomonovich (1920, Samara - 1983, Moscow), chess player, international. master (1950), chess. theorist and journalist. Champion of Russia (1952) and Moscow (1965). Participant of 4 USSR championships; best result: 2nd-4th places (1950). As part of the USSR national team, the winner of the European Championship (1957). Member of the Moscow International tournaments (1959 and 1961). He contributed to the development of the theory of the Spanish game, the Sicilian and King's Indian Defense, and other openings.

aronov aleksandr borisovich
has abstract: ARONOV Alexander Borisovich (1921-1970, Moscow), director of the circus. In 1944 he graduated from the directing department of GITIS. In 1945-51 - thin. hands. Kalinin circus, in 1951–70 - dir. Moscow circus, at the same time - in 1955–65 - dir. Moscow dram, t-ra them. K.S. Stanislavsky. Among the works in the circus are illusion attractions, buffoon-satirical. en-tre, clown revues, etc. In t-re post. performances: "On the Personal" by V. I. Pistolenko (1957), "The Opened Window" by E. V. Braginsky (1958), "The First Day of Freedom" by L. Kruchkovsky (1960), "The Life and Crime of Anton Shelestov" by G. A. . Medynsky and VN Tokarev (1961), "Salem Witches" by A. Miller (1963), etc.

aronov aleksandr yakovlevich
has abstract: ARONOV Alexander Yakovlevich (b. 1934, Moscow), poet, journalist. The verse was known for a long time. "Lilac", publ. in the beginning. 60s in f. "Youth", as well as vivid performances on culture and gas literature. "Moskovsky Komsomolets", work as amended by to-rogo A. gave more than 30 years. The first collection of verses. A. appeared only in the era of "perestroika" ("Island of Security", M., 1987; "Texts", "First Life", both - M., 1989), having discovered the original poetry. world, in which Heb. is organically present. topic. Into verse. "Ghetto. 1943 "poetically interpreted one of the most tragic. pages of the Catastrophe - the attitude of the environment. peace to the death of the Jews.

aronov arkadiy girshevich
has abstract: ARONOV Arkady Girshevich (b. 1939), physicist, Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1990). In 1962 he graduated from Leningrad. electrical engineering in-t. After graduating from in-that - in Ying-those of nuclear physics and Phys.-tech. in-those AN. Works in the field of TV theory. body, semiconductor theory, theory of disordered systems.

aronshtam lazarj naumovich
has abstract: ARONSHTAM Lazar Naumovich (1896, Naumovka, Poltava province. - 1938, Moscow), political worker Kr. Army, army commissar of the 2nd rank (1935), member. Communist. parties since 1915. He studied law. f-those Mosk. un-that (1 course). In civil war battalion commissar, military commissar of the regiment, art. division, brigade. Since 1921 the military commissar of the inspection of artillery and armored forces of the Red Army. He graduated from the 2nd course of the Military. Academy of the Red Army (1924). In 1924-29 sec. Vitebsk district committee of the CP (b) of Belarus. In 1929–33 a member. Military. Council and early. political department of Belarus. VO, in 1933–36 held the same position in the Separate Krasnoznam. Dalnevost. Army, in 1936-37 - in Moscow. IN. In May 1937 he was appointed member. Military. Council of Privolzhsky VO. Repressed in 1937.

aronskiy
has abstract: ARONSKY (real name. Zak) Moishe Aronovich (1896, Ovruch, Volyn province - 1944), prose writer. In 1916 he graduated from commercial. uch-shche. Studied in Kiev, un-those. He taught literature, history and mathematics in Hebrew. schools and orphanages in Gaisin and Berdichev. He made his debut as a story in 1926. He portrayed in his works. life and psychology of workers and intelligentsia. Mn. stories dedicated. civil events war in Ukraine. In June 1941 he volunteered for the fr. He died in battle in the region of Tara, near Budapest. The author of the book. "Nina and Majorchik", Kharkov, 1929; "In gli" ("In heat"), ibid, 1932; "Kemble un zine faint" ("Kemble and his enemies"), Kiev, 1939, etc.

aronson boris
has abstract: ARONSON Boris (1898-1980), artist. t-ra, painter, sculptor. Son of Shlomo Aronson. He studied at the State. school of arts in Kiev, Berlin and Paris. Since the 1930s. - in USA. He worked successfully at Schwartz's Jewish Theater, Our Theater in the Bronx (New York), then on Broadway, where he created sets, in particular for plays in Hebrew. themes ("Anne Frank's Diary", "An Incident in Vichy", etc.). In the 1950s. becomes one of the most famous. theater, thin. America. In a number of his works he was close to surrealism. A. created the interior of the Washington synagogue. Organizer several personal exhibitions of manuf. painting and sculpture.

aronson grigoriy yakovlevich
has abstract: ARONSON Grigory Yakovlevich (1887, Petersburg - 1968, New York), writer. He participated in the revolutions of 1905 and 1917. Was arrested, was in exile. In 1922–51, he was a member. Central Committee of the Bund, zarub, delegations of the Social Democratic. parties of Russia; in 1926–31 - gen. sec. Ort-Union in Berlin. Since 1940 in the USA. In 1944-57 he was a columnist for New York gas. “New Russian. word". Published during the period. ed .: "Zukunft", "Unzer Zeit", "Forward" "Frey Arbeiter Shtimme", "New Journal", "Russian Review". Was sred. "Socialist Courier"; "Stories of the Bund"; Against the Stream (1952-54); "Books about Russian Jewry" (part 1 - 1960; part 2 - 1968). The author of the book. Lyric Poems, 1915; Peace from Afar, 1923; Dawn of the Red Terror, 1929; “The problem of the Yiddish language in the Sov. Union ", 1944; “Jews in the Sov. Russia ", 1949; "The Truth About Vlasovites", 1949, etc.

aronson naum ljvovich
has abstract: ARONSON Naum Lvovich (1872, Kreslavka, Vitebsk province. - 1943, New York), sculptor. Initial thin Educated at the Vilna drawing school. From 1891 in Paris, he studied at the School of Decorative Arts and at the Collarossi workshop. Participant pl. exhibitions, incl. “Exhibitions of paintings and sculptures by Jewish artists” (1917, “Moscow). One of the founders of the Society of Friends of Evr. music in Paris. Donated in Heb. orphanages in Kreslavka and Dvinsk. Experienced a strong influence of O. Roden, expressed in the sculptural portrait of Leo Tolstoy, made in 1901 in Yasnaya Polyana. On the way from Russia to Holland he made a sculptor. busts of the heroes of the Boer War (kept in the Museum in Pretoria). In 1905 at the International conference. exhibition in Liege presented a bust of L. Beethoven, in 1922 he created a bust of L. Pasteur for the Pasteur Institute (m.). Chevalier of the Order of the Legion of Honor. Since 1941 - in the USA.

aronson shlomo
has abstract: ARONSON Shlomo (1863, Krucha, Mogilev province - 1935, Tel Aviv), rabbi. R. in the family of a local rabbi - A. Yaakov. Since 1887, a rabbi in Glukhov (Chernigov province), then in Nizhyn (Chernigov province), since 1906 - a rabbi of Kiev. From a young age he shared Palestinian views, was a participant in the Khivat Zion congresses. He defended Zionism on the pages of "ha-Melitz". He was a consultant on the part of the defense at the trial of M.M. Beilis. During the 1st world. war made a lot of efforts to help Heb. refugees from Galicia. In 1917 he headed the religion created on his initiative. party Ahdut Israel. From 1921 - in Berlin, where he was the rabbi of the community of immigrants from Russia. From 1923 in E.-I. Ch. Ashkenazi rabbi of Tel Aviv. There was also a member. the central committee of the Mizrahi movement.

aronzon boris
has abstract: ARONZON Boris (1898-1990), Brazilian businessman. R. in Ukraine. From 1931 he lived in Brazil. Founder and President Vaad ha-Hinukh. In 1935 he founded and until 1957 led the Hebrew. school. In 1958 59 - prez. "Gabonym". In 1955, 59 gene. secretary of the Zionist organization in Sao Paulo. The author of the articles published in f.

aronzon leonid ljvovich
has abstract: ARONZON Leonid Lvovich (1939 - 1970, Leningrad), poet. Graduated from the Faculty of Rus. lang. and literature Leningrad, ped. Institute (1963), taught in an evening school, wrote scripts for scientific-popul. f. During his lifetime he was not published. First. publications abroad and in "samizdat" in 1976. In 1985 in Jerusalem published "Selected", compiled. E.A. Schwartz. In 1990 in Leningrad came out Sat. "Poems". Starting from the poetics characteristic of the circle of "Akhmatov's orphans" (IA Brodsky, EB Rein, DV Bobyshev), to which he joined in the beginning. 60s, A. creates his own unique style, inheriting N.A. Zabolotsky of the period "Columns" (he was dedicated to A.'s thesis) and based on light semantic. shifts and syntax. deformations, a combination of elements of irony and parody with unchanging lyricism. dominant and existential motives. In a number of texts A. was one of the first to introduce into Russian. poetry, some ultra-avant-garde techniques (spatial organization of the text, tautology, etc.).

arrago
has abstract: ARRAGO (real family. Levitin) Roman Semenovich (1893-1949), artist of the original genre. Studied on mat. f-those of the Sorbonne (Paris). In 1909 he performed with numbers of mnemonics in Brussels (t-r "Skalya"), then in plural. cities of Europe. Most of his life he worked in Russia. Instantly produced all kinds of arithmetic. actions on multi-digit numbers, solved problems of raising to a power and extracting a root from decimal numbers, answered questions from viewers about the exact dates of birth of famous people, about the dates of history. events.

arshavskiy iljya arkadjevich
has abstract: Arshavsky Ilya Arkadievich (b. 1903, Ivanovka of the Slavyanoserbsky district of the Yekaterinoslav province), physiologist. Prof. (1939). Graduated from honey. Faculty of North Caucasus un-that (Rostov-on-Don) (1926), then postgraduate studies in physiology in Moscow; from 1929 he improved in Leningrad. un-those at hand. A.A. Ukhtomsky. In 1932–34, Assoc. Department of Physiology Biol. Faculty of Kazan University; from 1934 - in Vses. in-those experiment, medicine (VIEM), where in 1935 he organized and headed the lab. age physiology and pathology. In 1953 the laboratory was closed in connection with the "doctors' case" (restored in 1954). Since 1980, after the closure of the lab. - scientific. Consultant of the Institute of Biophysics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. - one of the founders of age physiology. His tr. played an important role in the formation of the concept of individual development (ontogenesis) and aging (on the importance of motor activity for the development of the body - the so-called energy rule of skeletal muscles). To the lab. A. revealed the regularities of the functioning of the organism for dec. stages of individual development. He put forward the concept of the dominant of pregnancy: the appearance of a corresponding focus of excitation in the center, the nervous system after fertilization of the egg and its implantation into the uterine mucosa. Offered (1967) fiziol. classification of periods of the individual, human development - from embryonic to extreme old age. The data obtained in the lab. A., made it possible to make a number of valuable suggestions in the practice of children. health care, in particular the recommendation of early feeding of the child with mother's milk (1952), and also to evaluate newborns not by morfol., but by fiziol. indicators, i.e. according to the degree of their maturity. Methods of compensation fiziol were developed immaturity and its prevention. Sci. tr. lab. A. were an important contribution to evolution…

arsk
has abstract: ARSK, an urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Republic of Tatarstan (Russian Federation). Main in the 13th century. Since 1781 - the district, since 1796 - the provincial town of the Kazan district. and lips. Since 1926 it was a rural settlement. In 1939, 5 Jews lived in Armenia.

artem
has abstract: ARTEM, a city (since 1938) in the Primorsky Territory (Russian Federation). Main In 1924, 70 Jews lived in Armenia in 1939. 1990s A community was created in Armenia, headed by Alexei Reichstadt. In 1999, approx. 50 Jews.

artemovka
has abstract: ARTEMOVKA, a village in the Pechenezhsky district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kharkovsky u. and lips. 1942 local policemen shot one Jew in A.

artemovsk
has abstract: ARTEMOVSK (until 1921 - Yekaterinovka), a city (since 1961) in the Perevalsky district of the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1911. At the beginning. 20th century - in Slavyanoserbsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1939, 30 Jews lived in Armenia.

artemovskiy
has abstract: ARTEMOVSKY, now a district within the city of Shakhty (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Vlasov farm, Cherkasy env. The lands of the Don Cossack, since 1870 - the regions of the Don Cossacks. In 1939, 36 Jews lived in Armenia.

artsiz
has abstract: ARTSIZ, a city (since 1963), a regional center in the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Vozn. in 1816.Since 1828 - in the Akkerman district. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 842 Jews (28.5%) lived in Armenia. 95 families - immigrants from Prussia and Poland. Jews lived in A. from the middle. 19th century Main occupations - trade and crafts. In A. worked several. manufacturing factories belonging to Jews. In 1900, 35 families (170 people) suffering from hunger and drought received help from St. Petersburg and Odessa. Since the 1900s. There was a Zionist organization in Armenia. Relations between Jews and Germans in Armenia were always tense, especially after the Jews were equalized as citizens in 1917. rights. Despite the economical. crisis early. In the 1920s, the Jews of Armenia actively helped refugees from the Ukraine. school network "Tarbut", later - cf. school and children. garden; there were 2 Jewish libraries, an orchestra, an organization VITSO. In 1923, 1929, and 1936 the Jewish population of Armenia suffered greatly from the drought. To the end. 1930s anti-Semitism and persecution by the authorities and German neighbors intensified in Armenia. In 1939 room. the authorities closed the Jewish children. garden. In the end. 1930s several dozens of young Armenian Jews left for E. I. Most of the Jews of A. in June 1941 were exterminated. The rest were deported to Transnistria.

aruin leonid iosifovich
has abstract: ARUIN Leonid Iosifovich (b. 1924, Moscow), pathologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1971), prof. (1983). R. in the family of a toxicologist, prof. (1940) Military Veterinary Academy of Joseph Solomonovich A. (1893-1946). In 1947 he graduated from the Naval Medical. acad., until 1960 served as a doctor in the Pacific and Baltic fleets. After demobilization, he worked in Moscow as a doctor in the mountains. hospital, head. pathologist. dep. 1st honey. in-that, since 1967 head. lab. Pathomorphology Research Institute of Gastroenterology. scientific. research dedicated clinics and functional morphology of the digestive system: establishing the role of violations of regenerative processes in the development of morphological. substrate of diseases of the stomach and intestines, pathomorphology of the stomach and intestines after resection, the peculiarities of the formation, chronicity and healing of ulcers, the importance of pyloric helicobacters in the origin of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. Developed methods of differential diagnosis of chronic. liver diseases and described their morphological. features. USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. I.V. Davydovsky (1983) and S.P. Botkin (1989). Deputy prev. Moscow about-va of pathologists, chl. reign of Vseros. about-va gastroenterologists. Cit .: General pathology h., M., 1st ed., 1982; 2nd ed., 1990 (et al); Structural Foundations of Adaptation and Compensation, M., 1987 (et al.); Peptic ulcer and pyloric Helicobacter. M., 1993 (et al.).

arzamas
has abstract: ARZAMAS, a city, a regional center in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1578, from 1719 - in Nizhny Novgorod province, from 1779 - a district town. In 1900 there were 103 Jews in Armenia, in 1910 - 140, in 1926 - 389 (2%), in 1939 - 271 Jews. In 1900, Jews of A . asked the governor to rank them among the Nizhny Novgorod rabbi and to allow them to have a prayer house. Min-in int. cases were resolved, but the house of prayer was refused. In 1910 a synagogue was opened in Armenia and there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1915, the Jewish community of Albania accepted 600 Jewish refugees; there were 2 synagogues in the city; with the assistance of Moscow. OPE branches, a school and a hearth were opened. By 1917, ORT had organized a labor office in Armenia. In 1998, approx. 25 Jews.

arzgir
has abstract: ARZGIR, a village, a regional center in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1876. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Novogrigorievsk, from 1900 - Blagodarny u. Stavropol province. In 1939, three Jews lived in Armenia. 1942 in Armenia, St. 150 evacuated Jews.

arzhenka
has abstract: ARZHENKA, now in the city of Rasskazovo (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Tambov u. In 1911, 71 subbotniks lived in Armenia.

asaf
has abstract: ASAF (Osofsky) Simcha (1889, Luban, Minsk province - 1953, Jerusalem), rabbi, researcher in the field of Jewish philosophy. Since 1910 - a rabbi in Minsk. In 1914-1919 he taught the Talmud at the yeshiva in Odessa, founded by H. Chernovitz (in 1915-19 - director). In 1920–21 - in France and Germany, he was engaged in research. work. From 1921 in E.-J. taught at the Mizrahi Teachers' Seminary in Jerusalem. After creating. Heb. un-ta A. was invited to teach a course on the Jewish religion. lit-ry. Since 1936 - prof. He was a member of the working council of un-that, was the dean of the humanitarian faculty, headed the Institute of issl. Heb. culture. From 1949-50 the rector of the university. In 1931–43 - member. assembly of representatives of Jews in E.-I., member. National Council of Heb. communities, where he was headed by K-t by education. After the formation of the State of Israel, he was appointed a member. The Supreme Court. He took an active part in the activities of many. public and scientific. org-tions. Author pl. Art., book. in the region. Heb. literature and philosophy, incl. Art. in the "Encyclopedia of Judaica" (English), "Udeshes Lexicon" (German), "Encyclopedia of Hebrew" (Hebrew).

asare
has abstract: ASARE, a settlement in Jekabpils region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - Assern manor of Illukst u. Kurland province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1925, there was one Jewish family (5 people) living in Armenia, and in 1930 there were 18 Jews.

asbest
has abstract: ASBESTOS, a city (since 1933) in the Sverdlovsk Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1889 as a settlement. Koudelka of Yekaterinburg u. Perm province. In 1939, 32 Jews lived in Armenia.

ash abragam dzhozef
has abstract: ASH Abraham Joseph (1821 - 1887, New York), rabbi. Since 1851 - in the USA. Participated in the creation. first Orthodox congregation rus. Jews in America ("Beth Midrash ha-Gadol"), where he was a rabbi from 1860 until his death. Having a stable material base, he rendered great financial support to the congregation. In 1880 he created the Kashrut society, and in 1884 - the Talmud Torah. Fierce opponent of reformist teaches. in Judaism.

ash natan
has abstract: ASH Nathan (b. 1902, Warsaw), writer. Since 1915 in the USA. He studied at high fur boots of Syracuse and Colombia. He wrote stories of Art. and book. reviews for publications: "New Yorker", "Yale Review", "Virginia Quartels Review", "Harpers Bazaar" and others; scripts for Metro-Goldwyn-Meyer and Paramount; and radio dramas for Radio Keith Orpheum. In 1942–45 he served in the US Army. Awarded the US Air Force Medal (1944) and the Bronze Star Medal (1945). Author of the book: "Office" (1925), "Love in Chartres" (1927), "Day of the Pay" (1930), "Valley" (1935), "The Road: In Search of America" ​​(1937).

ash sholom
has abstract: ASH Sholom (1880, Kutno, Warsaw Province - 1957, London), prose writer, playwright. R. in an orthodox family. Received a tradition. Heb. education. Suspected by his parents in disbelief, he was forced to leave his family, lived with relatives, teaching their children Heb. literacy and observing the life of the peasants. Then he moved to Wloclawek, where he made a living by writing letters for the illiterate. He debuted in literature in 1900 simultaneously. in Yiddish and Hebrew. In 1902 his first was published. Sat. stories in Hebrew, in 1903 coll. Yiddish. In the same years was published. pov. A. "Moshele". The turning point in the life of A. was his meeting with the Polish-Hebrew. the writer M.M. Shapiro, whose daughter he later married. The financial support provided to him by M. Shapiro gave A. the opportunity to do only literature. During the 1st world. During the war he lived in the United States, then returned to Poland, and from there he left for France. After visiting for the first time E.-I. in 1908 published ser. travel sketches, as well as a number of works, in which the bibl. subject. In 1938 he settled again in the United States. Last years of his life he spent in Bat Yam (c. Tel Aviv), in a house, which after his death turned into a memorial museum of A. Mir. fame came to A. with the publication in 1904 pov. "Shtetl" ("Shtetl"), where for the first time in Heb. lit-re dark image of Heb. life gave way to an awareness of her warmth and cordiality. His first play "Mitn shtrom" ("Down the Stream", 1904) also enjoyed great success, followed by other dramatic plays. manuf., delivered in rus, gender. and it. scenes. The most famous of these was the drama Got fun nekome (Gd Revenge, 1907). In 1913 A. publishes his first. rum. "Maria" and its sequel "Der veg tsu zikh" ("The Way to Oneself"), which reflects the common problems of Jews around the world. In the 20s. his rum appears. from Amer. life "Mother", "Death Sentence", "The Return of Chaim Lederer", "The W…

asha
has abstract: ASHA, a city (since 1933), a regional center in the Chelyabinsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1898. At the end. 19 - early. 20th century - from. Ivanovskaya (other name. Asha) Ufa district and lips. In 1928–33, it was an urban-type settlement. In 1939, 13 Jews lived in Armenia.

ashaga arag
has abstract: ASHAGA ARAG, see Arak.

ashanskiy
has abstract: ASHANSKY (Oshiansky) Abel-Aaron Itskovich (1825–1899), sergeant major, veteran of Her Majesty's Cavalry Regiment. A stove-maker by profession. In 1846 he was recruited, served in a military workers' company, in 1863 he was transferred to the Cavalry Regiment, in 1874 he reached the highest rank of sergeant major for a non-combatant command for a soldier, in 1881 he was transferred to the combatant, in 1890 due to his advanced age he was appointed as a warden of the sick. The 50th anniversary of A.'s service (1896) was celebrated by the entire regiment (the order specifically mentions A.'s devotion to his unit). Service A. in the guard. shelf - will be excluded. case in Russian. army, because usually Jews who did not accept Christ were not allowed to remain in the ranks beyond their obligation. term. After A.'s death, he was buried with honors in Hebrew. Transfiguration Cemetery. In Petersburg.

ashendorf isroelj
has abstract: ASHENDORF Yisroel (b. 1909, Mill of Volyn province), prose writer, playwright. Grew up in Lviv, where he studied in the Nar. school and teacher. seminar. He made his debut in 1927 with a ballad, was published in different editions. Heb. periodic. ed. During the war he was in the USSR. In 1945 he returned to Poland. In 1948 he moved to Paris, and from 1963 to Argentina. Throughout many. years combined lit. activity with pedagogical. Author of the book: "Montik Inderfree" ("Monday morning"), 1937; Grusn in der white (Greetings into the distance), 1939; "Wei un wander" ("Pain and wandering"), 1950, etc.

asherov mashiya
has abstract: ASHEROV Mashia (Misha) (b. 1924, Samarkand), actor, director. From 1934 in E.-I. He studied at the drama studio "Habima" (1945–48). From 1949 he worked in the "Habima" t-re, from 1961 a member. management of the t-ra (manager in 1957–61). Naib, major works: Greenwald ("The Rise of Cain"), Jimmy Porter ("Look Back in Anger" by J. Osborne), Mark Antony ("Julius Caesar" by W. Shakespeare). Fast. performance "Long, short and high" by V. Hall and others.

ashgabat
has abstract: ASHGABAT (in 1881-1919 - Askhabad, in 1919-27 - Poltoratsk, 1927-91 - Ashgabat), a city, the capital of Turkmenistan. Main in 1881 as a military fortification. In 1881-1919 - adm. the center of the Transcaspian region. In 1919-24 - the region. center of the Turkestan ASSR. In 1924-91 it was the capital of the TurkSSR. In 1887 310 Jews (1.6%) lived in Armenia, in 1897 - 330, in 1910 - 505 (1.8%), in 1926 - 729 (1.8%). in 1939 - 711, in 1959 - 1276 (0.76%), in 1970 - 1246 (0.5%), in 1979 - 983 Jews (0.3%) .The community was founded by Jews from Europe. parts of Ros. empire. Jewish merchants from A. who bought up cotton and acted as representatives of the bargaining. Russian firms played an important role in the economy of the Turkestan Territory and the Bukhara Khanate. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in Armenia. The rabbi was Abram Shaulovich Reznik (1867, Druya ​​Disnensky u. Vilna province -?). Between 1924 and 1925 dozens of illegal members were exiled to Armenia. Zionist organizations from Europe. parts of the USSR, Ch. arr. Zionist socialists. In the spring of 1928, they were allowed to leave the USSR for E.I. 1940s Jews played an important role in the formation of the industry, the creation of the modern. education systems, health care, cultural development (including Yu.I. Katsnelson, Yu.S. Meitus). 1980s Hebrew courses were opened in Armenia, and a representative office of the Sokhnut functioned. In the beginning. 1996 approx. 300 families of Ashkenazi and several. families of Bukharian and Iranian Jews. According to the Jewish Agency, in 1998 the Jewish population of the city was approx. 1.5 thousand people In A .: genus: M.I. Pevzner; Daniel Bar-Tal (b. 1946), Israeli psychologist, Ph.D. (1974), prof. (1989), since 1994 - vice-president. Int. about-va polit. psychology.

ashinskiy agaron mordekhay
has abstract: ASHINSKY Aharon Mordechai (1866, Raigrad of Shchuchinsky u. Lomzhinsky province. - 1954), rabbi, leader of the religious Zionist movement. Since 1895 - in the United States, where he was a rabbi in dec. communities of Syracuse and Detroit. In 1898 he became a rabbi in Montreal and served as a military man. a rabbi in the Canadian Forces. Subsequently, he became the rabbi of the Bet ha-Midrash ha-Gadol community in Pittsburgh and remained so until the end of his life. He was engaged in organizing Heb. education and participated in the creation. religious schools. One of the founders of the Mizrahi organization in America and in tech. pl. years her vice-president. A. was also one of the creatures. Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United States and Canada.

ashkenazi izrailj markovich
has abstract: ASHKENAZI Israel Markovich (b. 1917, Nizhny Novgorod), painter, muralist. Ml. brother thin. M.M. Ashkenazi. He studied at the 1st year of the Gorky thin. school (1937–38), will prepare. courses of Institute of painting, sculptor. and architect. Vseros. AH (1940), in the Kiev art. in-those (1951–57) in the workshop of A.A. Shovkunenko. 1941-1948 in the army. He worked in Odessa art. workshops (1948–51). In 1959 he made the first monument in Gorky, painting in the alfresco technique (c / t "Petrel"), and in the 1960s - 70s. a number of similar works for residential and societies, city buildings, in which A. goes to stylization and decor, the rhythm of the comp., subordinating the image. elements of the general architect-art. conception, brings in architect. decor, beginning and enriches it ("Girl and Sail", "Space Connection", "Sea Legends", etc.). A. also created a whole gal. manuf. easel painting (portraits, landscapes, genres), where color and plastic expressiveness of the means play an active role ("Self-portrait", "In the waiting room", 1950s, mid-landscapes "Hot Key", "Gurzuf", 1970- e and others). Since 1957 academic. in the region. exhibitions. First solo exhibition in 1979.

ashkenazi meir
has abstract: ASHKENAZI Meir (1890, Petrikov Mozyr district, Minsk province - 1954, USA), rabbi. He studied at the "Tomkhey Tmimim" yeshiva (Lubavichi). Rabbi in Vladivostok (1914-18), Shanghai (in 1920-1940s) A.'s grandson - Mordechai (b. 1943), rabbi of Kfar-Chabad (since 1970).

ashkenazi moisey mordukhovich
has abstract: ASHKENAZI Moisey Mordukhovich (1913, Bobruisk, Minsk Province - 1941, Kolpino, Leningrad Region), painter, graphic artist. Brother I. Ashkenazi. Studied at the Kazan United, artistic-theater. technical school, Nizhny Novgorod art studio under the hands. L.A. Khnygina (1929–33), then in the Saratov art. technical school (1935–37), at the Institute of Painting, sculptor. and architect. Vseros. Academy of Arts in Leningrad (windows 1940) .In the 1930s. A. created a number of aqu. ("Chess Players", "Memories of the Civil War", "A Girl in a Yellow Dress", "Spring", etc.), but DOS. creative searches thin. concentrated in painting ("Ronya: Girl with a Book", "Lisa: Study", "Self-portrait in a cold scale", etc.). Killed in battle during the defense of Leningrad.

ashkenazi vladimir davidovich
has abstract: ASHKENAZI Vladimir Davidovich (b. 1937, Gorky), pianist, conductor. His father is a well-known pop virtuoso pianist David A. (in particular, accompanist K.I.Shulzhenko). In 1960 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class php. L.N. Oborin. 2nd ave. To Mezhdunar. competition them. F. Chopin in Warsaw (1955), 1st avenue to the Intern. competition them. Queen Elizabeth (Brussels, 1956), 1st Ave. to Intern. competition them. P.I. Tchaikovsky (Moscow, 1962). In 1963 he went abroad and settled in London. In the 70s. A. began performing as a conductor, since 1981 - permanent conductor of the King of London. Philharmonic Orc., since 1987 has headed it. A. also hands. orc. West Berlin Radio and Guest Conductor of the Cleveland Symphony. orc. (USA). From the very first performances, A. the pianist demonstrates phenomenal technique, his interpretations are distinguished by rare architectonicity, timbre variety, creating an impression of orchestral sound. He constantly gives concerts, made a huge number of recordings, constantly striving to create "complete collections of op." this or that composer. He recorded all concerts for the FP. with orc. S.V. Rachmaninov, S.S. Prokofiev, B. Bartok; A. recorded all the concerts of W.A. Mozart with an orc, which he directed himself. Among the solo recordings there are sonatas by L. van Beethoven, F. Schubert, A. N. Skryabin, practically all fp. Rachmaninoff's legacy. His conductor's interpretation of the classics is distinguished by innovation, unconventionality, which is especially evident in the performance of works. Russian composers, first of all PI Tchaikovsky. He pays close attention to A. and the music of 20th-century composers.

ashkenazi yudzhin
has abstract: ASHKENAZI Eugene (1845, Odessa - 1903), botanist. Moved to Dresden. He specialized in botany at Heidelberg University, in 1872 he became a member of the department, in 1891 prof. Investigated chlorophyll and other plant pigments, the physiology of growth and flowering, physical. the forces involved in the rise of water along the stems of plants. Wrote "A Report on the Critical Treatment of Darwin's Theory" (1872).

ashkhabad
has abstract: ASHGABAT, see Ashgabat.

ashkinazi vladimir aleksandrovich
has abstract: ASHKINAZI Vladimir Alexandrovich (1873, Kerch, Tauride province - not earlier than 1941, Paris |), writer, feuilletonist, translator. He wrote under the ps. V. Azov. R. in the family of a doctor. Studied the history of arts and law in high fur boots in Paris, Zurich, Bern. The first feuilleton publ. in 1895. In gas. "News of the day" under ps. Peck from 1896 chronicled lit. and theater, life. In 1906 he began to publish satirical. g. "Good mate", to-rye was closed after the first issue. Published in f. "Pencil", "Zarnitsy", "Spectator", "Dragonfly", "Alarm Clock" and others. Collaborated in gas. "Rech" (since 1912). In 1910 he published the almanac “Literary and artistic cabaret“ Black Cat ”(1910), in which Sasha Cherny, N.A. Teffi, T.L.Schepkina-Kupernik, and others participated. sotr. g. "Satyricon", since 1913 - "New Satyricon". In 1916 he received the title of hereditary honor. citizen. Since 1918 - translator at the publishing house "World Literature". Translated by O'Henry, J. Conrad, L. Carroll, H. Wells and others. Since 1926 in France. Works: Truly Russian folk tales, St. Petersburg, 1911; Colored glasses, St. Petersburg, 1911; Thorns without roses, P., 1916, etc.

ashlag ieguda leyb
has abstract: ASHLAG Yehuda Leib (1886, Warsaw - 1954, Israel), rabbi. The largest kabbalist of the 20th century in Europe, per. in Hebrew book. "Zohar". Living in Poland, he combined entrepreneurial activity (he owned a factory for the production of soap) with teaching. From 1922 to E.-I. Since 1927 - Rabbi Givat Shaul. Founder of the Yeshiva Itur Rabanim. The founder of the Hasidic dynasty. His 21-volume work "Sulam" (trans. "Zohar" with commentary) became the basis for the study of Kabbalah in modern times. Israel.

asino
has abstract: ASINO (until 1930 - Ksenievskoe), a city (from 1952), a regional center in the Tomsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1896. At the beginning. 20th century - the village of Tomsk u. and lips. From 1949 it was a workers' settlement. In 1939, 25 Jews lived in Armenia.

askaniya-nova
has abstract: ASKANIA-NOVA (until 1841 - Chapli), an urban-type settlement (from 1938) in the Chaplinsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1822. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Dneprovsky u. Tavricheskaya gubernia. In 1939 in A.-N. 22 Jews lived on 15 March 1942 in A.-N. 240 Jews were shot.

askenazi shimon
has abstract: ASKENAZI Shimon (Simon) (1866, Zavikhost of Sandomierz district of Radom province - 1935, Warsaw), historian. Studied at Warsaw and Göttingen fur boots. In 1897-1914 he taught history at Krakow University (from 1902 prof.). Since 1910, members Krakow Academy of Sciences. During the 1st world. war member. Polish nat. council in Switzerland. In 1920–23 the representative of Poland in the League of Nations. Since 1927 prof. Warsaw University, brought up several. generations of Polish. historians. Author of works on the history of Poland, 2nd half. 18 - 1st floor. 19th centuries, founded. paid attention to the era from the 1st section of the Commonwealth (1772) to the national liberation. uprising 1863-64. tr. (on the floor. lang.): “Prince Joseph Po-nyatovsky. 1763-1813 "(1904, translated into German and French, 2nd ed. - 1910)," Russia - Poland. 1815-1830 "(1907)," Lukasiński "(vols. 1-2, 1908, 2nd edition - 1929)," Napoleon and Poland "(vols. 1-3, 1918-19)," Gdansk and Poland "( 1919, translated into German, French and English) and other works: Kingdom of Poland. 1815-1830, M., 1915.

askhabad
has abstract: ASKHABAD, see Ashgabat.

asknaziy abram isaakovich
has abstract: ASKNAZI Abram Isaakovich (1887, Petersburg - 1937), meteorologist and forecaster. Son of I.L. Asknazia. Graduated in 1911 from St. Petersburg. un-t on the department of chemistry. During his studies, he began to conduct a synoptic. issl., worked in Ch. physical observatory. Since 1921 in Ch. military meteorological. management in Moscow, later in Moscow. region weather bureau. In 1929, on a business trip to Germany and Norway, he got acquainted with the work of the hack, weather forecasters. Upon his return, he headed the USSR Forecast Bureau (1930; later Center, Institute of Forecasts). Fact. scientific. hands. synoptic country service. The frontologist actively promoted. methods in the work of weather services. He put forward the idea of ​​a dynamic. climatology, studied the problem of air transformation. masses, discovered the existence of Eastern Europe. summer polar fr. and explained the reasons for its formation, proposed a method for generalizing synoptic. processes using average maps for the phases of processes, gave critical. analysis of the methodology of long-term forecasts by B.P. Multanovsky. Created scientific. school, preparing nauch. cadres of forecasters, which for many years determined the level of meteorology in the country. Brother A. - Samuel (1888, Petersburg - 1952), lawyer, specialist in the region. civil law, Dr. Sciences (1947), prof. department of civil. Leningrad rights. un-that since 1945.

asknaziy isaak ljvovich
has abstract: ASKNAZI Isaak Lvovich (1856, Drissa Viteb. Gubernia - 1902, Moscow), painter. Volunteer of the Academy of Arts (1870–74), then became an academician (1874–79). In 1880 A. was sent to study abroad (1880–83), worked in Berlin, Dresden, and Rome (with G. Makart). In 1885 he received the title of Acad. ("Moses in the Wilderness", 1882). Since 1902, members St. Petersburg. about-va thin. Follower of Acad. schools. In the 1880s - 90s. created paintings on biblical themes ("The Coming of Saturday", "Parents of Moses", etc.), genre canvases ("For a favor", "Girlfriends", etc.), less often portraits ("The Cellist", "Coffee Shop", " and etc.). From 1881 academic. exhibitions of the Academy of Arts and St. Petersburg. about-va thin.

askoljdov aleksandr yakovlevich
has abstract: ASKOLDOV Alexander Yakovlevich (1932, Moscow), film director. In 1955 he graduated from philology. Faculty of Moscow State University, in 1958 graduate school Lit. in-ta them. M. Gorky. In 1959-60 the inspector of the department. t-ditch of the Ministry of Culture of the USSR. In 1960–64, Ch. ed. Production Department f. Ministry of Culture of the USSR, member. script ed. Collegiums of the Committee for Cinematography of the USSR. In 1966 he graduated from dir. dep. Higher. courses for scriptwriters and dir. In 1966–81, dir. to / st. them. Gorky. Dir. doc. f. "Comrade KamAZ" (1972), "My destiny KamAZ" (1975). In 1981–85, director, artist. hands. state cinema and concert hall "Russia". Post, your only f. "The Commissioner" in 1967. The film was banned by the censorship in large part because one of the center, the character. - Jewish tinsmith - one of the few Jews in the Sov. the screen of the 50-60s. The picture was released on the screen twenty years later, in 1987. Prize "Silver Bear", pr. FIPRESCI, prize Int. catholic jury, prize Int. evangelical. jury at 38 International, film fest. in West Berlin.

asnis avram
has abstract: ASNIS Avram (Arkady) Efimovich (1908, Odessa - 1987, Kiev), engineer, specialist in the region. welding and structural strength. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1962), prof. from 1968. Graduated in 1934 from Leningrad State University. in-t Ing. railroad transport. Since 1938 in Kiev in the Institute of Electric Welding of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Main tr. in the region. metal welding technologies structures, strength of welded structures. State pr. Ukrainian SSR. (1972, 1982). Honored. Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1981). Works: Gas welding and cutting, Kiev-M., 1958; Strength increase of welded structures (et al.), 2nd ed., Kiev-M., 1985.

assern
has abstract: ASSERN, see Asare.

assinovskaya
has abstract: ASSINOVSKAYA, a village in the Sunzhensky district of the Ingush Republic (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Vladikavkaz env. Tersk Region In 1939, 8 Jews lived in Armenia.

astana
has abstract: ASTANA (in 1832-1961 - Akmolinsk, in 1961-1992 - Tselinograd, in 1992-98 - Akmola), city, the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Main in 1830 as a fortress of Akmola. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Akmola oblast. In 1910, 154 Jews (1.1%) lived in Armenia, in 1926 - 155 (1.2%), in 1959 - 563 (0.6%), in 1970 - 798 (0, 5%), in 1979 - 637 (0.3%), in 1989 - 664 Jews. Jews have lived in Armenia since the 1870s. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in Armenia. In 1993, the Aleph Jewish cultural center was organized in Armenia. - Jewish Sunday school. A synagogue was opened in Armenia in 1999. B.G. Erzakovich.

astrakhanj
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=АСТРАХАНЬ, город, центр Астраханской обл. (Российская Федерация). Изв. с 13 в. В 1459—1556 — столица Астраханского ханства. С 1556 — в составе России, с 1717 — губ. город. В 1928—34 — в составе Нижневолжского края, в 1934—43 —Сталинградского края (обл.), с 1943 — обл. центр.В 1864 в А. проживал 291 еврей, в 1873 — 751, в 1897 — 2164, в 1910 — 2793 (2%), в 1923 — 4023 (3%), в 1926 — 5904 (3,4%), в 1939 — 4077, в 1959 — 3800 (1,3%), в 1970 — 3500 (0,85%), в 1979 — 2757 (0,6%), в 1989 — 2137 евреев.Первое упом. о евреях в А. относится к 1805. Первым евреем в А. был могилевский купец Лейб Янкелевич Давыдов с семьей. В 1825, по закону о высылке евреев — иностранных подданных, из А. были высланы 2 золотых дел мастера, подданных Австрии. В 1830-х гг. в А. появились евреи-военнослужащие. Существовала казенная молельня. «Солдатской» общиной руководил матрос Михель Алендухов. В кон. 1850-х гг. в А. начали селиться отставные николаевские солдаты. В 1857 имелась синагога. В 1860-х гг. в А. появились евреи — выходцы с Кавказа. В 1866 была образована ашкеназийская община. В 1869—81 раввином был Лейб Дейхес, поддерживавший тесные контакты с общинами геров и субботников в Астраханской губ. С 1873 существовала хевра кадиша. Земля под еврейское кладбище арендовалась у муж. монастыря. С 1879 существовала сефардская община под рук. Илии Крупинского, выделившего часть собств. дома под синагогу. В нач. 1880-х гг. раввином А. был Михайловский, в 1886—1906 — Сруль-Бер Шухер (с 1913 — духовный раввин ремесл. синагоги). Раввином ашкеназийской общины в 1880-х гг. был Арон Вихман.В 1902 была предпринята попытка создания уч-ща для еврейских мальчиков. В 1904 открыта ремесл. синагога. С 1907 работало муж. еврейское уч-ще. В нач. 20 в. раввином А. был Элиэзер Бойман. Поток беженцев в годы 1-й мир. войны увеличил еврейское население А. Был создан Еврейский временный к-т по оказанию помощи раненым и больным воинам и жертвам войны. В 1915 при к-те был открыт лазарет.…

astrakhanka
has abstract: ASTRAKHANKA, a village in the Melitopol district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Berdyansky settlement Tauride province. 1941 one Jew was killed in Armenia.

astrov
has abstract: ASTROV (real fam. Poves) Isaak Sergeevich (1876, Odessa - 1922, Saratov), ​​polit. activist. From his youth he participated in the roar. movement (first arrested at the age of 15). From 1900 he worked in insurance and co-op. org-tions, since 1902 - member. RSDLP, since 1903 - Menshevik. Party roar. events of 1905–07. In the years of reaction - "liquidator". From the end. 1910 - member. Petersburg. "Initiative group", sotr. gas. "Ray", w. “Nasha Zarya”, “Vozrozhdenie”, “Insurance of workers”. In 1912 he was arrested, exiled to Narym, in 1913 he emigrated. In the years of the 1st world. war lived in Switzerland, from the end. 1914 - member. Overseas. secretariat organiz. to-that of the Mensheviks. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Petrograd. One of the leaders of the left wing of the Menshevik internationalists, member. to-that Petersburg. org-tion of the Mensheviks, dep. Petrogr. Council (headed by the labor department). Since June, member. Centre. Bureau of Menshevik Internationalists. In aug. - cases. Congress of the RSDLP; elected as Cand. in part. Central Committee of the RSDLP (ob) from the internationalists, Oct. did not accept the roar. In late November and early December - a delegate to the Extraordinary Congress of the RSDLP (ob); was elected member. Central Committee with ser. 1918 - in Odessa, one of the leaders of the local Menshevik. org-tion and trade unions. After the establishment of the Sov. authorities (1919) was repeatedly arrested. In 1921 he was expelled to Kharkov, where he entered the Ch. Ukr. to-t RSDLP. In apr. 1922 exiled to Turkestan; died of typhus in the Saratov transit prison. Op .: “Rus. revolution in the struggle for peace ", P., 1917; "Why France is at war", P., 1917.

asune
has abstract: ASUNE, a village in Kraslava district (Republic of Latvia). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - estate Osun Dinaburgsky, from 1893 - Dvinsky district. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1925–30, 25–30 Jews lived in Armenia. in the summer of 1941 all the Jews of Albania were exterminated.

ataki
has abstract: ATTACK, see Otach.

atar
has abstract: ATAR (Apteker) Haim (1902, Zlatopol - 1953, Israel), painter. Since 1922 in E.-I., founding member of kibbutz Ein Harod, founder and director. Center of Arts in Ein Harod. The work of A. was influenced by Heb. thin the Parisian school. Ch. arr. in the genre of portrait and still life. Created approx. 100 drawings, incl. ser. sketches of the fighters of Gagana.

ateni
has abstract: ATENI, a village in the Gori region (Georgia). Main all R. 11th century Before joining Russia in 1801 - as part of the Kingdom of Kartli, from 1802 - in the Georgian province, from 1840 - in the Gori environs. Georgian-Imereti gubernia, from 1846 - in the Gori district. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - the Georgian SSR. In the 13-18th centuries. A. is a major bargaining. and adm. Centre. In the 18th century. as a result of the raids of the Dagestanis he was ruined. According to the testimony of Tsarevich Vakhushti Bagrationi (1745), in Armenia, along with Georgians and Armenians, there were Jews who had a synagogue. In connection with the decline of the city, the Jewish population left it. Separate Jewish families lived in Armenia until 1808, when the Jewish community ceased to exist. D.M. Khananashvili

atkarsk
has abstract: ATKARSK, city, regional center in the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1781 as a district town of Saratov Gubernia. 89 Jews lived in Armenia in 1910, 47 Jews in 1926, and 42 Jews (0.2%) in 1939. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Armenia.

atlas eliezer
has abstract: ATLAS Eliezer (Lazar) (1851, Beysegole, Kovensky district and province - 1904, Bialystok), critic and publicist. He studied at the yeshiva in the m. Zhagory Shavelsky u. Covenskaya lips. In the beginning. In the 1870s, while living in the Novaya Zhagora metro station, he became close to the leaders of the "Haskala" movement, was engaged in self-education, from 1875 sotr. gas. "Ha-Carmel". In the 2nd half of the 1870s - the 1st half. 1880s in search of earnings wandered around the cities and m. Sev.-Zap. the edges. In 1884 he settled in Warsaw, was engaged in journalism, the author of Art. on the history of Jews in Russia and Poland, as well as on Hebrew literature. In 1888 he published the collection. "Ha-Kerem" attracted many others to participate in it. prominent Hebrews. writers and publicists, however, the intention to turn sat. in f. had no success. In 1898 A. published the collection. his lit.-critical. Art. Forward or backward. In the 1880s. A. is close to Palestinophilism, but already in the 1890s. walked away from him. In publicistic. Art. 1890s sharply opposed both the Palestinophiles and polit. Zionism T. Herzl and it grew. followers, became close to orthodox circles grew. Jewry, publ. a number of anti-Zionist, Art. in their organ "Ha-Peles", in 1900 issued a pamphlet against the Odessa Zionist. to-that. Feeling tragic. the gap between Heb. intelligentsia and the mass of Heb. people, A. tried to find a way out of this situation in the synthesis of the ideas of "Haskala" and trad. Heb. ideology. From 1902 A. worked as a home teacher in Moscow. In 1904, despite a serious illness, he was expelled from the city as having no right of residence in the capitals. Through several. days after the expulsion died.

atlas iekhezkelj
has abstract: ATLAS Iehezkel (1913, Rava Petrokovskaya province - 1942), doctor, one of the hands. partisas. movement on the territory. Poland. After the occupation of Poland by Germ. troops (1939) fled to Kozlovshchina, where his family was destroyed by the invaders, and A. himself was sent to work as a doctor in the village of Vylka-Volya. Organized and led the partisans. a detachment of young Jews (120 fighters), who managed to escape from the ghetto in Derechin on the day of its liquidation. Soon the detachment A. joined the Sov. partisas. connection operating in the Lipichansk forests. In aug. - Oct. 1942 the partisans of Afghanistan destroyed the Germans. garrisons in Derechin, Kozlovshchina, Rude-Yavorskaya, sabotage. group under com. A. blew up a train on the railway. Lida-Grodno line and a strategic bridge across the river. Neman. In the course of the September battles of 1942, the guerrillas of Armenia captured an enemy plane, which made an emergency landing in the area where the detachment was located. A. died in battle with the punishers.

atlas mariam
has abstract: ATLAS Mariam (Miriam) Semenovna (b. 1912), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1957). Z.V. Apglas's cousin. Graduated from econom. Faculty of Kazan high fur boots (1931). From 1933 to scientific and teaching. work in Moscow (since 1958 prof.). Author and ed. a number of textbooks on political economy and economics, incl. textbook "Polit. economy of socialism "(1962), uch. manuals for universities "Fundamentals of the functioning of econ. systems "(1991) and others, ed. collection of articles "Questions of watered, economy" (1958, 1963), "Methods of teaching watered, economy in economics. universities "(1961)," The law of saving time ... "(1987, 1991) and others. Works: Nationalization of banks in the USSR, M., 1945 (2nd ed. M., 1948); Credit reform in the USSR, M., 1958; The development of banking systems in the socialist countries, M., 1967.

atlas petr matveevich
has abstract: ATLAS Petr Matveyevich (b. 1926), mechanical engineer. He graduated in 1948 Moscow. engineering-physical in-t. In 1948–53 he worked as an art. Ing. in the system of the Main Directorate of Shipbuilding of the Navy of the Ministry of Defense. Since 1953 at the Tizpribor plant in Moscow, since 1962 ch. constructor. Cand. tech. Sciences (1974). tr. associated with development and research. system of means cyclical. pneumoautomatics for control of discrete processes in chem. production-wah and other branches of industry. Participated in the creation. and development in 1957 at the plant "Tizpribor" of the aggregate unified. systems of elements prom. pneumoautomatics - USEPP, which became the basis. element base of fatherlands, pneumatic. instrumentation. In the beginning. 1970s developed a new system "Start", covering a wide range of instruments assembled from standard USEPP elements. Author of printed scientific. works. Linen. pr. (1964). Cit .: Development of equipment and expansion of the capabilities of the system CYCL, Moscow, 1975 (in co-authors).

atlas shmuelj
has abstract: ATLAS Shmuel (1899, Komay Novoaleksandrovsky u. Kovno province - 1977, New York), teacher. In 1913-18 he studied at the Lithuanian yeshivas, then in 1921-28 he studied philosophy and jurisprudence in the high fur boots of Russia (Moscow University) and Germany (Berlin, Marburg, Giessen). He taught philosophy and the Talmud at the highest. uch. institutions in Poland and England: in 1929–34 - Heb. Institute in Warsaw, in 1935–39 - Cambridge University and Magdalena College in Oxford. Since 1942 in the USA. Prof. philosophy and the Talmud in the United Heb. College of Cincinnati and Heb. in-those religions in New York. Author of works on medieval Hebrews. philosophy.

atlas zakhar
has abstract: ATLAS Zakhar (Zakhary) Veniaminovich (1903, Astrakhan - 1965, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1939). M.S. Atlas's cousin. Graduated from econom. Faculty of Don State un-that (Rostov-on-Don) (1924), worked in the econom. and finance. institutions. Since 1935 on scientific and teaching work at the econom. Faculty of Moscow State University (since 1939 prof.), since 1963 - in Moscow. finance. in-those. Participated in the theoretical. substantiation, preparation and implementation of the 1947 monetary reform in the USSR. Member scientific and expert commission under the President. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Specialist in money circulation and credit, author of works on the political economy of socialism, cost accounting, money circulation, finance, credit, pricing, currencies of foreign countries, countries, etc. One of the authors of the textbook for universities "Money circulation and credit in the USSR" (1957, repeatedly reprinted) Vol .: Money and credit under capitalism and in the USSR, parts 1–2, Moscow, 1930; Essays on the history of money circulation in the USSR, M., 1940; Household. calculation and its role in the conditions of Otech. war, M., 1944; Inflation and Currency Crisis in England after the 2nd World. war, M., 1949; Socialist. monetary system, M., 1969.

atran frank
has abstract: ATRAN Frank (1885, - 1952, USA), entrepreneur, philanthropist. After Oct. 1917 he emigrated to Belgium, was engaged in the production and sale of textiles. Subsequently, he transferred the company to France, then to the USA (New York), where it reached its peak. In the last years of his life he made kr. contributions to charity. goals and in favor of decomp. Heb. org-tions, especially in favor of Heb. labor to-that, to-ry opened the House of Heb. culture them. A. In 1950 he donated 1 million dollars to the construction of the lab. the building of the b-tsy on Mount Scopus (Israel). For several. month to death he founded the chair of Heb. lang., literature and culture at Columbia University (USA).

atsarkin vadim aleksandrovich
has abstract: ATSARKIN Vadim Alexandrovich (b. 1936, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1971). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1959). Since 1959 he has been working at the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1986 - head. lab. Since 1990 simultaneously. prof. Moscow Institute of Radio Engineering, Electronics and Automation. interests - magn. radio spectroscopy tv. bodies, quantum electronics, superconductivity. Let's experiment. found the main. patterns of change in spin temperatures at magn. resonance in tv. bodies (1967–73), as well as the collective mechanism of dynamic. polarization of nuclei (dynamic cooling). Predicted and experiment. discovered the effect of a giant amplification of the longitudinal magn. susceptibility at paramagnetic resonance. Author approx. 100 scientific. works, Cit .: Dynamic. polarization of nuclei in tv. dielectrics, M., 1980.

atskuri
has abstract: ATSKURI, a village in the Akhaltsikhe region (Georgia). First mentioned. in the 11th century. From the 2nd floor. 16th century - the center of the Atskur sandjak of the Akhaltsykh pashalyk of the Ottoman Empire. Since 1828 - part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the village of Akhaltsykh u. Kutaisi, from 1867 - Tiflis province. In 1921-91 - part of the Georgian SSR. 1870s In A. lived St. 100 Jews, in 1893 - 96, at the beginning. 20th century the number of the Jewish population reached 40-45 smoks (families). According to legend, Jews (5 smokes) settled in Armenia during the reign of Queen Tamar (1184-1213). In ist. the works of Tsarevich Vakhushti Bagrationi (1745), along with Meskhs (Georgians), Armenians and Tatars, mention. and Jewish merchants. In A., Jews lived in a separate block in the north of the city. In the 18th century. the Jewish population of Albania was 150 smokes. During the Russian tour. During the war (1828-1829), a plague epidemic destroyed almost the entire population of the city. After 1828 Jews from Dviri, Adigeni, and Abastumani moved to Armenia. Despite this, the size of the Jewish population in 1830 did not exceed 31 smoke. The Jews were engaged in small trade and crafts. In 1843 economical. the situation of the Jews deteriorated after the introduction of a new taxation per capita. The number of Jews in the 1860s did not exceed 20 smokes. In 1918, the Turks who seized Armenia accused the Jews of spying for Georgia. With the help of D. Baazov, the Jews of A. moved to Akhaltsykh (present-day Akhaltsikhe). D. M. Khananashvili

atyrau
has abstract: ATYRAU (until 1992 - Guryev), city, center of Atyrau region. (The Republic of Kazakhstan). Main in 1640.Since 1868 - the district town of the Ural region. Since 1938 it has been the center of the Guryev Region. In 1959, 362 Jews (0.5%) lived in Armenia, in 1970 - 216 (0.2%), in 1979 - 158 Jews (including 24 Bukhara).

auer leopoljd
has abstract: AUER Leopold (Lev) Semenovich (1845, Vesprim, Austrian Empire - 1930, Lovshits, Germany), violinist, teacher, conductor. The founder of the Russian. (petersburg) violin school. R. in a poor family of artisans. Thanks to his wealthy patrons, he studied violin at the age of 8, first in Pest with R. Kon, then in 1857–58 in Vienna with J. Dont. With funds from concerts, he continued his studies in Hanover (1861–63) under J. Joachim, whose teaching principles later became the basis of his own. pedagogy. In 1863-67 he was a concertmaster in the orc. Dusseldorf and Hamburg; performed in concerts as a soloist and ensemble player. In 1868, having received an invitation to the post of prof. Petersburg. cons. came to Russia. A. spent half a century in St. Petersburg: he taught violin, quartet and chamber ensemble classes in the cons., Headed symph. collection and the famous quartet of Petersburg. branch of the RMO (Russian music society), was a soloist of the orc. imperial t-ditch, simultaneously toured (in Russia and in Europe). He has performed with major pianists - A.G. Rubinstein, T. Leshetitsky, A.N. Esipova, E. d'Albert, R. Punio, I. Hoffman. To study with A. in St. Petersburg (as well as in London, where he opened a studio school), violinists from many of them came. countries. A. dedicated their op. PI Tchaikovsky ("Melancholic Serenade"), AK Glazunov (concert for skr. With orc. 5th quartet), A.S. Arensky (concert for skr. With orc.), S.I. . Taneyev ("Concert Suite") and others. Since 1918 he lived in the USA. He taught at the New York Institute of Music. lawsuit, at Curtis-in-those in Philadelphia; wrote a number of methodological literature. tr., the main of which have been translated into Russian. lang .: "My school of playing the violin", L., 1929; "Among the musicians", M., 1927. Among the students of A. - Y. Kheifets, M.B. Polyakin, N.M. Milstein, M.S.Elman, E.A.Tsimbalist, L.M. Zeitlin, Yu.I. Eidlin, B.O.Sibor.A. - the author of violin pieces, transcriptions, cad…

auer misha
has abstract: Auer Misha (nast, name and surname. Mikhail Simonovich Unskovsky) (1905, Petersburg - 1967, Rome), film actor. Since 1928 in the USA - together with his grandfather, the violinist L.S. Auer, he took on his fam. He worked at the Broadway t-ts in New York. In 1928, dir. F. Tuttle on ch. role in f. "Something always happens." Ch. arr. starring Indians, Mexicans, gypsies. In f. "My Man Godfrey" (1936) showed a bright comedic talent and became one of the most popular Amer. comedians of the 1930s. The greatest success was accompanied by A. in comedy films dir. F. Kapra - "You will not take anything with you to the grave" (1938), R. Claire "In the end, no one will be left" (1945), O. Wells "The Secret Dossier" (1955). After the 2nd world. war worked in Zap. Europe (France, Italy, Great Britain), starred in f. "Viva, Villa!" (1934), "Beauty from New Orleans", "Helzapoppin" (both 1941), "Natalie" (1957), "Goodbye, baby" (1966), etc.

auerbakh avraam dov-ber
has abstract: Auerbach Avraham Dov-Ber (1761, Khmilniki - 1840, Safed), Hasidic rabbi. Head of the rabbi, court in Khmilnyky. Since 1785 - rabbi in Ovruch. Since 1824 (5 |) the head of the rabbi, the court in Zhitomir. From 1832 - in E.-I. in Safed, the rabbi of the Hasidic community. He headed the work to restore the Hebrews. quarter after the pogroms (1834; 1837) and the earthquake (1837).

auerbakh efraim
has abstract: AUERBAH Ephraim (1892, Balti, Bessarabian province - 1973, Petah Tikva), poet. In 1908 he began to publish stories in Russian. lang., and in 1909 he debuted a verse in Yiddish. In 1911 he came to Warsaw. Published periodically. ed. In 1912–15 in E.-I., he worked in kibbutzim. Since 1915 in the USA. Participated in the 1st world. war in the Heb. legion. After demobilization, he returned to the United States; was engaged in lit. active Since 1970 in Israel. Author of the book: "Oifn Shvel" ("On the Threshold"), 1915; "Caravans", 1918; Far Groys un Klein (For Big and Small), 1921; Dry Rizn (Three Bogatyrs), 1937; "Yankevs getselt" ("Tents of Jacob"), 1945, etc.

auerbakh elizaveta borisovna
has abstract: AUERBAKH Elizaveta Borisovna (b. 1912, Moscow), author-performer of stories. In 1935 she entered the directing department of the Theater College, after completing the 2nd year in 1937 she was accepted into the auxiliary. the composition of the Moscow Art Theater. In this t-re A. worked for a quarter of a century, played mainly secondary roles - the saleswoman of cigarettes ("Love Yarovaya" by K.A. Trenev), the Fifth Princess ("Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov), one of the lady's maids Tizl (“School of Scandal” by R. Sheridan) and others. In 1941–45 she gave concerts as part of front-line brigades. She began writing stories after the war. Performances with them in concerts were a success. In the late 50s - early. 60s A. left the theater, devoting herself entirely to the stage. Her early stories are mostly about front-line themes and theater. For the first time publ. in f. Theater (1956). And, she wrote and numerous. stories about children, the world to-rykh she understands and conveys. A. speaks in schools, arranging, as it were, a complementary lesson, in which she reads both classics to children and her own. stories, cit .: My stories, Moscow, 1959; Small ensemble, M., 1971.

auerbakh khaim ben-itskhok
has abstract: AUERBACH Chaim ben Yitzchok (| - 1839), rabbi, writer. On the maternal side, he descended from I. Karo. A. held the post of rabbi in Lenchitsa, dealt with issues of rabbinical law. character, "Dibre Mishpat" (Kropotin, 1835), research. on questions stated. in dep. "Shoshen Mishpat" by I. Karo, published by A.'s son, Menachem, a rabbi in the Island, with additions.

aukshtadvaris
has abstract: AUKSHTADVARIS, a settlement in Trakai region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vysoky Dvor Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. 194 Jews (27.9%) lived in Armenia in 1888, 309 (43.5%) in 1897, and 272 in 1923 (33, 4%), in the 1930s. - 297, in 1941 - 230 Jews. The first Jews settled in Armenia in the 18th century. In the end. 1890s a Zionist organization was created in Armenia. Since 1900, Abram Dantskir (1863–?) And Reuven Braz (until 1932) have been rabbis in Armenia. There was a synagogue. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. In 1930, the Yavne school was established. In the 1930s. branches of "Maccabi", "Gordonia", dec. Jewish org-tions. In 1932-35 Mordechai Rabinovich was the rabbi, in 1935-41 - Aron Elinovich (? -1941). 1941 approx. 200 Jews of A. were taken to Trakai and shot by the Lithuanian police. Eight Jews of A. hid in the woods for three years until liberation. In the beginning. 1990s a memorial sign with an inscription in Yiddish and lit. language.

aukshtoyi panemune
has abstract: AUKSTOYI PANEMUNE, now a district within the city of Kaunas (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1559. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Ponemon of Mariampolskiy u. Augustovskaya, from 1867 - Suwalki province. In 1897, 775 Jews (49%) lived in AP. 19th century A.P. had a synagogue. In the 1880s. Rabbi A.P. was Avrom Lichtenstein, from 1890 - Benjamin Maisel, from 1926 - Efroim-Nison Mayofis, who died during the Holocaust. In 1931 Jews owned 13 out of 20 shops, factories for the production of effervescent waters, husband. hats, felt, 2 mills, bakery, sawmill. Jews of A.P. were destroyed during the Holocaust.

aulie-ata
has abstract: AULIE-ATA, see Zhambyl.

auslender sergey abramovich
has abstract: AUSLENDER Sergei Abramovich (1886, Petersburg - 1943), prose writer, playwright, critic. The son of the People's Will A.Ya. Auslender. Mother - from the nobility, sister of the poet M.A. Kuzmin. He graduated from the 7th city in St. Petersburg (1906). In 1906-10 he studied at the verbal department. ist.-philol. Faculty of St. Petersburg un-that. In 1908 - a member of the Pushkin seminary of S.A. Vengerov. In 1906–08 he collaborated with VF Komissarzhevskaya. Began to publish in 1905 in g. "Bulletin Wed. institutions ”,“ Lights ”,“ Students ”,“ Spring ”. From 1910 he published critical. Art. into gas. "Speech". First Sat stories - "Golden Apples" (1908). In 1912 A. released the 2nd collection. - "Stories", in 1913 - rom. "The last satellite", in which he tried to convey the atmosphere of lit. and artist. Petersburg in the 1910s. From 1914 he acted as a playwright. From the end. 1915 printed correspondence from the front to Petrograd. editions, in 1916 ed. Sat. stories "Warrior's Heart", after eating, the events of the 1st world. war. In 1918 - in Moscow, collaborated in gas. "A life". From Jan. 1919 was published in Kolchak gas. "Sib. speech ". Publ. it contains the last rum. "Visions of Life" (about the time of the 1st World War). Since 1922 again in Moscow, broke with the former literature. environment, wrote Ch. arr. ist.-rev. stories and stories for youth. Coll. op. (v. 1–5, 7, M., 1928) consists only of children. novellas written after 1922. In 1937 he was repressed.

autse
has abstract: AUCE, a city (since 1925) in the Dobele region (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from the 18th century as the primogeniture of Count von Medem. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Alt-Auz Doblensky u. Kurland province. In 1918-25 - Veh-Auce, from 1925 - Auce as part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1920, 138 Jews (9%) lived in Armenia, in 1925 - 157 (6%), in 1930 - 151 (5%), in 1935 - 147 (4%) Jews have lived in Armenia since the 1880s. biennium Since 1887 LB Ovchinsky was the rabbi. In 1899 a synagogue building was built, in 1901 - a mikvah, founded. hevra kaddish. In 1905, fearing a pogrom, some of the Jews left Armenia for some time. Since 1920 the community of A. has been assisted by the Joint. The rabbi was Yoel Pisetsky. Two doctors and one in three dentists in A. were Jewish. Zionist org-tions worked actively. All the Jews of Armenia were shot in the end. Aug 1941.

avdeevka
has abstract: AVDEEVKA, city (since 1956) in Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1884 as a settlement of Bakhmutskiy u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1926, 46 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1939 - 38 Jews. In 1919 the Jewish population of Armenia suffered from a pogrom organized by units of the Volunteer Army. 1942 in A. 9 Jews were shot, January 23. - 4 Jews, to the end. jan. 1942 - 27 Jews. LB Fabrikant.

avdotjevka
has abstract: AVDOTIEVKA, a village in the Shirokovsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Avdot'evka (other name. Venediktovka) of the Alexandria district. Kherson province. 29 Apr. In 1942 a workers' camp was created in Armenia, where all able-bodied Jews from Kamenka were taken out. The prisoners were used on the construction of the Kryvyi Rih - Dnepropetrovsk highway.

averbakh iljya aleksandrovich
has abstract: AVERBAKH Ilya Alexandrovich (1934, Leningrad - 1986, ibid.), Film director and playwright. Graduated from the Leningrad Medical Institute, worked as a doctor. Graduated from the Higher. courses for directors and screenwriters at the Lenfilm studio. The author of scripts for popular science and game f. He made his directing debut in 1967. He staged fiction films. "Degree of risk" (1968, Grand Prix at the International Film Festival of the Red Cross in Varna, Bulgaria, 1969), "Monologue" (1972), "Letters from Others" (1975, special jury at the I IFF in Naples, Italy, 1976 ), "Declaration of love" (1977), "Voice" (1982) and others. active lawsuit in the RSFSR (1976).

averbakh leopoljd leonidovich
has abstract: AVERBAKH Leopold Leonidovich (1903, Saratov - 1938), lit. critic, publicist, literary society. activist. R. in the merchant. family. He studied at the city. Member of the RKSM of the first composition. On instructions from the Comintern of Youth, he worked abroad. Ed. g. Young Guard (1922–24), then railway “On lit. post ”(1926–32) and gene. sec. The RAPP, which tried to turn the writers' organization into a "cell of the Central Committee with literature" and pursued a policy of ousting writers-"fellow travelers". Publicistic. and critical. A.'s works were distinguished by intolerance, class limitations, and vulgarization of the nature of the arts. creativity. After the liquidation of the RAPP, he took part in the preparation of the 1st All. Congress of Sov. writers and the implementation of a number of undertakings by M. Gorky (collection of articles about the White Sea-Baltic Canal, ser. book: "History of Factories and Plants", etc.). Auth. book “Cultural Revolution and Modern Issues. literature ", M.-L., 1928; “On the tasks of the flight. literature ”, ibid., 1928, etc., which today are of interest only as a document of the era. Repressed.

averbakh mikhail iosifovich
has abstract: AVERBAKH Mikhail Iosifovich (1872, Mariupol - 1944, Moscow), ophthalmologist, acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1895) and was left at the clinic of eye diseases. From 1900 he worked at the Ophthalmological Hospital. V.A. and A.A. Alekseevs (since 1903 chief doctor), on the basis of a cut in 1910 founded the Department of Eye Diseases Mosk. higher wives. courses. In 1931–44 he headed the founder. named after the Department of Eye Diseases Center, Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors, at the same time (1935–44) Dir. Research Institute of Eye Diseases. G. Helmholtz, in the organization to-rogo he took an active part. Prev Vses. and Mosk. about-in eye doctors. scientific. A.'s works are devoted to various refractions of the eyes (doct. dis., 1900), problems of trachoma, glaucoma, eye traumatism, blindness, pediatric ophthalmology, ophthalmosurgery (developed and introduced into practice a number of new operations), etc. A. - the creator of scientific. schools (M.L. Krasnov, P.E. Tikhomirov and others). Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR established the prize MI Averbakh, awarded for the best scientific. work in the field of ophthalmology. His name was given to the eye clinic of the 2nd Moscow. honey. in-that, children's eye hospital at the Research Institute of Eye Diseases. G. Helmholtz, on the territory. a bust of A. was installed in 1952; on the Golitsynsky building of the First city hospital - mem. plaque in honor of A. Zasl. Scientist of the RSFSR (1933). Became. pr. (1943). Works: Ophthalmological essays, M.-L., 1940; The main forms of changes in the optic nerve, M., 1944; Damage to the eyes and their surrounding parts, M.-L., 1945.

averbakh mikhail mikhaylovich
has abstract: AVERBAKH Mikhail Mikhailovich (b. 1925, Moscow), pathologist and immunomorphologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1962), prof. (1964). Father - A. Mikhail Mikhailovich (1902-1955), obstetrician-gynecologist, associate professor, dean to lay down. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow honey. in-that; grandfather M.I. Averbakh. In 1949 he graduated to lay down. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow. honey. in-that, entered graduate school at the department of pathological. anatomy of the same inst. Since 1952 scientific. sotr., and then deputy. dir. by scientific. work Center. Institute of tuberculosis. scientific. works (St. 300, including 10 monographs) are devoted to the problems of pathogenesis, immunomorphology and immunogenetics of tuberculosis and other lung diseases. Honored. active sciences of the RSFSR. Cit .: Immunobiological bases of anti-tuberculosis vaccination, M., Medicine, 1970; Delayed type hypersensitivity and anti-tuberculosis immunity, M., Medicine, 1974; Immunology and immunopathology of tuberculosis, M., 1976; Immunological aspects of lung diseases, M., 1980; Immunogenetics of infectious diseases, M., 1985.

averbakh yuriy ljvovich
has abstract: AVERBAKH Yuri Lvovich (b. 1922, Kaluga), chess player; int. grandmaster (1952), international. Arbitrator (1969). Member Executive Committee (1978–82) and the Central Committee (1974–82) of FIDE. Prev chess. Federation of the USSR (1972–77). Ch. ed. g. Chess in the USSR (1962–91) and Chess Bulletin (1991–93). Shahm. theoretician, historian and writer, Champion of Moscow (1949, 1950, 1962) and the USSR (1954). Participant in the Candidates Tournament (1953) and Interzonal Tournaments (1952 and 1958). Winner of the Intern. tournaments (including Dresden (1956), Vienna (1961), Moscow (1962), Rio de Janeiro (1956), Polyanica-Zdroj (1975)). A.'s research in the region. endgame and chess history received an international. recognition. Cit .: In search of truth: (Notes of a grandmaster), M., 1967 and 1993; Travel to chess. Kingdom, 2nd ed., M., 1976 (et al.); Shahm. graduation, M., 1980.

averbukh dzhakobo
has abstract: AVERBUKH Jacobo (1904, Kamenets - |), industrialist. Studied philosophy and societies. Sciences. There was a prez. youth organization "Kadima" in Kamenets; headed by Gehaluts (Bukovina, Romania). He worked in the electronic industry. Since 1940 Gen. Secretary of the Zionist Federation of Colombia. Founder of the Cultural Center for the Jews of Colombia, the first Hebrew. schools in Bogota. Published in Colombian periodicals. ed. and abroad.

averbukh revekka abramovna
has abstract: AVERBUKH Rebekka Abramovna (1891, Kazan - 1978, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1938). Graduated from the Higher. wives courses at Kazan University, those taught history in Wed. school. From 1924 in Moscow, in 1924–27 she studied at the graduate school of the Institute of History RANION in the seminars of prof. N.M. Lukina and acad. V.P. Volgin. In 1925–29 he was a scientific secretary. section on the history of the West in the Society of historians-Marxists under the Communist. Academy, read a course on general history in the Communist. un-those working people of the East and the Academy of Communist. upbringing them. N.K. Krupskoy, after graduate school - Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History Communist. Academy (from 1936 - Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, from 1969 - Institute of General History). In 1944–58 - prof. ist. Faculty of Moscow State University. Author of works on the history of modern and modern times (the history of Hungary, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the 19th and 20th centuries). She participated in the preparation of a number of calls. works, monographs, uch. manuals. Cit .: The Tsar's intervention in the fight against the Hungarian. the roar of 1848-1849, M., 1935; Italy in the first and second world. wars, M., 1946; Revolution and national liberation. wrestling in Hungary 1848-1849, M. 1965; Revolution in Austria (1848–1849!), M., 1970.

averbukh voljf
has abstract: Averbukh Wolf (1890-1936 |), polit. activist. From his youth he participated in the roar. movement. Under the influence of Art. brother Zvi (ps. - Alexander Khesin) joined Poalei Zion. During the 1st world. war, being a Russian soldier. army, got into Austr. captivity. After the revolution of 1917, a lion was at the head. Poaley Zion wing in Russia. From 1922 - in E.-I. Was engaged in illegal desks. activities. He was the first Heb. communist. a figure who established ties with the Arabs of Shechem and Nazareth. Collaborated in the communist. press. Articles were signed by ps. Abu Zion. In 1930 he was exiled to Russia, where the NKVD was arrested and, apparently, died in prison.

avgustov
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=АВГУСТОВ, город (с 1561) в Сувалкском воеводстве (Республика Польша). В 16—18 вв. — в составе Речи Посполитой, в 1795—1807 — Пруссии, в 1807—15 — Вел. герцогства Варшавского. С 1815 — в составе Рос. империи, в 1837—66 — центр Августовской, с 1867 — уездный город Сувалкской губ. В 1918—39 — в составе Польши, в 1939—45 — БССР.В 1765 в А. проживало 239 евреев, в 1800 — 462 (29%), в 1808 — 984 (28%), в 1820 — 1167, в 1827 — 1482 (41%), в 1857 — 3669 (46%), в 1897 — 3468 (36%), в 1921 — 2261 (24%), в 1931 — 2397 (26%), в 1939 — ок. 3000 евреев.Евреи поселились в А. с момента его основания. В 1578 евреи А. получили привилегии заниматься торговлей, ремеслом и продажей алкоголя; развивались торговля рыбой и извоз. Община существовала в А. со 2-й пол. 17 в. Первая синагога была построена в 1840-х гг. В 1897 имелось 5 синагог и 2 еврейских кладбища. В нач. 1840-х гг. — 1854 раввином А. был Шмуэль-Авигдор Тосефталь, в 1854—70 — Исраэль-Иссер Шапиро, с 1870 — Мойше-Ицхок Галеви, затем его зять раби Катриэль-Натан. С 1870-х гг. до нач. 20 в. казенным раввином в А. служил писатель Зеев Шперлинг, получивший известность как переводчик на иврит книг Жюля Верна. В А. действовали хедеры и талмуд-тора. В 1827—62 евреям, не являвшимся пост. жителями А., было запрещено селиться в А. из-за его близости к границе с Пруссией.В кон. 19 в. евреи владели 3 мельницами, 2 лесопилками, каменоломней, мастерской по выделке кож (продукция продавалась по всей России), мастерской по произ-ву фарфоровых изделий. В этот же период мн. еврейские семьи пострадали от пожаров, в результате к-рых остались без крова. Благодаря финансовой поддержке со стороны Г.О.Гинцбурга и М.Монтефиоре им удалось поправить материальное положение. В А. начало развиваться текстильное произ-во, давшее источники заработка для мн. евреев. В это же время была осн. благотворит. орг-ция «Линат Цедек», оказывавшая помощь больным и бедным. Имелась небольшая хасидская община со своей синагогой. В 1885 во…

avida
has abstract: AVIDA (Zlotnik) Yehuda Leib (1887, Plock - 1962, Israel), rabbi, leader in the field of Hebrews. education, research. folklore, publicist. Educated at the Yeshiva Volozhin. Rabbi since 1910. In 1911-1919, a rabbi in Gombin in Poland. During the 1st world. war was taken hostage by a local Russian. command in connection with possible espionage activities of Chl. his communities. In 1917 he founded and up to 1920 gene. sec. org-tion Mizrahi in Poland. From 1920 - in Canada, where he successively held posts: director. Heb. nat. Foundation in Canada, Dir. Heb. schools in Montreal and a rabbi in Vancouver. Since 1938 in South Africa, where as director. South African Council for Heb. education gradually consolidated the structure of Heb. enlightenment: he founded a seminary for the training of teachers (edges were later named after him) and developed a model for a children's school and early. day schools. Since 1949 in Israel. The versatility of A.'s personality was reflected not only in his activity in the Zionist movement, education, and religion, but also in his fruitful activity as a publicist and philologist, who wrote in Hebrew, Yiddish, and English, as well as a folklorist and ethnologist. His first works in these regions. appeared in 1917, when he was still a rabbi in Gombina. He wrote under the ps. Yehuda Elzet (formed from the initial letters of his name Leib Zlotnik). Shortly before his death, he became prez. Israel Institute of Folklore and Ethnology. The author of fundamental philology. tr. in Yiddish "Wunder Oitser fun der Yidischer Sprah" (vols. 1-4, 1919-20) and the book. Koyheles der mentsch un dos bukh (1929).

avida mordekhay
has abstract: AVIDA Mordechai (b. 1909, Plock), diplomat. Studied at McGill University (Montreal), Heb. un-those (Jerusalem). Since 1930 in E.-I. In 1943–48 ed. Heb. British programs radio broadcaster. service in E.-I. In 1948–49 - deputy. dir. dep. British Commonwealth Foreign Office; in 1949–52 - one of the founders and director. radio "Kol Zion la Gola" ("Voice of Zion for the Diaspora"). In 1953–56 he was the cultural attaché of the Israeli mission in Buenos Aires. In 1956–58 he was responsible for South Amer. inf. dep. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1958–61 - Counselor at the Israeli Embassy in Buenos Aires, from 1961 - Director. Dept. on cultural relations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

avidar-chernovits yamima
has abstract: AVIDAR-CHERNOVITS Yamima (b. 1909), writer. From 1921 in E.-I. Graduated from the Herzliya government in Tel Aviv; high fur boots of Vienna and Berlin (she studied individual psychology with Alfred Adler). Published approx. 40 kn. for kids. State Israel Ave (1984).

avidar yosef
has abstract: AVIDAR Yosef (b. 1906, Kremenets, Volyn province), military man. activist and diplomat, brigadier general. From 1925 in E.-I., from 1927 a member. Gagany, in 1937–46 was a member of its higher. command. In 1946 the deputy. early Gene. headquarters of Gagana, in 1947–49 he headed the supply department. In 1950–55 teams. Center, and North. districts. In 1955–58 he was ambassador to the USSR. In 1958-60 gen. dir. Ministry of Labor. In 1960–68 he was ambassador to Argentina. 1968–71 finance. Inspector Histadrut.

avidor
has abstract: AVIDOR (Burshtein) Moshe (b. 1906, Kiev), education worker, society. activist. From 1913 to E.-I. In 1931 he graduated from Columbia University. Doctor of Philosophy (1933). In 1933–42 he taught history at the Herzliya state institution (Tel Aviv). In 1942–48 - an inspector of the Hebrews. schools in E.-I. In 1948–52 - inspector for special affairs of the Israeli Ministry of Education and Culture, in 1952–53 - his general. dir. He held the post before. Nat. Commission of UNESCO (since 1954), Societies. Broadcasting Council (since 1961). Member Execute. Committee of UNESCO (since 1962). Author of the book: "Self-government of Jews in E.-I." (1934), Education in Israel (1958). Published Art. on history and education in Heb. and English. g.

aviduv yani
has abstract: AVIDUV Yani (1891-1970, Israel), leader of the Zionist movement. In E.-I. since 1921. Member. party ha-Poel ha-Tsair. One of the organizers of illegal immigration through sowing. border, as well as from Greece and North. Africa. In the period preceding the creation of the state of Israel, he, together with Israel, managed to bring to E.-I. thousands of date palm seedlings, which served as the basis for date plantations in the Arava.

avigdor ben shmuelj
has abstract: AVIGDOR Ben Shmuel (| - 1771, Vilna), rabbi. In 1719-1768 he served as a rabbi in Pruzhany, Pruzhany, Vilkavishki and Zelva. The author of responses. A.'s son - Shmuel, the rabbi of Vilna.

avigdori
has abstract: AVIGDORI (Vendorkhoys) Shneur Zalman (1891, Nikolaev - 1960, Israel), doctor, one of the first fighters against malaria and tuberculosis in E.-I. Received a tradition. Heb. education. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Yuryevsky University. During the 1st world. war - military. doctor of the Russian army. In 1919 he arrived at E.-I. on the ship "Ruslan". He was a doctor in Galilee, and later in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. One of the founders of public medicine in Israel. Founder of the League Against Tuberculosis and the Doctors' Union.

avinosto
has abstract: AVINOSTO, see Avinyuosta.

avinovitskiy yakov lazarevich
has abstract: AVINOVITSKY Yakov Lazarevich (1897–1938, Moscow), military leader, corps commissar (1935); Dr. ped. Sciences (1936). The son of a teacher. He graduated from the beginning. bunk bed uch-shche (1913), special. ped. courses (1916), worked as a teacher. Since 1919 in Kr. Army. Deputy prev. Cheka under the defense committee of the Lithuanian-Belarusian. republics. Then until Oct. 1920 - to the West. fr. In 1921 one of the hands. suppression of the so-called. Antonov rebellion in Tambov province., then Commissioner of chemical. advanced training courses for command personnel. He graduated from the same courses (1922), 2 courses of economics. f-that Ying-that them. K. Marx (1923). In 1932–34 the beginning. and the military commissar of the military. Academy of the Red Army, from 1934 - beginning. and military commissar. academy of chemical protection, one of the founders and organizers of chemical. service Kr. Army. Shot.

avinyuosta
has abstract: AVINYUOSTA, a village in the Zarasai district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Avinosto Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, since 1842 - Kovenskaya province. Before the 1st world. During the war, Armenia had a Jewish population.

avitsur shmuelj
has abstract: AVITSUR Shmuel (b. 1908, Baku), geographer, ethnographer. Studied at Baku University. In E.-I. - from 1931. In 1938 he founded the first in E.-I. Department of Regional Studies. In 1952 he founded the Institute of Local Lore. Haim Avshalom. Prof. Tel Aviv University. Etc. Israel Geography (1977). The author of works on geography, local history and archeology E.-I.

avner
has abstract: AVNER (Zelikovich) Elimelech (1897-1957, Israel), military. activist, general (1948). From 1917 in E.-I., mobilized for a tour. army, commanded a company in Macedonian fr., then in fr. Gases. In 1918 he volunteered for Heb. legion Brit. army, where he served for 2 years. In 1921 he participated in the development of the basic. plan of the teachings of Gagana, at the same time led the first in E.-I. training course for officers. Since 1931, he was a member of the high command of Gagana, was its commander in Tel Aviv, and later in Yuzh. Galilee.

avni
has abstract: AVNI (Kaminkovsky) Aron (1906, Yekaterinoslav - 1951, Israel), artist, architect, teacher. He studied in Heb. (Hebrew) g-zii (Yekaterinoslav) and at the Academy of Arts (Moscow). Member of "Ge-Halutz". From 1925 in E.-I. Until 1928 he studied at the Bezalel Academy. Participated in exhibitions of the studio "Masad", which opposed the traditionalist style of "Bezalel" and followed the path of the "Parisian school". In 1930 - the first personal exhibition in Tel Aviv. In 1930–32 he studied in Paris. Upon returning to E.-I. worked as architect. at the City Hall of Jaffa. He taught architecture and mathematics. He founded a painting and sculpture studio. Participant pl. exhibitions in E.-I. and other countries. The Avni Institute is named after him.

avnielj mordekhay
has abstract: AVNIEL Mordechai (1900, Pinsk - |), artist, lawyer. Hood. educated at the Higher School of Arts in Yekaterinburg. Delegate from "Tseirei Zion" Yekaterinburg at the Zionist congress in Moscow (1920). In E.-I. - from 1921. In 1923–28 - director. and teacher of the miniature department at the Bezalel Academy. In 1929–34 he collaborated in the revisionist press. In 1932 he graduated from law. school in Jerusalem and began to practice law. In 1948–65, he was a member. mountains. Haifa Council from Herut Party; was a member of the Supreme Court. As a landscape painter, he participated in art. exhibitions in Israel and other countries.

avnimelekh moshe
has abstract: AVNIMELEKH Moshe (1899, Warsaw - 1971, Jerusalem), geologist, paleontologist. He studied at high fur boots in Warsaw, Göttingen and Grenoble. An activist of "ha-Shomer ha-Tsair". In E.-I. from 1922. In 1925 he returned to Poland and taught at the Tarbut school. He returned to E.-I. in 1930, taught in Heb. un-those in Jerusalem. Since 1952 - prof.

avnon yaakov
has abstract: AVNON Yaakov (b. 1919, Vilno), diplomat. Since 1937 in E.-I. Graduated from the Technion in Haifa. In 1940–46 he served in Britain. army, demobilized with the rank of major. From 1950 to a diploma. work: in 1952–55 1st sec. Embassy of Israel in Sweden, in 1955-61 gene. consul in Los Angeles, then ambassador to Sierra Leone.

avoda
has abstract: AVODA (Hebrew - work), a former Jewish agricultural artel in the Dzhankoy region of Crimea. ASSR. Main in 1923 by immigrants from the North. In 1923, 195 people lived in Armenia. at 1219 dec. land. The Joint provided great help to the settlers. In the 1920s. there was a synagogue in A. Financial aid for religion. The needs of the A. community were provided by J.-I. Schneerson. The Jewish population of A. was exterminated in the end. 1941.

avraam-simkha mstislavskiy
has abstract: AVRAAM-SIMKHA MSTISLAVSKY (early 19th century - 1864), tzadik. Son of Rabbi Pogostsky and nephew of H. Volozhinsky. Under the guidance of his uncle, Rabbi Chaim, he studied the Talmud and Kabbalah in Volozhin, and after the death of Rabbi Chaim he became a yeshiva teacher. About 1835 he took up the post of rabbi in Mstislavl, Mogilev province, where he was until 1864. The author of the correspondence with the present-day. rabbis for jurisprudence. The part of the book that remained after the fire was published after his death by his son Chaim-Joseph.

avraamovo
has abstract: AVRAAMOVO, see Abramovo.

avrekh aron yakovlevich
has abstract: AVREKH Aron Yakovlevich (1915, Kirsanov, Tambov province - 1988, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1967). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1940) and taught history at ped. in-those of Mr. Engels. Since Aug. 1941 at the front. After demobilization (1946) he taught history at the Arkhangelsk pedagogue. in-those, in 1947-50 he studied at the graduate school of Moscow State University. In 1950–54 he worked in the system of the USSR Academy of Sciences as a consultant on problems of history, from 1954 at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1968 at the Institute of History of the USSR of the USSR Academy of Sciences). Since 1954, deputy. responsible secretary, in 1958–61 responsible. sec. collection "East. notes ". Author of works on the history of the state. building, int. politics and societies.-polit, struggle in Russia at the beginning. 20th century Articles A. “On certain questions of the rev. situations ”(“ Questions of the history of the KPSS ”, 1966, No. 5) and“ Rus. absolutism and its role in the establishment of capitalism in Russia "(" History of the USSR ", 1968, No. 2) gave rise to a lively scientific. discussions. Participated in the preparation of a number of multivolume publications, incl. "History of the USSR from ancient times to the present day", vol. 6 (Moscow, 1968). Cit .: Tsarism and the third June system, Moscow, 1966; Stolypin and the Third Duma, M., 1968; Tsarism and the IV Duma. 1912-1914, M., 1981; The collapse of the third June system, M., 1985; Tsarism on the eve of the overthrow, M., 1989; Freemasons and Revolution, M., 1990; P.A. Stolypin and the fate of reforms in Russia, M., 1991.

avrom-abele ben avrom-shloyme
has abstract: AVROM-ABELE ben Avrom-Shloyme (1764 1836), rabbi. Known as Abele Posvoler. He was a student of Shloyme from Vilkomir. In his youth, he became a rabbi in Posvol (near Kovna), from 1802 - the head of the Vilna "beis-din", held this post in tech. 30 years. In 1835 he intervened in a discussion between ed. Talmud by the Romm family (Vilna) and the Shapiro (Slavuta) brothers. (Publishing house from Slavuta started work earlier and believed that the Romm family usurped their initiative). In 1822 Jews E.-I. financial difficulties arose, and A. called on the Jews of Poland and Lithuania to help them. A. failed to publish. his tr., but some of them have survived in the records of his contemporaries. A. approved "Teuda be-Israel" I.B. Levinzon, one of the leading grew. "Maskilim".

avrunin abragam
has abstract: AVRUNIN Abraham (1869-1957), philologist and specialist in the region. Hebrew grammar. Rod. in Russia; joined the Hibbat Zion movement and became a staunch Zionist. In 1898 he taught Hebrew in Minsk and devoted himself to the study of Hebrew linguistics. From 1910 in E.-I., where he taught in Wed. schools in Tel Aviv and the College of Educators for Children. gardens, d. his student I. Galperin. A. fought for the use of pure and literate Hebrew. The author is etymological. and linguistic. works, Hebrew grammar (with A. Pepper, 1922), wrote poetry and epigrams, led a linguist's column in the gas. "Haaretz" and was co-editor of the periodical. ed. "Va'ad ha-Lashon", "Leshonenu la-Am". He wrote commentaries on the "Book of Job" (jointly with AZ Rabinovich, 1916); research "Medieval poetry in Hebrew" (1929); prepared by ed. books by Y. Al-Kharivi with a preface and commentary (1945).

avrushchenko vladimir izrailevich
has abstract: AVRUSHCHENKO Vladimir Izrailevich (1908, Yampol, Podolsk province - 1941, approx. Pyryatin), poet. From 1918 to 1925 he lived in Poltava, where he graduated from high school. Here he began to write poetry. The first verse, published in the Kharkov Komsomol, Gaz. in 1925. In the same year he moved to Moscow, where he studied at the Higher. lit. courses and in Lit. in-those. His poems were published in the newspaper: "Komsomolskaya Pravda", "Literaturnaya Gazeta", "Krestyanskaya Gazeta", in f. Ogonyok, Molodaya Gvardiya, Novy Mir, Oktyabr and others. Before the war of 1941–45, more than 100 verses were published, and more than 50 trans. in Russian lang. from Ukrainian, Belarusian, Ossetian. and other languages. In 1932, Sat. his poems "The Fourth Battalion", in 1935 in Poltava Sat. "Poltava", in 1937 in Kiev - Sat. "Gardens". In the beginning. During the 1941–45 war, he volunteered for the French, worked for the army gas. "Combat Campaign". He was wounded, captured and executed. In 1971, the book was published. his poems "The Oath".

avrutik avratam n.
has abstract: AVRUTIK Avratam N. (1909, Kherson - 1982, USA), rabbi, religious activist. In 1921-29 he lived in Canada. Since 1929 - in the USA. Bachelor of Arts (1934). Rabbi since 1936 (after graduating from the Theological Seminary of Rabbi Isaac Elhanan). Since 1947 hand. decomp. religious associations: member. executive committee of the Union of Orthodox Jews. communities of America; in 1948-50, vice-president. Council of America's Rabbis, in 1950–56, founder and 1st Pres. Connecticut Rabbis Council, since 1962 - Pres. Council of America's Rabbis.

avrutis khaim avraamovich
has abstract: AVRUTIS Chaim Avraamovich (b. 1928, Baryshevka, Kiev region), painter, graphic artist. From a Hasidic family, but after the death of his father and grandfather, he lost contact with Heb. tradition. Since 1933 in Moscow. Studied in a private art. N.V. Sinitsyn's studio (1937–40), in the Moscow Art School (1940–47) in the class. V.V. Pochitalov, then at the Moscow Art Institute. VI Surikov (1947–53). In 1954–67 he lived in Novosibirsk, worked primarily. in the portrait genre (the Theorists series, etc.). At the turn of the 50-60s. joined the so-called. "Severe style", which is usually characterized by a dark color and expressive heavy brushstroke. At the same time. A. worked a lot in the region. book ill. for children, led by teach. and will enlighten. active Since 1971 he has been living and working in Troitsk Moscow. region He created a number of cycles (ch. Arr. Tempera), the best of which is the "Great French Revolution". Whole sir. works devoted to Heb. subject ("The scripture says ...", "Boy and the Talmudists", "Menorah: The Tree of Martyrs", etc.). In recent years. paints portraits and landscapes of the Moscow region. Participant of group and personal exhibitions.

avrutskiy grigoriy yakovlevich
has abstract: AVRUTSKY Grigory Yakovlevich (1924, Moscow - 1993, ibid.), Psychiatrist. Dr. med. Sciences (1968), prof. (1969). After graduating from Military med. Academy in Leningrad (1948) served as a military man. a psychiatrist. From 1953 until the end of his life he worked in Moscow. Research Institute of Psychiatry of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (his teachers were M.Ya. Sereisky, D.E. Melekhov, S.G. Zhislin). In 1961 he improved in England and France, incl. from the French. scientists J. Delei and P. Deniker - pioneers of psychopharmacotherapy. The formation and development of psychopharmacotherapy in the USSR is associated with the name of A. His scientific. tr. dedicated psychopharmacology, org-tion of community-acquired therapeutic. assistance to the mentally ill and other problems of psychiatry. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1987). State etc. USSR (1980). Cit .: Treatment of the mentally ill, M., 1981 (et al.).

avshalom
has abstract: AVSHALOM (Fridman) Chaim (1890-1952, Israel), trade unionist. In his youth, he was an activist of the Ceireytsion. After the revolution in Russia, together with I. Trumpeldor, he created "Ge Halutz". From 1919 - in E.-I. He worked as a road worker, was a delegate to the founding congress of trade unions (1920). One of the founders of the union of working youth. Hereinafter - Member. Tel Aviv Workers Council, held leading positions in central prof. organs, mainly. related to culture and education. The "Avshalom Institute" at Tel-Aviv University, engaged in local history E.-I.

avshaulov khizgil davidovich
has abstract: AVSHAULOV Khizgil Davidovich (b. 1913, Nyugdi village, Dagestan region), writer, folklorist. Writes in TAT and Russian. languages. A classic of Soviet literature of Mountain Jews. Member of the 2nd world. war. Until 1956 he was engaged in journalism. Collaborated in the yearbook "Council to Vatanimu", published in the Tatar language. The first story - "Lovers" was published in 1939. One of the first collectors and publishers of the folklore of Mountain Jews. In 1940 he published a collection of works. "Tatsky folklore". The author of the play "Love in Danger". Cit .: Meeting at the spring, M., 1960; Under plane trees, M., 1960; The interpreter of the imam, 1967; The Legend of Love, Makhachkala, 1972; Retribution, M., 1978.

ayalon
has abstract: AYALON (Leshchiner) Zvi (b. 1911), military. activist and diplomat, gen. Israel Defense Forces (1948). From 1923 in E.-I. He studied at the Ga-Reali state institution in Haifa and in s.-kh. school "Mikve-Israel". In 1927 he joined Gagana, worked his way up from ml. com. to the leading officer of her gen. headquarters. After the creation of the Israel Defense Forces (1948) - deputy. early Gene. headquarters. During the War of Independence, the Center commanded, fr. In 1952, he headed the quartermaster department of Gen. headquarters. In 1954 - teams. Center, neighborhood. In 1955–57 he trained in the USA, from 1957 the beginning. dep. building of the Ministry of Defense of Israel, since 1958 deputy. gene. dir. this min-va. In 1959 he headed a delegation of the Ministry of Defense in Great Britain. Since 1964 - Ambassador to Romania.

ayan
has abstract: AYAN, village, center of Ayano-Maisky district of Khabarovsk Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Primorsk region. In 1939, 20 Jews lived in Armenia.

aykhenvaljd aleksandr yuljevich
has abstract: EICHENWALD Alexander Yulievich (1904, Moscow - 1941, Oryol), economist, publicist. Son of Yu.I. Eichenwald. In 1919–20 p. Krasnopresnenskiy RK and MGK RKP (b), instructor and agitprop party committee in Pyatigorsk. In 1920–21 he studied at the Communist. un-those them. Ya.M. Sverdlov in Moscow. In oct. 1924 - scientific. sotr. this un-that. In 1924–25 he was a propagandist in the town of Bezhitsa, Bryansk province. In 1925-28 he studied economics. department of the Institute of red professors in Moscow. In 1926-27 he was a member. edition w. "Communistich. International". In 1928-29 - prof. political economy in Tatar Communist. un-those in Kazan; author of the brochure "On the tactics of the Comintern in China" (1927), pl. articles on the theory of economics and world economy, in f. "Bolshevik", "Under the Banner of Marxism", "Communist. International "and others, monograph" Sov. economics: Economics and economics, politics of the USSR ". In 1930 he was expelled from the party for belonging to the "Right Opposition" and was soon reinstated. In 1933 he was arrested on charges of belonging to the "Antipart, a group of rightists ...", sentenced to 2 years in prison (he was kept in the Suzdal political isolator). In 1935 he was sentenced again to 2 years in prison, replaced by exile in the town of Berezov, where A. worked in the floating workshop of Berezovsky fish. s-yes (1935). In Jan. 1937 arrested again on charges of counterrevolution. activities; sentenced to 15 years in prison. He served his sentence in the Oryol prison. 09/11/1941 by the verdict of the Military. Colleges Top. USSR ships were shot.

aykhenvaljd aleksandra yurjevna
has abstract: EIKHENWALD Alexandra Yurievna (b. 1957, Moscow), linguist. Daughter of Y.A. Eichenwald. In 1979 she graduated from the department of structural and applied linguistics philol. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1980–89 she worked at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Cand. philol. Sciences (1989). Since 1989 - prof. Federal University of Santa Catarina State in Florianópolis in Brazil, since 1994 prof. University of Canberra (Australia). Author of many works on the Berber, Anatolian languages, languages ​​of the South Indians. America, according to the Baltic-Finnish mythology; Hebrew specialist, author of approx. 15 articles and monograph “Sovr. Hebrew ", M., 1990.

aykhenvaljd boris yuljevich
has abstract: EIKHENWALD Boris Yulievich (1902, Moscow - 1938), literary critic. Son of Yu.I. Eichenwald). Graduated from Philosophy. dep. ist.-philol. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1922). In 1922–23 scientific. sotr. Inst. Scientific. philosophy. From 1923 he taught Russian. literature in schools and in training courses in higher education. uch. institutions. In Jan. 1926 in Lit. section of the State. acad. artist Sciences (GAKhN) read the report "Dostoevsky's willfulness", after which in March he became a freelance scientist. sotr. Philos. dep. Gakhn. In the Commission for the Compilation of the Dictionary of Aesthetic. A. terminology dealt with the concepts of "Art", "Art and Nature", "Normativeism". In Dept. General lawsuit worked on the study of aesthetics. views of NV Gogol, made reports "The structure of the verbal image", "The way of cinema", etc. Prepared by dis. "On the lyrics of Pushkin". The author of Art. about TV-ve MS Shaginyan "Method" Hydrocentral "(Zh." Krasnaya nov ", 1933, book 2). Together with A.I.Smirnitsky per. in Russian lang. op. Swede, poet I. Tegner (1935). In apr. 1937 arrested (during arrest, among other papers, A.'s work "The Philosophy of Betrayal" was seized), sentenced to 5 years in prison. He died in a camp in the Far East.

aykhenvaljd lev isaevich
has abstract: EIKHENVALD Lev Isaevich (1873, Balta, Podolsk province - 1954, Odessa), psychiatrist. Brother of Yu.I. Eichenwald. Prof. (1935). Graduated from Yuryevsky University, in 1899-1908 resident of the Odessa psychiatrist. b-tsy. In 1904–05 during the Russian-Japanese period. war was in the army. In 1908-14 - psychiatrist resident. b-tsy in Ufa, in 1913 conducted a census of the mentally ill in the Ufa province., participant of the 1st world. war (military doctor). From 1921 - Ch. doctor Odessa psychiatrist. hospitals. Member Board of the Odessa branch of the Society of Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists, the author of St. 50 scientific. works on clinical issues, court-psychiatric. examination and organization of psychiatrists. help (including the monograph "The Right of the Mentally Ill", 1925).

aykhenvaljd yuliy isasvich
has abstract: EICHENWALD Julius Isasvich (1872, Balta, Podolsk province - 1928, Berlin), lit. critic. The son of a rabbi. In 1894 he graduated from historical philology. Faculty of Novorossiysk un-that in Odessa with a gold medal for the work "Locke's empiricism and Leibniz's rationalism." From 1895 he taught in Moscow, was a secretary scientist. Moscow psychol. about-va, chl. Pushkin Commission of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. Translated from him. lang. book K. Fischer "A. Schopenhauer" (M., 1895) and complete collection. op. A. Schopenhauer (vols. 1–4, Moscow, 1901–10). A. in pl. periodic. ed. published Art. on philosophy, ped. or T. Topics. Wrote Art. for encycl. dictionary Granat, for “History of Rus. literature "D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky. A. lit. became famous. portraits, interpretation of the work of Rus. and Western European writers and books. “Silhouettes of Russian. writers "(vol. 1-3. Moscow, 1906-10)," Studies on Western Writers "(Moscow, 1910). A. is a representative of impressionistic, immanent criticism. This criticism contradicted Russian. democratic traditions, for to-rykh were important chap. arr. social problems and journalistic. focus. Believing that the critic has the right to interpret thin. manuf. subjectively, A. saw in the criticism a kind of priest - a mediator between the creator and the reader. In the discussion about the development of t-ra (1900–10) A. stated that t-r had outlived its usefulness, that the scene was depriving thin. the text of its inherent ambiguity. An essay on Belinsky, the inconsistency of which A. proved the inconsistency, caused controversy, after which A. published the book. "Dispute about Belinsky: Answer to the Critics" (Moscow, 1914). October. A. did not accept the Revolution of 1917. A number of Art. A. is dedicated to Heb. issue, the origins of anti-Semitism, whose roots in social and spirit. infringement of a person. In 1922, together with other intellectuals of A. was exiled abroad. Lived in Berlin, publish…

aykhenvaljd yuriy aleksandrovich
has abstract: EIKHENWALD Yuri Alexandrovich (ps: Y. Valich, Y. Sitnikov) (1928, Moscow - 1993, ibid.), Poet, translator, member of the human rights movement, son of A.Yu. Eichenwald. After the arrest of his parents, he worked and went to school as a slave. youth. In 1947 he entered the lit. Faculty of Moscow mountains. ped. in-ta them. V.P. Potemkin. In 1949 he was arrested and exiled to Karaganda for 10 years; in exile in 1951 he was arrested again, placed in Leningrad. prison psychiatrist. b-tsu. After rehabilitation (1955) he graduated from lit. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V.I. Lenin. In 1957–68 he taught literature at school. Since 1957 he has published poetry, trans., Art. into gas. "Mosk. Komsomolets "," Teach. newspaper "," Lit. newspaper ", etc., in f. "Family and School", "New World", "Theater", "Art-in Cinema" and others. He wrote lyrics for the plays of the Moscow Art Theater, made an authorization. per. plays by O. Zagradnik "Solo for the striking clock" (Moscow Art Theater, 1973); per. and made a stage. edition of the comedy by E. Rostan "Cyrano de Bergerac" (premiere in the theater "Contemporary", 1964). In "Contemporary" in the lane. and scenic A.'s edition staged the plays "The Masters" by R. Stoyanov (1968) and "Lorenzaccio" by A. Musset (1979). Author of the text for the musical "The Man from La Mancha" (VV Mayakovsky Theater in Moscow) and a number of other plays, as well as monographs about the actors of the Small Theater: "Ostuzhev" (Moscow, 1977); "A.I.Sumbatov-Yuzhin" (M., 1987). Main themes of poetry A. - the importance of eternal human. values, a sense of history, the sin of oblivion, fidelity to love, etc. Poems and prose A. were distributed in samizdat, collection "On the edge of the sharp" (1972) and "Leap year" (1980), as well as ist. research Don Quixote on Russian soil (vols. 1–2, 1982–84) publ. in the West.

aynzaft samuil semenovich
has abstract: EINZAFT Samuil Semenovich (ps. Sh. Stulin) (1889, Zhitomir - 1929, Moscow), historian, participant of the revolutionary. movement. Carpenter-furniture maker by profession. In 1905, a member of the Hebrew. self-defense in Zhitomir, then joined the Socialist. Heb. working party (SERP). In 1908 he was arrested and exiled for 3 years to the Vologda province. Since 1914, member. Bund. In 1916 he was arrested and exiled to the Irkutsk province. After Feb. rev-tion - in Zhitomir, member. Pres. Volyn lips. Council of Trade Unions, then worked in the Yuzhprofburo (Kharkov). In the years of civil. During the war, he was repeatedly persecuted by the Petliurists and White Guards. In 1920 he left the Bund, soon moved to Moscow, studied at the Institute of the Red Professors. Author of works on the history of the labor movement in Russia. Member Ob-va of Marxist historians, one of the founders of the Istprof MGSPS, worked in the bureau of the section for the study of roar. movement among the Jews under Vses. about-ve of former political prisoners and exiled settlers, collaborated with Heb. scientific. ob-vom and Heb. Department of Ukr. AN Op .: Zubatovschina and Gaponovschina, M., 1922 (4th ed. M., 1925); Labor movement in Russia before 1905, M., 1924; The first stage of the trade union movement in Russia (1905-1907), c. 1–2, Gomel, 1924–25; The history of the worker prof. movement of woodworkers before the revolution of 1917, M., 1928.

ayzberg
has abstract: EISBERG (Iceberg) Ilya Semenovich (Elya Samuilovich), (1868, Odessa - 1942, Tbilisi), composer. Graduated from St. Petersburg. cons. in 1902 in the class of fp., in 1906 - in the composition class of N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov. In 1906-17 - taught in the music. uch-shche Tiflis department Rus. muses. about-va. In 1917–23 and in 1934–42 - prof. horse, in Tiflis (Tbilisi). In 1923–34 - prof. (1923–28 - rector) Azerb. cons. in Baku. Author FP. op. Published by a musicologist. Art. in decomp. Russian gas. and f.

ayzenberg grigoriy zakharovich
has abstract: EISENBERG Grigory Zakharovich (1904, Timkovichi - 1994, Moscow), specialist in the region. theory and technology of antennas for radio communication and broadcasting. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1946). After graduating from the Odessa Polytechnic in 1930. in-that worked in the Center. n.-i. in-those communications, where he headed the antenna department (since 1949 - the department of the Scientific Research Institute of Radio). From 1946 he taught at Moscow. electrical engineering in-those communications, head. department of technical. electrodynamics of antennas, prof. from 1946. Under the hands of. A. Practically all broadcast and communication antennas used in the country have been developed, including for MW, LW and HF bands, high-performance antennas for HF bands with changing direction of max. radiation. A. belongs to work on antenna-feeder devices for radio relay communication lines using arts, earth satellites. Author of 53 inventions, 60 publications, including 7 monographs, 3 of which have been translated abroad. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1965). Became, etc. (1947). Linen. pr. (1957). State pr. USSR (1984). Cit .: Antennas for trunk short-wave radio communications, M., 1948; Ultrashort wave antennas. M., 1957; Shortwave antennas, M., 1962; Passive repeaters for radio relay lines, M., 1973; VHF antennas, parts 1-2, Moscow, 1977.

ayzenberg isaak petrovich
has abstract: ISENBERG Isaak Petrovich (1902 - 1968, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1960). Graduated from Moscow. in-t Nar. x-va them. G.V. Plekhanov (1929). From 1932 to teach. work in Moscow (since 1962 prof.). Author of works on monetary finance. relations under socialism. Cit .: Schemes of document formation for settlement operations of the State Bank, M., 1937; Questions of the exchange rate of the ruble, M., 1958; Fundamentals of the stability of money under socialism, M., 1964.

ayzenberg mikhail natanovich
has abstract: EISENBERG Mikhail Natanovich (b. 1948, Moscow), poet, critic. Graduated from Moscow. architect. Institute (1972), worked as an architect-restorer. Published abroad since 1974, in the USSR since 1989. Lyrics 1972–92 were included in the book. "Index of Names" (Moscow, 1993). Poetics A., directly inheriting the lyric. traditions of V.F. Khodasevich, is based on emphatically earthly and everyday images. A. acted as a theorist and popularizer of "new poetry", primarily Russian. postmodernism.

ayzenberg nina evseevna
has abstract: EISENBERG Nina Evseevna (1902, Moscow - 1974, ibid.), Artistic director t-ra and cinema, easel graphic artist. She studied at the studio of F.I.Rerberg (1914), the school of I.I.Mashkov, then at the VKHUTEMAS (1918–24) in the class of I.I.Mashkov and A.A. Osmerkin. From 1924 she worked in the "Blue Blouse" trade center, where she created sketches of costumes, sets, "stage numbers". A.'s work was distinguished by laconicism and simplicity. Designed performances for a number of t-drov in Moscow and Leningrad ("Green Island", "Bourgeois in the nobility"). A. - participated in Moscow. Association of Artistic Decorators (MAHD) (1928–32), was a member. association "October" (1930–32), participated in the decoration of Moscow for the holidays (1930–41). After the war of 1941–45 she continued to work in the t-ts of Moscow ("The Gadfly", "Plyasunya", "Henry IV", etc.). She was the artistic director of the cartoon. "The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda" (1955). In recent years, she has been doing a lot of easel graphics.

ayzenberg yulian borisovich
has abstract: EISENBERG Julian Borisovich (b. 1931, Kiev), engineer, specialist in the region. lighting devices. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1986), prof. since 1988, ch. Academy of Electrical Engineering. Sciences (1993). At the end of Moscow. energetic in-that in 1954 worked in N. - and. lighting technology. in-those in Moscow (head of laboratory, head of the department of lighting devices and lighting for industrial and public buildings). scientific. tr. associated with the system development of lighting devices, the principles and methods of their classification, the calculation of the service life. Developed by scientific. terminology and designation system for light electrical engineering. products. Conducted a complex of studies. and the development of a number of non-traditional solutions for lighting devices (with pneumatic protection against pollution, with heat-reflecting screens, in a particularly vibration and shock-resistant design). He put forward a number of new ideas and developed principles for designing lighting, devices with long hollow fibers, as well as maintenance-free lighting devices. He supervised the development and introduction into serial production of more than 40 series of new mass lamps. Since 1957 scientific. ed., from 1969 ch. ed. scientific and technical g. "Lighting Engineering"; in 1993 he founded the international. scientific. g. on Lighting Engineering, published in New York. Is the vice-president. Lighting engineering. about-va of the CIS countries, before. Tech. to-that "Hollow light guides", Mezhdunar. lighting commissions. Honored. inventor (1992). Author of 300 scientific. works, monographs, 60 inventions, international patents. Cit .: Lighting devices with fluorescent lamps, Moscow, 1968; Lighting devices, M., 1980; Reference book. on lighting engineering, M., 1983; Basics of designing lighting devices, M., 1994.

ayzenman aleksey semenovich
has abstract: AIZENMAN Alexey Semenovich (b. 1918, Moscow), painter, graphic artist, teacher. Studied at Moscow. thin uch-shche them. 1905 (1933–38) at dep. easel painting by N.P. Krymov. Since 1954 academic. in exhibitions. A.'s main works were created in the genre of urban landscape; moreover, most of them were painted in oil ("Gorky Street", "In the Moscow courtyard", "Zubovskaya square", "In Kirovsk", "Novorossiysk", etc.). The exceptions were the works of the 70s, created in tempera ("In the Arbat area", "On the Garden Ring", "At the Kirov Gate", etc.). A. is fluent in lighting effects and the development of light nuances. In recent years. writes ch. arr. invented landscapes. Since 1960 he has been teaching in the correspondence course. un-those claim-in on f-those fig. lawsuit.

ayzenshtadt benjemin
has abstract: EISENSTADT Benjemin (1838, Brestovichi, Vilna province - 1920, Uteny, Lithuania), rabbi. R. in the family of a local rabbi. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. 1868-1920 - Rabbi in Uteny. He was known for his sympathy for religions. Zionism.

ayzenshtadt boris abramovich
has abstract: AIZENSTADT Boris Abramovich (b. 1913, Slutsk, Minsk province), meteorologist and bioclimatologist. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1970), prof. from 1974. Graduated in 1936 from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Central Asian University in Tashkent. From 1936 he worked in the system of the Hydrometeorological Service, Art. scientific. sotr. (1950), head. lab. meteorology and climatology of the Central Asian Regional Research Institute of Hydrometeorology named after V.A. Bugaev of the State Committee for Hydromet. Completed priority scientific. work on the thermal balance of mountains, deserts, oases and on biometeorology of humans and animals. Developed recommendations for the quantitative account of the radiation-thermal effects of mountain elements. environment per person (1985). Author of printed scientific. works, monographs. Honored. Scientist of the Uzbek SSR. Works: Heat balance and microclimate of humid mountain valleys, Leningrad, 1967; Bioclimate and microclimate of Tashkent, L., 1982 (with L.P. Lukina); Climate of Namangan, L., 1984 (et al.).

ayzenshtadt isay ljvovich
has abstract: ISENSTADT Isai Lvovich (party and literary ps. "I. Yudin", "Yu. Din" and others) (1866, Vilna - 1937, Paris), polit. activist. He graduated from the city of Vilna, studied at the Demidov law. lyceum in Yaroslavl. In the end. 1880s member Vilna circle of Narodnaya Volya, at the beginning. 1890s joined the Social-Democrats, one of the hands. Heb. labor movement in Vilna, founder of a number of workers' circles. In 1893–94 he lived in Germany, upon his return he took part in organizing the first mass strike of Jews. tobacco workers in Vilna, was arrested, a year later exiled for 5 years to Siberia. Upon his return from exile (1900), member. Central Committee of the Bund, cases. 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903). Member of the Revolution of 1905–07, participated in the publishing house. and editing a number of periodic. ed. Bund in Kovno and Vilna, after the defeat of the revolution, led a polemic with the "liquidators". In 1912 he was arrested again and exiled to Siberia, upon his return he lived in Astrakhan, headed the consumer. cooperative. In 1917 he joined the Mensheviks, Oct. he met the coup with hostility. In 1921 owls were arrested. authorities and imprisoned, where he held a hunger strike in protest. In 1922 he was exiled to Germany. While living in Berlin, he participated in the creation of the railway. "Socialist. messenger ", was a member. Overseas. delegation of the RSDLP (center of Menshevik emigration). After the Nazis came to power in Germany (1933), he emigrated to France.

ayzenshtadt liza khaykelevna
has abstract: AIZENSTADT Liza Khaikelevna (b. 1924, Leningrad), graphic artist. In 1949 she graduated from Leningrad. art-ped. uch-shche. Constantly works in the techniques of aqu., Etching, lithography, linocut. For creativity A. is characterized by free possession of a broad brushstroke, clear room. solution, purity and freshness of color (“At the Yacht Club”, 1956, “Olenka”, “Sails”, 1959, etc.). A. attracts the image of the city as independent. the new world, created by people, artistically reflects many of its guises (middle "Leningrad" and others). Uch. 1st (1965) and 3rd (1972) All. exhibitions of aqu.

ayzenshtadt mariam solomonovna
has abstract: EISENSTADT Mariam Solomonovna (lit. ps. Mirra Zheleznova.) (1909, Kiev - 1950), journalist, lit. critic. Graduated from Leningrad. Institute of Philosophy and Literature (1932). Since 1934 in Moscow. Before the war. years - corr. "Lit. newspapers ”, a columnist for“ Komsomolskaya Pravda ”. From the beginning. 1942 - sotr. Heb. antifash. to-ta (EAK), gas observer. Einikite. A. - the author of several. cycles of journalistic. essays about Jews - Heroes of the Sov. Union, partisans, concentration camp prisoners. A number of essays were intended for publication in the Black Book. The last work (in collaboration with S. Persov) was the book. essays, the heroes of which were Jewish engineers, representatives of technical. intelligentsia. The layout of the book was destroyed shortly after the defeat of the EAK. Repressed in 1950. Daughter - Zheleznova Nadezhda Leopoldovna (real fam. Bergelson; b. 1933), journalist, lit. critic. The author of the book. "B. Polevoy: Prose, journalism, memoirs" (M., 1985), "Returned Pages" (M., 1990) and others, as well as many others. lit.-critical. Art. in the period, ed.

ayzenshtadt moisey grigorjevich
has abstract: EISENSTADT Moisey Grigorievich (1870 - 1943, Paris), rabbi, society. activist. Graduated from Giessen University in Germany (1894), receiving a Ph.D. In 1899 Heb. Petersburg community for three years as assistant rabbi, but was not approved by the authorities. In 1909 he was elected to the post of state rabbi of St. Petersburg, approved in 1910. A. created Evening courses in Hebrew. language and history at Hoz. the reign of the Choral Synagogue for higher education and cf. uch. establishments, a header behind the Narva outpost. Together with Z. Zhabotinsky, he headed the Society of Hebrew Lovers. lang., was a part of the Heb. lit.-scientific. about-va, about-va Jews. bunk bed music, Society for the upbringing and education of Jews, Society for promoting the education of children of poor Jews, participated in the Society's activities to spread education among Jews in Russia (OPE), member. Look after. to-that Heb. uch-uch and library commission OPE, K-ta for the improvement of muses. sides of synagogue services. During the 1st world. war A. participated in the organization of the Ob-in to help wounded soldiers-Jews, refugees from the front-line districts. After Oct. coup of 1917 elected to the Executive Committee of the Hebrew. community (Deputy Chairman of its Council, one of the leaders of the Religious Department), entered the Committee to assist Jewish artisans in distress. Affairs. from Petrograd at the congress of Heb. communities in Moscow (1918). Considering it impossible for himself to cooperate with the new authorities, he abandoned the rabbinic, but continued to work in the community, participated in the revival of a number of Hebrews. ob-in, taught in Petrograd. in-those higher Hebrews. knowledge (taught the course "History of the development of the oral teaching of the Talmud"), was persecuted by the authorities, in 1923 he was forced to emigrate.

ayzenshtat david
has abstract: EISENSTAT David (1890 - 1942, Warsaw), conductor of synagogue choirs. He studied in Russia, later - in Warsaw. In 1921–42 he conducted the Great Synagogue Choir in Warsaw. He wrote cantor music, songs, fp. and orc. manuf. He edited “People's muses. encyclopedia "in Yiddish. He died in the ghetto.

ayzenshtat david samoylovich
has abstract: AIZENSTAT David Samoilovich (1880, Rybinsk - 1947), bibliophile, publisher and bookseller. R. in the family of a zemstvo doctor. After graduating from the Rybinsk classical school he entered the law. Faculty of Moscow un-that and graduated in 1910. Then he was engaged in advocacy. While still a student, he began to engage in literary work, collaborating in the newspapers "Rabocheye Slovo", "Rul". The first publishing experience dates back to 1906: together with the Pushkin collector L.S. Ginzburg they compiled and published a collection of works. publishing house "Nabat". In 1917, together with A.M. Kozhebatkin and L.S.Yakub, he organized a small publishing house "Wreath". In 1919–23, together with S.A. Yesenin, he was in charge of Prince. store Mosk. labor artel of artists of the word. In 1920-29 he was one of the initiators of the creation and the most active member. Russian Society of Friends of the Book. In 1931–37 - director. Moscow "Writers' Bookstore". From 1938 lit. work became the main one for A., ​​they published. more than 100 articles in decomp. gas.

ayzenshteyn semen moiseevich
has abstract: AIZENSTEIN Semyon Moiseevich (1884, Kiev - 1962), engineer, specialist in the region. radio telegraphy, radio engineering organizer. prom-sti. Higher. educated at Kiev and Berlin high fur boots and Charlottenburg Polytechnic. in-those (near Berlin). In 1901, in Kiev, he demonstrated radio communication over short distances using a homemade radio transmitter and a coherent receiver. In 1904 he received the first patent for a wireless telegraph apparatus, organized a private laboratory. to fulfill orders of the military. departments, built an experiment. radio stations in Kiev and Zhmerinka (1906–07) and established radio communication Zhmerinka - Odessa - Sevastopol. In 1907 in St. Petersburg he founded and headed the Akts. Society of wireless telegraphs and telephones, where he developed projects for building radio stations in Moscow (Khodynskaya and Tverskaya, 1914) and Tsarskoe Selo (1915). In 1912-14 he published the first Russian. radio engineering. g. "Bulletin of telegraphy without wires." In 1915, he supervised the establishment of the first radio communication with submarines in a submerged position at long waves. In 1914-17 in the lab. The about-va created the first radio tubes and radio equipment in Russia. Dec. 1914 cum. with ND Papaleksi conducted the first experiments on radio telegraphy between St. Petersburg and Tsarskoe Selo. In 1917 the Society equipped the New Holland radio station with equipment. After 1917, he headed the radio section of the United State. e-tech. enterprises of weak current ", took part in the management of the construction of the radio station on Shabolovka in Moscow. In 1921, was made by the founder. initiator created Radio associations and became deputy. prev. moscow association groups. Since 1922 - in England in the firm "Marconi", hands. building radio engineering. s-dov in Poland (1922–35) and Czechoslovakia. In 1941–45 he worked in an electrovacuum lab. firm "Marconi". In 1947–55 - General. dir. English Electric Volve Comp…

ayzenshtok ieremiya yakovlevich
has abstract: AIZENSTOK Jeremiah Yakovlevich (1900, Elisavetgrad - 1980, Leningrad), literary-led. In 1921 he graduated from Kharkov, in-t Nar. education. Participated in textual studies. preparation of Acad. ed. ukr. and Russian. classics, comm. to Op. T.G. Shevchenko in 12 volumes. (1925–31) and the first full. ed. of his "Diary" (1925), it means. contribution to Shevchenko studies. A. owned monographs about I.P. Kotlyarevsky, P.P. Gulak-Artemovsky, as well as the best textual scholar. and source study. commentary on "Taras Bulba" (NV Gogol, Poln. sobr. soch., vol. 2, 1937). With objectivity and tact A. comments on aspects related to the coverage of Hebrews. questions in Ukrainian. and Russian. lit.

ayzerman mark aronovich
has abstract: AIZERMAN Mark Aronovich (b. 1913, Dvinsk), mathematician, specialist in control theory, honored. active science and technology of the RSFSR (1965). Graduated from MVTU im. N.E.Bauman (1937). Dr. Tech. Sciences (1947). Prof. (1955). Since 1939 he has been working in the Institute of Automation and Telemechanics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1953 - also in Moscow. physical and technical in-those. Main results in theory automatic. regulation and theory of differenti. equations. Linen. pr. (1964). Works: Lectures on the theory of automatic regulation, Moscow, 1956; Absolute stability of controlled systems, M., 1963, (with FR Gantmakher); Logics. Automatic machines. Algorithms, M., 1963, (with L.A. Gusev, L.I.Rozonoer, I.M.Smirnova, A.A. Tal).

ayzikovich samuil yakovlevich
has abstract: AIZIKOVICH Samuil Yakovlevich (1882, Vilna - 1963, Moscow), architect, specialist in the design of residential buildings. In 1910 he graduated from the Institute of Civil. engineers in St. Petersburg. From 1912 he lived and worked in Moscow. Participated in a number of competitions. Main works: residential building, cinema and school in Vilna (1910–12), prefabricated panel houses in Moscow (1915–17), reconstruction of the VSNKh building in Moscow (1919–24), typical residential buildings in Moscow (1924–30), project The Central Telegraph Office in Moscow (1925, with G.Ya. Volfenzon, E. Volkov), a commune house in Khavsko-Shabolovsky proezd in Moscow (1927–29, with Volfenzon, Volkov).

ayzikson isroelj
has abstract: ISIKSON Yisroel (1851, Minsk province - 1923, New York), rabbi. Received a tradition. Heb. re-league, education. In tech. several years was a rabbi in the townships of Zap. the edges. Since 1907 - in the USA. Taught at the best yeshivas in New York. Secretary of the Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the United States.

ayzman david yakovlevich
has abstract: AIZMAN David Yakovlevich (1869, Nikolaev - 1922, Detskoe Selo), prose writer. He studied at a real school, then graduated from Odessa. art school, studied painting in Paris. At the age of 20, he began to publish essays from Hebrews. life in Odessa. gas. In 1901, J. "Rus. wealth ”published A.'s first story in Hebrew. the topic "A little to the side". During the Revolution of 1905–07, it was adjacent to gr. writers, united around the collection of "Knowledge". On Sat. stories "Black Days" (St. Petersburg., 1904) and in the tragedy "Thorny Bush" (Berlin, 1907) depicted the life of the Hebrews. the poor, roar. activity of Heb. intelligentsia, the contradiction between the latter and a simple Russian. people. Since 1906, A.'s work has been marked by the influence of symbolism (Morning of an Angel, 1906; Bloody Spill, 1908). He wrote in Russian. lang., successfully transferring bunk. the speech of their Jewish heroes. He was friends with Sholem Aleichem, corresponded with him, helped him in editing and publishing his works, translated them into Russian. lang. In 1911 - 19 a meeting was published in St. Petersburg. op. A. in 8 volumes.

ayzpute
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=АЙЗПУТЕ, город в Лиепайском р-не (Латвийская Республика). Изв. с 1248. С 1378 — центр окр. Пельтен в Курляндском герцогстве. С 1795 — в составе Рос. империи, уездный город Газенпот Курляндской губ. В 1918—40 — в составе Латвийской Республики, в 1940—91 — ЛатвССР.В 1797 в А. проживало 209 евреев, в 1800 — 678 (46%), в 1863 — 1622 (52%), в 1897 — 1170 (35%), в 1920 — 586 (22%), в 1935 — 534 еврея (16,5%).Евреи поселились в А. в 16 в., с 1708 существовала синагога. В 1-й пол. 18 в. евреи А. облагались особым муниципальным налогом, в 1750 официально получили право проживать в А. В 1751 Сейм Речи Посполитой дал разрешение на постройку новой синагоги. В сер. 18 в. была создана еврейская община (первая в Курляндии), имевшая собств. раввинат, религ. суд и др.; ежегодно избирался совет общины, с 1763 велись общинные книги (на нем. яз. еврейскими буквами). Экономич. положение общины и влияние на нее нем. культуры привлекали интеллигенцию из мн. городов Европы. В разное время в А. жили и работали выходец из Амстердама автор религ. трудов Даниэль Клайф, Ицхок-Агарон Эйхель (пер. молитвенник на нем. яз.), автор мед. трудов д-р Давид Абрамсон из Данцига, д-р Аврагам Брандт, получивший впоследствии звание надворного советника.В 1783 все евреи-торговцы были записаны в купеч. гильдии (в 1796 — 33 чел., из них 8 — купцы 1-й гильдии). В 1835 в гильдейском купечестве числилось 180 евреев. В 1840 96 еврейских семей (618 чел.) переселились в земледельч. колонии Херсонской губ. В 1848 еврейское население А. пострадало от эпидемии холеры. В 1861 в А. имелись 3 синагоги. С 1867 действовала хевра кадиша.Раввинами в А. были: в 1760—71 — Арон Горвиц, с 1711 — Иосиф бен Менахем, затем до 1835 — Иехил-Михл бен Арье, в 1839—50 — Иегошуа-Зелиг Коэн, в 1852 — 76 — Ицхок-Зеев Аронович, в 1876—81 — Аврам Геллер, в 1882—1904 — Цви-Гирш Нурок (отец М.Нурока), в 1904—13 — Мойше Якобсон. К кон. 19 в. в А. действовали хедеры, талмуд-тора (под влиянием Якобсона в ней стали …

azadovskiy mark konstantinovich
has abstract: AZADOVSKY Mark Konstantinovich (1888, Irkutsk - 1954, Leningrad), folklorist, literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences, prof. In the city he participated in the roar. movement, was close to the Socialist-Revolutionaries (his classmate and friend A.B. Elyashevich later became one of the leaders of this party). After the end of St. Petersburg. un-that (1913) taught in Tomsk, Chita, from 1923 - head. Department of Literature of Irkutsk University. In 1930 he moved to Leningrad, was the head. sector of folklore IRLI (Pushkin House) of the USSR Academy of Sciences, headed the department of folklore Leningrad. un-that. He became a victim of the "campaign against cosmopolitanism", was subjected to gross insults at meetings in un-those, in the press, was dismissed from all posts and was deprived of the opportunity to publish. Therefore, a large number of his works, incl. most cap., publ. posthumously. began work in 1913. Publ. St. 350 art. and monographs on folklore, history of rus. literature and societies, 19th century thoughts, pl. engaged in the historiography of science, was an authoritative expert on the Decembrist literature, an expert on the history and culture of Siberia. Prepared texts, wrote to enter, Art. in the book: "Lena lamentations" (1922), "Tales of the Upper Lena Territory" (1925), "Rev. Bestuzhevs "(1931 and 1951)," Rus. tale: Fav. masters "(vols. 1-2, 1932)," Verkhnelenskie tales "(1938)," Rus. Crying in Karelia "(1940)," Tales of Magaya "(1940)," Front folklore "(1944)," Rus. Tales in Karelia "(1947), AA Shakhmatov" Folklore Records ... in the Onega Region "(1948)," The Decembrists: New Materials "(1955), published op. NM Yazykova, PP Ershova and others. Initiator of the creation of the folklore archive of the USSR Academy of Sciences, where the records of Hebrews are also kept. folklore; at his suggestion, ed. g. "Siberian Living Starina", collection of works "Sov. folklore ". Cit .: Conversations of a collector, Irkutsk, 1924 and 1925; Literature and fo…

azak
has abstract: AZAK, see Azov.

azaniyakh
has abstract: AZANIAKH (Eisenstein) Baruch (b. 1905, Pinsk, Minsk province), lawyer, public. activist, teacher. In 1926-27 he studied at Danzig and Berlin high fur boots, graduated from law. Faculty of Konigsberg University (1931). In 1931–33 he was a judge in Danzig and Berlin, at the same time. headed the organization Poaley Zion in Danzig, was also a vice-chairman, a local Zionist. org-tion, later - secretary. Heb. nat. fund in Konigsberg and secretary. org-tion Poaley Zion in Germany. From 1933 in E.-I., in 1934–35 he worked as a teacher. In 1935–37 the representative of Histadrut and ha-Kibbutz ha-Meuhad in Germany. In 1945-51 he taught at Uchit. seminary (Givat ha-Shlosha), in 1948-50 - at the high school of Kfar Sava. In 1949-50 dir. B. Katsnelson's seminary (Kfar Sava) in 1949-50 - Tikhon Khadali high school (Tel Aviv). Dep. Knesset from the Mapai party. Delegate of the 16th, 17th, 20th and 22nd World Zionist. Congr.

azarin
has abstract: AZARIN (real fam. Messerer) Azary Mikhailovich (1896, Moscow - 1937, ibid.), Actor. Graduated from Moscow. commercial Institute (1919), entered the Studio. Eug. Vakhtangov. In the spring of 1920 he moved to the 2nd Studio of the Moscow Art Theater, made his debut in the roles of Vyborny and the Beggar in the play "Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich" by A. K. Tolstoy (1920). The first means. work - the role of the father in "The Tale of Ivan the Fool" by Leo Tolstoy, staged by A.P. Chekhov, later played Kuligin ("The Thunderstorm" by A.N. Ostrovsky) and Cosme ("The Invisible Lady" by P. Calderon) ... In the performances of the Moscow Art Theater, A. played the Cat ("The Blue Bird" by M. Meterlink), Bobchinsky ("The Inspector General" by NV Gogol) and Zagoretsky ("Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov). In 1925–30 A. worked at the Moscow Art Theater No. 2, where he played Lefty ("The Flea" after N.S. Leskov), Fraser ("The Flood" by Yu.H. Berger), Volgin ("Eccentric" by A. N. Afinogenov ), Malvolio ("Twelfth Night" by W. Shakespeare) and others. As a director A. staged at the Moscow Art Theater the 2nd "Good Life" by SI Amaglobeli (1934), in the theater them. MN Ermolova "Storm" VN Bill-Belotserkovsky (1936). In 1936 he moved to the Maly Theater, where he played Arkashka Schastlivtsev in the play "The Forest" by Ostrovsky. Honored. art. Republic (1935).

azarkh raisa moiseevna
has abstract: AZARKH Raisa Moiseevna (1897, Shcherbinovka, Ekaterinoslavskaya province. - 1971, Moscow), doctor, writer. Member Communist. Party since 1917. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (1917). Participant Oct. battles of 1917 in Moscow. Member All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In civil the beginning of the war. medical units of detachments, early. sanupra Ukr. front, early. sanitary services of the 5th Army, early. Chief Sanitary Inspection. Transbaikalia. Organizer of the fight against typhus epidemic in Siberia. One of the first women to be awarded the hordes. Cr. Banner (1928). Then to the desks. and prof. work in Rostov-on-Don and Tomsk. Ed. a number of magazines and newspapers, she studied lit. dep. Institute of red professors. Member of the RAPP. Since 1934, a member of the USSR. In 1936–37, she was a citizen. war in Spain, adviser to the Rep. Army and Ministry of Health. During the annexation of Vost. Poland (1939) and Soviet-Finl. war (1939–40) - in full. NPO of the USSR. 1941–44 - soldier. corr. Author of several books.

azarkh yuliya semenovna
has abstract: AZARKH Yulia Semenovna (b. 1929, Leningrad), linguist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1984). Graduated from Moscow. correspondence polygraph. Institute (1949) and philol. Faculty of Moscow State University in 1954. Scientific. sotr. Kazan Museum. A.M. Gorky (since 1954), Art. teacher of Yelabuga state ped. in-ta (since 1955), teacher cf. schools in Moscow, since 1974 - Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Russian lang. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1987 leading scientific. sotr. IRYA RAN. scientific. tr. connected with issues of history and dialectology of Rus. lang., ist. morphology rus. lang., dialect and ist. word formation, with methods of areal studies, atlas of rus. bunk bed dialects, phonetics severnorus. dialects. Cit .: Word formation and form formation of nouns in the history of Russian. yaz., M., 1984; Rus. nominal dialect word formation in linguogeographic. aspect, Kemerevo, 1994.

azarov vsevolod borisovich
has abstract: Azarov Vsevolod Borisovich (1913, Odessa - 1990, Leningrad), poet, prose writer, translator, critic. Graduated from lit. Faculty of LIFLI (1934). Began to publish in 1929. In the 30s. worked on the radio. During the war years 1941–45 he served in gr. under the Political Administration of the Baltic Fleet, led by V.V. Vishnevsky. Together with Vishnevsky and A.A. Kron, he wrote the heroic. the comedy "The Sea Is Spread Wide", edges was staged in besieged Leningrad on the stage of the Theater of Muses. comedy. On texts A. created many. songs, cantata "The Last Night" (composer AA Petrov), two cantatas by VK Sorokin and others. He translated poets from Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus, German. poets, translated from Heb. cycle of poems by M. Gruvman. Creativity A. is fanned by the romance of the sea, naval service, roar. youth. Publ. about 30 sat. poems and trans., 10 prose. book One of them is "Alive, sing about us!" - dedicated tragic. an episode of the war: a distracting landing near Peterhof (1969). After the release of the 2nd ed. (1970) the book was banned, it could not even be mentioned.

azbelj mark yakovlevich
has abstract: AZBEL Mark Yakovlevich (b. 1932, Poltava), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1958). After graduation (1953) from Kharkov University, he worked at a school for working youth. In 1955–64 at the Kharkov Phys.-Tech. in-those of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, simultaneously. from 1958-, prof. Kharkov University. In 1964–70 prof. geological Faculty of Moscow university and head. sector in Ying-those theoretical. physics to them. LD Landau (1964–72). In 1972–77 prof. Moscow engineer-phys. in-that. Active human rights activist. Since 1977 in Israel, prof. Tel Aviv University (since 1973). research on the electronic theory of metals. Joint. with E.A. Kaner predicted cyclotron resonance in metals (1955, Azbel - Kaner resonance). Predicted a sharp change in the behavior of electrons in metals with a vanishingly small change in magn. fields (1964, the Azbel-Hofstadter problem). Discovered (with E.A. Kaner and V.F. Gantmakhsrom) anomalous penetration of high-frequency electromagnet into metal. fields. He predicted that Landau's diamagnetism leads to the emergence of spaces, superstructure. In works on superconductivity, he predicted the existence of quantum oscillations and resonances (resonances A.). Author approx. 200 scientific. articles, approx. 150 publicistic. Art. and book. “Refusenik in the Sov. trap ”(translated into plural, lit. ave. named after Christopher). In 1974 he headed the seminar of refusenik scientists and J. "Jews in the USSR". Member Amer. physical about-va.

azef evno fishelevich
has abstract: AZEF Evno Fishelevich (1869, Lyskovo, Grodno province - 1918, Berlin), one of the leaders of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, provocateur, secret collaborator. Dep. the police. R. in the family of a tailor. In 1890 he graduated from the government in Rostov-na-Donu, participated in the work of the Narodnaya Volya. Cup. In 1892, to continue his education and to avoid arrest, he left for Germany, where he entered the Polytechnic. Institute in Karlsruhe. In the spring of 1893 on his own. the initiative offered its services to Dep. police as an informant. In 1894, at the direction of his superiors, he joined the Union of Rus. Socialist-Revolutionaries Abroad ”, where he acted as a staunch advocate of terror. In 1899, having received a diploma in electrical engineering, he returned to Russia, with the help of the police got a job in Moscow, where he established contact with the leadership of “Sev. Union of Socialist-Revolutionaries ”. Having won his trust and at the same time putting him under the control of the secret police, he received the authority to represent the "Union" in the negotiations on the formation of a single party of socialist-revolutionaries (AKP). In the end. 1901 went abroad, where, together with G.A. Gershuni, M.R. Gotz and V.M. Chernov, played a decisive role in creating. AKP; in 1902-08 he was a member of its Central Committee. In 1902–03 he traveled across Russia, working on the creation. and the rallying of local parties, org-tions and placing them immediately under police surveillance. In 1903, after the arrest of Gershuni, he headed the Combat Organization (BO) of the AKP, which in 1904–05 held several. successful terrorists. acts (June 1904 the murder of the Minister of Internal Affairs V.K. Pleve, February 1905 - washers, general-governor Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, and others). In the spring and summer of 1905, A. gave the secret police almost the entire staff of the BO, as well as the obl. Congress of the AKP in Nizhny Novgorod; in t…

azgur zair isaakovich
has abstract: AZGUR Zair Isaakovich (b. 1908, Molchany, Vitebsk province), sculptor, monumentalist and portrait painter. D. h. Of the Academy of Arts of the USSR (1958), Hero of the Socialist. Labor (1978). In 1920–25 he studied at the Vitebsk Art College under M.A. Kerzin, in 1925–28 at the VKHUTEIN in Leningrad under R.R.Bach, V.V. Lishev, M.G. Manizer, in 1928–29 at the Kiev Art School. ... in-those. He made a contribution to the development of Belarusian sculpture. Supervised the creative workshop of the USSR Academy of Arts in Minsk. Main works: portraits of the Heroes of the Sov. Union of M.F.Selnitsky, A.I. Rodimtsev and A.I. Molodchy (all - 1943, br.), F.E.Dzerzhinsky (1947, br.), Lu Sinya (1953-1954, mr.), R. Tagora (1957, br.), V. V. Talalikhin (1961, br., Gr.), E. V. Vuchetich (1976, br.), Monuments to V. I. Lenin in the village of Kashino Mosk. region (1957, br.), Yakub Kolas in Minsk (1972). Dep. The Supreme Soviet of the BSSR (1947–67 and from 1971). Nar. thin USSR (1973). Became. pr. (1946, 1948), State. pr. USSR (1958). Works are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, State Art Museum of Belarus.

azhuolu-buda
has abstract: AZUOLU-BUDA, a village in Marijampole region (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth, in 1795-1807 - Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - the village of Dembova-Buda of Mariampolsky u. Augustovskaya, from 1867 - Suwalki province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - the Lithuanian SSR. In 1901 in A.-B. lived 35 Jews (9.74%), in 1914 - approx. 15 Jewish families. In 1899 in A.-B. the Zionist organization "Mokirei Zion" was created. During the 1st world. During the war, the Jews left A.-B., the synagogue burned down. At the end of the war, the Jewish community was revived (main occupations - crafts, small trade, in the summer months - serving tourists). In 1931, among the Jews A.-B. were a bakery owner and a lumber merchant. Rabbi in A.-B. was not, by all questions of religions. Avrum-Eliyahu Steinfeld was in charge of life; children studied in cheder (they invited melamed from Kaunas), some - in high schools with teaching in Hebrew in Kaunas and Mariampol (modern Marijampol). In July 1941, all Jews A.-B. were destroyed.

azimov ayzek
has abstract: AZIMOV Isaac (1920, Petrovichi Klimovitsky u. Mogilev province. - 1993, New York), writer, biochemist. Since 1923 together with his family in the USA. In 1939 he graduated from Columbia University, specializing in biochemist. He lectured in a number of high fur boots in the United States, taught in med. School of Boston University, where in 1955 he was promoted to prof. by the department. chemistry. For work in the region. biochem. research received stars. Doctor of Philosophy. Author pl. foundation, scientific tr., the textbook "Biochemistry and metabolism in humans" (1952), as well as popular scientific works: "Life and Energy" (1962) - an essay on bioenergetics; "Biographical. Encyclopedia of Science and Technology "(1964)," Sources of Life "(I960)," Human Body "(1963)," Brief History of Biology "(1965)," Universe "(1966), etc. A. owns a Bible guide for children. One of the largest science fiction writers of the 2nd floor. 20th century A. began to print science fiction. manuf. in the beginning. 50s The place of action of the manuf. A. other worlds become heroes - their inhabitants. In pl. manuf. A. popularizes the achievements of science and technology, scientific. hypotheses become artists in them. reality. In 1950 publ. Sat. stories "I, Robot" (Russian translation 1964), in 1955 - the philosopher who brought him wide popularity. the novel "The End of Eternity" (Russian translation, 1966).

azov
has abstract: AZOV, city, regional center in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 11th century Since 1471 - Turkish fortress Azak. In 1696-1711 and from 1774 - part of Russia. In 1708-11 and in 1775-83 - the center of the Azov province, in 1783-1810 - a fortress, in 1810-88 - the settlement of Rostov u. Ekaterinoslavskaya guberniya., In 1888 - 1920 - in the Rostov environs. Don Army regions. In 1920-24 - in the Don Region, in 1924-34 - in the North Caucasian Territory, in 1934-37 - in the Azov-Black Sea Territory, since 1937 - in the Rostov Region. In 1864 26 Jews lived in Armenia, in 1900 - 368 (1.4%), in 1910 - 341, in 1916 - 413 (1.3%), in 1920 - 144 (0.8%), in 1939 - 69, in 1959 - 101 (0.25% ), in 1970 - 104 (0.18%), in 1979 - 90 (0.12%), in 1989 - 65 Jews (0.08%). the inscriptions from 1274 and 1404, kept in the kinassa of Feodosia, testify. Information about the Jewish quarter is contained in the charters of the Golden Horde khans Uzbek (1321) and Janibek (1347). All R. 19th century A Jewish community of 300-400 people arose in Armenia. In the 1830s. Jews of A. were assigned to the Taganrog Jewish Prayer Society. In 1858 a synagogue was registered (since 1885 - in its own building at Glukhobazarnaya, now - 26 Gogolevskaya Street). In 1868 Khevra Kaddish was founded. The oldest inscriptions on the monuments of the Jewish cemetery belong to this date. By 1881, the synagogue had a private Jewish school of the third category, which was maintained in 1887-99 by David Markovich Zaplavsky (he also taught). Later the school was transformed into a paid school, first for men, then mixed. In 1896–99, the head of the Spiritual Board was Berko Abramovich Nakhafovsky. R.L.Samoilovich, O.V. Budnitsky, S.M. Markedonov, E.V. Movshovich

azovskoe
has abstract: AZOVSKOE (until 1945 - Kolay), an urban-type settlement (from 1957) in the Dzhankoy region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Perekopsky u. Tavricheskaya Gubernia. 2 Jews lived in Armenia in 1926, and 80 Jews in 1939.

baal-shem-tov israelj
has abstract: BAAL-SHEM-TOV Israel (1700, Okup, Eastern Galicia - 1760, Medzhibozh), the founder of Hasidism. R. in a poor family. Orphaned early, he worked as a watchman in a synagogue, Melamed's assistant in a cheder, a shoyhet. All R. 1720s left the family and several. years spent in the Carpathian forests. In solitude, he formulated the foundations of a new teaching - Hasidism. OK. 1730 settled in Tlusta (Eastern Galicia), acquired the glory of a miracle worker. After about 10 years he moved to Medzhybizh (Podolia), to-ry became the center of attraction for followers of the new doctrine. A group of students, later preachers of Hasidism in Vostochny, formed around B. Europe. B. did not speak in public sermons, did not write himself and did not allow recording his conversations with his disciples. They were published for the first time 20 years after his death in the book. "Toldos I am kov-Yosef", written by one of B.'s students - Yakov-Yosef from Polonnoye. B.'s grave serves as a place of pilgrimage for followers of Hasidism. Tales about B. became the basis of Hasidic stories, a new genre of Hebrew. lit-ry.

baazov david
has abstract: BAAZOV David (1883, Tskhinval, Tiflis province - 1947, Tbilisi), rabbi, public. activist. R. in the family of a rabbi. At the age of 13, to improve the Heb. education went to Slutsk, then to Vilna. In 1903 he returned to Georgia, where he took up the post of rabbi in the city of Oni. In 1918 B. sovm. with Sh. Tsitsiashvili founded the newspaper of the Zionists of Georgia - gas. "The Voice of the Jew". After the Sovietization of Georgia (1921), B., together with N. Eliashvili and his eldest son G. Baazov, organized the Hebrew. schools (teaching Hebrew and the history of the Hebrew people), and in 1924 publishes Hebrew-Georgian. gas. "Makaveeli", which was soon closed by the authorities (only three issues were published). In 1925, B. obtained permission from the authorities to leave part of the cargo, Jews in E.-I. In the 2nd floor. 20s - 30s continued to maintain close contacts with legal, and then with the Zionist who went underground, org-tions and groups of the center of Russia. In the beginning. 1938, following the arrest of his eldest son, B. was arrested along with his second son Haim, accused of an underground Zionist activity and sentenced to death. The death sentence was commuted to exile to Siberia. After returning to Georgia in 1945 and until the last days of his life, he was engaged in national education. activities.

baazov gertslj
has abstract: BAAZOV Herzl (1904, Oni, Kutaisi province - 1938, Tbilisi), writer. Son of D. Baazov. Graduated from law. Faculty of Tiflis. un-that in 1927. First. verse. B. (under ps. Ger-Bi) were printed in Hebrew-cargo. gas. in 1918. In 1923 his trans. "Songs of Songs" for cargo, lang., Received high. assessment of contemporaries. In 1924 B. published poetry, ist. stories and art. in euro-cargo. gas. "Makaveeli". In 1925, the European cargo was created by B. drama, the troupe "Kadima" staged his tragedy "Secret Refuge", dedicated to the persecution of Jews in Spain in the 15th century. On the initiative of B. there is a semi-lie. youth. org-tion "Avoda", which preached the ideas of Halucianism. In the 1920s. were published. B.'s stories "Nikanor Nikanoritch", "The End of Gelatskaya Street" and "The Last Word of Shemaria", which brought him wide. fame in Georgia. In the 1930s. Izv. cargo. dir. K.A. Mardzhanishvili staged several. dram, manuf. B. - “The Dumb Talked” (1932; a play from the life of Georgian Jews), “In spite of the faces” (1934), “Itska Rizhinashvili” (1936; on the activities of the first cargo, a Jewish revolutionary, killed by gendarmes in 1905). In 1935 rum came out. B. "Pethain" (Russian translation - 1936) is the first part of a trilogy he conceived about cargo, Jewry. In 1935–38 B. before. dram, section of the JV of Georgia. In 1938 B. was arrested in Moscow while working with S.M. Mikhoels on staging his new play at the GOSET. Delivered to Tbilisi, B. was shot without trial (according to other sources, he died under torture). Unpublished B.'s manuscripts kept at his home were destroyed after their arrest. In 1964 Georgia celebrated the 60th anniversary of B., center. street of Oni was named after him, was reissued. part of his works, and a monograph about him was published.

babad vladimir davidovich
has abstract: BABAD Vladimir Davidovich (b. 1932, Kiev), architect, specialist in dwelling architecture. In 1949 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Member of the 1941–45 war. Main works - in Moscow: an experiment, a residential building with 100 apartments on Tula street. (1969), 14th floor. residential building on the street Krzhizhanovsky (1969), the Wedding Palace (1988), the building of the party archive at the Ilyich outpost (1989).

babaevo
has abstract: BABAEVO, a city (since 1925), a regional center in the Vologda region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - railway Belozersky station Novgorod Gubernia. 14 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1926, and 22 Jews in 1939.

babai
has abstract: BABAI, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Kharkov region of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1643. In 19 - early. 20th century - v. Babai, Kharkovsky district 16 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1939. the Jews of B. were evicted to the Kazan province.

babalikashvili israelj
has abstract: BABALIKASHVILI Israel (1906, Kutais - 1971, Tbilisi), rabbi, society. activist. Beginning religious arr. received from Ch. Rabbis of Georgia R. Eluashvili and Sh. Levitin. Later he studied at the "Tomkhei tmimim" yeshiva (Rostov-on-Don). Upon completion of his studies, he returned to Tiflis, was a rabbi, khazan, melamed, butcher. In 1934 he was arrested for his associations, activities, spent six months in prison. After his release, he continued to travel to the cities and villages of Georgia, creating circles for the study of Hebrew and Torah (in Sachkher, Zugdidi, Borjomi, Sukhumi, Batumi, Tskhinvali, Gori, etc.), he taught in them. Among his students were students, university lecturers, engineers, pedagogues, etc. In 1953 he was arrested in connection with the “doctors' case”, for some time he was in prison. Later he was engaged in translations from Hebrew to cargo. lang. He left a diary - interesting sketches from the life of the cargo. Jews.

babalikashvili nisan izrailevich
has abstract: BABALIKASHVILI Nisan Izrailevich (1938, Tbilisi - 1986, ibid.), Semitologist, historian and linguist. Cand. philol. Sciences (1972). Son of I. Babalkashvili. Graduated from the Faculty of Oriental Studies of the Tbilisi State. un-that (1964). Since 1967 scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, simultaneously. worked in Tbilisi un-those, the first in Georgia began to teach students of the modern. Hebrew. Research Heb. epigraphic. monuments of Georgia, North. Caucasus and Crimea, per. for the cargo. lang. book Tanakh Eikha and Kogelet (published in the almanac "Armagani", 1977). Works: Heb. inscriptions in Georgia (XVIII-XIX centuries), Tb., 1971; About several Jewish-speaking Karaite epigraphs. monuments in Chufut-Kale, in the book: Semitologich. studies, v. 3, Tb., 1986.

babanka
has abstract: BABANKA, a village in the Uman district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. In the 17th and 18th centuries. - a town of Bratslav Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from the 2nd floor. 19th century - volost center of Umansky district Kiev province. In 1930-59 it was a regional center. In 1939, 103 Jews lived in Byelorussia. occupation of the Jews of Byelorussia in the 19th century. - retail trade and crafts. All R. 19th century in B. there was a cantonist school. Between 1918 and 1921 the Jewish population of Byelorussia was repeatedly subjected to pogroms. All Jews of Byelorussia were shot by the spring of 1942. S.Ya. Elisavetsky

babat georgiy iljich
has abstract: Babat Georgy Ilyich (1911, Zhitomir - 1960, Moscow), scientist, specialist in the region. radio engineering and power engineering. R. in the family pom. attorney at law, after Oct. rev-tion - prof. Kiev in-that nar. x-va. Received education at home. From 1928 he studied at the Kiev email. technical school and at the Kiev Polytechnic. in-those, to-ry graduated in 1932. In 1932–42 he worked at the Svetlana electrovacuum plant in Leningrad (engineer, then head of the laboratory). At the same time in 1934–41 he taught at the Department of Automation and Telemechanics in Leningrad. polytechnics, in-those (from 1939 - Assoc.). In 1942 he was evacuated from Leningrad to Moscow, where he worked at defense enterprises. In 1943–46 he was scientific. sotr. Energetic. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1946–49 head. lab. Sci. automotor institute (NAMI), which was forced to leave in connection with accusations of cosmopolitanism. At the same time. (1945–48) taught the course "Induction Heating" in Moscow. energetic in-those, since 1947 - prof. Department of Electrical Engineering and Electrical Equipment Vses. extramural engineering and construction. in-ta.Osn. research in the region. high-frequency heating, creating edema. lamp generators and the use of high-frequency currents in transport. Since 1932, he completed a cycle of work on the circuits of post and AC converters. current using controlled valves (rectifiers, inverters, frequency converters). Pioneer in the region. prom. the use of e-thermal. methods in metal processing; the condenser electric spot welding invented by him has found (since 1934) application in vacuum technology. In 1936–39 he developed a method of induction heating of metal (high-frequency hardening) and proposed the first industrial. types of high-frequency quenching installations with lamp generators. The author of popular science and thin. books about science and technology. Became. pr. (1943). Etc. English. Institute of Electrical Engineer…

babay
has abstract: Babai, see Babai.

babche
has abstract: BABCHE, a village in the Bogorodchansky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Bogorodchansky povet in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In May 1942, 13 Jews of Byelorussia were resettled to Stanislav (present-day Ivano-Frankovsk), where they were subsequently exterminated.

babchinets
has abstract: Babchinets, see Babchintsy.

babchintsy
has abstract: BABCHINTSY, a village in the Mogilev-Podolsk district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1795 - c. Babchinets of Yampolsky u. Podolsk province. 192 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1939. the occupation of the Jewish population is the cultivation of tobacco plantations on rented land. The Jewish community flourished; there were synagogues and a public bath in Byelorussia. After the publication of the Provisional Rules in 1882, Jews lost the right to lease land for plantations; the financial situation of the community has deteriorated significantly. In 1926, immigrants from Byelorussia were founded. in the Kherson env. agriculturalist. m-in "New Life" (53 people). 9 Aug. 1941, 94 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.

babelj isaak emmanuilovich
has abstract: BABEL Isaak Emmanuilovich (1894, Odessa - 1940, Moscow), writer. Received a homemade tradition. Heb. education. Graduated from Odessa Commercial uch-shche, then Commercial. Institute in Kiev (1915). At the age of 15, he began to write stories in French. lang., but soon gave up. In 1915 he moved to St. Petersburg. In 1916 he made his debut with two stories in the railway station. "Chronicle" by M. Gorky. Collaborated in gas. "New Life", closed in 1918 by the Bolsheviks as an opposition publication. On the advice of Gorky, he left the literature for a while and from 1917 to 1924 changed many occupations: he was a soldier to Romanian, French, served in the Cheka, the People's Commissariat for Education, and worked as a printing employee. In 1920 he volunteered for the front, was a fighter in the 1st Cavalry Army, where he was considered Russian according to documents. In 1923 he published in Zh. "Lef" stories "Salt", "Letter", "Death of Dolgushov", "King", which immediately brought him fame. These and other stories made up two main cycles - "Cavalry" (1926) and "Odessa stories" (1931), where art. the world of B. appears in all its uniqueness. In the images of the cavalrymen, B. showed a contradictory fusion of selflessness and unbridled passions, anarchism and devotion to the roar. idea. With heavy feeling B. describes violence and senseless destruction, Heb. pogroms and dying culture. This gave rise to sharp criticism of the "Cavalry" by its former commander S.M. Budyonny. Gorky spoke in defense of B. In "Odessa stories" B. gave a colorful image of Hebrews. urban poor, vivid images of representatives of the underworld, partly romanticized. A master of a short story, B. strove for laconicism and accuracy, showing in his works. a complex fusion of naturalism, pathos, sorrow and irony. The metaphorically complicated style of early stories is gradually replaced by a strict and outwardly restrained narration. manner ("Awakening", "Karl-Yankel", "Dante Street", etc.) The fi…

babich boris karlovich
has abstract: BABICH Boris Karlovich (1903, Ekaterinovka of the Verkhnedneprovsky district of the Ekaterinoslav province - 1966, Kiev), orthopedist, traumatologist. Prof. (1946). Graduated from Kharkov honey. Institute (1927). In 1941–45 he served as a military man. a doctor. In 1947-52 Ch. orthopedist-traumatologist of the Ministry of Health of the Ukrainian SSR; hands. clinic of traumatology of the Kiev Research Institute of Orthopedics (1960-66). Made a great contribution to the organization of orthopedic and traumatology. help in Ukraine. the work of B. poev, the problems of osteoarticular tuberculosis, the formation of post-amputation stumps, osteomyelitis gunshot, etc. Vol .: On the calcaneal spurs, K., 1941 (doct. dis); Traumatic dislocations, K., 1 ^ 51; Outpatient treatment of fractures, K., 1952; Fundamentals of complex functional therapy for osteoarticular tuberculosis, K., 1965; Traumatic dislocations and fractures, K., 1968.

babichi
has abstract: BABICHI, a village in Radekhiv district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1942, 30 Jews were driven away from Byelorussia and subsequently exterminated.

babin
has abstract: BABIN, a village in the Kelmenets district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Khotinskiy u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 112 Jews lived in Byelorussia. In July 1941, the Jews of Byelorussia were deported to Transnistria. Lydia Yakovlevna Lipkovskaya (real fam. Marschner) (1882-1958, Beirut), singer (coloratura soprano).

babin marat ruvimovich
has abstract: BABIN Marat Ruvimovich (b. 1929, Moscow), sculptor. In 1948 he graduated from the department of training craftsmen at the Stroganov School, specializing in a chaser. Then pl. for years he worked as a metal chaser. From the beginning. 50s took up sculpture. He worked in the region. monumental and easel plastics. The creative face of the master was determined by the end. 60s Until mid. 80s was removed from participation in official exhibitions. He worked in figurative plastic, but especially many others. in abstraction. This made it difficult for the artist to reach the audience, prevented the embodiment of his ideas. Only with ser. 80s his decorative-monumental work begins to be successfully carried out. He makes the trademark of one of the Alushta sanatoriums in the form of a flying bird, creates an emblem for at. reactor, installed near Tomsk, performs an expressive series of monumental lamps. The sculptor works in strict material, ch. arr. in metal, occasionally in wood. Easel comp. B. is inherent in a monumental scope. His sculpture, be it an abstraction or a figurative composition, is designed for active interaction with the environment, for its transformation. How thin. abstract philosophy. thinking B. operates with plastic images for the expression of abstract categories, thinks in essences, not characters. From the 2nd floor. 80s B.'s work includes a biblical theme. In 1987 he creates the composition "Servant of Abraham", where the image of Eliezer is abstracted from the candidate. ist. and ethnogr. concreteness and turns into a plastic f-lu of the idea of ​​overcoming space. In The Flying Bird (1993) the same idea is solved in a different plastic way.

babin viktor
has abstract: BABIN Victor (b. 1908, Moscow), pianist, composer. In 1928 he graduated from the Riga State. cons., in 1931 - the Higher School of Music in Berlin. In 1929 he made his debut as a pianist. From 1932 he gave concerts at the fp. duet with V. Vronsky. In the beginning. 1930s gave recitals and accompanied by symphons. orc., performed on radio in the Baltic countries, in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, etc. In 1937 he made his debut in the USA, performed in New York at the fp. duet with his wife V. Vronsky. Since 1938 he has been living in the USA. In the end. 1940s toured a lot in the North. and Yuzh. America, Europe and Israel. The author of St. 50 works, publ. in Europe, Great Britain, USA; among them - concerts for piano, 2 piano, violin with orc., chamber instructor. ans, incl. strings .: quartet, fp. trio, sonata for cello and fp., cycle of songs for voice and fp. Beloved Stranger. B. owns an arrangement for 2 php. “6 Sonatas for Trio” by JS Bach; “Petrushka's Costume” by IF Stravinsky; romances by S.V. Rachmaninoff and others. Doctor of Fine Arts (un-t in Nyo-Mexico, Albuquerque, USA, 1961). Member festival quartet (since 1956); dir. Cleveland Muses. Institute in Ohio (since 1961) and the Ospensky muses. Institute in Colorado (1951-55).

babina balka
has abstract: BABINA BALKA, does not exist since 1964. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Ananievsky u. Kherson lips. In the 1940s and 60s. - the village of Voznesensky district of the Nikolaev region. 29 January. 1942 in B. B. Ukr. the police shot approx. 600 Jews from Odessa.

babino
has abstract: BABINO, a village in the Sambir district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine) .In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1942 the Jewish population of Byelorussia was transferred to the Sambor ghetto, and in April-June 1943 they were shot.

babinovichi
has abstract: BABINOVICHI, a village in the Liozno district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in the 16th century. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1777 - the district, from 1840 - the provincial town of Orsha u. Mogilev province. After 1917 - a village, in 1946-56 - in the Orekhovsky district of the Vitebsk region. In 1782 395 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1798 - 1754, in 1841 - 537, in 1846 - 639, in 1851 - 531, in 1854 - 512, in 1856 - 516, in 1859 - 799, in 1860 - 788, in 1869 - 526, in 1881 - 270 (28%), in 1897 - 552, in 1908 - 882, in 1910 - 906 (62.6% ), in 1923 - 410, in 1926 - 332 Jews (32.1%) In 1841 there were 4 synagogues in Byelorussia, 7 heders. In 1843-44 in the mountains. management included 2 Jews - Krapivner and Itkin. In 1856 there were 2 synagogues in Byelorussia, and in 1859 there were 3 synagogues. From 1861 to 1865, Krapivner was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In 1869 there were 2 wooden synagogues. In 1910 - 2 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery. In the 1920s and 30s. Shmuel Halperin (? —1955), a Lubavitch Hasid, was a Shokhet in B. In March 1942, 16 Jews were shot in B. In B. Pechersky; Hayman Strunsky (1871-1942, New York), poet, publicist, wrote in Yiddish and English. V. N. Pervyshin

babitskiy konstantin iosifovich
has abstract: BABITSKY Konstantin Iosifovich (1929, Moscow - 1993, ibid.), Linguist. In 1953 he graduated from the Institute of Communications, then several. years he lived in the Urals. Returning to Moscow, he enrolled in philology. Faculty of Moscow State University (graduated in 1960). Jr. worked. scientific. sotr. in the sector theor. and Applied Linguistics Ying-that Rus. lang. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Author and co-author of a number of scientific. works in the region. struct. and mate. linguistics. From ser. In the 1960s, he became close to the participants in the human rights defense that emerged in those years. movement, signed. several petitions of protest: in defense of A.D.Sinyavsky and YM Daniel, A.I. Ginzburg and Y.T. Galanskov. He was also known in Moscow as a performer of the "author's song"; naib. Izv. his songs to the verses of Daniel. Participant in the "demonstration of seven" - an act of protest on Red Square. in Moscow against the invasion of owls. troops to Czechoslovakia (08/25/1968). Arrested together with other participants of the demonstration; in oct. 1968 was found guilty by the Moscow City Court of “slander against the Sov. system "and" group actions, grossly violating society, order ", sentenced to 3 years in exile. Served a sentence in the Komi ASSR. After his release, he was completely deprived of the opportunity to work in his specialty. For some time he worked as a carpenter and handyman in the village. Shchelykovo, Kostroma region; also worked on the lane. room. poetry. In 1990 B. received honorary title. citizenship of the city of Prague.

babray
has abstract: BABRAY, a village in Lazdija district (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in Mariampolskiy u. Suwalki province. 20th century in B. lived several. Jews.

babskiy evgeniy borisovich
has abstract: BABSKY Evgeny Borisovich (1902, Geryusy Elisavetpolskaya province - 1973, Moscow), physiologist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1948). Graduated from honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University (1924). Then until 1929 he worked in the department of physiology Biol. in-ta them. KA Timiryazeva, in 1927–30 - at the Institute of Occupational Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. V.A. Obukha. In 1930–49 - head. Department of Physiology Moscow. ped. in-that. In 1941-43 pom. authorized GKO on the use of modern. scientific. advances in medicine and physiology for defense needs. In 1949–50 at Ying-those clinics. Physiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (head of the department). Since 1952 head. lab. clinics physiology in Ying-those thoracic surgery them. A. N. Bakuleva, in 1959–73 head. lab. general and clinical physiology Ying-that norms. and pathological. Physiology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. tr. for the study of chem. factors of nervous excitation, mechanisms of muscle contraction. Research the nature of cardiac automation and the mechanisms of its nervous and humoral regulation. Developed new models of pacemakers, proposed a number of research methods. cardiovascular (dynamocardiography, cardiocyclography) and digestion. (endoradiosonde) systems, as well as the musculoskeletal system (stabilography, etc.). Auth. swelling textbooks on the physiology of women and humans for students (1934–37, 1966, 1972). Prev To-that on a new honey. technique at the Ministry of Health of the USSR (1962–67). Works: Electrical stimulation of the heart, Moscow, 1961 (with L.S.Ulyaninsky); Dynamocardiography, M., 1963 (jointly with V.L. Karpman); Physiology, medicine and technical progress, M., 1965 (with V.V. Larin); The history of biology from ancient times to the beginning. XX century, M., 1972; Fav. tr., Kiev, 1977.

babtay
has abstract: BABTAI, a place in Kaunas district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Bobty Kovensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 125 Jews (19.1%) lived in Byelorussia; in 1913, approx. 900 (75%), in 1923 - 153 Jews (20%). B. had city rights. In the 19th century. - cr. bargain. a place on the Kovna-Riga highway; local Jews were engaged in the export of timber and agricultural. products to Prussia. In 1878-1914, Moishe-Eliyahu Burshtein was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In the 1920s. with the construction of the railway. e. economical B.'s value has fallen, pl. Jews left for the United States and decomp. In 1931 Jews owned 2 wool-combing workshops, a sewing machine shop, and a sewing workshop. In 1937, among the Jews of Byelorussia there were three butchers, a baker, and a shoemaker. In the 1930s. Rabbi B. was Shloimo Pudlish. By the beginning. 2nd world. During the war, approx. 40 Jewish families. In the end. June 1941 B. occupied the Germans. troops. On July 17, 1941, the Lithuanian police killed 8 local communists (including 6 Jews), on August 31. 1941 Lithuanians shot 83 Jews. In the beginning. 1990s a monument was erected at the burial site in a forest 2 km from B.

babushara
has abstract: BABUSHARA, a village in the Gulripshsky district of Abkhazia (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - c. Babusheri of the Sukhumi env. Kutaisi province. Between 1921 and 1991, it was part of the Georgian SSR. In 1970, 12 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

babushery
has abstract: GRANDMERS, see Babushara.

babushkin
has abstract: BABUSHKIN (until 1939 - Losinoostrovsk), a region (since 1960) within the city of Moscow. Main in 1897 as a summer cottage settlement in the Moscow district. and lips. Since 1925 - a city, since 1929 - in the Mytishchi district of the Moscow region. In 1926, 1684 Jews (10.8%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1939 - 4761 (6.7%), in 1959 - 5117 Jews (4, 2%) In the 1920s and 1930s. in B., the largest Jewish population was noted in Moscow province. (region). In the 1920s. the Jews of Byelorussia owned a large number of shops, including up to 50% of the shops selling clothes. In 1925, a synagogue was officially opened in Byelorussia (in 1925-27 it was located at the following address: Kominternovsky uch-k, dacha No. 94; from 1927 to the beginning of the 1930s, the 3rd Vatutinsky uch-k, dacha No. 17) ... In the end. 1920s a second synagogue functioned in B. (Ostashkovskoe shosse, dacha No. 60); prev. reign was M. Shapiro. In 1927 two minyans gathered in Byelorussia (Kominternovsky Prospect, dacha No. 4; Kominternovsky Prospect, dacha No. 16). In the beginning. 1930s both synagogues were closed, minyans continued to gather in the 1930s and 1950s. In the end. 1940s Jewish believers have repeatedly petitioned for the opening of a synagogue, but were refused. In the beginning. 1950s a minyan (30-50 people) gathered in B., whose organizers were Ya.M. Edelman and Sh.E. Drabkin (address: Ostashkovskoe highway, dacha No. 99). Yakov Mordukhovich Kimelveld (b. 1937), Doctor of Chem. Sciences (1986), since 1979 deputy. dir. Institute of spectroscopy of the USSR Academy of Sciences, author of 80 scientific. tr. on the problems of spectroscopy. In the 1930s. in B. lived Sh.-J.-L. Medal. Y. A. Snopov

babyak
has abstract: BABYAK, a village in the Koninsky Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Kola posad. Kalisz province. 192 Jews (35%) lived in Byelorussia in 1827, 240 (46%) in 1857, 221 (36%) in 1897, 237 (30%) in 1921, and 240 Jews in 1939. Jewish families were engaged with. x-th, petty trade and craft. In 1884 Abel Kon was the rabbi in B.. 2 October. 1940 all the Jews of Byelorussia were transferred to ghettos in neighboring villages, from where in the middle. jan. 1942 were sent to the Chelmno extermination camp.

bachelis tatjyana izrailevna
has abstract: BACHELIS Tatiana Izrailevna (b. 1918, Kiev), theater critic, critic. Dr. lawsuit. Graduated from GITIS (1946). Since 1960 - Art. scientific. sotr. Grew up. in-that lawsuit (1985). The author of the book: "Daria Vasilievna Zerkalova" (Moscow, 1954), "Theater Abroad" (Moscow, 1961), "Fellini" (Moscow, 1972, an example of the deepest penetration into the secrets of the dir.), "Shakespeare and Craig "(M., 1983). B. publ. a number of Art. on questions of cinema and t-ra; special interests - in the field of Italian, French, English. Isk-va, also wrote about owls. masters of t-ra, including about V.E. Meyerhold, about S.M. Mikhoels in the role of King Lear, about A.G. Tyshler, about T. on Taganka (well. "Theater", etc. ). B. belongs to the cycle of Art. about fr. existentialist drama of the 1940s – 1950s. (about J.P. Sartre and others) in collections of the 1960s. "Modern. hack drama "and others.

bachki
has abstract: BACHKI, a village in the Siedleck Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the village of Vengrovsky u. Sedletskaya Gubernia. 150 Jews (17%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897, and 133 Jews in 1921. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was exterminated during the Holocaust.

bachoy
has abstract: BACHOY, see BACHOY.

badeev
has abstract: BADEEV (real family. Suslik) Joseph Isaakovich (1880, Orhei, Bessarabian province. - 1937), part. activist. Into the roar. movement since 1903. In the beginning. 1920s - one of the hands. Orhei underground communist. org-tion, delegate of the 4th congr. Comintern (1921). In 1924 - before. Mold. section of the Odessa Provincial Committee of the KP (b) U, secretary. desks, orgburo Mold. ASSR. Dec. 1924 - Dec. 1928 - secret. Mold. regional committee of KP (b) U. Member CC CP (b) U, CEC Mold. ASSR. In 1929–37 - at desks and households. work in Ukraine. Delegate to the 15th Congress of the CPSU (b). Repressed.

badrazh staryy
has abstract: BADRAZH OLD, see [[Badrazhiy Vek.

baer lev abramovich
has abstract: BAER Lev Abramovich (b. 1924, Leningrad), architect, specialist in the design of spectacular buildings. In 1951 he graduated from architect. Faculty Builds. in-that Mossovet. Member of the 1941–45 war. He constantly worked in the Institute Giproteatr. Main works: theater in Kineshma (1976), theater in Semipalatinsk (1982), cinema in Vladivostok (1989), children's theater in Saratov (1992). Etc. on Vses. competition for the design of the building of the Museum of Cosmonautics in Kaluga (1961).

baevo
has abstract: BAEVO, a village in the Dubrovno district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1777 - the town of Orsha u. Mogilev province. From 1802 - in Kopysky, from 1861 - Goretsky district. Mogilev province. In 1922-24 - in the Smolensk province. RSFSR, since 1924 - in the Lyadnyansky district of the Orsha okr. Byelorussian SSR. 168 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1851, 238 in 1869, 697 in 1880, 505 (55.7%) in 1897, 645 in 1908, and 243 in 1923. In 1851 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. and the header. All R. 1920s the mikvah was closed. In 1928 Arie-Sholom Varshavsky was a shokhet in B. In the spring of 1942 the Jews of B. were shot. Samuil Matveevich Eidlin (1914-1986, Samara), poet (in Yiddish) .V.N. Pervyshin

baevskiy
has abstract: BAEVSKY (Baklavsky) Arie (Gleb) (1889, Helsingfors - 1942), one of the pioneers of the Hebrew. pestilence fleet in E.-I. R. in the family of a Ukrainian nobleman. Studied at Mor. corps and Mor. academy in St. Petersburg. Fleet captain. During the revolution, he fled to Turkey. There he became close to a group of Zionists organized by I. Trumpeldor, and together with it he arrived in E.-I. Converted to Judaism. He was a military man. instructor "Gagana". He sharply opposed the British and became a member. revisionist movement. Was deputy. com. schools mor. officers in Italy, created by Beit-rum. After the start of the 2nd world. war volunteered in eng. fleet. He died of illness.

baevskiy david anatoljevich
has abstract: BAEVSKY David Anatolyevich (1898, Smolensk - 1979, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1948), prof. (1935). Son of a zemstvo doctor. At 16-17 he studied law. f-those Mosk. un-that. In 1918-19 he worked in the department of bunks. education in Smolensk. In 1919–21 in Kr. Army. In 1921–23 he studied at the Communist. un-those them. Ya.M. Sverdlov. In 1923–25 he worked in the region. party school in Izhevsk. In 1925-29 he studied at the Ying-those red professors, at the same time. in 1926–29 he taught history at the Communist. un-those them. Sverdlov. In 1929–31 he worked at Ying-those Marx-Engels-Lenin in Moscow, member. editorial board "Proletarian revolution". In 1931–37 he lectured at the school. institutions of Bezhitsa, Smolensk and Gorky. In 1938–65 he worked at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1965 he retired. Participated in the preparation of "Sketches on the history of Oct. rev-tion "(v. 1, M., 1927), collection" Against the historical concept of M.N. Pokrovsky "(part 1, M.-L., 1939), generalizing tr. "History of Moscow" (vol. 6, part 1, M., 1952), "History of civil. war in the USSR "(v. 5, M., I960), comp. “History of Kazakh. SSR from ancient times to the present day "(Alma-Ata, 1943) and others. Author of works on the economy of Russia and the situation of the working class during the civilian period. War, Cit .: No need for war! (Anti-war strike in 1916 in Bezhitsa), Smolensk, 1934; Essays on the history of households. construction period civil. war, M., 1957; The working class in the early years of the Sov. authorities (1917–21), M., 1974.

baevskiy solomon isaakovich
has abstract: BAEVSKY Solomon Isaakovich (b. 1923 Mogilev), orientalist, specialist in Iran, philologist and translator. Cand. philol. Sciences (1954). He graduated from the East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1946). Art. scientific. sotr. (1971). From 1956 to scientific. work in the LO IV of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Member of the 1941–45 war. The author of several. dozens of scientific. tr. Translated from Persian. "A collection of rarities or four conversations" by Nizami Aruzi Samarkandi (M., 1963, with 3. N. Vorozheikina). Op .: Description of the Tajik. and pers. manuscripts, v. 4, Pers. explanatory dictionaries (farhangs), M., 1962; Description of pers. and taj. manuscripts of the Institute of the Peoples of Asia, v. 5, Bilingual dictionaries, M., 1968; Early Pers. lexicography, XI-XV centuries, M., 1989.

baevskiy vadim solomonovich
has abstract: BAEVSKY Vadim Solomonovich (b. 1929, Kharkov), philologist. Researcher of Russian history poetry of the 19th and 20th centuries, the theory of verse. Graduated from Kiev ped. Institute (1951). Dr. philol. Sciences (1975), prof. (1979), head. Department of Literature of the Smolensk Pedagogical Institute. The author of the research. creativity DS Samoilov "David Samoilov: Poet and his generation" (1986), books "Verse. Russian Soviet poetry "(1972)," Through the magic crystal ": Poetics of" Eugene Onegin ", a novel in verse by A.S. Pushkin" (1990). With comment. B. published a collection of poems and poems by B.L. Pasternak compiled by him (together with E.B. Pasternak) in the Big Series "Poet's Libraries" (1990).

bagachka
has abstract: BAGCHKA, see [[Great Bagachka.

bagaslaviskis
has abstract: BAGASLAVISKIS, a town in the Shirvint region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Boguslavishki Vilensky u. and lips. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. By the beginning of the 1st world. During the war, 50 Jewish families lived in Byelorussia (including several shopkeepers, small traders, a potter, a tailor, 2 shoemakers, and several cabbies). It took place annually. fair. In 1910-20, the relig. the needs of the community were provided by the "traveling" rabbi Avrom Peak. During the 1st world. During the war, approx. 500 Jewish families evicted from the districts of Kovna (modern Kaunas) and Vilkomir (modern Ukmerge) and soon deported to the interior of Russia. On May 27, 1915, in an atmosphere of general spy mania, 6 Jews were taken hostage in Byelorussia (including Rabbi Benjamin Izraelit), who were sent to the police department of Vilna (present-day Vilnius). On June 25, 1915, the hostages were released. In the 1920s and 30s. pl. young Jews left for the USA. In the 1930s. The rabbi of B. was Jerahmiel Yoshpe. In 1941, ten Jewish families lived in B.. Almost all of the Jews of B. were shot by the Lithuanian police on 5 Sept. 1941 In B. Avrom-Chaim Shas, in the middle. 19th century rabbi in pl. small towns of Lithuania.

bagdad
has abstract: BAGHDAD, see Baghdadi.

bagdadi
has abstract: BAGDADI (in 1940-90 - Mayakovsky), city (since 1981), regional center (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - c. Baghdad Kutaisi district and lips. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - the Georgian SSR. In 1939 12 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1970 - 40, in 1979 - 22 Jews. Jews have lived in Byelorussia since the 1930s.

bagdarin
has abstract: BAGDARIN, a village in the Bauntovsky district of the Republic of Buryatia (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Barguzinsky environs. Transbaikal region Between 1973 and 1990 it was an urban-type settlement. In 1939, 15 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

bagerovo
has abstract: BAGEROVO, an urban-type settlement (since 1941) in the Leninsky district of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main at the end. 19th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Feodosia district. Tauride province. nov. 1941 in an anti-tank ditch approx. B. was shot apprx. 7 thousand Jews from Kerch.

bagotskiy vladimir sergeevich
has abstract: BAGOTSKY Vladimir Sergeevich (b. 1920, Bern, Switzerland), electrochemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1959). He graduated in 1944 chem. Faculty of Moscow un-that (in 1944-47 in graduate school). Disciple of Acad. A.N. Frumkina. In 1947-50 he was an assistant at the Department of Electrochemistry at the University. In 1950-65 in the Vses. Institute of current sources (head of laboratory, head of department). Since 1965 at the Institute of Electrochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (head of laboratory, head of department, since 1990 - head of scientific worker). scientific. tr. in the region. theoretical and applied electrochemistry. Investigated the mechanism of the oxygen reduction reaction, electrocatalytic. phenomena during the anodic oxidation of methanol, the reduction reaction of carbon dioxide. One of the creatures. prom. silver-zinc batteries and mercury-zinc cells. He actively participated in the creation. environmentally friendly energy sources - hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells. Author approx. 400 scientific. works, 5 monographs (including transl. in English). Works: Khimich. current sources, M., 1981 (with A.M. Skundin); Fundamentals of Electrochemistry, M., 1988.

bagrinovka
has abstract: BAGRINOVKA, a village in the Glyboksky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Seretsky eldership of the Bukovina province as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40, it was a part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, 2 Jews were killed in Byelorussia.

bagritskiy
has abstract: BAGRITSKY (real name Dzyubin) Eduard Georgievich (1895, Odessa - 1934, Moscow). Poet. He studied at a real school, on land surveying courses. From 1915 he was published in the Odessa almanacs. From 1925 he lived and worked in Moscow. Youthful freedom-loving poems about the sea, about birds, about smugglers in the con. 20s and early. 30s are replaced by verses about the "three-sided frankness of the bayonet", which demanded a blind and unconditional submission to time - the age of revolution: "... if he says:" Lie "- lie, / ... if he says:" Kill "- kill". The image of the commissioner of the food detachment Kogan ("Duma about Opanas"), who was killed by a bullet from the Makhnovist, is one of B.'s few appeals to Hebrews. realities - "the personification of social truth", according to the poet's own admission, who wants to die "by the same glorious death / Like Joseph Kogan." There is not a single living human trait, especially a Jewish one, in this image, except perhaps this: "Bollypavitsky conversation / The muzhiks are confused." Even about his origin, the poet writes with disdain: "rusty Jews", "Jewish sour cream", "a crutch of the father and mother's cap", etc. up to "Leave | / Leave! / So much the better! / Don't give a damn!" Such a position could not but affect creativity. Having broken with the world of his ancestors, the poet lost his life-giving bunks. sources, K.-L. references associated with Heb. the reality of Russia of those years, if he resorts to them, are deprived of any emotional and expressive coloring: "I passed through the Jewish houses", "Saturday in a purple wig, / Walking with a candle" ("The Last Night"), etc. D. B. pl. translated other poets, including P. Markish. Works: Yugo-Zapad, Moscow, 1928; Winners, M.-L., 1932; Last Night, M., 1932; Odnomnik, M., 1934; Coll. op. (under the editorship of I.P. Utkin), vol. 1, M.-L., 1938; Poems, L., 1956.

bagritskiy vsevolod eduardovich
has abstract: Vsevolod Eduardovich BAGRITSKY (1922, Odessa - 1942, Dubovik, Leningrad region), poet. Son of E.G. Bagritsky. While studying at school, he worked lit. consultant for Pionerskaya Pravda. In the winter of 1939–40 he entered the theater studio headed by A.N. Arbuzov and V.N. Pluchek. He took an active part in writing and staging the play "City at Dawn". From the first days of the war, he sought to be sent to the French, although he was removed from the military register due to severe myopia. From the end of 1941 - at the front. Died Feb. 1942. During his lifetime, his poems were almost never published. In 1958, Sat. verse of the deceased poets "Poems remain in the ranks", which included the production. B. In 1964, the book was published. “Diaries. Letters. Poems ", composed of manuscripts preserved by the poet's mother LG Bagritskaya, critic KL Zelinsky and other close people. In creation book E.G. Bonner, a school friend of B.

bagva
has abstract: BAGVA, a village in Mankovsky district of Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Umansky u. Kiev province. In the summer of 1941, 140 Jews were shot in Byelorussia, gathered from the surrounding area. points.

bak isay solomonovich
has abstract: BAK Isai Solomonovich (1902 - 1962, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences, prof. (1928). Graduated from Kharkov Institute of Nar. x-va (1923). Conducted by scientific-ped. work. Main research subject: history of economics. teachings and history of nar. x-va of the USSR. One of the authors of “History of Rus. econom. thoughts "(Moscow, 1926). In his work "Stock Exchange in the West and in the USSR" (Moscow, 1926), he first gave a detailed description of bargaining. and stock exchanges in the USSR at the early stage of the New Economic Policy (Econ. views of M.V. Lomonosov, M., 1946; Antifeudal econ. teachings in Russia in the second half of the 18th century, M., 1958.

bak israelj
has abstract: BAK Israel (Israel) (1797, Berdichev, Volyn province - 1874, Jerusalem), book publisher. From the family of a typographer. In 1815 he opened a Heb. printing house, in a cut before its closure by the authorities (1821) printed approx. 30 kn. in Hebrew. From 1831 in E.-I., settled in Safed, opened the first Hebrew city in the city. typography. He also owned land. site on Mount Meron, where he created the first in E.-I. Heb. s.-kh. settlement (farm). In 1837–38, the printing house and farm of Byelorussia were destroyed by an earthquake and ruined in the course of the Druze uprising that soon followed. B. moved to Jerusalem, in 1841 reopened a printing house (the first in the city), in which he printed 130 kn. Beginning in 1863, B. published gas. "Ga-Khavacelet" (soon discontinued, was renewed by his stepson ID Frumkin in 1870). B. headed the Hasidic community of Jerusalem, was one of the initiators of the construction of the famous synagogue "Tifares Yisroel" (destroyed in 1948 during the War of Independence). B.'s son - Nisan (1815, Berdichev - 1889, Jerusalem), after his father's death, ran a printing house , sold it in 1883 and devoted himself entirely to the affairs of the Hasidic community of Jerusalem. The initiator of the construction of the Kiryat Naeman quarter (also called Batey Nisan Bak), the Yemeni quarter, etc.

bak yulian borisovich
has abstract: BAK Julian Borisovich (1861, Sventsyany, Vilna province - 1908, Petersburg), engineer, entrepreneur, society, activist. R. in the merchant. family. Graduated from the Institute of Railway Engineers in St. Petersburg. He worked as a trainee at the Zakasp building. g. d., later led the construction of the railway. v. Perm-Kotlas, Vologda-Vyatka, Kiev-Kovel, Balashov-Kharkov. In 1904 he subsidized gas. "Novosti", founded gas in 1906. "Rech", conveyed it to the leaders of the Constitutional Democratic Party. party. B. was the first to provide material support to the Ob-vu for scientific. Heb. publications, which organized the preparation and publication in 1908-13 of "Heb. encyclopedias "in Russian. lang. In 1904, members. reign of Heb. community of St. Petersburg and the Choral synagogue, member. to-that Heb. colonialist. about-va. In 1908 he entered the Popechit. to-t on the organization of the Courses of Oriental Studies of Baron D.G. Gintsburg, donated funds for their maintenance, was included in the committee for the construction of a new complex of buildings on Heb. Preobrazhensky cemetery, paid great attention to the activities of the Society for the care of poor Jews in the capital and in the "Pale of Settlement", made large donations in its favor.

bakalarzhev
has abstract: BAKALARZHEV, see Bakalazhev.

bakalazhevo
has abstract: BAKALAZHEVO, a village in the Suwalki Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Bakalarzhev of Suvalki u. and lips. In 1918–39, it was part of Poland. In 1844, 590 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1808 - 728 (50%), in 1827 - 525 (56%), in 1857 - 740 (80%), in 1859 - 776. in 1897 - 970 (38%), in 1921 - 141 Jews (20%). Jewish families lived in B. already at the end. 17th century From 1823 to 1862 Byelorussia was closed for free settlement of Jews. Jews earned their living from trade and crafts. From the end. 19th century B., surrounded by a beautiful forest, became the zone of the dacha construction. Jews from neighboring cities built dachas in B. and rented them out in the summer months. Serving summer residents was an important source of income.In 1827 Eliyahu Bardin was the rabbi in Byelorussia, then Shlomo-Shmaryahu Margaliot, in 1904-14 - Yehuda Hashesman (1876 -?). During the 1st peace. During the war, most of the Jews left Bulgaria for good. After the war, the Jews who remained in Byelorussia continued to earn money by small trade and crafts. armies entered B. at the end. Sep 1939. Jews were deported to the region of the Lithuanian border. Nek-rym managed to cross the border to the territory. THE USSR. The rest were sent to Suwalki, and from there, together with local Jews, to decomp. small towns in the vicinity of Lublin. All Jews of B., with the exception of several. people died during the Holocaust.

bakh aleksey nikolaevich
has abstract: BAKH Alexey Nikolaevich (Abram Litmanovich) (1857, Zolotonosha, Poltava province - 1946, Moscow), biochemist. Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929), Hero of Socialist. Labor (1945). In 1875–78 he studied at the Kiev University. Excluded for participation in the rev.-studio. movement Exiled to Belozersk for three years. In 1881 he joined the People's Will organization. In 1883 he went illegal. position. In 1885-1917 - in exile. In 1890 he led scientific research. work at the College de France (Paris); 1891–92 - in the USA, introduced improved. fermentation methods for distillers. z-dakh; 1894-17 - in Geneva. In 1905-18 he joined the Esser. Founder of the Sov. schools of biochemistry. Research chemistry of photosynthesis and oxidize, processes in the cell. He found that breathing is based on a number of sequential. enzymatic oxidation-reduction, reactions. 1935–46 - prev. All-Union. chem. about-va them. D.I. Mendeleev. In 1928 he organized and until 1946 headed the All-Union. association of workers of science and technology. In 1935 he founded the Institute of Biochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1944 bears the name of B.). In 1918, org. Center, chem. lab at the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the RSFSR, trans. later in Phys.-Chem. in-t them. L.Ya. Karpova, director of which he was until 1946. He was a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee,

bakh lazarj isaakovich
has abstract: BAKH Lazar Isaakovich (ps. Yakov Yuzhin) (1903, Rezhitsa Vitebsk province. - 1938), polit. activist. In the 1920s. - member Communist Party of Latvia, later left for South. Africa, was one of the leaders of the CP South. Africa (1930s). In 1935 he was summoned to Moscow through the Comintern and was soon arrested (1937). He died in one of the Kolyma camps of Dalstroy.

bakharova
has abstract: BAKHAROV, see Lull.

bakhchisaray
has abstract: BAKHCHISARAY, city, regional center in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main at the end. 15th century In 1519-1736 - the capital of the Crimean Khanate. Since 1783 - part of Ros. empire, in 1784 - in the Tauride region, from 1797 - in the Novorossiysk, from 1802 - the provincial town of Simferopol u. Tavricheskaya lips. In 1921-45 - in the Crimean ASSR, in 1945-54 - in the Crimean region. RSFSR, in 1954-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1793, 1,162 Karaites (24.4%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1857 - 132 Jews, in 1864 - 100, in 1867 - 94 Jews and 489 Karaites, in 1889 - 207 Jews and 607 Karaites, in 1897 - 210 Jews (1.8%) and 967 Karaites (8.1%), in 1910 - 310 Jews (2%), in 1914 - 317 Jews and 216 Karaites, in 1926 - 275 Jews and 144 Karaite, in 1939 - 228 Jews. 17-18 centuries. all Jewish shopkeepers in Byelorussia lived in Chufut-Kale and Mangup. In the 1840s. the restoration of the khan's palace in Byelorussia on behalf of Nicholas I was directed by the Tauride and Odessa gakham Sima Solomonovich Babovich (“Hadji-Ata”, 1788-1855). A synagogue functioned since 1854, and a kinassa existed in 1863. In the 1870s. - 1893 Yufuda Solomonovich Uzun (1836-1893) served as B.'s senior gazan. In 1860-70 mountains. B.'s head was Babakai Ilyich Babovich (1828-1878). In 1910 there were 2 synagogues and a cemetery in Byelorussia. In 1915, Isaak Samuilovich Sapak was the gazan of Kinassa. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. in B., a synagogue was built on the site of the destroyed Krymchak synagogue. In 1902 there was a Zionist circle, in 1908 a private beginning was opened. Jewish school, in the 1910s. was a Karaite amateur drama. circle. In 1914 there were Karaite ministerial husbands in Byelorussia. and wives. uch-schcha, one of the two pharmacies in B. belonged to L.M. Elson. In 1920 the Maccabi club operated. During the 2nd world. During the war in 1941, 40 Jewish families (about 90 people) remained in Byelorussia. One of the underground groups in Byelorussia in 194…

bakhmach
has abstract: BAHMACH, a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway station in Konotop u. Chernigov province. In 1736, there was 1 Jewish family (5 people) in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 170 Jews (20.2%), in 1923 - 641, in 1926 - 612 (9.0%), in 1939 - 295 Yakov-Aron Gendelev (1857 -?) was the rabbi in Byelorussia since 1898. 1918 Haidamaks rampaged in Byelorussia; were killed. Dec. 1918 a pogrom broke out in Byelorussia, perpetrated by the troops of the Directory. On Sept. The 1919 pogrom in Byelorussia was organized by units of the Volunteer Army. In the 1920s. In B., the mikvah was closed, the persecution of the Melamed people began. N.E. Trakhtenberg.

bakhman lev
has abstract: BAKHMAN Lev (Leib) Isaakovich (1830, Chisinau - 1896, Peterhof), architect, representative of the eclectic direction. The first Jew to graduate from St. Petersburg. AH (1861). Heavy. the illness did not allow him to receive titles that gave the right to live in the capital, he lived in the suburbs. From 1869 he collaborated with Heb. community of St. Petersburg. Main works: a project of a monument to A.S. Pushkin for Moscow (1860, not implemented), a project of a permanent Choral synagogue in St. Petersburg (1869-71), residential buildings in the vicinity of St. Petersburg.

bakhmut
has abstract: BAKHMUT, see Artemovsk.

bakhrakh lev davidovich
has abstract: BAHRAKH Lev Davidovich (b. 1921, Rostov-on-Don), specialist in the region. radiophysics and radio engineering. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1959), prof. (1962). Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1966). Graduated from Moscow State University (1941) and Military Air. Academy named after N.E. Zhukovsky (1945). In 1945–57 he worked at Research Institute-17, from 1957 - early. dep. N.-i. in-that instrument-making NPO "Vega" in Moscow. Osn. The work is related to the development of the theory and technology of antenna devices, in particular, the synthesis of antennas and the theory of mirror and multi-mirror antennas. Joint. with sotr. developed new methods of electric. swing beam in antenna systems (Pr. AN SSSR A.S. Popova, 1965), as well as antenna systems decomp. purpose. Became. pr. (1951). Linen. pr. (1961). Works: Synthesis of radiating systems: Theory and methods of calculation, Moscow, 1974 (with S.D. Kremenetsky); Holography in microwave technology, M., 1979 (with A.P. Kurochkin); Reflective scanning antennas: Theory and methods of calculation, M., 1981 (with G.K. Galimov); Problems of antenna technology, M., 1989 (in co-authorship).

bakhtin vladimir solomonovich
has abstract: BAKHTIN Vladimir Solomonovich (b. 1923, Novgorod), literary critic, folklorist. Graduated from Leningrad State University (1950). Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1953–62 he taught at the Karelian ped. in-those, Petrozavodsk un-those, polytechnic. in-those in Leningrad and LGPI. Since 1990 - scientific. hands. programs "Rus. diaspora "Intern. Foundation for the Development and Survival of Humanity. Folklore specialist S.-Z. Russia, folklore rus. ethnic groups abroad, modern, including mountains, folklore. The largest historian of literature in Leningrad. Comp. pl. folklore collection of collections, including collection of modern collections. polit. anecdotes.

baklanj
has abstract: BAKLAN, a village in the Pochep district of the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mglinsky u. Chernigov province. 336 Jews (21.2%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897. Ichiel-Mikhl-Yehuda-Leib Zalmanov was the rabbi in B.

baklanov
has abstract: BAKLANOV (Fridman) Grigory Yakovlevich (b. 1923, Voronezh), writer, playwright. In 1941 from school he went to the front, was a platoon commander art. intelligence. In 1951 he graduated from Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky. He began publishing in 1950. First. manuf. - pov. "In the Bullfinches" (1954), stories and essays are devoted to the post-war. colchus. village. B.'s fame was brought by the military pov. "South of the main blow" (1958), "A Span of the Earth" (1959), "The Dead Do Not Shame" (1961), realistically depicting front-line everyday life and complex human beings. fate. Intense drama, morality. conflicts, attention to crisis situations in production. B. became thin. way of deeper research. character of a person in war. In subsequent productions. B. - pov. Karpukhin (1965), rom. Friends, pov. "The Lesser Among Brothers" (1982), heroes, former front-line soldiers, undergo a life test for a sense of responsibility already in peacetime. However, B. does not leave the military theme either - Pov. "Forever - Nineteen Years" (1979, USSR State Ave., 1982), stories. In the period. press of recent years appear. B., written in artistic-doc. genre ("Fictional stories"). B. own the plays "How people live" (1978), "In the city of N." (1984) and others. In 1989-91, bunk bed. dep. THE USSR. In 1987–93 - Ch. ed. g. "Banner", one of the naib, interesting literary-artistic. g. liber.-demo. directions of the era of "perestroika". In 1980, Fav. cit. " B. in 4 vols.

baksan
has abstract: BAKSAN, city (since 1967), a regional center in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (Russian Federation). In the 19th - early 20th centuries. - pos. Baksan Pyatigorsk env. Terek Region In 1939, 21 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

baksanskiy
has abstract: Baksan, see Baksan.

bakshi mikhail markovich
has abstract: BAKSHI Mikhail Markovich (1898-1937), military leader, division commander (1935). He graduated from 6 classes of the city. Since 1919 in Kr. Army, civil. war as a military commissar of a battalion, regiment, brigade, division. He graduated from the main (1926) and operational (1932) military departments. academy named after M.V. Frunze. In 1924–32 the beginning. regiment headquarters, then pom. early headquarters Belarusian. IN. In 1932–34 - early. division headquarters, corps. In 1934-36 the beginning. auto-armored tank. troops Leningrad. IN. In 1936, com. and a military commissar. shooter. corps, in 1937 - com. and a military commissar of a heavy tank brigade. Load ord. Cr. Banner. Repressed.

bakshty
has abstract: BAKSHTY, a village in the Ivye district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Oshmyansky u. Vilna province. 172 Jews (11.8%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897. In 1882 Jews were prohibited from settling in Byelorussia, but in fact the number of the Jewish population was increasing. Since 1894 Shaya Katz (1856—?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia. The 1903 regulation in Bulgaria abolished the effect of the Provisional Rules of 1882.

bakst
has abstract: BAKST (real family member Rosenberg) Lev Samoilovich (1866, Grodno - 1924, Paris), theater, artist, graphic artist, painter. In 1883–87 he was a volunteer at St. Petersburg. Academy of Arts in the class of P.P. Chistyakov and K. Venig. In 1893–96 he studied in Paris at the studio of J.L. Jerome, at the R. Julien Academy and at the Finnish artist A. Edelfelt, traveled to Europe and Africa. In 1893–1903 he was one of the organizers and leading members of the World of Art ". Influenced by the creativity of O. Beardsley and T. Steinlen, it was formed as a delicate, refined graphic. B. Drawings of the 1900s. for railway "World of Art", "Golden Fleece" and "Apollo" - a striking phenomenon of Europe. modern. Exhibited as a watercolorist and painter. The most famous are the portraits of A.N. Benois (1898), I.I. Levitan (1899), V.F. Nouvel (1895), V.V. Rozanov (1901), A. Bely (1906), S.P. Diaghilev (1906), and also W. Acosta (1892). B. made a significant contribution to the culture of publishing houses. deeds, in the formation of new arts, the appearance of the book. In 1905 B. collaborated in satirical poetry. g. "Bogey". In 1906–09 he taught at the E. N. Zvantseva School of Drawing and Painting in St. Petersburg. From 1909 Ch. arr. in Paris, designed the performances “Rus. seasons "Diaghilev and Benoit. Especially interesting are the sketches of costumes for O. Wilde's drama "Salome" (1908), created in the style of Orientalism, for the ballet "Scheherazade" on muses. N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov. B. developed innovative principles of pictorial design of the performances "Rus. seasons ". B. turned to the antique theme when designing the ballets "Narcissus" by NN Cherepnin, "Daphnis and Chloe" by M. Ravel and "Afternoon of a Faun" by K. Debussy (on the latter he worked with VF Nizhinsky). In 1909-14 he designed 12 performances of the Diaghilev enterprise. Returning to Petersburg in 1914, B. as a Jew received an order to leave the city, and settled in France forever. In the last year…

bakst nikolay ignatjevich
has abstract: BAKST Nikolai Ignatievich (Hoax Isaakovich) (1842 or 1843, Mir Minsk province - 1904, Petersburg), physiologist, society. activist. He graduated from the rabbinical school in Zhitomir and Petersburg. un-t (1862). He improved his education with G. Helmholtz in Germany. Since 1867, assistant professor of St. Petersburg. un-that. From 1881 he taught for wives. honey. courses. scientific. tr. - in the field of general physiology and neurology. He was the first to accurately measure (with Helmholtz) the speed of propagation of excitation along the motor nerves of a person (1867). He offered a simple way to register heartbeats. Investigated the processes of perception of light irritation by the retina. The outbreak of anti-Semitism in Germany and the pogroms in Russia in 1881 aroused B.'s interest in Hebrew. question. From 1883 to 1888, he was an expert on governments, a commission set up to revise laws on Jews. Author of articles in rus. and Heb. g. about the situation of Jews in Russia. He considered it necessary to strive to improve the conditions of their existence and complete equality. Cit .: On the importance of physiology in the study of medicine, St. Petersburg, 1881; Physiology of the sense organs. Lectures delivered in St. Petersburg. un-those, in. 1., SPb., 1886.

bakst osip ignatjevich
has abstract: BAKST Osip Ignatievich (Isaakovich) (1834, Zhitomir - 1895, Petersburg), publisher, public. activist. R. in the family of a teacher of the Zhytomyr rabbinical school, graduated from the Faculty of East. languages ​​of Petersburg. un-that. He served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. cases for the Asian Department of Dragoman. In an effort to contribute to the enlightenment of Jews in Russia, he tried to get a job at the Ministry of the Nar. education, but the appointment did not take place. Since 1860 - the owner of a printing house and publishing house. The publishing program of B. included three areas: social sciences, literature and literary studies, and natural science. In 1862–63 he published 8 issues of "History of the XIX century from the time of the Vienna Congress" in German. historian G. Gervinus. In 1863 - “The General History of Literature” by I. Sherr. In 1865 joint. with PI Weinberg released the series "Classical foreign writers in Russian translation". Until 1875, the publishing house B. published Garnier-Paget's History of the 1848 Revolution, K. Neumann's History of the American United States, J. Draper's History of the Mental Development of Europe, and Sketch of the History of Hebrews. people ”E. Hecht and others. One of the last ed. B. - pr. GV Shtoll "The Great Roman Writers" (1889).

baku
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БАКУ, город, столица Азербайджанской Республики. Изв. с 3 в. н. э. С 12 в. — центр гос-ва Ширван, позднее — в составе Персии, с 1747 — центр Бакинского ханства, в 1806 занят рус. войсками. С 1813 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1840 — уездный город Каспийской обл., с 1846 — Шемахинской губ., в 1859—1918 — центр Бакинской губ. В 1918—20 — столица Азербайджанской Республики, в 1920—91 — АзССР.В 1897 в Б. проживал 2341 еврей (в осн. горские евреи), в 1913 — 9690 (4,5%), в 1926 — 21 995 (из них 19 583 — ашкеназы, 1985 — горские, 427 — грузинские евреи), в 1939 — 31 050, в 1959 — 29 204 (3%), в 1970 — 29 716 (2,2%), в 1979 — 26 446 (1,7%), в 1989 — 22 826 евреев-ашкеназов и 8438 горских евреев.В 1990 в ходе археологич. раскопок под рук. Р.Геюшова обнаружены остатки еврейского квартала и Шабранской синагоги 7 в. Первые письменные упоминания о евреях в Б. датируются сер. 13 в. Существование еврейской общины в Б. отмечено в 18 в. В 1814 евреи Б. бежали в Кубу, спасаясь от погрома, спровоцированного «кровавым наветом». Позднее часть из них вернулась. Общину в эти годы возглавляли бр. Аврагам и Эфраим бен Йосеф. В доме одного из братьев была синагога. С 1810 в Б. начали селиться ашкеназы. Первая ашкеназийская синагога была открыта в 1832. С 1827 в Б. селились курдские евреи, с 1870-х гг. — грузинские евреи. В 1830-х гг. в Б. имелось еврейское кладбище. В 1870-х гг. открыта синагога ремесленников.С 1870-х гг. в связи с ростом нефтедобычи возросла и численность еврейского населения Б. Пионерами пром. нефтедобычи в Б. были Г.А.Поляк (основатель фирмы «Поляк и сыновья»), А.Дембо и Х.Каган (создатели компании «Дембо и Каган»), Г.О.Гинцбург, А.Фейгель и др. евреи-предприниматели. Видную роль в развитии нефтедобычи сыграли Ротшильды (осн. ими «Касп.-Черномор. компания» к кон. 19 в. занимала ведущее положение в синдикате нефтепромышленников). В 1901 в администрации нефтяных компаний и об-в работали 64 еврея. 14 возглавляемых евреями компаний в 1913 произв…

bakuriani
has abstract: BAKURIANI, an urban-type settlement (since 1926) in the Borjomi region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the village of Gori u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1970 19 Jews lived in Byelorussia. Jews settled in Byelorussia in the 1960s.

bal-makhshoves
has abstract: BAL-Makhshoves (real name and family name. Isidor-Israel Elyashev) (1893, Kovna - 1924, ibid.), Literary critic, translator. He graduated from a real school in Switzerland, studied at honey. f-takh high fur boots in Heidelberg and Berlin. In 1905 he passed the state. exam for the right to practice in Russia, worked as a doctor. During the 1st world. war was mobilized as a doctor in Russian. army. In 1921 he returned to Kovno. I started writing on it. and Russian. lang. He made his debut in Yiddish in 1897. He was published in Hebrew. weekly "Der Yud" and other periodicals. ed. B. is one of the first Hebrews. prof. lit. critics. In their lit.-Crete. research gave an assessment of the creativity of all iz. writers of their time. B. is the author of a number of Art. about rus. writers: A.P. Chekhove, L.N. Tolstom, V.G.Korolenko, L.N. Andreev and others. Lit. B.'s legacy as a critic and translator is enormous. First. collection his op. in 5 volumes. published in 1910 in Vilna. In 1922 his book was published in Berlin. “Southern Jewry and Heb. liter in the XIX century ", in 1927 collection of works. publicistic. manuf. "Unther Rod" ("Under the Wheel").

balabanovka
has abstract: Balabanovka, does not exist since 1967. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Verkhnedneprovsky u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. In the 1950s and 60s. - a farm in Malchevsky, then Millerovsky district of Rostov region. On July 31, 1942, 101 Jews evacuated to B. were killed.

balabino
has abstract: BALABINO, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Zaporozhye district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Petrovskoe (other name. Petrovka) Aleksandrovsky u. Yekaterinoslav province. In 1939, 21 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

balabovshchiny
has abstract: BALABOVSCHINY, see [[Old Bolobovshchina.

balaeva
has abstract: BALAEV, see Petrovka, Odessa region.

balagansk
has abstract: BALAGANSK, urban-type settlement (since 1962), a regional center in the Irkutsk Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1654 as Bratsk Bulagat prison. At 19 - early. 20th century - the city of Nizhneudinsky u. Irkutsk lips. Since the 1920s. - rural settlement. In 1964, in connection with the construction of the Bratsk Reservoir. In 1863, 166 Jews and "Jews" lived in Byelorussia, in 1878 - 419 (17.8%), in 1897 - 1002 (13.3%), in 1910 - 38 Jews (2.0% ), in 1926 - 29 (2.5%), in 1939 - 19 Jews. 19th century B. is one of the centers of concentration of "Judaizers" in the province. Main occupation of Jews B. in the late. 19th century - trade, distilling, etc. One of the largest distilleries B. belonged to the br. Leibovich. In B. genus. A. Zayd.

balakhna
has abstract: BALAKHNA, city (from 1536), a regional center in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1474. At 19 - early. 20th century In 1910 there were 8 Jews living in Byelorussia, in 1913 - one Jewish family, in 1926 - 6 Jews, in 1939 - 58 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia. By oct. 1915, approx. 100 Jewish refugees.

balaklav leonid fedorovich
has abstract: BALAKLAV Leonid Fedorovich (b. 1956, Balti), painter. He studied at the Kiev art. school (1972–73). In 1974 he graduated from Odessa Art. in-t. Since 1987 he worked at the scientific studio. f. in Kiev. Since 1990 - in Israel. Ch. arr. in the genre of portrait (ser. painting and graphic. self-portraits, "Portrait of Nurit", "Portrait of a Man", etc.) and lyric. landscape ("Jerusalem", "Jerusalem: Talpiot Mizrah", "Tel Aviv", etc.). Participant pl. Israeli and zarub. exhibitions. B.'s works are in museums and part, collection. Israel, USA, ex. THE USSR.

balaklava
has abstract: BALAKLAVA, a region within (since 1957) the city of Sevastopol in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Since 1783 - part of Ros. empire, from 1784 - the district town of the Tauride region, in 1794-1802 - the Novorossiysk province, in 1802-1921 - the Tauride province, in 1921-45 - the regional center of the Crimean ASSR, in 1945-54 - the Crimean region. RSFSR, since 1954 - Crimean region. In 1897, 20 Jews (1.7%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1904 - 90 (4%), in 1926 - 70 (3%), in 1939 - 104, in the Balaklava region - 142 Jews (0 , 6%) About the presence of Jews in Bulgaria in the 10th century. mention in sources on the history of the Khazars. Burma is an old Genoese colony that promoted the development of trade and the attraction of Jewish immigrants from the countries of the East and West. According to the testimony of Martin Bronevsky, who traveled around the Crimea in 1578, Jews in Byelorussia were engaged in handicrafts and trade, and owned orchards and vineyards. In 1867, a Karaite community existed in Byelorussia, headed by a ghazan. 1919 a meeting of Zionist organizations of the south of Russia was held in Byelorussia with the participation of M.Ya.Dizengoff. In 1941–42, 75 Jews were exterminated in the Balaklava region.

balakleya
has abstract: BALAKLEYA, a village in the Smelyansky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Cherkassky u. Kiev province. In the 1920s. It was a regional center. In 1926, 150 Jews did not live in the Balakley region. In 1919, a pogrom took place in Byelorussia. In the summer of 1941, most of the Jews of Byelorussia were evacuated to the east. The rest were killed in 1942.

balakovo
has abstract: BALAKOVO, a city (since 1913), a regional center in the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1762. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Nikolaevsky u. Samara Gubernia. 14 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1910, 13 in 1926, 17 in 1939, 140 (0.1%) in 1970, and more than 100 Jews in 1999. Mikhail Aronovich Gertsman (1888-1938, Moscow), state. and polit. activist, member. RSDLP from 1904, in 1920 before. Chelyabinsk Provincial Executive Committee, Resp. worker of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b).

balanovka
has abstract: BALANOVKA, a village in the Bershad district of the Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Olgopolsky u. Podolsk province. In 1939, 35 Jews lived in Byelorussia. During the occupation of Byelorussia, a ghetto was created. On Sept. - Dec. 1943 in B. remained alive several. hundreds of Jews.

balashikha
has abstract: BALASHIKHA, a city (since 1939), a regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation) In 1926, 9 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1939 - 259 (0.9%), in 1959 - 516, in 1970 - 843 (0.9%), in 1989 - 764 Jews (0.6 %).

balashov
has abstract: BALASHOV (until 1780 - Balashovo), a city (from 1780), a regional center in the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the end. 18th century Until 1780 - a palace village, then the county town of Saratov province. From 1954 to 1957 it was the center of the Balashov Region. In 1910, 176 Jews lived in Byelorussia, and in 1939 - 142 Jews. In 1910, Byelorussia had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In 1916 there were 2 heders in operation. In July 1919, a pogrom broke out in Byelorussia, organized by units of the Volunteer Army, in August. 1919 another pogrom was carried out; died approx. 35 Jews, many Jews left B.V.B. genus: G.A. Meerson, G. S. Pollyak; Joseph Grigorievich Bergelson (b. 1912), dv. D.R.Bergelson's grand-nephew, radio engineer, engineer-regiment. (1949), a leading developer of certain types of radio equipment, Len. etc. (1966).

balashovo
has abstract: Balashov, see Balashov.

balatina
has abstract: BALATINA (until 1991 - Bolotino), a village in the Glodensky region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Yassky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 131 Jews lived in Byelorussia. In June 1941, most of the Jews of Byelorussia were evacuated; the rest in the fall of 1941 were deported to Transnistria.

balatskoe
has abstract: BALATSKOE, see Khristoforovka.

balaychuk
has abstract: BALAYCHUK, a village in the Berezovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1920s. OZET as a Jewish settlement. On March 14, 1942, apprx. 1300 Jews from Odessa.

baley
has abstract: BALEI (up to 1938 - Novotroitsk Industrial), a city (from 1938), a regional center in the Chita region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. on the site of the mine settlement. Novotroitsk. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Nerchinsky env. Transbaikal Region. In 1939, 41 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

balezino
has abstract: BALEZINO, urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Udmurt Republic (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Glazovsky u. Vyatka Gubernia. In 1939, 26 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

balin
has abstract: BALIN, a village in the Dunaevetsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kamyanets-Podolsk Podolsk province. In 1897, 357 Jews lived in Byelorussia. 19th century there was a synagogue in B. From 1865 Israel-Avrum Lerner (1840—?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia; in 1896, Israel-Yehuda Gen (1867—?) Became the head of the rabbinical court. In the 19th century. main the occupation of the Jewish population of Byelorussia is handicraft. By the beginning. 20th century from B. exported ropes and ropes for 10 thousand rubles. In 1941, the Jews of Byelorussia were gathered in the Dunaevtsev ghetto, where they were subsequently exterminated. On Sept. 1942 in B., apprx. 250 Jews artisans - moved to Kamyanets-Podolsk.

balinki aleksandr
has abstract: BALINKI Alexander (b. 1919, Odessa), economist. In the USA since 1929. Bachelor of Arts (Californian University, 1940); Master of Arts, Doctor of Philosophy (Harvard University, 1947). From 1947 he lectured on economics; from 1952 dir. and the owner of the radio program Communism under the Microscope. Prev programs grew. region (Rutgers University). The author of the book. Albert Gamatin: Financial Theories and Politics (1958), p. in acad. g.

balintsy
has abstract: BALINTSY, a village in Snyatyn district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1942, 12 Jews were resettled to Kolomyia, where they were subsequently exterminated.

baljberishkis
has abstract: BALBERISHKIS, a village in the Prienai region (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1837 - the town of Balverzhishki in Mariampolsky u. Augustovskaya, from 1867 - Suwalki province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1861, 1,167 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 925 (45.3%), in 1921 - 560, at the end. 1930s - OK. 350 Jews. The Jewish settlement in Byelorussia was one of the first in Lithuania. In B. there were 2 Jewish cemeteries: an old one and a new one, opened in the beginning. 19th century In the end. 19th century B. became an important bargaining-prom. center. Trade was concentrated in the hands of the Jews; Tsirkovich owned a pharmacy in B. In 1907 in Byelorussia there was a private school of the third grade. (director L. Frenkel). In the end. Apr 1915 the Jewish population was evicted from B. With the end. 1920s economy began. recession, to-ry was the reason for the departure of Jews from B. In the 1920s. in B. there were 2 synagogues, a school of the "Tarbut" network for 100 students (director Aron-Itskhok Tesharni), a Jewish library, branches of various. Zionist parties. In 1929 the Jewish People's Bank operated in B. The rabbis in B. were: Tzvi-Girsh Kahane, Efraim Gabbai, Shmuel-Meir Esh (1819-1884), until 1894 - Moishe-Shmuel Gorwitz, up to the middle. 1890s - Abram Leiserson, with ser. 1890s - Boruch-Mendel Vdovinsky, Chaim-Yermiyahu Plansberg, Eliezer-Itskhok Algazi, Baruch Grosbard, Eliyahu Fink, Chaim Lev (1889-1941). 22 Aug. 1942 in B., St. 100 Jews. The rest were deported to the Marijampole ghetto and shot on 1 Sept. 1942.

baljninkay
has abstract: BALNINKAI, a place in Molėtai district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 14th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the borough of Bolniki Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 255 Jews (44%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1923 - 237 (39%), in 1933 - 142 (23%), in 1941 - 230 Jews. Jews settled in B. from the end. 18th century A synagogue was built in 1873. Since 1896 Chaim Rudne (1867—?) Was the rabbi of B. Main Jewish occupations - small trade, innkeeping, fishing, women knitted socks for sale. There was a shohet in B. there was no mikvah. Wealthy women traveled to the neighboring town to perform ritual ablution, women from poor families took bath in the lake (even in winter). In 1931 the Jews owned a fabric store, a kerosene shop, wool-beating and a bakery; in 1937 there were 4 butchers, 2 stove-makers, a baker, a tailor, a frame-worker, a tinsmith and a shoemaker. The children studied at the cheder, as well as at the Jewish schools in Ukmerge. In the 1930s. Rabbi B. was Peisakh Goldman. 1940 recorded cases of attacks on Jews. In the end. June 1941 several. the Jews of B. were killed by the Lithuanians. 5 Sep 1941 all Jews of Byelorussia were shot by Lithuanians in the forest near Ukmerge.

baljsyay
has abstract: BALSIAI, a village in the Shilal region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Bolshoy Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. in B. there was a significant Jewish community. The old Jewish cemetery has been preserved.

baljtsan iosif ljvovich
has abstract: BALTSAN Iosif Lvovich (1932, Chisinau - 1975, ibid.), Poet, essayist, translator. Father - et al. a Hebrew-Yiddish-Romanian dictionary published in the 1930s. in Chisinau, Uncle Benzion is a writer. Graduated from the room. g-ziyu. After the war he returned to Chisinau. Graduated. Higher. lit. courses at the USSR SP (1956) and Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky (1958). He worked in the apparatus of the joint venture of Moldova, was deputy. ch. ed. g. Nistru, weekly "Culture of Moldovei". First. Sat. poems "La Guarda Vecius" ("Protecting Life") was published in 1949. The author of the book: "Trains" ("Poems", 1952), "Din yureshul anilor" ("Storm years", 1959), "Patru soute de privigetor "(" Four hundred nightingales ", 1963)," Nopts de vege "(" Night of the vigils ", 1971) and others. B. belong to the publicist. manuf. and essays. He translated Russian, Lithuanian, Polish and other poets. His best poetry. per. collected on Sat. Cher shiglie (Heaven and Earth, 1977). I also translated to the room. lang. rus, western europe. and Amer. prose.

baljtsan khaim
has abstract: BALTSAN Chaim (b. 1910, Chisinau), lexicographer, journalist. From 1935 in E.-I. Studied at Bucharest and Heb. un-takh (Jerusalem); bachelor of law. Co-founder and Ch. ed. dep. news "Ga-Boker" (1935–42), corr. gas. "Ha-Aretz" in Turkey, Vost. and Center. Europe. He served at the US Embassy (1942–43) and the British Embassy in Istanbul (1943–44). Deer. HIAS in Turkey (1944–45) and Czechoslovakia (1946–48). He took part in the salvation of the Jews of Europe during the years of the 2nd world. war. Head of the Public Relations Department of the Ministry of Defense (1949). He founded and headed the Faculty of Journalism at Tel Aviv Unt (1970-73). B. - will perform, director. and post. ch. ed. Israeli News Agency, Vice Pre. Tel Aviv Association of Journalists (1987–89). B. - co-founder of the "Movement for the Uniform Spelling in Hebrew" (1974–79); author of "Proposals for the Reform of the Hebrew Spelling"; Hebrew-English, and English-Hebrew. dictionaries (1989), Hebrew-Russian. dictionary (1991).

baljverzhishki
has abstract: BALVERZHIKS, see Balberiskis.

balki
has abstract: BALKI, a village in the Vasilievsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Melitopol u. Tavricheskaya lips. In the 1920s. - a regional center. In 1926 66 Jews did not live in the Balkovsky district. 25 Oct. 1941 in Byelorussia one Jew was shot.

balta
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БАЛТА, город, районный центр в Одесской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 16 в. С 1792 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1797 — уездный город Подольской губ. В 1921—24 — в Одесской губ. В 1924—40 — в составе Молдавской АССР, с 1940 — в Одесской обл.В 1856 в Б. проживало 7364 еврея, в 1860 — 7996, в 1862 — 8413, в 1897 — 13 235 (56,7%), в 1910 — 14 924 (54,3%), в 1920 — 8504, в 1923 — 8043, в 1926 — 9116 (39,5%), в 1939 — 4711, в 1959 — ок. 2000 (11,2%), в 1970 — ок. 1400 (6,9%), в 1979 — ок. 800 евреев (3,7%).Еврейское население имелось в Б. уже в нач. 16 в. В 1768 мн. евреи Б. и окрестностей погибли во время гайдамацких погромов. В 1855—56 в Б. было 13 синагог. С 1879 раввином в Б. после смерти Цви Даина стал его сын Ихиель Даин (1854—?), с 1886 — Сруль Земельман (1845—?), с 1894, после смерти Песаха Бурихсона, — его сын Пинхос Бурихсон (1869—?), с 1902 — Хаим-Шмуэль Фишман (1877—?). В 1901—06 казенным раввином в Б. был Менахем Шенкин.В кон. марта 1882 в Б. произошел погром. Попытка организации самообороны встретила противодействие со стороны полиции. Участие в грабежах приняли крестьяне из окрестных сел; пострадала богатая часть города, почти полностью разгромленная и опустошенная. Был убит 1 еврей, ранено ок. 40 чел., 125 еврейских домов и магазинов разрушено.Осн. занятия еврейского населения в 19 в. в Б. — оптовая и розничная торговля зерном и табаком, мыловарение, дубление кож, мукомольное дело, винокурение, изготовление одежды. В 1887 в Б. имелось 17 синагог. В 1904 действовал кружок Бунда. Б. становилась одним из центров сионистского движения Юга России. В 1905 вновь произошел погром. В 1910 в Б. имелись 22 синагоги, 2 кладбища, Балтское об-во вспомоществования бедным роженицам еврейского вероисповедания, жен. еврейское уч-ще Т.Э.Липецкер, казенное одноклассное нач. муж. уч-ще с ремесл. классом, обществ. муж. уч-ще, 3 частных муж. уч-ща, 2 смешанных уч-ща, талмуд-тора, в 1912 — еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1916 возникла орг-ция «Гехавер»,…

baltashishke
has abstract: BALTASHISHKE, a village in Lazdija district (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the village of Baltoshishki Seinsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. Before the 1st World. During the war in B. lived several. Jews.

balter alla davidovna
has abstract: BALTER Alla Davidovna (b. 1939, Kiev), actress. Graduated from the Kiev Theater. uch-shche at T-re im. I. Franko and joined the Leningrad troupe. t-ra them. Linen. Komsomol. She gained fame by playing the roles of Zina Meshcherskaya (“I ask for words” by V.K.Ketlinskaya), Knipper (“My mocking happiness” by L.A. Malyugin), Anita (“West Side Story” by L. Bernstein). In 1971 she began to work in Moscow. dram, t-re im. K.S. Stanislavsky; the images created on his stage became a theater event. life of Moscow. These were: Anna (The first version of "Vassa Zheleznova" by M. Gorky), Roxanne ("Cyrano de Bergerac" by E. Rostan). Since 1984 - in the troupe of Moscow. t-ra them. Vladimir Mayakovsky. She was introduced to the roles of Mag and Mary in the plays "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" by T. Williams and "Long Live the Queen, Vivat!" R. Bolt. Then she played Cleopatra ("The Play of Shadows" by Y. F. Edlis), the Baroness ("The Hunchback" by S. Mrozhek) brightly and energetically. Honored. art. RSFSR (1990).

balter boris isaakovich
has abstract: BALTER Boris Isaakovich (1919, Samarkand - 1974, Moscow), prose writer. B.'s father was a Knight of St. George. Children. and adolescent years of the writer passed in Samarkand and Evpatoria. He studied in the military. school, participant in the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939-40 and the War of 1941-45. In 1953 he graduated from Lit. in-t them. M.Gorky (seminar of K.G. Paustovsky). Began to publish in 1953. In 1961 in the alm. "Tarusa Pages" publ. first part of ch. manuf. writer - pov. "Goodbye boys!" about the pre-war generation of youth. All pov. appeared in f. "Youth" in 1962, was staged, became the basis for the same name. c / f. Peru B. also owns fragments of an unfinished auto-biogr. pov. "Samarkand", stories and art., Play "And in our yard ..." (1966). These products. for the first time publ. in the book. B. “Goodbye, boys!” In 1968 B. signed a collective letter against the trial of AI Ginzburg and Yu. T. Galanskov, and was expelled from the CPSU.

baltinava
has abstract: BALTINAVA, rural settlement in Balvi region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Boltinovo, Lyutsinsky district Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40, it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91, it was the Latvian SSR. In 1920, 212 Jews (56%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1930 - 207 (43%), in 1935 - 164 Jews (34%). in B. existed from the end. 19th century (the main occupation of the inhabitants is trade). During the 1st world. war ca. half of the Jewish houses of B. were damaged by the fighting. In 1918, some of the Jews of Byelorussia were mobilized into the Latvian Liberation Army. In the beginning. 1920s a 6-member community council was elected, houses were repaired with the help of the Joint, and a mutual assistance fund was created. Jews owned two-thirds of the shops, almost every family had a house, an auxiliary farm and a vegetable garden; in the 1920s. For some time there was a Jewish 6-grade school, there was a Jewish cultural center and a library attached to it, the cells of Beitar and "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair", an organization of socialist revisionists, worked. There was a synagogue and a shohet. After the German attack on the USSR, only four Jewish families were able to evacuate from B. In the beginning. July 1941 B. was occupied by Germans. troops; 20 Jews who collaborated with the Sov. authorities, shot by members of the Latvian paramilitary organization "Aizsargs" in the forest near Tilzha, later another 40 people. killed at the cemetery, the rest of the Jews of B., as well as Jews from the surrounding villages were destroyed on 11 August. 1941 in a forest 24 km from B.

baltmishki
has abstract: BALTMISHKI, see Baltmiskis.

baltmishkis
has abstract: BALTMISKIS, a village in the Kelme region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 16th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Baltmishki Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. 45 Jews (about 50%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897. Jewish agriculturalist colony (137 dec.). During the 1st world. Jews left B.

baltoshishki
has abstract: BALTOSHISHKI, see Baltashishka.

baltoyi-voke
has abstract: BALTOJI-VOKE, a town in the Shalchininki district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. White Vaka Vilensky and lips. In 1920-39 - a part of Poland, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. In 1903, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882, Jews were allowed to settle in B.-V. occupation in B.-V. a ghetto was created. In the end. June - early. July 1941, part of the prisoners fled to the partisans, after the escape, most of the remaining Jews were killed.

baltushava
has abstract: BALTUSHAVA, a village in Anyksciai district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the farm of Baltysh Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovno province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. The farm belonged to Itskhok Baltushover, the owner of a wool cleaning workshop that served the neighboring peasants. With the money donated by Baltushover, a synagogue was built in Skemonis.

baltysha
has abstract: BALTYSHA, see Baltushava.

balvi
has abstract: BALVI, city (since 1928), regional center (Republic of Latvia). Vozn. in the beginning. 20th century as with. Bolovsk, as a result of the merger of the villages of Verpelovo and Varkliany (present-day Varaklyany), was part of the Lyutsinsky district. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1897, approx. 500 Jews, in 1920 - 441 (54%), in 1925 - 487 (49%), in 1930 - 386 (24%), in 1935 - 379 Jews (19%). where they settled, probably from the 18th century. In 1903 Bulgaria was opened for free settlement of Jews, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. After 1903, 15 Jewish families settled in neighboring Varklians. There was a synagogue in Byelorussia, since 1906 Dovid-Noah Kovnat (? —1941) was the rabbi. During the 1st world. During the war, the Jewish community of Byelorussia suffered greatly. Representative B. Yosef-Leib Gollandskiy was a delegate of the All-Russia. Zionist Congress 1917 (Petrograd). In 1919 B. months was under the rule of the Bolsheviks; Jewish youth fought against them as part of the Latvian partisans. detachment. After the Bolsheviks left, the Jews of Byelorussia made donations to the Latvian Liberation Army. 26 Jewish youths joined the detachment of Latgalian riflemen (Yakov Zilberband was awarded an officer rank). One of the Jews - residents of B. provided his house for a hospital; Jewish girls looked after the wounded. In the beginning. 1920s with the help of the Joint, a mutual aid fund was created, 40 houses of Jews were repaired. In 1926, out of 12 members of the municipality, 5 were Jews, several. years deputy. Mayor B. was a Jew Yakov Impudent. Mn. the Jews of Byelorussia were wholesalers of timber and flax; in 1935, half of the city's shops and workshops belonged to Jews. One of the two doctors in B. was Jewish. In the beginning. 1920s a school with teaching in Hebrew was opened (one of the best in Latvia), a Jewish library worked, a branch of the youth Zionist…

balyasnaya riva naumovna
has abstract: BALYASNAYA Riva Naumovna (1910, Radomysl, Kiev province - 1980, Kiev), poet. She was brought up in an orphanage. She graduated from a factory school in Kiev, from the age of 15 she worked at a shoe factory. She made her debut in literature in 1928. She published poetry in Hebrew. periodic. ed. Ukraine, Moscow, Minsk. B.'s love and landscape lyrics are colored with Ukrainian flavor. nature, at the same time in her work are clearly expressed nat. motives. She actively collaborated in the railway station. "Sovetish Gameland", where, in addition to poetry, published a fragment. unfinished. pov. "For the Firebird". The author of the book. In Iberuf (Roll Call), 1934; "Likhtike stitches" ("Light paths"), 1940; Goldener Bleterfall (Golden Leaf Fall), 1978.

bamberger david levi
has abstract: BAMBERGER David Levy (| - |), factor (supplier) and "protected Jew" in Riga. During the Seven Years War of 1756-63 he was a factor of General-Field Marshal SF Apraksin, in the 1760s. the factor was growing. buildings in Courland. In 1764 he was secretly summoned among the three Mitava Jews to Petersburg to discuss the government. a project on organizing the resettlement of Jews to Novorossiya. In the same year he received the right of residence and trade in Riga outside the Hebrews. courtyards. He traded in old and new dresses, and enjoyed exclusive power in the local Hebrews. community. Sons B. - Moses (| - |), from 1788 - the headman, supervising the Jews who arrived in Riga, and Ezekiel (| - |), in 1797-1802 censor Heb. book at the Riga censorship committee.

banchik oljga
has abstract: BANCHIK Olga (1912, Chisinau - 1944, Stuttgart), a member of the resistance movement in France. From the age of 11, a student in a blanket sewing workshop. Since 1926 - a member of the labor movement in Chisinau and Bucharest. Member CP of Romania since 1932. For the rev. activities have been repeatedly arrested. She served her sentence in the Mislya women's prison. Since 1937 in France, she participated in the movement to help the rep. Spain. After the occupation of France, German. troops (1940) participated in the resistance movement, was a messenger in gr. M.Manushyan, was engaged in the manufacture of grenades and bombs. Arrested by the Nazis, in prison she showed courage and fortitude, reflected in a singing, a letter to her daughter. Sentenced to death, 05/10/1944 guillotined.

bandman mark konstantinovich
has abstract: BANDMAN Mark Konstantinovich (b. 1924, Novosibirsk), economist and geographer. Dr. econ. Sciences (1982), prof. (1985). Member of the 1941–45 war. Graduated from Geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University (1949). Sci. sotr. Institute of Economics and Organization of Prom. production of SB RAS, prof. Novosib. un-that. Research problems of ter.-production. complexes, districts of new households. development in Siberia, regional policy. Works: Territorial production. complexes: Theory and practice of preplanned research, 1980; Interregional intersectoral complexes, 1983 (ed. Et al.).

bandyshevka
has abstract: BANDYSHEVKA, see Bandyshovka.

bandyshovka
has abstract: BANDYSHOVKA, a village in Mogilev-Podolsk district of Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bandyshevka Yampolsky u. Podolsk province. In 1941–44 a camp for Jews from Bukovina was located in Byelorussia. On 1 Sept. 1943 there were 43 Jews in the camp.

bandza
has abstract: BANDZA, a village in Martvilsky district (Georgia). Izv. from the 17th century, was a part of the Mingrelian Prince. Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Senak u. Kutaisi province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was the Georgian SSR. In 1874 there were 88 Jews in Byelorussia, in 1886 - 135, in 1897 - 305 (11%), in 1905 - 205, in 1911 - 280 In 1939 - 648, in 1970 - 248, in 1979 - 20 Jews. Jews settled in Byelorussia from the 18th century. (immigrants from Lailashi), some of them to the end. 18th century moved to Sujuna. A Jewish quarter with a bazaar (called Uriakari - Jewish Gate) was formed in Byelorussia. Before the peasant reform of 1864 in Georgia, Jews were serfs of the princes of Pagava. To the end. 19th century in B. there were 2 synagogues (one called the synagogue of the Adzhiashvilevs, the second - the synagogue of the Sepiashvilevs - each of the 2 most common surnames in the village). In the 2nd floor. 19 - early. 20th century main occupations of the Jews of B. - production and trade, Ch. arr., raw silk and other agricultural products. products; the village has become. bargain. center Zap. Georgia, in the 1870s. Jews owned approx. 30 shops. 1870s. noted several. cases of robbery of synagogues and desecration of Torah scrolls, houses and dukhans belonging to Jews were plundered. Since 1879 Mordechai Dganashvili was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In the beginning. 20th century a cheder is open in the village. In the 1910s. Zionist ideas spread among local Jews, facilitated by Rabbi David Ajiashvili. In the beginning. 1918 a pogrom took place in Byelorussia, in the course of which shops belonging to Jews were plundered. In 1919, a Zionist organization was created in the village, a representative of a cut participated in the work of the Zionist Conf. Georgia (Aug 1919). In 1921, in connection with the approach of Kr. The armies of the wealthy Jews of B. left Georgia. In 1924, Rabbi David Adzhiashvili …

banevur
has abstract: BANEVUR (Bonivur) Vitaly Borisovich (1902-1922), participant of civil. wars in the Far East. R. in a family of politically motivated exiles (father - Boris Zalmanovich B., Social-Democratic, arrested in 1898 in Vilna and exiled to Eastern Siberia, where his wife followed him). In the years of civil. During the war the B. family ended up in Vladivostok. In 1921 B. was elected secretary. Vladivostok mountains. org-tion RKSM and Ph.D. in part. Primorsky Regional Committee of the RKSM. Affairs. 4th All-Russia. Congress of the RKSM. During the occupation of Vladivostok, the Japanese. troops engaged in the selection of youth for underground work and partisan detachments. In 1922 he was sent to a partisan base in the village. Kondratenkovo. 09/17/1922 in battle covered the retreat of comrades and was captured; delivered to the village. Half (now the village of Banevurovo, Ussuriysk district) and was tortured. There is a monument at the place of B.'s death. B. - the prototype of the hero of the novel by DD Nagishkin "Heart of Bonivur" (1947).

banila-na-serete
has abstract: BANILA-ON-GRAY, see [[Banilov Podgorny.

banila moldavska
has abstract: BANILA MOLDAVSKA, see [[Banilov Podgorny.

banila ruska
has abstract: BANILA RUSKA, see Banilov.

banilov
has abstract: BANILOV, a village in the Vyzhnytskyi district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Banila Ruska in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1887, 818 Jews (19.3%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1910 - approx. 1200, in 1930 - 517 Jews. Jews settled in B. in the second half. 19th century Main occupations - agriculture and animal husbandry. Most of the Jews of Byelorussia were Vizhnitsa Hasidim. in B. acted different. Jewish organizations. In June 1940, some of the Jews of Byelorussia were deported to Siberia. In July 1941, 263 Jews were shot in Byelorussia (they were buried in 2 mass graves). The rest of the Jews of Byelorussia were deported to Transnistria in the fall of 1941, where they perished. Among the dead are Rabbi B. Beirish Reiman and his family.

banilov podgornyy
has abstract: BANILOV PODGORNY, a village in the Storozhynetsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Banila Moldavska Storozhinetsky head of the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918-40 - Banila-na-Seret as part of Romania, in 1940-91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 688 Jews lived in BP. In July 1941, 20 Jews were killed in BP, the rest were deported to Transnistria.

bank emmanuil borisovich
has abstract: BANK Emmanuil Borisovich (1840, Rossieny, Kovno province - 1891), lawyer, public. activist. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that. From 1864 he served in the Ministry of Justice, then in the 4th department. Senate, introduced the practice of oral reports on pending cases. Since 1868 chief secretary, in this rank he twice served as comrade (deputy) before. Petersburg. commercial court. In 1870 he joined the estate of attorneys at law, was engaged in advocacy. Several years was a vowel of St. Petersburg. mountains. Duma, was twice elected for the presence in St. Petersburg. lips. zemstvo meeting. Several for decades was a member. to-ta Ob-va for the spread of education between the Jews of Russia and Vrem. to-that crafts. and agricultural. fund. In 1881, members. Heb. deputation, represented by the imp. Alexander III after his accession to the throne.

bannovskoe
has abstract: BANNOVSKY, see Slavyanogorsk.

banu tsetsiliya bentsianovna
has abstract: BANU Cecilia Bentsianovna (b. 1911, Kiev), translator. Per. from Farsi pl. manuf. A. Lakhuti, as well as the poem "Shahnameh" Persian, and Taj. poet con. 10 - early. 11th century A. Firdousi (1957–83). Publ. 3 collection of anti-war. verse. (1942–44). Member Union of Writers of the USSR since its foundation. Honored. cultural worker of the Tajik SSR.

bar
has abstract: BAR (until 1537 - Moat), city (from 1938), regional center in Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1452. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, in 1793-96 - the district town of the Podolsk governorship, then - the provincial town of Mogilev u. Podolsk province. In 1847 there were 4,442 Jews in Byelorussia, in 1856 - 2894, in 1860 - 4029, in 1897 - 5773 (58%), in 1910 - 10,450 (46%), in 1923 - 5054, in 1926 - 5720 (55%), in 1939 - 3869, in 1989 - 357, in 1993 - 199 Jews. about Jews in Byelorussia belongs to 1542, in the 16th century. in B. there was a Jewish street. In 1648 the community of Byelorussia consisted of 600 families. In 1648 more than 2 thousand Jews were killed in Byelorussia by the Cossacks under the leadership of an associate of BM Khmelnitsky ataman M. Krivonos. In 1651, Cossacks and Tatars burned and destroyed Bulgaria, staging Jewish and Polish pogroms. In 1661 there were 20 Jewish houses in Byelorussia. In the 18th century. the rabbi in B. was Avrum ben Boruch from Zamoć. In B. lived a disciple of I. Baal-Shem-Tov, Rabbi Menachem-Mendel (? —1765) and a disciple of Doiv-Ber from Mezhirich, Rabbi Zelig. Between 1856 and 1860, 6 synagogues and 3 Jewish schools operated in Byelorussia. From 1881 Sholem Muterperil was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In 1910 there were 12 synagogues in Byelorussia and a Jewish cemetery. In 1913 the Jewish wives were opened. uch-shche. In the end. 19th century main Jewish occupations - crafts, tobacco growing. Three honey brewing plants belonged to Leizer Eisenberg, Levitov, Weinberg. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Byelorussia, organized by the troops of the Directory, 20 Jews were killed. In 1921, a branch of the Evsektsiya was created in Byelorussia. In the 1920s and 30s. Zeidman was the rabbi in B. At the same time, the mikvah was closed. In 1926, immigrants from Byelorussia were founded. in the Kherson env. agriculturalist. colony "Glachgait" (10 families). In 1941, af…

bar-ieguda
has abstract: BAR-JEHUDA (Idelson) Israel (1895, Yekaterinoslav - 1965, Yagur, Israel), polit. activist, one of the leaders of the workers' and kibbutz movement. I did not receive a Hebrew as a child. education, however, in his youth he became close to Tseirei Zion and after the revolution in Russia he became one of the activists of the movement. For his Zionist activities he was exiled to Siberia. After his release in 1922 he left the USSR. He lived in Berlin and worked in the center, the organs of the Zionist Socialist Party. Since 1926 - in E.-I. There was a secret. of the Petach Tikva work council. Arrested as the organizer of workers' protests for “Heb. work". Since 1930 - a member of the kibbutz Yagur. An active member of the Mapai party and ha-Kibbutz ha-Meuhad. Dep. The Knesset from the first convocation to the end of life. Min. int. cases (1955-59), min. transport (1962–65). Author of a large number of works and articles, dedicated. history of the Zionist movement.

bar-ilan
has abstract: BAR-ILAN (Berlin) Meer (1881, Volozhin of Shshmyansky u. Vilna province - 1949, Jerusalem), rabbi and polit. activist. Son of N.-Ts. -I. Berlin, brother of H. Berlin. He studied at the yeshivas of Volozhin, Brest-Litovsk and Novogrudok, then attended un-t in Berlin. In 1902 he was promoted to rabbi. In 1908-12 - ed. "Ga-ivri", weekly. Berlin ed. in Hebrew. In 1914–26 - in the USA. He led the Mizrahi movement in the United States. In 1916–20 - ed. amer. ed. "Ga-Ivri". During the 1st world. War - Vice President Amer. center, to-that assistance to the Jews of Europe, before. cultural commission of this organization, member. united distribution kit. Since 1926 - in E.-I. Member of the Board of Directors of Bank Mizrahi. In 1938–49 - Ch. ed. daily gas. "Ha-Tsofe". Organizer of the united front of relig. parties during the first elections to the Knesset. B.'s name is un-t in the city of Ramat Gan.

barabash
has abstract: BARABASH, a village in the Khasansky district of the Primorsky Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Vladivostok env. Primorsk Region. In 1939, 28 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

barabeychik leonid aleksandrovich
has abstract: BARABEYCHIK Leonid Alexandrovich (1889, Nizhny Novgorod - 1975, Moscow), pianist. Brother of I.A. Dobrovein. Graduated. Moscow cons. by class fp. K.N. Igumnov, then studied with L. Godovsky at the School of Higher Skills at the Academy of Music and stage performance. art-va in Vienna. He began his creative career as a soloist and ensemble player. In 1917–20 prof. cons. in Rostov-on-Don, in 1921–24 - Musical-drama. uch-schA Mosk. philharmonic. Society. From 1921 to 1960 he was a soloist orc. Big T-ra in Moscow.

barabinsk
has abstract: BARABINSK, city (since 1917), regional center in the Novosibirsk region. (Russian Federation). Main at the end. 19th century as the village of Kainsky u. Tomsk Gubernia. In 1926, 454 Jews (4.6%) lived in Byelorussia, and in the Barabinsk environs. - 2227, in 1939 in B. - 112 Jews. V. I. Alshits.

baraleti
has abstract: BARALETI, a village in Akhalkalaki region (Georgia). From the 15th century. - as part of the Ottoman Empire. Since 1828 - part of Ros. empire, from 1840 - in the Georgian-Imereti region, from 1846 - in the Kutaisi province, from 1867 - in the Akhaltsykh u. Tiflis province. According to the testimony of Tsarevich Vakhushti Bagrationi (1745), Georgians (Meskhi), Armenians, and Jewish merchants, who had their own synagogue, lived in Byelorussia. In the 18th and 19th centuries. the number of the Jewish population of the post. shrank. To the end. 19th century Jewish community ceased to exist.D.M. Khananashvili

baram moshe
has abstract: BARAM Moshe (b. 1911, Zdolbunovo, Ostrog u. Volyn province.), Polit. activist. One of the leaders of the labor movement in Jerusalem. One of the active members of the youth movement "Dror". From 1931 - in E.-I., in 1943–49 - secretary. Jerusalem branch of the Mapai party. An active figure in the Histadrut. In 1948-60 - secretary. Workers' Council of Jerusalem, member. working committee Histadrut, member. center, organs Mapai. In 1959–74 - dep. Knesset, before. Knesset Labor Commission, pre. coalition. 1974–77 - min. labor. Son - Uzi, Israeli polit. activist. Dep. Knesset, min.

baranj
has abstract: BARAN, a city (since 1972) in the Orsha district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Orshansky u. Mogilev province. In 1935-72 it was an urban-type settlement. In 1926, 43 Jews (5%) lived in Byelorussia, and in 1939 there were 81 Jews. 1942 in B., St. 50 Jews.

baranov-rossine vladimir davidovich
has abstract: BARANOV-ROSSINE Vladimir Davidovich (1888, Kherson - 1942, France), avant-garde painter, theorist of color-visual art. Studied in Odessa (1902–03), Petersburg. AH (1903–07). Participant of the exhibitions "Wreath" (1908, Moscow), "Link" (1908, Kiev). From 1910 in Paris, where he took a ps. "Daniel Rossinet" and, having returned to Russia, signed with a double surname. Exhibited at the "Salon of the Independent" in Paris. In 1915-17 in Norway, where in 1916 a personal exhibition took place. After Feb. 1917 returned to Russia. He worked in Hood. Bureau N.E. Dobychina, directed the studio in Svobodnykh hud. workshops in Petrograd. Participated in the exhibitions "The World of Art" (1918, Moscow and Petrograd), in the First State. free exhibition of manuf. art (1919, Petrograd), in the First Rus. thin exhibition (1922, Berlin). In 1923 he gave concerts of color music at the Bolshoi Theater and at the Meyerhold Theater. Died in it. concentration camp.

baranovichi
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БАРАНОВИЧИ, город (с 1919), районный центр в Брестской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1706. С 1795 — в составе Рос. империи, с. Барановичи-Полесские (др. назв. Новые Барановичи) Новогрудского у. Гродненской, с 1842 — Минской губ. В 1920—39 — в Новогрудском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939—91 — в составе БССР.В 1939 в Б. проживало ок. 12 тыс. евреев, в 1970 — 841 (0,8%), в 1989 — 575 евреев (0,3%).Евреи жили в Б. с кон. 19 в. Со 2-й пол. 1890-х гг. в Б. действовала орг-ция Бунда. В 1903 был отменен запрет на поселение евреев в Б. В 1912 в Б. действовало еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. В 1920 дел. от Б. участвовал в 12-й конф. Бунда в Москве. После 1917 в Б. переселился духовный лидер слонимских хасидов Авром Вейнберг (1884—1933), к-рый в 1918 организовал в Б. иешиву «Торас Хесэд». После смерти А.Вейнберга слонимскую династию возглавил его сын Шлойме-Довид-Иегошуа (1913—1943). В 1921 Б. стали центром койдановских хасидов. Проживая в Б., духовный лидер койдановских хасидов Нехемия Перлов (?—1927) поддерживал тесную связь с хасидами в СССР. В 1927 место умершего отца занял Шойлом-Алтер (1904—1941, Вильнюс). В 1921—39 раввином в Б. был Э.Б.Вассерман.Летом 1940 сконцентрированные в Б. беженцы из Польши были вывезены в вост. р-ны СССР. 27 июня 1941 в Б. вошли герм. войска. Были созданы гетто и юденрат во главе с адвокатом Овсеем Гиршевичем Изыксоном. В гетто содержалось ок. 15 тыс. евреев из Б. и окрестных местечек. В нач. июля 1941 расстреляно 73 еврея, в кон. июля — 350. В авг. 1941 ок. 700 евреев, в т. ч. Ш.-Д.-И.Вейнберг, были отправлены в концлагерь Колдычева. 3 марта 1942 расстреляно ок. 2300 евреев. Пытавшийся предотвратить массовые казни Изыксон был также расстрелян. Во главе юденрата был поставлен Шмуэль Янкелевич. После 3 марта 1942 в Б. были доставлены евреи из Ляхович, Клецка, Столбцов, Городища. Весной в гетто было организовано 3 подпольных группы во главе с Элиэзером Лидовским, Мойше Копелевичем и Зарицкевичем. В группе…

baranovichi-polesskie
has abstract: BARANOVICHI-POLESSKIE, see Baranovichi.

baranovka
has abstract: BARANOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1565. In the 16th and 18th centuries. - a town of the Volyn Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. 893 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1847, in 1897 - 1990 (95%), in 1923 - 1100, in 1926 - 1602 (29.9%), 1939 - 1447 (23%), in 1989 - 44 Jews. In 1889 there was a Jewish hospital in Byelorussia. In the 1890s. Shmuel Margulion (1857—?) was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In the beginning. 20th century B. had a husband. and wives. private schools. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Byelorussia. m-in. In the end. Aug In 1920, detachments of the 1st Cavalry Army staged a pogrom in Byelorussia. On July 19, 1941, 74 Jews were shot in Byelorussia; on July 29, 100 Jews; 1941 - 180 Jews. In oct. 1941 a mass execution of Jews was carried out, in November. 1941 part of the Jews was gathered in a labor camp, January 6. In 1942, 594 Jews from neighboring villages were shot in B. In 1998, three Jewish families lived in B. I.I.Ravrebe, S.Ya. Elisavetsky

baranuv
has abstract: BARANUW, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Baranov Novoaleksandrovsky u. Lublin province. In 1897, 1,398 Jews (58.7%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1921 - approx. 1,500 Jews. In 1848, 1861, and 1899 the Jewish community of B. was caused by fires. material damage. By 1882 a synagogue had been built in Byelorussia. In the 1900s. Noah Braver was the rabbi in B. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was destroyed during the Holocaust.

barashi
has abstract: BARASHI, a village in the Emilchinsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zhytomyr district. Volyn province. In 1897, 338 Jews (15.6%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1939 - 320 Jews. In 1902–20, Aron-Leib Kalmanovich (1868–1948) was the rabbi in Byelorussia. The Jewish population of Byelorussia suffered from the pogroms of 1919–20. In 1941, 37 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.

barats german
has abstract: BARATS German (Hirsch) Markovich (1835, Dubno, Volyn province - 1922), lawyer, historian. He graduated from the rabbinical school in Zhitomir (1859) and law. Faculty of Kiev University (1869). In 1862 he was assigned to the Department of Spiritual Affairs of Foreigners. confessions, in 1863 he was appointed a "learned Jew" (a consultant on Jewish affairs) under the Kiev, Podolsk and Volyn governors general (from 1870 he was listed under the Ministry of Internal Affairs). From 1871 the censor of the Hebrews. books, retired from 1881, was engaged in advocacy, in 1893 was elected a member. the fifth rabbinical commission from Kiev province, Lit. activity began in the 1860s. In 1870 publ. into gas. The Day article "Materials for the history of the resettlement of Jews in Kiev." Author of works on the history of law and court proceedings in Dr. Rus (published in the journal "Vestnik Prava", "Kievskaya Starina", "Chronicles" of the Historical Philological Society at Novoros University, etc.), research. on the situation of the Jews in dr. Rus, about the influence of the Hebrews. culture in Old Rus. Literature and Law, Vol. Heb. elements in Old Russian. Chronicles, Berlin, 1924.

barats yosef
has abstract: BARATS Yosef (1890, Kamenets-Podolsk, Podolsk province - 1968, Israel), Zionist leader. labor movement, publicist. From 1906 in E.-I., he was a hired worker. In 1910, one of the founders of the first in E.-I. kibbutz Dganiya. Participated in the creation of the party "Ha-Poel ha-Tsair" (later - the party Mapai), as its representative in 1918 visited the Sov. Russia. One of the initiators of the creation of the Histadrut, dep. it was founded by the Congress (1920). In 1922, on behalf of the working organizations of E.-I. traveled to the United States, later as a member. delegations Heb. nat. fund and other org-tions visited the USA and South. Africa. During the 2nd world. war organized aid to Heb. soldiers. During the War of Independence (1947–49), he headed the Committee for Assistance to Soldiers. Dep. Of the Knesset of the 1st convocation. Poch. President of the 5th World Zionist, Congr. in Jerusalem (1960). The author of Art. in Yiddish and Hebrew on the problems of the labor movement, Vol. "With Our Soldiers" (1945) and "The Village on the Jordan: The History of Dgania" (1954, translated into 13 languages). The House of the Soldier (Beit ha-Khayal) in Tel Aviv is named after B.

barauka
has abstract: BARAUKA, a village in the Daugavpils region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Borovka, Ilukskiy u. Kurland Gubernia. In 1897, 285 Jews (23%) lived in Byelorussia.

barbanelj ruvim isaevich
has abstract: BARBANEL Ruvim Isaevich (1909 - 1972, Moscow), metallurgist, metallurgical designer. equipment. From 1961 he worked at the All-Russian Research Institute of Light Alloys, for a number of years he was deputy. early in-that. Main activities related to smelting and foundry, pressing and rolling production, as well as thermal. processing of light aviation. alloys. He took part in the creation of a progressive thermal. equipment, installations for continuous casting of ingots. In the end. 30s supervised the development of an electric furnace for aluminum production. alloys. Since 1953 joint. with S.A. Vigdorchik carried out experimental work on the creation of pressed blanks from aluminum. alloys. In 1958 he developed (in co-authorship) a flatbed method for producing sheets of aluminum clad with copper, used in the production of large-sized sheets of aluminum-copper. In the 60s and 70s. supervised the design of vacuum electric furnaces for heat treatment of semi-finished products and products from titanium alloys. In 1972 he developed a basic. principles of technology for continuous processing of strips from aluminum. alloys. Linen. etc.

barbovtsy
has abstract: BARBOVTSY, see Brusnitsa.

bardach izrailj
has abstract: BARDACH Israel (real name and fam. Isaac ben Naum Moses) (lived in the late 18th - early 19th centuries), linguist. Lived in Lithuania, studied grammar. Known as the author of "Taamey Torah" (Vilna, 1822), publ. his brother Meir B. and representing the book. on the pronunciation (intonation) of the Torah. The second part of this book. contains a grammar textbook. In the introduction to the Taamey Torah, B. pointed out that he also wrote a commentary on the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds and on the Shulchan Aruch.

bardar
has abstract: BARDAR, a village in the Ialoveni district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Chisinau district Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the MSSR. In July 1941, 3 Jews were killed in Byelorussia.

bardichever zelik
has abstract: BARDICHEVER Zelik (1903, Balti, Bessarabian province - 1937, Iasi, Romania), poet, playwright. Rod. in a poor family. I was engaged in self-education. Follower of bunks. singers B. Broder, V. Zbarzher and E. Tsunzer. He composed poems and melodies to them. He worked as a teacher and in search of earnings wandered around the cities and towns. Was a member. Heb. creative org-tion "Kultur-League", wrote plays and staged them in self-play. circles. In 1939, Sat. verse. B. "Poems and Melodies" (1939), prepared by. literary critic G. Segal.

bareli
has abstract: BARELI (Brodny) Itzhak-Aizik (1887, Smorgon - 1956, Tel Aviv), financier, public. actor. In his youth - one of the organizers of the society of Zionist students ha-Haver, as well as the founders and leaders of Tseirei Zion and the Zionist Socialist Party in Russia. Deer. Nar. Heb. bank in Kharkov. Since the beginning of the 20s. - in Lithuania. Since 1926 - in E.-I. One of the leaders of the left socialist. parties Akhdut ha-Avo-da, then - Mapai. Deer. Bank Ha-Poalim since 1929. Member. directorates dec. households institutions of the Histadrut. Affairs. Zionist Congresses. Son B. - Meir (1922, Kaunas), journalist, ed. "Eshnab" is an underground gas. Gagans during the mandate. Ed. daily gas. Omer (1968–80).

barenbaum iosif evseevich
has abstract: BARENBAUM Iosif Evseevich (b. 1921, Kanev, Kiev province), bibliologist, Ph.D. ist. Sciences (1954), Dr. sciences (1967), acad. RANS (1992). In 1938 he entered the philology department. Faculty of Leningrad State University. In the summer of 1941 he volunteered for the front, a participant in the defense of Leningrad. In 1942, after a serious injury, he was demobilized, in 1945 he graduated from Leningrad State University. From 1951 he taught at Leningrad. state library institute, since 1968 - prof., in 1977–88 head. Department of General Bibliography and Bibliology. Author of 300 works on the history of books and book business, problems of book science, the history of the reader, book connections; the author of biographies of figures grew up. and foreign books. On the initiative and under the hands. B. held Smirdin Readings, devoted to the study of the history of the book business of St. Petersburg, the history of the reader and book connections. - member Int. Parliament of the Confederate Knights (Sydney, 1988), hon. consultant Int. biographical. center (Cambridge, 1989) member Sections of the book and graphics of the House of Scientists RAS. Honored. Scientist of the Russian Federation (1992). Works: N. Serno-Solovievich (1834–1866), M., 1961; Josaphat Ogryzko (1826–1890), M., 1964; History of the book: Ucheonik (jointly with T.E. Davydova), M., 1971, 2nd ed. - M., 1984; Book Petersburg, L., 1980; Navigators of the coming storm, M., 1987; Fundamentals of bibliology, M., 1988, etc.

barenblatt grigoriy isaakovich
has abstract: BARENBLATT Grigory Isaakovich (b. 1927, Moscow), mechanic, mathematician. Grandson of the mathematician V.F. Kagan. Graduated from Moscow State University (1950). Prof. (1962), Dr. of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1967). He worked at the Institute of Oil of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1953–61), at Moscow State University (1961–92), at the Institute of Problems in Mechanics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1965), at the Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Since 1993 head. Taylor Department of Fluid Mechanics at Cambridge University (UK). Author of works on the theory of differential. Partial Differential Equations and Mechanics (in Russian: Similarity, Self-Similarity, Intermediate Asymptotics: Theory and Applications to Geophysical Hydrodynamics, Leningrad, 1982).

barenboym isaak yulisovich
has abstract: BARENBOYM Isaak Yulisovich (1910, Voznesensk, Elisavetgradsky u., Kherson province. - 1984, Kiev), bridge engineer, Cand. tech. sciences, general director. III rank. Hero of Soc. Labor (1943). During the war years 1941–45 he commanded a bridge-building detachment, restored bridges across the Dnieper, Don, Desna, North. Donets, South Bug, Prut and other rivers. Since 1948 - manager of the Mostostroitelny Trust of Glavmosstroy of the Ministry of Transport. Honored. builder of the Ukrainian SSR, honorary transport builder. Became. etc. (1947). Awarded 10 hordes.

barenboym lev aronovich
has abstract: BARENBOYM Lev Aronovich (1906, Odessa - 1985, Leningrad), musicologist, pianist. Doctor of Lawsuit (1957). In 1925 he graduated from the Odessa horse, class fp. G.M. Bieber, at the same time. studied composition in the class of V.A. Zolotarev. At the end of Leningrad. cons. continued his education in Moscow. In 1930 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class fp. F.M. Blumenfeld. In 1931–39 he taught there (associate professor of the physics class), also taught a course in teaching methods of physics. games; at the same time. scientific. sotr. N.-i. muses. in-that at Moscow. horse. In 1939–79 he worked in Leningrad. horse, (since 1958 prof.), taught courses in history and theory of pianism (since 1965 head of the department), teaching methods to play the piano. The most significant of its many. works: "Php. pedagogy "(part 1, M., 1937)," FP-ped. principles of Blumenfeld "(M., 1964)," A.G. Rubinstein ... "(v. 1–2, L., 1957–62)," N.G. Rubinstein "(M., 1982)," Questions php. performance and pedagogy "(L., 1968)," The way to making music "(L., 2nd ed., 1979) and others. articles, prefaces, comments to the book. (including to "Selected Letters" by A.G. Rubinstein, M., 1954), compiled by collection. and so on. Very popular in FP. ped. practice is used by those who have endured pl. ed. "Sat. plays, sketches and ensembles for beginners "(compiled by B. with S. Lyukhovitskaya).

barenboym petr davidovich
has abstract: BARENBOYM Petr Davidovich (b. 1948, Pyatigorsk), lawyer. Cand. jurid. Sciences (1978). Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow State University (1972). In 1973–75 he was a lawyer of the Stavropol regional collegium of lawyers, in 1975–78 he was a legal adviser of the Soyuztyazhekskavatsiya trust. In 1979 he was admitted to Moscow. mountains. the bar association. A specialist in the field of external economics. law, consultant zarub. and grew. firms in the field of legal. persons and conclusions of foreign trade. contracts.

barer simon
has abstract: BARER Simon (1896, Odessa - 1951, New York), pianist. At the age of 11 he entered Petersburg. horse, where his teachers were A.N.Esipova and F.M. Blumenfeld. Having conquered A.G. Rubinstein Ave., he began to give concerts in Russia, in the 20s. - in the cities of the USSR, then in Germany. From 1929 he lived in Berlin, then in Stockholm, from the end of the 30s. - in USA. In 1934 he performed for the first time in England. His American debut took place in 1936. Since then, many others. muses. critics began to consider him one of the top 10 virtuosos in the world. B.'s game combines phenomenal skill and delicate taste. He toured a lot in Western countries. Europe and the United States.

barg mikhail abramovich
has abstract: BARG Mikhail Abramovich (1915, Satanov Proskurovsky u. Podolsk province. - 1991, Moscow), historian, Dr. Sciences (1959). Son of a lawyer. In 1932–34 he studied at the Kamenets-Podolsk Institute of Nar. education, in 1934–36 - for the social and economic. f-those of Kiev ped. in-that. In 1936–37 in Kr. Army. In 1937–39, the head teacher and director. schools in with. Draganovka, Khmelnytsky region Graduated from East. Faculty of Kharkov ped. Institute (1941). In 1942 the head. department of agitation and propaganda of the city party committee in Kharkov and Fergana, then taught at the Military. in-those foreign. languages. In 1943-51 Art. ed. Uchpedgiza, at the same time. in 1943-47 he studied at the graduate school of the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences under the guidance of Acad. E.A. Kosminsky. In 1954-59 - Art. teacher Mosk. extramural ped. in-ta, since 1960 - prof. MGPI them. V.I. Lenin. Since 1967 - Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History (since 1969 - World History) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1986–91 - leading scientific. sotr. in the same place. Participant of symposia and international conf. on history and historiography in Budapest (1986), Berlin (1988), Madrid and Stockholm (1990), 9th Int. congress on econ. history in Bern (1986), scientific. hands. 1st Intern. conf. by compare history of civilization (1990). Member Royal East. about-va Great Britain. Author of 15 monographs and 230 articles on the history of Zap. Europe (mainly England) in the transition period from feudalism to capitalism, according to the methodology of ist. science (many works have been translated into foreign languages.) Works: Cromwell and his time, Moscow, 1952; Nar. lower classes in eng. the revolution of the 17th century, M., 1967; Social problems history, M., 1973; Shakespeare and History, M., 1976 (2nd ed., M., 1979); Categories and methods ist. science, M., 1984; Epochs and Ideas, M., 1987.

barguzin
has abstract: BARGUZIN, urban-type settlement (since 1973), a regional center in the Republic of Buryatia (Russian Federation). Since 1856 - the center of the Barguzin environs. Trans-Baikal Region. In 1863, more than 100 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 454 (32.9%), in 1910 - 811 (34.9%), in 1926 - 32.3%, in 1939 - 256, in 1989 - 2 Jews. The first Jews in Byelorussia (early 19th century) were exiles. Means. part of the Jewish population were merchants (in the 1870s there were no merchants of other nationalities in Byelorussia). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century a community was formed in B., there was a Khevra Kaddish. In 1879 the Jews of Byelorussia petitioned for the opening of a synagogue. In the end. 1880s the synagogue building was built. In 1903, a delegate from Byelorussia took part in the congress of Siberian Zionist circles and organizations, which was held in Tomsk. In 1909, a Russian-Jewish school was opened in Byelorussia, and there was a school for the free education of poor Jewish children. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In 1915 Gliesburg was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In 1917, children worked at the school. garden. In 1919 the cheder was opened. There was a society to help poor students. In 1919 the community donated 3,792 rubles. victims of Jewish pogroms in Ukraine. Contact was established with representatives of the Zionist organization in Harbin. The Jews of Byelorussia provided assistance to Jewish prisoners of war, helped the sick and wounded soldiers, refugees, and sent money for cultural and educational purposes. ob-woo for opening Jewish ped. teacher training courses for Jewish schools in the Urals and Siberia. Representatives of the B. community took part in the work of the All-Siberian Congress of Jewish Communities. In 1921 a branch of the Irkutsk Jewish library was opened in Byelorussia. Until 1930 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. preserved Jewish cemetery, closed for burial. In 1998, the administration of the Barguzins…

barishanskiy rafail-mordekhay
has abstract: BARISHAN Rafail-Mordechai (1866, Lipnishki Oshmyansky u. Vilna province - 1950, New York), rabbi. He studied at the yeshivas of Vilna, Kovno and Bialystok. Since 1893, a rabbi in Gomel. Participated in the founding congress of the Mizrahi movement in 1902 in Vilna and was elected to its Central Committee. He founded the Mizrahi branch in Gomel. In 1914–17, Hebrew actively helped. refugees. After the revolution, he opposed the policy of Evsection, aimed at banning the Hebrews. religious life. In the spring of 1922 he was brought to an open demonstrative "trial of the hader." At the trial, which lasted five days, he made a speech in which he compared the antirelig. the policy of the communists with the anti-Semitism of tsarism. He was sentenced to 2 years in prison. Released after 7 months. Since 1923 - in the USA. In 1926-29, the rabbi of Washington. Since 1929 - Rabbi in New York. Collaborated in the Yiddish press. He wrote about the problems of the Hebrews. life in CUJA, about Zionism and E.-I.

barit yakov
has abstract: BARIT Yakov (also known under the name Yankele Kovensky) (1796, Simno, Suvalki province - 1883, Vilna), rabbi. Educated in Bet Midrash in Slobodka. Since 1822, while living in Vilna, he was carried away by the ideas of Haskala. In 1850 he became the head of the yeshiva founded by Rabbi H. Parnes to train rabbis. B.'s teaching activity lasted 25 years; many of his students later became famous rabbis and scholars. Montefiore, who visited Vilna in 1846, had lengthy conversations with V., with the participation of whom a petition was drawn up to Nicholas I to improve the situation of growing up. Jews. In the late 1940's, B. became a recognized representative of the Vilna Hebrews. communities. In 1852, B. was part of a delegation that went to Petersburg with a petition concerning the recruitment rules that were burdensome for Jews. Was before. and an active participant in the rabbinical commissions of 1856, 1862 and 1868.

barkagan zinoviy solomonovich
has abstract: BARKAGAN Zinovy ​​Solomonovich (b. 1925, Odessa), hematologist. Ch.-c. Grew up. AMN (1993). Graduated from Odessa honey. Institute (1946). In 1946–50, laboratory assistant and resident of the hospital therapy clinic in the same place; in 1950–56 assistant, associate professor, head. Department of Hospital Therapy Taj. honey. in-that; since 1956 head. Department of Propedeutics, int. diseases of Altai honey. Institute in Barnaul (since 1965 prof.) and at the same time (since 1988) scientific. hands. Altai regional hematology. center. research B. dedicated various problems of hematology, the development of methods for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the blood coagulation system. He proposed (1973) one of the most complete classifications of hemorrhagic diathesis-thrombocytopathies, based on the morphofunctional characteristics of platelets, as well as the classification of hematogenous thrombophilia; gave a taxonomy of types of bleeding, for the first time described secondary rheumatoid syndrome in hemophilia, developed a method of apparatus treatment for hemophilic arthropathies, proposed methods for treating disseminated intravascular coagulation, developed methods for diagnosing disorders of the blood coagulation system, developed methods for treating poisoning with snakes and arthropod venoms Wed. Asia. B.'s works contributed to the isolation of an independent section of hematology - coagulology, which studies biochemistry, physiology, and pathology of blood coagulation. B.'s monograph "Hemorrhagic Diseases and Syndromes" (1980, 2nd ed. 1988) was awarded by the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. M.P. Konchalovsky (1983); State pr. USSR for the development of methods of intensive therapy for terminal conditions in hematology; USSR Academy of Sciences II Polzunov for inventive activity (1990). Member boards of Vseros. about-va therapists and about-va hematologists and transfusiologists; Vice President about-va herpetologists. Honored. Scientist of the RSF…

barkan semen arkadjevich
has abstract: BARKAN Semyon Arkadyevich (b. 1916, Polotsk), director. Graduated from the directing department of GITIS (1944), a student of A.D. Popov. In 1942–43 he worked in the Krasnoyarsk Territory drama. t-re them. AS Pushkin, staged: "Restless old age" by LN Rakhmanov and "Zykov" by M. Gorky. In 1944-46 he worked at the Center, Dr. Kr. Army, In 1947–49 Ch. dir. 1st Moscow region t-ra and t-ditch in Orekhovo-Zuev and Stalinogorsk. In 1950–51 - dir. dramatic. t-ra Center. House of culture of railway workers. Staged: “Theft” by J. London, “London Slums” by J.B. Shaw, “The Lost House” by S.V. Mikhalkov. In 1951-63 the next and from 1957 Ch. dir. t-ra "Romen". In 1963–66, dir. Moscow drama, t-ra, where he staged "Mother" by K. Chapek, "Physics and Lyrics" by Ya.I. Volchek (with A.A. Goncharov), "Temporary Resident" by V.S.Polyakov. In 1966–77, Chap. dir. t-ra "Romen". He created a youth studio at t-re, educated a galaxy of actors, attracted new authors to work, staged performances: "About those who love" by A.A. Antokolsky (1954), "Gypsy Woman Aza" by M.P. Staritsky (1956), "Heart of a Gypsy" by Dumanoir and Denner (1957), "Gypsy" based on pov. A. V. Kalinin (1963), "Rum Baro" by I. A. Shvedov (1961), "Hello, Pushkin!" II Rom-Lebedev and AI Gessen (1973), "I was born in the camp" by YM Nagibin (1970), "For a friendly conversation" by IV Shtok (1970), "The Law of the Ancestors" Khrustalev (1975). From 1978 to ped. work in GITIS, since 1986 at the Higher. theater, school them. M.S. Schepkina (at the Small Theater). Since 1989 prof. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1970).

barkat
has abstract: BARKAT (Burshtein) Reuven (1905, Taurogen, Kovno province. - 1972, Israel), polit. activist. One of the hands. Heb. student org-tions in Europe. He studied at the yeshiva (Ponevezh), then at the Sorbonne (Paris), Strasbourg and Heb. (Jerusalem) un-takh. Since 1926 - in E.-I. There was a secret. settlement dep. s.-kh. center. In 1940–46 gen. sec. to-that assistance to Heb. soldiers; member working commission of the Histadrut, member. Central Committee of Histadrut, director. his watered. department, gene. sec. Mapai. Was before. directorate "Beit Berl" and General. dir. publishing house "Am oved" (one of the largest in Israel). 1960–61 - Israeli Ambassador to Norway. Member Bureau of Socialist. International. Dep. The Knesset, his before.

barkhin boris grigorjevich
has abstract: BARKHIN Boris Grigorievich (b. 1913, Irkutsk), architect and teacher, theoretician in the field of methodology of architect. creativity. Doctor of Architecture, prof. MARCHI. Brother of M.G. Barkhin. In 1936 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute, where he studied with his father G.B. Barkhin, P.A. Golosov, L.V. Rudnev. N.Ya.Collie. He started working together. with Father. Main works: Center, Museum of Arms. forces in Moscow (1965), Museum of the History of Cosmonautics. K.E. Tsiolkovsky in Kaluga (1968, State pr. RSFSR). The author of the repeatedly republished “Methods of architect. design "(last ed. 1992). Honored. arch. RSFSR (1984), hon. member MAA (1992).

barkhin grigoriy borisovich
has abstract: BARKHIN Grigory Borisovich (1880, Perm - 1969, Moscow), architect, urban planner, architectural theorist. The artist's son. He started as a self-taught draftsman, draftsman. The talented young man was sent by the Society of Siberians to the Odessa school (he graduated in 1897). In 1907 he graduated from St. Petersburg. AH, where he studied in the class of Acad. A.N. Pomerantseva. He worked as an assistant to Acad. RI Klein on the building of the Museum of Fine Arts and the Borodino Bridge in Moscow. From 1912 - Ch. arch. Irkutsk. Designed and built by the military. s-dy. In the years of the 1st world. war served in Ing. troops, led by Ing. and defended, works on the Caucasus. fr. From 1918 to Kr. Army. After demobilization in the 1920s. he designed and built a lot, successfully performed at architect. competitions, participated in the work of Moscow. architect. about-va (MAO). In 1925 he designed and then supervised the construction of the editorial and printing house building. Izvestia VTsIK in Moscow. He designed and built t-ry, palaces of labor, houses of culture, participated in design work for the reconstruction of Moscow (1933–38). Main buildings: Izvestia building (1925–27), sanatorium Saki (Crimea, 1928), uch. com-t for a car in Nizhny Novgorod (1929). The author of the book. "Working house and working village-garden", M., 1922; "Modern. workers' dwellings ", M., 1925; "Architecture of t-ra", M., 1947. B.'s daughter - Anna (b. 1911, Orekhov), architect, teacher. In 1934 she graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. She worked with her father on the project for the restoration of Sevastopol (1944–47). Mn. years she taught at the Moscow Architectural Institute. The author of the building of the panorama "Defense of Sevastopol" (1946, jointly with GB and MG Barkhin). The author of the book. about the father (M., 1981).

barkhin mikhail grigorjevich
has abstract: BARKHIN Mikhail Grigorievich (1906, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1988, Moscow), architect, teacher, scientist-architect. Doctor of Architecture, prof. Son of G.B. Barkhin, brother of B.G. Barkhin. Studied at Moscow. in-those citizens. engineers from P.A. Golosov and L.A. Vesnin (graduated in 1929). He taught at Moscow. engineer-building uch-shche (1929–32), Military-Ing. acad. them. VV Kuibyshev (from 1932), Moscow Architectural Institute (1930–50). Member of the 1941–45 war, colonel. He worked with his father on many projects. Main architect. works: the project of the theater. Vs. Meyerhold (1931–32, jointly with S.E. Vakhtangov), factory in Klin (1930), textile factory in Nazili (1934) and bus garage in Ankara (1937), both in Turkey, detailed planning and development project for Sevastopol (1947), competitive projects for the Palace of Soviets in Moscow (1958 and 1959, et al.). Especially famous for its many. architectural studies. Works: Architecture and city, M., 1979; Architecture and people, M., 1980; The method of work of the architect, M., 1980.

barkiyagu
has abstract: BARKIYAGU (Vorokhov) Mordechai (1882 - 1959, Israel), one of the first and most famous doctors E.-I. Received a traditional Heb. education, studied at un-those in Switzerland, where he received a medical diploma. Since 1912 - in E.-I. Physician at the Herzliya state (1912-19). During the 1st world. war - military. doctor in the Turkish army. After the war, he was a doctor in the settlements of the Upper Galilee. Author pl. scientific. articles and books. Was printed in gas. “Ge-Halutz” and “Ha-Poel ha-Tsair”. Ed. g. "Spiritual Hygiene".

barmas ieshayyagu
has abstract: BARMAS Yeshayagu (Isai) (1872, Odessa - 1946), violinist. Studied at Moscow. cons. at I.V. Grzhimali and in Berlin at I. Joachim. In 1900 05 prof. cons. Stern, in 1905-29 cons. Klindworth-Scharvenki in Berlin. He gave concerts in European countries. Created a string quartet (1919, Berlin). He brought up a galaxy of great violinists. Author of violin arrangements, exercises, as well as methodical. labor for the violinist. performance (1913).

barnaul
has abstract: BARNAUL, city (since 1771), center of Altai Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1730. From 1747 - the center of the Altai region, from 1783 - the center of the Kolyvan province, from 1822 - the env. the center of Tomsk province. 19 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1895, 25 (0.12%) in 1897, in the env. - 213 Jews, in 1904 in B. - 56, in 1910 - 38, in 1926 - 262, in 1939 - 722, in 1970 - 2174, in 1979 - 1,882 Jews (0.4%). In 1910 there were Jewish cemetery, in 1913 - a synagogue. In 1917 Magharik was the rabbi in B. After Feb. revolution in B. created a Zionist circle "Kadima", at the end. 1917 - children. circle "Young Kadim". In the 1920s and 30s. exiled from the center lived in B. and app. regions of the USSR, members of the Zionist parties. Between 1941 and 1945 the Jewish population in Byelorussia grew at the expense of the evacuees. At the same time, a mikvah was built in B. In 1945, a group of Jews from Byelorussia attempted to open a synagogue. the Jewish community of Altai was established. In 1990, the Altai Center for Jewish Culture was created in Byelorussia, and in 1992, a Sunday Jewish school. An ulpan, a Jewish youth club, and a library began to work. In 1999, according to Joint estimates, there lived approx. 2 thousand Jews in B. L. D. Belkind I. V. Us

barngoljts sarra bentsianovna
has abstract: BARNGOLTS Sarra Bentsianovna (b. 1908, Kiev), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences, prof. (1966). Graduated from Kiev Finance and Economics. Institute (1932). From 1939 to scientific-ped. work. In 1943–49 he worked in the Bureau of Experts of the Board of the State Bank of the USSR. Main directions of scientific. activities: econom. analysis of work prom. enterprises and their working capital. The author is numerous. textbooks and uch. manuals for the course "Analysis of households. activity ", according to the teaching method of this uch. disciplines in special econom. higher education. institutions of the USSR. Works: Analysis of finance. the activities of a fishing artel, Kiev, 1937; Econ. analysis of industrial work enterprises, M., 1954; Econ. analysis of the work of enterprises, parts 1–2, M., 1960–61 (et al.); Working capital of the USSR industry, M., 1965; Econ. analysis of households. activities to the present. stage of development, M., 1984.

baroff abragam
has abstract: BAROFF Abraham (1870, Nikolaev - 1932, Torrington, Connecticut, USA), leader of the Amer. labor movement. From 1890 in the USA, he worked in the sewing industry. Activist (since 1909) and hands. (since 1910) New York Garment Union. In 1909 he headed a garment workers' strike. From 1914 vice-president, from 1915 - treasurer of the International. garment workers union. Since 1920, the treasurer Amer. workers' union for trade with Russia. With the formation of Intern. prof. Bank (1924) elected as its first president. Author of short stories in Yiddish and Art. on trade issues.

baron akiva
has abstract: BARON Akiva (1909, Bar Mogilvsky u. Podolsk province. - 1965, Tel Aviv), polit. and prof. activist. Graduated from law. f-t Heb. un-that in Jerusalem. He joined the Zionist revisionists, in the 1920s. one of the leaders of Betar org-tions and the Union of Zionists-Revisionists in Bessarabia. Since 1930 in E.-I., one of the founders of the Nat. Federation of workers (Histadrut ha-ovdim ha-leumim, 1934), its first gene. sec. (until 1939). In 1940 he joined the underground military organization Lehi, in 1946–48 its representative in France. After the creation of the State of Israel (1948), he worked in the Tel Aviv municipality.

baron dvora
has abstract: BARON Dvora (1887, Uzda of Igumensky u., Minsk Province - 1956, Tel Aviv), writer. R. in the family of a rabbi. Got a trad. Heb. religious education, studied in Russian. g-zii. From 1911 in E.-I. She made her debut with stories in the workers' publishing house. "Ha-Melits" and "Ha-Shiloakh". In 1913 she became ed. lit. dep. "Ha-Poel ha-Tsair", daily. ed. Heb. workers. In 1915 she was expelled from E.-I. to Alexandria (Egypt). The author of two collections. stories: "Sipurim" ("Tales", Tel-Aviv, 1927) and "Ktanot" ("Little things", Tel-Aviv, 1933), for which the avenue H.-N. Bialik was awarded. In his stories, B. realistically and warmly depicts the dull and joyless life of a small Lithuanian town, recreates the atmosphere of Lithuanian legends. B. per. in Hebrew rum. G. Flaubert "Madame Bovary".

baron mikhail arkadjevich
has abstract: BARON Mikhail Arkadievich (1904, Yuriev - 1974, Moscow), histologist, ch.-k. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1948). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1927) and was left at the department of histology. In 1932–52 the head. Department of Histology and Embryology of the 1st Moscow. honey. in-that, simultaneously. (1945-51) head. dep. histology and embryology Ying-that normal and patol. morphology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. In connection with the campaign to "combat cosmopolitanism" in 1952 was dismissed from the 1st Moscow. honey. in-that. Later he worked in the region. experiment, histology in Ying-those neurosurgery them. NN Burdenko (1954–74), was in charge of the department. morphology n.-i. laboratories at the mausoleum of VI Lenin (1946–74). tr. B. are devoted to mitogenetic radiation (ultraviolet radiation emitted by grows, and animal tissues; doctoral dissertation. 1934), morphology and histophysiology int. membranes of the body (pleura, pericardium, peritoneum, cerebral, synovial and embryonic) and the cerebrospinal fluid system, the study of the pathways of metastasis of tumors in the body cavities and the mechanisms of absorption from the cavities of outflowing blood, microorganisms, etc. He developed the method of trahyscopy (1946), which makes it possible to study the relief of tissues and organs and obtain a volumetric image of the structure of organs. Cit .: Reactive structures of internal membranes, L., 1949.

baron yosef luis
has abstract: BARON Yosef Luis (1894, Vilna - |), rabbi. Since 1907 in the USA. Educated in a yeshiva. After graduating in 1920 Heb. college - a rabbi. In 1920–26 he served as a rabbi in Davenport (Iowa), where he organized a system of societies and organizations, which included Hebrews. philanthropic societies, newspaper and Bnei Brit lodge. In 1923 he created the first reformist religion. brotherhood Tsedar Rapide. In 1926 he was sent to the Milwaukee community. B. contributed to the founding of the synagogue library of Judaica and the organization of reformist religions. communities in Madison, Waukesh, Janesville and other cities of Wisconsin. In 1940 he was professor of philosophy at Milwaukee ped. college and Ph. college of governors Heb. college. The author of the book. The Immigrant (1923); Clubs for Religious Education (1925); The Jewish Bible (1927); The Question of Death in Jewish Beliefs (1932) and In Search of Unity (1936).

barondes yosef
has abstract: BARONDES Yosef (1867, Kamyanets-Podolsky - 1928, New York), trade unionist and Zionist. movement. From 1888 in the USA, he worked as a tailor in New York, in the evenings he studied at the Law School of New York University. Soon he became an active trade unionist: he organized garment workers' trade unions, Heb. actors, Heb. printing trade union. After the Kishinev pogrom of 1903, a Zionist took part. movement, one of the founders of Amer. Heb. Congr., in. the quality of his affairs. participated in the peace negotiations at Versailles (1918), contributed to the inclusion in the text of the Versailles Peace Treaty of Art. on the rights of nat. minorities. In the course of the campaign against the restriction of immigration in the United States, he spoke on this issue in the commissions of the US Congress, helped to obtain consent from the Canadian government to accept Jews into the country. immigrants who were banned from entering the United States in accordance with the quota law. Since 1910, members Department of Nar. of the City of New York, led a campaign to lift the ban on married women from teaching at school. institutions. As President of the Bnei Zion Order, he chaired the board of directors of the Deborah Tuberculosis Sanatorium in Denver, was Deer. Heb. academies "Herzliya" and "Khias". In 1928 - vice-president. Amer. Zionist. org-tion. Translated into Yiddish by book. F. Kopli "Impeachment of the President of Israel" (New York, 1916), wrote a preface to it.

barshay rudoljf borisovich
has abstract: BARSHAI Rudolf Borisovich (b. 1924, Labinskaya, Krasnodar Okrug.), Violist, conductor. In 1948 he graduated from Moscow. cons. in the viola class of V.V.Borisovsky. In 1956 he organized and headed the Moscow. chamber orc. (first in the country). Since 1976 in Israel, thin. hands. Israeli chamber orc. (Tel Aviv). As a guest conductor he tours to many European countries, the USA and Japan. In 1982 he was appointed Ch. conductor and thin. counselor symph. orc. Bournemouth (UK). The performance of the B. violist is distinguished by the accuracy of phrasing, the feeling of the ensemble, and the subtlest dynamic nuances.

barshch mikhail osipovich
has abstract: BARSCH Mikhail Osipovich (1904, Moscow - 1976, ibid.), Architect, teacher. In 1926 he graduated from architect. Faculty of VKHUTEMAS, began working for B.M. Iofan. In 1927, together with M.I. Sinyavsky, Sinyavsky won the competition for the project of a planetarium in Moscow, which is why in 1928 it was built on Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya Street. He worked a lot in collaboration with prominent architects: M.Ya. Ginzburg, A.K. Burov, A.L. Pasternak and others. Constantly participated in architect. contests. Among the main. works: House of Industry in Sverdlovsk (1927–28), House of the former. political prisoners (1926-30, jointly with G.A. Zundblat), project-manifesto on the theme "House-commune" (1926-30, together with V.N. Vladimirov), pavilion "Mechanization" at the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition in Moscow (1930 ), House of production of the Mordovian ASSR. From 1934 he worked in the workshop-school of I.V. Zholtovsky, to-ry had a great deal on him. influence. After the war of 1941–45 he worked on the restoration of Minsk, where he designed the layout and development of Sq. Victory, residential buildings, the entrance to the stadium "Dynamo", etc. (1949–55, State Ave. Byelorussian SSR, 1949). Designed monuments, incl. monument to K.E. Tsiolkovsky in Kaluga (1956, sculptor A.P. Faydysh-Krandievsky), an obelisk in honor of the launch of the first arts, an Earth satellite in Moscow (1964), led the team that erected a monument to commemorate the exploration of outer space in the park of the Palace nations in Geneva (1971, sculptor Y. G. Neroda). For many years he taught at the Moscow Architectural Institute.

barsht abrek arkadjevich
has abstract: BARSHT Abrek Arkadievich (b. 1919, Staraya Zburyevka, Kherson province), Hero of the Sov. Union (1945). Since 1938 - in Kr. Army. In 1940 he graduated from the Bataysk military. Aviation school. During the war, com. squadrons are correct-reconnaissance. Aviation regiment, made 365 combat missions. In 1949 he graduated from the Military Air. academy. He served in the aviation of the Pacific Fleet. Colonel. Since 1965 - in Leningrad. hydrometeorological in-those.

barshteyn
has abstract: BARSHTEIN (Barshtein-Boyarsky) Yuri Arkadievich (b. 1919, Kiev), pathologist. Prof. Graduated from Kiev honey. Institute (1941). In 1941–45 he served as a military man. a doctor. After the war - ch. pathologist Belarusian. VO, early. pathologist. dep. military-mor. hospital in Kronstadt; in 1948–50 he was an adjunct at the Department of Pathological Anatomy of the Military-Mor. academies in Leningrad; in 1950–57 chap. a pathologist for one of the fleets. After demobilization (1957) hands. (since 1990 consultant) lab. pathomorphology in the Kiev Institute of Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. diseases. Sci. research dedicated pathology of combat trauma, a number of infectious diseases. diseases, etc. The author of the chapter, after eating, gunshot injury, in a multivolume collective tr. “Experience of the Sov. medicine in Vel. Otech. war 1941–45 ". Honored. Scientist of Ukraine (1993).

barskiy lev abramovich
has abstract: BARSKY Lev Abramovich (b. 1932, Moscow), specialist in the region. processing of mineral raw materials. Ch.-c. Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. Sciences (1991), Dr. Sciences (1970), prof. from 1979. After graduation in 1956 Moscow. in-that non-ferrous metals and gold worked in the Institute of mining them. A.A. Skochinsky of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1977 - at the Institute of Problems of Complex Development of the Subsoil of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main works are related to the development of methods and systems for managing the processes of processing mineral raw materials, recycling production waste and cleaning industrial. drains. The author of St. 250 scientific. works, including books on the theory and technology of mineral separation. He is also known as the author of a number of popular science books (Princes and Beggars in the Kingdom of Minerals, Moscow, 1985; How Fossils Become Useful, 2nd ed., Moscow, 1985), an original book on the system analysis of anecdotes ( "It's just ridiculous: the mirror of a crooked kingdom", Moscow, 1992), scripts for skits performances in Moscow. House of Scientists. CM of the USSR (1983), State. etc. USSR (1990). Cit .: Cybernetic methods in mineral processing, M., 1970; Research of minerals for washability, M., 1973; System analysis in mineral processing, M., 1978; Fundamentals of Mineralurgy, M., 1984, etc.

barskiy lev mironovich
has abstract: BARSKY Lev Mironovich (1909, Kulnaya-Veke - 1977, Chisinau), prose writer, playwright. He studied in the villages. school. Graduated from ped. courses in Balta. He worked as a teacher in the village. school. Collaborated in gas. Mold. ASSR (1932–38). First stories publ. in the beginning. 1930s, first sat. stories "Spre vyatsa noe" ("To a new life") in 1933. In 1940 he graduated from Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky in Moscow and was appointed responsible. sec. JV Mold. SSR. Member of the 1941–45 war. After the war he lived in Chisinau, wrote stories, essays, plays. Means a place in his post-war. creativity is occupied by. "La Florentine" ("In Florence", 1952) - from the life of mold. sat down. Problems of student youth, questions of culture, morality B. raised in "Facultatya noastre" ("Our faculty", 1959), "Se yntork ryndunelele" ("Swallows return", 1964), "La uncheputur" ("At the sources", 1972 ). He also owns several. collection of essays and stories. B. - the author of the plays "Stefan Bitke" (1940), "Ginerele" ("Son-in-law", 1956), "De ziua ta" ("Your birthday", 1960), as well as reps. about lit. life of Moldova. Vol .: In Florenakh, Chisinau, 1955; Our faculty, Chisinau, 1961; By the Roads of Life: Novel and Stories, Chisinau, 1963; At the origins: Roman, Chisinau, 1979.

barstichyay
has abstract: BARSTICHIAI, a town in the Skuodas region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Borshitsy Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1921, 87 Jews lived in Byelorussia. occupation of the Jewish population - p. x-in. In 1922 the Jews of Byelorussia took an active part in helping refugees from Russia. Due to heavy economics. conditions pl. Jews left B., some left for E.-I. 9 Aug. 1941 in Mazeikiai, 13 Jewish families from B.

barsuki
has abstract: BARSUKI, a village in the Mogilev district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Mogilev district. and lips. 22 Sept. 1941 all the remaining Jews - 8 people - were shot in Byelorussia.

bartniki
has abstract: BARTNIKI, see Bartninkai.

bartninkay
has abstract: BARTNINKAI, a small town in Vilkaviski district (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the village of Bartniki Volkovyshsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. 20 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1901, and 93 Jews (24.1%) in 1923. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was exterminated during the Holocaust.

barto agniya ljvovna
has abstract: BARTO Agniya Lvovna (1906, Moscow - 1981, ibid.), Poet, society. activist. She began to write poetry while still a schoolgirl, she was preparing to become an actress, she studied at a choreographer. uch-shche. First book. poems for children - "Chinese Wang-Li", "Bear-thief" (1925), since then more than 100 books have been published. her poems for children, which have gained popularity, some poems reissued. St. 400 times (total circulation - over 20 million copies), trans. plural lang. B.'s verses, clear and aphoristic in form, combine satire and gentle humor, lyrics and calls for courage, for mutual understanding between adults and children of different countries. She also wrote plays and screenplays: The Foundling (1939), The Elephant and the Rope (1946), Alyosha Ptitsyn Develops Character (1953). She constantly participated in the activities of the Union of Sov. writers. In 1937 cases. Int. antifash. Congr. in defense of culture (Madrid). During the war of 1941–45 she worked on the radio, went to the front, and collaborated in gas. and f. In tech. several years she conducted the radio program "Find a Man", dedicated. searching and organizing meetings of children and parents who lost another friend during the war. About this - the book B. "Find a Man" (Moscow, 1969) and her screenplay "Looking for a Man". In 1978 publ. book "Notes of a children's poet", reflections, memories of colleagues. She performed with Art. about children. lit-re. Publ. book poems and stories "About big and about small" (Moscow, 1958). B. constantly helped young writers, was before. Associations of workers of literature and arts for children. Became. pr. (1950), Len. pr. (1972). Cit .: Brothers, M., 1928; Boy on the contrary, M., 1934; Toys, 1936; Bullfinch, M., 1939; There is a student, M., 1944; First grader, 1945; I live in Moscow, M., 1947; Zvenigorod, M., 1948; Poems for children, M., 1949; Your poems, M., 1960; Poems, M., 1961.

bartonov iegoshua-zeev
has abstract: BARTONOV Yehoshua-Zeev (1879, Vilna - 1971, Tel Aviv), actor, director, one of the first prof. actors of "Habima". From 1902 he played in Vilna. Since 1911, the Hebrew actor. t-ditch, played plural. cities. In 1913 he performed before the Zionist Congress with Pinsky's play "The Eternal Jew". In 1918-19 - an actor of front-line t-ditch. In 1921 - in Moscow, in Heb. t-re them. Sholem Aleichem. From 1922 - in "Habim", came with the troupe of t-ra to E.-I. and played in it until his death. State Israel Ave (1959).

barukhov mashiyakh
has abstract: BARUKHOV Mashiyah (1875, Bukhara - 1946, Jerusalem), one of the leaders of the community of Bukharian Jews in Jerusalem. From 1882 - in E.-I. He was engaged in trade. During the 1st world. war went to Egypt and returned to E.-I. in 1919. He opened an orphanage for Sephardic orphans and headed it from 1925. He was a member. to-that of the Sephardic communities of Jerusalem, member. to-that community of Bukharian Jews. In 1929, after anti-Jews. the riots organized by the Arabs, was appointed ch. Rabbinate Commission to monitor the Wailing Wall.

barvenkovo
has abstract: BARVENKOVO, city (since 1938), a regional center in the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1680. At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of Izyumsky u. Kharkov province. In 1910, 98 Jews lived in Byelorussia. In 1926, 186 Jews did not live in the Barvenkovo ​​district, in 1939 there were 75 Jews in B. In 1942 several were shot. Jews B.V.B. genus. Veniamin Lvovich Beilin (1904-1982, Moscow), major general (1943), warrant. 7 ord.

barvinovka
has abstract: BARVINOVKA (until 1960 - Chernitsa), a village in the Novograd-Volynsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novograd-Volynsky district. Volyn province. In 1941, 13 Jews were driven from B. to Novograd-Volynsky and shot there.

barysh
has abstract: BARYSH, a village in the Buchach district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine) At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopolsk Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 66 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1880 - 174 (5.2%), in 1890 - 243 (6.2% ), in 1900 - 240 (5.4%), in 1910 - 196 (4%), in 1921 - 229 (4.8%), in 1931 - 339 Jews. The first Jews settled in Byelorussia in 1635. life by small trade, p. h-vom, inns were kept. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century there was a Jewish community in B. In 1902 M. Biener was the rabbi. In the 1920s and 30s. active Zionist activity was carried on in Byelorussia. In 1928 the Zionist organization "Ahva" was created. During the occupation of the Germans. By the army, the Jews of Byelorussia perished in Buchach together with the Jews from the surrounding towns and villages.

baryshevka
has abstract: BARYSHEVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1958), a regional center in the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1603. From 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava province. From 1921 - in the Kiev province, in 1925-30 - the regional center of the Kiev district. In 1897, 462 Jews (25.8%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1923 - 320, in 1926 - 436 (16.4%) , in 1939 - 134 Jews (5.5%). From 1904 the rabbi of B. - Falk Shusterman (1876—?). All R. 1920s the mikvah was closed in B.. 21 Sept. 1941, 90 Jews were shot in B. In 1999, 15 Jews lived in B.. H.A. Avrutis.

baryunay
has abstract: BARYUNAI, a village in the Joniškis region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - village Baryuny Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. An old Jewish cemetery has been preserved in B.

baryuny
has abstract: Barany, see Baryunay.

barzilay
has abstract: BARZILAY (Eisenstadt) Yehoshua (1855, Kletsk of Slutsk district of Minsk province - 1918, Lausanne, Switzerland), societies, activist, writer. In 1887 he first visited E.-I., in 1888 he returned to Russia, where he became one of the founders of the Bnei Moshe movement. In 1890 he again came to E.-I., became secretary. will execute. to-that movement Hovevei Zion in Jaffa. Published numerous. Art. and messages about the life of Heb. us. E.-I. in decomp. Heb. periodic. ed. Russia, in 1893-95 joint. with I. Gur published a bulletin about the life of Jews E.-I. "Letters from Eretz Yisrael" (in Hebrew). Opposed the plan of Heb. colonization of Uganda. One of the founders of Heb. g-zii and Nar. houses (Bet-ha-am) in Jerusalem. In 1912 he released a collection. their op. In the beginning. 1st world. the war left for Europe.

basarabyaska
has abstract: BASARABYASKA (until 1991 - Bessarabka), urban-type settlement (since 1946), regional center (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Bessarabka (other name. Romanovka) Bendersky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1897, 1,142 Jews (68.7%) lived in Byelorussia, and in 1930–1995 Jews (42.5%). ... in B. worked a school (director Aba Blank) and children. garden of the "Tarbut" network, there were different branches. Jewish parties and organizations. 22 Jews were killed in Byelorussia in July 1941. On Sept. 1941 Jews of Byelorussia were deported to Transnistria.

baseyn leyb
has abstract: Bassein Leib (1879, Minsk - 1928, New York), novelist, publicist, translator. Joined the roar early. traffic. Since 1905 in the USA. Worked as a teacher. He made his debut in literature in 1925 with the story "Red Shirt", publ. in f. "Arbeiter". Published in pl. Heb. periodic. ed. The author of the book: "Di Yiddish Shprah" ("Jewish language") et al. with I. Entin, 1914; Barney der melamed, zain toire un zain milhome mit di kundeisim fun columbuses medice (Barney's teacher, his teachings and his war with the children of the Columbus state), 1914; Fun Yiddish Kwal (From a Jewish Source), 1916; "In Roitn Shine" ("In the Red Light"), 1919, etc. He was also engaged in trans. in Yiddish.

bashanta
has abstract: BASHANTA, see Gorodovikovsk.

bashevis-zinger itskhak
has abstract: BASHEVIS-ZINGER Yitzhak (1904, Radzymin, Warsaw Province - 1991, Los Angeles), prose writer, lit. critic, journalist. Brother of I.I. Zinger. R. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Heb. education, studied secular sciences, was interested in Kabbalah. He wrote in Yiddish. He made his debut with the story "Ouf der Elter" ("In Old Age") in 1925 in the weekly. "Literary beter". Subscribed different. ps. (I. Varshavsky, D. Segal). Published articles, feuilletons, notes in Warsaw periodicals. ed. Since 1935 in the USA. Then publ. the first major production B. - pov. "Hundred in Gorai" ("Satan in Gorai"). In the first rum. B. "Di surname Mushkat" ("Mushkat Family"), published in 1950, depicts events from the life of Polish Jews in the period between the two wars. Fame came to B. in 1953 after the publication of the story "Fool Gimpel", translated into English. lang. amer. the writer S. Bellou. Certain productions B. first were publ. in English. lang. and only then in Yiddish. In the center is thin. creativity B. - int. the struggle of the individual between the desire for moral purity and earthly passions. Almost everyone is thin. manuf. B. grow out of the Hebrews' everyday life, familiar to him to the smallest detail. shtetl, from nat. folklore with its fantastic. characters from religious mystical. traditions. B. - the author of apprx. 30 kn., Among to-ryh rum. and pov. Der Goyf (The Estate), 1953-70; Der Kunzmacher fun Lublin (The Magician from Lublin), 1960; Der Knecht (Slave), 1962; "Shosha", 1978, in Russian. per. 1990; stories, some of which are collected in Sat. Gimple Tam un andere derceilungen (Gimple Tam et al. Stories, 1957). B. belong to the recollections, written in artistic-doc. genre, as well as manuf. for children and per. In 1978 for outstanding services in the region. literature awarded Nobel pr. In Russia per. in Russian lang. manuf. B. appeared in 1990; Cit .: Rab, Jerusalem, 1976; Dying Lights, Jerusalem, 1990; Shosha, M., 1991; Son from A…

bashkey
has abstract: BASHKEY, see Head.

bashkicheti
has abstract: BASHKICHETI, see Dmanisi.

bashkirov dmitriy aleksandrovich
has abstract: BASHKIROV Dmitry Alexandrovich (b. 1931, Tiflis), pianist, teacher. Graduated from Tbilisi Music. a ten-year school in the class of A.D. Virsaladze, in 1954 - Moscow. cons. in the class of A.B. Goldenweiser, in 1957 - postgraduate study with him. Since the same year he has been teaching at Moscow. cons. since 1977 - prof. Since 1992 he has been teaching physical education. game in Spain. Among the students - D.K. Alekseev, S.A. Erokhin, A.Z. Bonduryanskiy and other B. He toured a lot in different countries (in the 80s he was not allowed to leave the country), gave concerts in the USSR. B.'s interpretations are ecstatic. agitation, impulsiveness, sometimes exaggeration of images, accuracy of skill; possesses a kind of carcass, thanks to which it reveals the smallest nuances of production. The repertoire includes production. W.A. Mozart, L. Beethoven, F. Schubert, R. Schumann, I. Brahms, S. S. Prokofiev, R. K. Shchedrin. In the 90s. began to perform more op. F. Chopin. The most successful interpretations of the Concerto in F minor by J.S. Bach, sonatas by I. Haydn, fp. concerts of Mozart, 1st, 3rd and 5th concerts of Beethoven, he also performed as an ensemble player, including in fp. trio with I.S.Bezrodny and M.E. Khomitser (1965-1972). Honored. art. RSFSR (1968). Grand Prix for the International competition them. M. Long and J. Thibault in Paris (1955), pr. GDR im. R. Schumann for isp. op. this composer (1970).

bashkoy
has abstract: BASHKOY, a village in the Tsalka district (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - c. Bashkoy Borchalinsky district Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was in the Georgian SSR. In 1926, 13 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

bashmet yuriy abramovich
has abstract: BASHMET Yuri Abramovich (b. 1953, Rostov-on-Don), violist, conductor, teacher. Graduated from Moscow. cons. in the viola class (1976) and postgraduate studies with F.S. Druzhinin (earlier in 1971–72 he studied with V.V.Borisovsky). Since 1976 Lecturer Center, music. schools, since 1978 - Moscow. horse. Since 1986 the conductor is organized. named after the string ensemble "Soloists of Moscow", in 1992 he headed the chamber orc. students of Moscow. horse, (with the same name). Participates in the concerts "December Evenings" at the Museum of Fine Arts named after A.S. Pushkin, performs as a soloist, ensemble player (with major instrumental performers - S.T. Richter, V.V. Tretyakov, A.B. Lyubimov, N.G. Gutman) and conductor. B. was the first performer in the USSR of a number of op. for viola by W.A. Mozart, N. Paganini, composers of the 20th century (D. Millau, B. Bartok, P. Hindemith, D. D. Shostakovich). B. - the first performer dedicated. him a production. for viola, including concerts with orc. A.G. Schnittke (1985), A.V. Tchaikovsky, M.G. Ermolaeva (Kollontai) (1980), V. Barkauskas, Sonata Breve for viola and fp. (1979) I.A. Golovina et al. 2nd Ave. to Mezhdunar. competition in Budapest (1975), 1st ave. Intern. Musician Competition in Munich (1976). Tours with great success in different countries, performing with local orcs. as a soloist and conductor. B. - member. the jury grew. Prize "Triumph" (1993), awarded to figures of art and literature (established by Russian industrialists to encourage the achievements of representatives of Russian culture, including those living abroad). Nar. art. USSR (1991). State pr. USSR (1986). State pr. RF (1993).

bashtanka
has abstract: BASHTANKA (until 1928 - Poltavka), a city (since 1987), a regional center in the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 19th century as the village of Kherson u. In 1939 61 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

basin efim vladimirovich
has abstract: BASIN Efim Vladimirovich (1940, Khislovichi, Tambov region), builder, dep. Armed Forces of Russia since 1990. Graduated from Belorus, in-t engineer. transport. Cand. econom. sciences. Since 1980 - at the building of BAM, deputy. and the first deputy. early Glavbamstroy. 1986–90 - deputy. min. transport building of the USSR. 1990–92 - before. Committee on Construction, Architecture and Housing and Communities. x-woo of the RF Armed Forces. From Dec. 1992 - prev. State Committee for Architecture and Construction of the Russian Federation. Hero of Soc. Labor (1990).

basin lazarj
has abstract: BASIN Lazar (Elisha) (mid-19th century, Surovich, Mogilev province - |, England), preacher-missionary. Since 1869 in Istanbul, where he converted to Christianity. After returning to Russia, he was drafted into the army. During the service he was intensively engaged in missionary activity, then left for London, from where the Scottish Missionary Society equipped him (1880) in Iasi as a missionary. Returning soon to England, B. made an attempt to found a society, which would take care of the resolution of Hebrews. question.

basin meer veljkovich
has abstract: BASIN Meer Velkovich (1890, Cherikov, Mogilev province - 1918), participant of the roar. movement, part. Communist. party since 1912. Graduated from crafts. uch-shche in Mogilev. Member board of the union of oil workers. prom-sti, one of the organizers of the strike in Baku in 1914. In 1917, member. Baku Council and mountains. to-that RSDLP (b), in the end. Sep early oct. one of the hands. general strike in Baku. From nov. 1917 sec. Presidium of the Executive Committee and the working section of the Baku Council. From Apr. 1918 head. by the working section of the Baku Council of People. x-va. After the fall of the Baku commune (Aug. 1918) he was arrested and held in a Baku prison. On Sept. 1918 released, c. owls. workers tried to evacuate to Astrakhan, but the ship with the refugees arrived in Krasnovodsk, where B. and other Bolsheviks were arrested by representatives of the English. occupier. authorities and Zakasp. time, pr-va. By their order on September 20, 1918, B., among the 26 Baku commissars, was shot at the 207th verst of Zakasp. railway

basin moyshe
has abstract: BASIN Moishe (1889, Gomel - 1963, New York), literary critic, poet. He studied at the cheder, then he was engaged in self-education. Was drafted into the army, led the roar. propaganda among the soldiers. Since 1907 in the USA. He made his debut as a poet in 1908. Published in periodicals. ed., speaking with poetry, essays, fairy tales in poetry for children. His cycle of verse gained popularity. about the Baal Shem Tov. Ch. B.'s work is the anthology "500 Years of Jewish Poetry" (vols. 1–2, 1917–22). In 1940, B. published the anthology Amer. Heb. poetry".

baskal
has abstract: BASKAL, a village in Ismayilli region (Azerbaijan Republic). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in Shemakha u. Baku province. By the beginning. 2nd floor 18th century B. was inhabited mainly by Jews who were engaged in the production of silk fabrics. Until the 1860s. The rabbis in Byelorussia were: Rabbi Nisan, Israel, Eliyahu, Moshe, Benyahu, Yohai, Raziel, Hanukkah, Mordechai.

baskin vladimir sergeevich
has abstract: BASKIN Vladimir Sergeevich (1855, Vilna - 1919, Petrograd), music. critic, journalist. He studied at the same time in law. f-those Petersburg. un-that (graduated in 1885) and in St. Petersburg. cons., where he studied music theory, also took violin lessons. Collaborated as a musician. criticism in plural newspapers and magazines (from 1884; in 1887-1917 the head of the musical department of the Petersburg (since 1914 Petrograd) newspaper. ”Essays by B., dedicated to the largest Russian composers, Among them - "A.G. Rubinstein" (M., 1886), "M.P. Mussorgsky" (M., 1886), "A.N.Serov" (1890), "P.I. Tchaikovsky "(St. Petersburg, 1895). Many articles by B. were directed against the" New Russian Musical School "(creative community of Russian composers, which arose at the turn of the 50s - 60s of the 19th century, known also under the title "The Mighty Handful"), including against VV Stasov.

basner veniamin efimovich
has abstract: BASNER Veniamin Efimovich (b. 1925, Yaroslavl), composer. The son of a shoemaker. He graduated in Yaroslavl muses. school in the violin class, in 1942 muses. uch-shche. Played in decomp. ensembles of Estonia, evacuees. to Yaroslavl during the 1941–45 war. In 1943 he was drafted into the army, enlisted as a cadet in the 3rd Leningrad Academy. art. uch-shche, then transferred to muses. platoon, where he learned to play almost all wind instruments. In 1944 he was enrolled as a volunteer in Leningrad. cons. to the orc. f-t, in 1949 he graduated from it in the violin class of M. Belyakov. In 1949–55 he worked at the Variety Orc. Radio committee. The main place in the work of B. is occupied by music to f. (St. 40), songs: of which they became widely known: "At an unnamed height" (from the f. "Silence", 1964), "Where does the Motherland begin |" ("Shield and Sword"). B.'s music brought success to such a great extent to such f Among other works: ball. "Three Musketeers" (1964), operettas "Pole Star" (1966), "A Heroine Wanted" (1968), "Southern Cross" (1971), "Real Men" (1983), oratorios, 2 symph. (1958, 1984), concerts for skr. (1966), for cello and orc. (1980), string quartets, romances, wok. cycle at st. AA Voznesensky "Parabola". Nar. art. RSFSR (1982). State pr. RSFSR (1980).

basov veniamin
has abstract: BASOV Veniamin (Veniamin) Matveyevich (b. 1913, Mstislavl, Mogilev province), graphic artist, painter. Studied at Vitebsk art. technical school (1930 33) by F. Fox, E. S. Minin and VKHUTEIN (1938–48) by S. V. Gerasimov, A. A. Osmerkin, G. M. Shegal. He also designed ill. book for Belgosizdat, Goslitizdat, among which are the stories of Sholem Aleichem, the stories of I.S.Turgenev, F.M.Dostoevsky, the stories of A.P. Chekhov and M.A.Sholokhov. Created a variety of machine tools. production, among to-rykh "Departure for work" (1950), "For a book" (1956) and others. In 1974–79 performed ser. "Moscow and Moscow Region" (bum., Car.). In recent years. worked in the village genre. landscape, striving to convey the color and light richness of nature in the ratio of black and white. B.'s works are kept in museums and gal. on the territory. former USSR (including the State Tretyakov Gallery). Repeated participant in all-Union, rep., And also zarub. exhibitions.

bass moisey grigorjevich
has abstract: BASS Moisey Grigorievich (1908, Nikolsk-Ussuriysky, Primorsky Region - 1984, Moscow), civil engineer. Graduated from Moscow. Automobile and Road Institute (1933), worked there until 1935. In 1935-41 in the system of the Moscow City Council along the lines of embankments and bridges. In 1941–45 - in Kr. Army. From 1945 - early, then Ch. Ing. Office of the road-bridge building of Moscow. Participated in the decision of the cr. urban planning. tasks - high-speed reconstruction and improvement of the Luzhniki district and the creation of a sports complex, Center facilities, stadium named after V.I. Lenin. Linen. pr. (1959).

bassekhes aljfred iosifovich
has abstract: BASSEKHES Alfred Iosifovich (1900, Moscow - 1969, ibid.), Art critic, critic. In 1919, after the end of Wed. school entered Hood. working district studio. Soon B. became an apprentice sculptor at the Kharkov plant "Hood. industry ", where he took part in the creation of the time, the monument to VI Lenin at the station square. In 1921 he was sent to study at the Academy of Arts in Petrograd. Studied in the studio of A.T. Matveev. Then he returned to Kharkov, worked as a lecturer in the department. IZO of the People's Commissariat of Education of Ukraine, wrote for gas. Izvestia, corr. a swarm visited Berlin (1925). In the end. 20s B. returns to Moscow and devotes himself to the activities of an art critic and critic. Works in the railway station. "Art", "Rabis", "Brigade of Artists", which publishes analytical reviews of exhibitions, articles on the development of theatrical and decorative art: "B. Kustodiev's Posthumous Exhibition" (1926), "Surikov's Pictures" (1930), The Architecture of a Socialist City (1930), Frans Maserel (1930), Alexander Tyshler - Artist of T-ra (1932), and others. In 1932, B. headed the department. fig. art-va created by A.V. Lunacharsky gas. "Sov. lawsuit ", simultaneously. otv. sec. g. "Architecture of the USSR". During the war years B. - at the front, was wounded and in 1945 returned to the editor. gas. "Sov. claim "for the post of head. dep. architecture. B.'s article "Theatrical and decorative art 1934-1941." in the XII volume. "History of Rus. lawsuit "received hon. diploma of the Union of Artists. Work on the artists of the Moscow Art Theater was the result of B.'s work on many. Art. about owls. scenographers and on the ways of development of decorative art (1960). A number of Art. about the work of Rembrandt (1936, J. "Soviet Art"; 1940, "Lit. Gaz."; 1956, "Isk-vo", No. 6) were considered by the author himself as ch. future book.

bassin filipp veniaminovich
has abstract: BASSIN Philip Veniaminovich (1905, Kharkov - 1991, Moscow) neurophysiologist, psychologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1958), prof. (1960). After graduating in 1931 from Kharkov honey. in-that worked as a scientist. sotr. Vseukr. psychoneurological. academy. Since 1936 in Vses. in-those experimental medicine, and then in Ying-those neurology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, where he headed the lab. neurophysiology and supervised by methodological. seminar. Author of over 160 scientific. works, including 3 monographs. The works touch on a wide range of problems related to the general theory of the brain, electroencephalography and electromyography, psychiatry and psychology, the analysis of electric oscillations. brain potentials in traumatic brain injury. Book. "The problem of the unconscious" (Moscow, 1968), where criticism of Freudianism and neo-Freudianism from Marxist positions is given, trans. on a number of foreign lang.

bastomskiy aron
has abstract: BASTOMSKY Aron (1907, Vilna - 1944), playwright, ethnographer. He joined Bund circles early. He wrote humoresques, Art. and feuilletons, was a passionate collector of Heb. folklore, for which he traveled around the cities and towns of Lithuania. In 1933, together with other enthusiasts, he founded the first Hebrew. dolls, t-r, which existed until 1941. For this, and other t-dv wrote plays, and also performed with art. on the theater, themes. Died in a concentration camp on the territory. Estonia.

bastomskiy shloyme
has abstract: BASTOMSKY Shloyme (1891, Vilna - 1941, ibid.), Publicist, folklorist. He became an orphan early. After graduation in 1912 ped. Institute in Vilna was a teacher, one of the organizers of schools with teaching in Yiddish. Printed poems and stories for children, Art. on ped. Topics. In 1916 he founded his own. publishing house "New Evr. bunk bed school ", a cut produced textbooks, anthologies, children. games, folklore collection, art. manuf. for schoolchildren. Among the books published by him. “Heb. bunk bed fairy tales and legends "," Sat. Heb. proverbs for family and school ”. Ed. B. came out popular. in due time children. g. "Grininke beymelekh" and "Der Haver", in which, along with the production. Heb. writers published folklore materials collected by him about Nar. sages Hershele Ostropolera, Motka Chabad, Iosele Kundes, etc.

bat-mirjyam yokheved
has abstract: BAT-MIRYAM Yocheved (Zheleznyak) (1901, Kempice - 1980, Israel), poet. She studied in high fur boots in Odessa and Moscow. Since 1928 - in E.-I. Published in f. "Ha-Tkufa", "Turim", "Mahbarot le-sifrut". Sat. poems: "Eretz Yisrael" (1937), "Raion" (1940), "Dmuet mi-ofek" (1942), "Mi-shirey Rusiya" (1942), "Shirim" (1963). Later, her lyric poetry was recognized. poems. State Israel Ave (1972).

batakyay
has abstract: BATAKIAI, a place in the Taurage region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 13th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Batok Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1914, approx. 50 Jewish families, in 1923 - 88 Jews, in 1940 - approx. 10 Jewish families. Jews lived in B. from the end. 19th century On the eve of the 1st world. During the war, there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia; from 1891 to 1899 Gershon Lipshits was a rabbi, and from 1907, Gershon-Sholom Kab (1878—?). Main the occupation of the Jews of Byelorussia was trade with Germany. During the 1st world. During the war, the Jews of B. were accused of poisoning the well. In March 1915, all Jews in tech. for half an hour they were expelled from B., some returned after the war. Main occupations of the Jews of Byelorussia in the 1920s and 1930s. - from. farming and small trade. 1941 all Jews of Byelorussia, as well as from neighboring settlements (about 1800 people in total) were shot by Lithuanian policemen under the command of Gestapo officers in the forest near Byelorussia on the river bank. In the beginning. 1990s a monument with inscriptions in Yiddish and Lithuanian was erected at the place of their execution. Then on the territory. the old Jewish cemetery has a memorial sign with inscriptions in Hebrew and Lithuanian.

bataysk
has abstract: BATAISK, a city (since 1938) in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1779-80 as a settlement, from 1802 - in Rostov u. Yekaterinoslavskaya gubernia, since 1888 - the Oblast of the Don Army. 36 Jews (0.2%) lived in Byelorussia in 1910, 24 (0.1%) in 1926, and 186 Jews in 1939.

batiashvili guram abramovich
has abstract: BATIASHVILI Guram Abramovich (b. 1938, Tskhakaya, Georgia), writer, playwright. After graduating from the Faculty of Oriental Studies at Tbilisi University (1962), he studied trans. manuf. Turkish writers on the load, lang. Later he wrote the plays "Duty", "1832" and others, which were successfully performed in a number of t-dvs in Georgia. In the beginning. 1970s participated in the anti-Israel campaign, from the middle. 1980s writes in a pro-Israel spirit. His book. - travel notes about a trip to Israel - "The sun in the clouds" received the State. pr. Georgia. His rum was released in 1992. "If I forget you, Jerusalem." From the beginning. 1993 - ed. Heb. gas. "Menorah" overlooking the cargo. lang.

batkis grigoriy abramovich
has abstract: BATKIS Grigory Abramovich (1895, Balta, Podolsk province - 1960, Moscow), health care organizer, specialist in the region. social hygiene and dignity. statistics. Ch.-c. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1945). Honey. educated in Psychoneurological. in-those in Petrograd (1913–15) and at honey. Faculty of Kiev University (1915-19). From 1919 he served in Kr. Army deputy. military commissar of the brigade, took part in the fight against the typhus epidemic in Kiev. Since 1923 in Moscow, assistant of the departments of social. hygiene of the 2nd Moscow State University and the 1st Moscow State University (1925-30). From 1931 until the end of his life the head. department of social. hygiene and health organization of the 2nd Moscow. honey. in-that (since 1935 prof.) and simultaneously. (1944–48) head. Department of the History of Medicine. Along with ped. activities constantly worked by hand. dep. and a consultant in N.-I. in-takh and health authorities on social issues. hygiene and dignity. statistics. In 1944-50 the deputy. prev. (from 1958 before.) Center, sanitary-statistical. Commission of the USSR Ministry of Health. tr. B. dedicated to various aspects of the theory and organization of health care, a dignity. statistics and history of medicine. Developed a number of demographic methods. research, including so-called anamnestic method, methodological. basics of statistics of migratory masses, methods for determining hospital mortality; substantiated the principles of using the sampling method in the study of the incidence of the population; proposed a new system of active patronage of infants. Author of teaching programs and textbooks on social. hygiene and health care organization. Textbook "Theory and organization of Sov. Healthcare ”(M., 1961, jointly with LG Lekarev) was awarded the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences ave. N.A. Semashko (1963). Cit .: Social hygiene, M.-L., 1936 and 1940; Organization of health care, M., 1948; Questions of sanitary and dem…

batok
has abstract: BATOK, see Batakiai.

batoshanskiy yakov
has abstract: BATOSHANSKY Yakov (1895, Novo-Kiliya, Bessarabian province - 1964, South Africa), prose writer, playwright. He studied at yeshivas in Chisinau and Odessa. Debuted Ser. travel notes and stories in 1912 in Odessa gas. Since 1914 - in Romania. Traveled differently. countries, and in 1926 settled in Buenos Aires forever. Printed literary-critical. Art., gave lectures on literature. He died during a trip to Yuzh. Africa. Author of the book: "Noh der vorstelung" ("After the performance"), 1929; Fun beide zaytn yam (On Both Sides of the Sea), 1929; "Portraits fun Yiddish Schreiber" ("Portraits of Jewish Writers"), 1933; "Mir wiln lebn" ("We want to live"), 1948, etc.

batoshvili abrek shabatovich
has abstract: BATOSHVILI Abrek Shabatovich (b. 1919, Akhaltsikhe), publicist, historian. During the 2nd world. war served in the military mission of the USSR in the Netherlands. In 1947–60 and 1960–65, he was imprisoned for anti-Sov. activity. In 1965–93 he worked as Art. editor of the Committee for cinematography Gruz. SSR. In 1991 in Tbilisi publ. book “History of Hebrews. people ”(in Georgian). Since 1993 in Israel.

batozh
has abstract: BATOZH, a village in the Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - in Yanovskiy u. Lublin province. In March 1941, 243 Jews lived in Byelorussia. In the fall of 1942, all the Jews of Byelorussia were deported to the Belzec extermination camp.

batum
has abstract: BATUM, see Batumi.

batumi
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БАТУМИ, город(с 1878), столица Аджарской Автономной Республики (Грузия). Изв. с 11 в. как крепость. С 16 в. — под властью Османской империи. С 1877 – в составе Рос. империи, с 1878 — центр Батумского окр., с 1883 — уездный город Батум Кутаисской губ. В 1878—86 порт Б. имел статус порто-франко. В 1921—91 — в составе ГССР.В 1886 в Б. проживало 933 еврея (6,3%), в 1890 — 862 (4,8%), в 1897 — 1064 (3,6%), в 1903 — 842 (9,2%), в 1913 — 1068 (2,8%), в т. ч. 161 грузинский еврей, в 1922 — 3699, в 1923 — 3700, в 1926 — 1954 (4,5%), в т. ч. 1917 ашкеназов, в 1939 — 1778 (2,5%), в 1959 — 1139 (1,4%), в 1970 — 1334 (1,3%), в т. ч. 398 грузинских евреев, 16 крымчаков, 2 горских еврея, в 1979 — 917 (в т. ч. 77 грузинских евреев).В 1879 в Б. числилось 47 еврейских семей (дымов), позднее их численность значительно возросла в связи с постройкой ж. д. (1883), прокладкой нефтепровода из Баку (1897—1907) и превращением Б. в кр. торг. и пром. центр. В 1878 в Б. была открыта ашкеназийская синагога, заложено еврейское кладбище. В 1886 власти ввели ограничение на проживание евреев, однако их численность неуклонно росла: в 1889 официально проживала 31 семья евреев, фактически семей было не менее 100 (гл. обр. ремесленники и торговцы, в большинстве ашкеназы). В нач. 1880-х гг. в Б. две синагоги (грузинская и ашкеназийская), к-рые в 1890 были закрыты властями (вместо них в 1899 открыт молитв. дом, в 1900—04 сооружена новая синагога). С 1881 действовала талмуд-тора, в 1901 — нач. еврейская школа с преподаванием на рус. яз. В 1898 возник сионистский кружок (рук. д-р Д.Кузятин, секр. Я.Лейхтер, к-рый в 1901 был дел. и секр. 1-го съезда кавк. сионистов в Тифлисе). Евреи играли видную роль в экономич., обществ. и культурной жизни Б. кон. 19 — нач. 20 в.: директорами банка взаимопомощи были П.Шполянский (1895—1911), затем А.Бертман, ред.-издателем газ. «Батумские вести» являлся Е.Герман (1909—17), пред. правления Батумского отд-ния Об-ва распространения грамотности…

baturin
has abstract: BATURIN, an urban-type settlement (since 1960) in the Bakhmach district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1625.Since 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Konotopsky u. Chernigov province. In 1939, 45 Jews lived in Byelorussia. 1919 a Jewish pogrom broke out in Byelorussia, organized by units of the Volunteer Army.

baturin aleksandr iosifovich
has abstract: BATURIN Alexander Iosifovich (1904, Oshmyany, Grodno province - 1983, Moscow), singer (bass-baritone) and vocal. teacher. Studied under IV Tartakov, then under KS Isachenko in Petrograd. (Leningrad) cons., Graduated in 1925. Improved (until 1927) in the music. Academy "Santa Cecilia" in Rome with M. Battistini and P. di Pietro. He performed in the largest opera houses in Italy, toured other European countries. In 1927–58 he was a soloist of the USSR Bolshoi Theater in Moscow. He made his debut as Melnik in the opera "Mermaid" by A.S. Dargomyzhsky. Performed by Ch. parts of the bass repertoire in almost all operas of the Bolshoi Theater for 30 years of work in it. Best game - Wilhelm Tell in the same name. opera by G. Rossini. Has performed successfully in concerts. He toured a lot abroad. From 1948 he taught at Moscow. cons. (since 1962 prof.). Among the students there are major artists, incl. A.F. Vedernikov, N. Gyaurov. Became. pr. (1943). Honored. art. RSFSR (1937). Nar. art. RSFSR (1947).

baturino
has abstract: BATURINO, does not exist since 1984. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Belsky district Smolensk lips. In 1937–44, in the Leninsky District of the Smolensk Region. In the fall of 1941, Jews from Byelorussia were shot in Ilyino.

baturinskiy viktor davydovich
has abstract: BATURINSKY Victor Davydovich (b. 1914, Odessa), chess player, international. Arbitrator (1984). Shahm. writer. Deputy prev. Shahm. Federation of the USSR (1974–86). Deer. Centre. chess. club of the USSR (1970–81), beginning. Department of Chess (1971–81) and Ch. chess coach (1981-85) of the USSR Sports Committee. Hands. owls. delegations in the world championship matches (1978 and 1981). Participant of the Moscow championships (1938 and 1946) in full-time chess, the USSR and European championships, a number of international. correspondence competitions. Collected a unique chess. library (over 7 thousand volumes). Honored. lawyer of the RSFSR Vol .: Chess creativity of Botvinnik, v. 1–3, Moscow, 1965–68 (author-comp.); Chess Pages. life, M., 1983; Grandmaster Flor, M., 1985.

baturskiy
has abstract: BATURSKY (real fam. Zeitlin, according to other sources Tsetlin) Boris Solomonovich (1879 - 1920, Vitebsk), polit. activist. Into the roar. movement since the 1890s, close to the Bund. From 1897 he studied natural sciences. f-those Mosk. un-that. In 1901, members. ed. illegal. s.-d. gas. "Southern worker". In 1903 he was arrested and exiled to Vost. Siberia. In 1905 he returned to Europe. Russia, joined the Social-Democratic Mensheviks. Delegate to the 4th (Unity) Congress of the RSDLP (1906). In 1911 he graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-ta, worked in legal workers' organizations, trade unions, insurance funds, participant in the campaign to create health insurance funds; collaborated in the train. "Ray", organized by Zh. Workers' Insurance (1912), was arrested several times. In the years of the 1st world. war member. Org. to-ta (OK) RSDLP. With the beginning of Feb. Revolution of 1917 Executive Committee Petrograd. Council from OK RSDLP. From March 1917 one of the editors. Rabochaya Gazeta (the central organ of the Menshevik Party), took the position of "rev. defencism ". Delegate to All-Russia. conference Menshevik. and combined. org-tions of the RSDLP (May 1917), member. Bureau OK RSDLP, from June 1917 member. Time. prof. center. On Unite. Congress of the RSDLP (Aug. 1917) elected member. Party Central Committee. During the intrapart. discussions developed the idea of ​​obl. management and recognition of the rights of nat. minorities on cultural-nat. autonomy. Oct he characterized the coup of 1917 as a "criminal adventure" and opposed negotiations with the Bolsheviks. On Chrezvych. Congress of the RSDLP (Nov.-Dec. 1917) proved the admissibility of any means in the struggle against the "autocracy of Smolny." In the 1st floor. 1918 one of the founders of the anti-Bolshevik. "Meetings of authorized f-k and z-dov". Due to disagreements with the majority of the Central Committee of the Mensheviks on the issue of cooperation with the Bolsheviks, he left its comp…

batyatichi
has abstract: BATYATICHI, a village in the Kamensko-Bugsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine) At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. Between 1919 and 1939 it was in the Lvov Voivodeship as part of Poland, and in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. 195 Jews lived in Byelorussia. The Jews of Byelorussia were exterminated in the summer or at the beginning of 1921. autumn 1942.

baumvolj ieguda-leyb shimonovich
has abstract: BAUMVOL Yehuda-Leib Shimonovich (1892, Warsaw - 1920, Kiev), playwright. Was a theater, prompter, dir. Heb. t-ra in Lodz. The first are dramatic. manuf. B. belong to 1910. Throughout many. years Heb. t-ry staged his operettas, which enjoyed great success. After the revolution, he initiated the convocation in August. 1917 First Congress of Hebrews. t-ditch in Kiev, which played a large role in the formation of Hebrews. theater, art. Taught at the theater, studios of the Kiev Hebrew. dram. t-ra. Killed while on tour. The author of operettas: "Oif a Rehearsal" ("At the Rehearsal"), "Fir Farlibte" ("Four Lovers"), "Diregelt" ("Rent"), "Doctor Zeifenbluz" and others.

baumvolj rakhilj ljvovna
has abstract: BAUMVOL Rakhil Lvovna (b. 1914, Odessa), poetess, prose writer. Daughter of I.-L. Baumvol. In 1936 she graduated from lit. f-t Heb. dep. Moscow State University. She typed poetry in Heb. gas. and f. The first book. verse. "Pioneers" released in 1934. The author of pl. collection of books: "Tara", 1934, "Leader" ("Poems"), 1936, etc. Since 1971 in Israel, where she also released several. collection of poetry, incl. "Oysgebenkt" ("Suffering"), 1972, "Amol iz geven a gelfand" ("Once upon a time there was an elephant"), 1973, etc.

bausk
has abstract: BAUSK, see Bauska.

bauska
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БАУСКА, город (с 1609), районный центр (Латвийская Республика). Осн. в 15 в. как крепость Ливонского ордена, сложившееся вокруг нее поселение назв. Баусенбург. С 1795 — в составе Рос. империи. В 19 — нач. 20 в. — уездный город Бауск Курляндской губ. В 1918—40 — в составе Латвийской Республики, в 1940 —91 — ЛатвССР.В 1835 в Б. и окрестностях проживало 2669 евреев, в 1850 — 2266, в 1861 в Б. — 1620 (38%), в 1881 — 3631 (59%), в 1897 —2745 (42%), в 1910 — ок. 2000 (ок. 40%), в 1920 — 604 (20%), в 1925 — 919 (18%), в 1930 — 768 (16%), в 1935 — 778 евреев (16%).В 18 в. евреям запрещалось жить в Б., поэтому они селились в особой Слободе на др. берегу р. Лиелупе, где имелись синагога с раввином, еврейское кладбище, хевра кадиша. В 1795 после отмены запрета жители Слободы переселились в Б. (в 19 в. его население росло гл. обр. за счет притока евреев из др. регионов). В 1820 создана еврейская община, открыта синагога, действовал религ. суд, велись общинные книги, с 1857 действовала еврейская богадельня.Первым раввином Б. был Мордехай Рабинер (в 1802—30), затем Арон бен Эльханан, в 1832—61— Яаков Бендетман (Янкеле Баускер), в 1862—90 — М.Элиасберг. В 1890—95 духовным и казенным раввином был Иоханан Лифшиц (в дальнейшем один из религ. лидеров евреев Польши), затем казенным раввином стал Кусиель Эфраимсон, духовным в 1895—1904 — А.-И.Кук (основал в Б. иешиву), в 1907—23 — Х.-И.Блох.В 1844 в Б. завершено стр-во новой синагоги. В 1856 возникла любавичская хасидская община, имевшая синагогу. В 1820 в Херсонскую губ. переселились 82 еврейские семьи (692 чел.) Осн. занятия евреев Б. — ремесла и торговля, гл. обр. льном, в т. ч. с Германией через порт Мемель (совр. Клайпеда). В гильдейском купечестве в 1835 числилось 96 евреев, в 1850 — 238 (ок. 10% всех евреев Б.). В 1864 в Б. имелось 4 синагоги. В 1878 по обвинению в изготовлении фальшивых ассигнаций были арестованы 4 еврея, что явилось поводом к началу антисемитской кампании в местной прессе, к-рая…

baymak
has abstract: BAIMAK, a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian Federation). Main in 1913 as a settlement. Baimak-Tanalykovo Orsk district Orenburg Gubernia. In 1926 there were 3 Jews living in Byelorussia, and in 1939 - 5 Jews.

baymak-tanalykovo
has abstract: BAIMAK-TANALYKOVO, see. Baymak.

baymakliya
has abstract: BAIMAKLIA, a village in the Causeni district (Republic of Moldova). Since 1878 - part of Ros. empire, the village of Izmail u. Bessarabian province. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1897, 397 Jews (21.8%) lived in Byelorussia, and in 1930–509 Jews. June - early. July 1941 most of the Jews of Byelorussia were evacuated, some of the rest were destroyed, the rest were sent by the Romanians to the Cahul camp (present-day Cahul) and in the fall of 1941 were deported to Transnistria.

baynitovich feygelj
has abstract: BAINITOVICH Feigel (18th century), doctor. She successfully treated eye diseases (cataracts, etc.), without having the highest honey. education. Despite the fact that B. passed the exams of a special commission, she was allowed to carry out therapeutic measures in the field of ophthalmology only in the presence of a certified doctor.

bayram-ali
has abstract: BAYRAM-ALI, city (since 1931) in Mary velayat (Turkmenistan). Since 1881 - in the Transcaspian region. In 1924-91 it was a member of the TurkSSR. In 1939 in B.-A. lived 103 Jews. 19th century in B.-A. settled a small group of Jews - immigrants from Mashhad (Iran), who fled after their forced conversion to Islam in 1839. genus. V.A. Beilis, J.M. Reikhvarger.

bayramcha
has abstract: BAYRAMCHA, see Nikolaevka-Novorossiyskaya.

baysogala
has abstract: BAISOGALA, a place in the Kedain region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Beisegole Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847, 461 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 634 (53%), in 1923 - 106 Jews (13%); in 1929 the Jews accounted for approx. 6% of the population of B. Jews settled in B. from the end. 18th century In 1801 there were a Khevra Kaddish, a synagogue, and a community of mutual assistance. During the famine end. 1860s pl. the Jews of B. received support from the help committee in Memele (modern Klaipeda). In the 1880s. the youth of B. took an active part in the Palestinian movement. In the end. 19th century in B. with the help of the OPE a library was opened. The rabbis in Byelorussia were: in 1862-81 - Avrom Rafaelevich Groshkin (? -1881), at the end. 1880s - Shmuel-Avigdor Fayvelzon, then Aron Baksht, Avrom-Yitzhak Fayvelzon (son of Shmuel-Avigdor), since 1898 - Israel-Benjamin-Bendet Fayvelzon. After the fire of 1911, 15 Jewish families (about 100 people) remained in Byelorussia. During the 1st world. war, these families were deported to the internal. districts of Russia. At the end of the 1st world. During the war, 8 Jewish families returned to Byelorussia. Jewish occupations - small trade, growing fruit, raising chickens (the nickname of the Jews B. "beysegaler pupkes"). In 1931, Jews owned haberdashery and grocery stores; In 1937, among the Jews of Byelorussia there were three butchers, a baker, a glazier, a saddler, and a tinsmith. There was a synagogue, a mikvah, a mutual assistance fund, and a Jewish cemetery. Rabbis in Byelorussia in the 1920s and 1930s. were Aizik Rabinovich and I.-B.-B. Fayvelzon. In 1923, as a result of the "bloody libel," relations between Jews and Christians sharply deteriorated. In 1941, several remained in Byelorussia. Jewish families. Aft…

baytaljskiy
has abstract: BAITALSKY (real name and surname Mikhail Davidovich Domalsky) (1903, Cherkovo, Kherson province - 1978, Moscow), poet, publicist. Participant citizen war. Author (with M. Elko) of the text popul. songs "On the seas - on the waves ...". In 1929 he was arrested for several. months on charges of Trotskyism. Then he was arrested twice more and was in the camps in Vorkuta (1936–41, 1950–56). In the 20s. was engaged in journalism, published in gas. Kharkov and Donbass, in 1930 he moved to Moscow, where he became a staff member. gas. "Evening Moscow" and "Izvestia". During the 1941–45 war he was at the front, after the war he worked as a mechanic in Yeisk. After his release from the camp (1956) he lived in Nalchik, from 1970 - in Moscow. In conclusion (approx. From 1951) he began to write poems of the Zionist content. The poems were illegally taken out and published. in Israel under ps. B. with parallel lane. in Hebrew. In 1956 he began to write memoirs, dep. chapters to-rykh publ. in Moscow. samizdat railway "Jews in the USSR", in Israeli railways. "Time and We", "22". Under diff. ps. was published in general democratic. and Heb. samizdat: A. Aronovich "Near and Far" (notes on the Jewish question in the USSR); Krasikov "Product number one", "Fathers and children and, probably, grandchildren", "Religion of the state", etc. In Israel were also publ. book B. "Russian Jews yesterday and today" (1975), essay "New in anti-Semitism" (in the collection "Anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union: Its roots and consequences", 1979).

bazaleti
has abstract: BAZALETI, a village in the Dusheti region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Dusheti district. Tiflis province. From 1918 to 1921 it was part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, from 1921 to 1991 - the Georgian SSR. In 1903, 5 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

bazaliya
has abstract: BAZALIA, urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Teofipolsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Main OK. 1570.Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. From 1795 - a district town of Podolsk province, from 1797 - a provincial town. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Starokonstantinovsky u. Volyn province. In 1797 in the Bazali district. 1225 Jews lived in 1847, 924 in B., in 1897 - 820 (24.3%), in 1923 - 353, and in 1939 - 410 Jews. In July 1942, Jews from the Basali district were shot by approx. Manevtsev.

bazar
has abstract: BAZAR, a village in Narodichsky district of Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of the Volyn Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ovruch u. Volyn province. 833 Jews (42.1%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897, 1130 Jews in 1923, and 443 Jews (15%) in 1939. In 1913, after the death of his father, Shmariyahu Shinderman (1894– ?). Between 1918 and 1921 the Jews of Byelorussia were repeatedly subjected to pogroms. In 1925, the natives of Byelorussia were founded. 3 farmer colonies in the Kherson suburbs: Freigayt (79 people), Goropashnik (47 people), Oiflebung (39 people). 1941, 140 Jews were shot in Byelorussia. - 29 people, 26 Nov 1941 - 7 Jews in B. N.N. Meiman.

bazarnyy karabulak
has abstract: BAZARNY KARABULAK, urban-type settlement (since 1939), a regional center in the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Saratov u. In 1939, 9 Jews lived in B.K.

bazi aleksandr
has abstract: BAZI Alexander (1883, Moscow - 1937, New York), music. impresario. Organized by an orc. from musicians of different nationalities; later - Russian. muses. revue, speaking in pl. US cities; performances with programs of a variety show were accompanied by an orc, to-rym conducted by B. In 1934 B. became chief. managing director of Rus. opera ", which was headed by several. years; in the same year at the invitation of the Sov. muses. the Society toured the USSR with a program that consisted of typical Amer. variety show rooms. This program was conceived to strengthen friendly ties between the USSR and the United States, as well as to reduce unemployment among Amer. artists of this genre. B. was the first to introduce Russian. listeners with jazz and music, DOS. on syncopation, and contributed to the organization of tours for many. amer. choirs, orc., music. ans, circus groups and variety programs in the USSR. Mn. for years he represented the Ringling brothers, Barnum and Bailey in the USSR.

bazilenyay
has abstract: BASILONIAI (until 1749 - Holly, in 1973–89 - Padubisis), a town in the Siauliai region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Podubis Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. 1910s 40 Jewish families lived in B., in the 1920s. - OK. 150 Jews, in 1937 - 132, in 1939 - 15 Jewish families. The Jewish community of B. Vozn. in the 19th century, there was a synagogue; in 1901-14, Israel Shulman was a rabbi; 1930s - Yaakov Poon. Main occupation of residents - trade (including delivery) and crafts. Means. part of the Jews of B. after the 1st world. war went to the South. Africa and the USA. In the 1920s. there was a Jewish school (25 students), the health protection society organized summer camps for Jewish children in the district of B. In 1937 there were 11 Jewish artisans in Byelorussia (3 tailors, 3 butchers, 2 tinsmiths, a baker, a frame-maker, and a shoemaker). weeks after the occupation of B. germ. troops (end. June 1941) all Jews were expelled from their homes and placed in the synagogue building and several. neighboring houses in the con. Sep 1941 taken to Жagare and destroyed by the Lithuanian police on October 2. 1941 on Yom Kippur. After 1945, the miller Moishe Noik, who lived in the Siauliai ghetto and then hid with local peasants, returned to Bulgaria with his family. One night, Lithuanian partisans who attacked the mill killed Noik's wife and grandson, and Noik himself was seriously wounded.

bebnisi
has abstract: BABNISI, a village in the Karelian region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Georgian, from 1840 - in the Georgian-Imereti province, from 1846 - in the Gori district. Tiflis province. To the middle. 1850s 5 Jewish families lived in B. Later they probably moved to Kareli and entered the local Jewish community.

bechoy
has abstract: BECHOY (before 1990 - Bachoi), a village in the Ialoveni district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Chisinau u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1903 a Jewish pogrom took place in Byelorussia.

bedevlya
has abstract: BEDEVLYA, a village in the Tyachiv district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was Hungary, in 1945–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1768, 29 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1830 - 115 (9.2%), in 1880 - 304, in 1930 - 444 Jews (14.4%). Jews lived in B. from the middle. 18th century In the 2nd floor. 1880s the spiritual leader of the Vizhnitsa Hasids, Israel Hager (1860-1936), lived in Byelorussia. In 1895-1910, the son-in-law of the previous Vizhnitsa tsaddik Mordkhe Hoderov (1867-1937) lived in Byelorussia. I. Hager and M. Khoderov turned Bulgaria into one of the centers of Hasidism in Transcarpathia. In 1941 most of the Jews of Byelorussia were exiled to the regions of Poland occupied by Germany. Those who remained in 1944 were sent to Auschwitz.

bediani
has abstract: BEDIANI, urban-type settlement (since 1963) in the Tsalka region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - c. Tashbash Borchalinsky u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was in the Georgian SSR. In 1970, 9 Jews lived in Byelorussia, and in 1979 - 6 Jews.

bednodemjyanovsk
has abstract: BEDNODEMYANOVSK (until 1925 - Spassk), a city, a regional center in the Penza region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in the 1st floor. 17th century as with. Bogdanovo, from 1779 - the district town of the Tambov governorship, then - the province. In 1930–39, it was the regional center of the Middle Volga Region, and since 1939, in the Penza Region. In 1910, 15 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1926 - 8, and in 1939 - 5 Jews. A.D. Myshkis.

bedrazhiy vekj
has abstract: BEDRAZHIY VEK (until 1991 - Old Badrazhi), a village in Edinet district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Badrazh Old Khotynsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania, in 1940–91 - in the MSSR. On July 5, 1941, 2 Jews were killed in BV.

begak iuda
has abstract: BEGAK Judas (1820, Vilna - 1900, Kherson), philologist, linguist. Received a tradition. religious education. From 1840 he was engaged in Ch. arr. development of Heb. grammar and rational Heb. exegesis. His learned works attracted the attention of Heb. the public. After the opening of the Vilna rabbinical school in 1848, B. was appointed teacher of the Talmud. In the end. 50s settled in Kherson, where he lived until the end of his life.

begin menakhem
has abstract: BEGIN Menachem (1913, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1992, Jerusalem), politician. Graduated from law. Faculty of Warsaw University. In 1931 he joined Beitar, in 1938 he headed this organization in Poland. In 1939 he fled to Vilno, where the owls were arrested. authorities and sentenced to eight years of corrective labor, released in 1941. In 1942 - in the ranks of Anders' army he arrived in E.-I. In 1943–48 he was commander of Etzel. In 1948 - one of the founders of the Herut party, the head of the swarm becomes. 1967–70 - min. without portfolio in pr-ve nat. unity. In 1970–73 he headed the opposition. the Gahal bloc, and after the 1973 Knesset elections, the Likud bloc. 1977–83 - Prime Minister. In 1977 he signed a peace agreement with Egypt. Laureate of the Nobel Peace Avenue (1978).

begomlj
has abstract: BEGOML, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Dokshitsky district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, in Borisov u. Minsk province. 206 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1939, 4 (0.14%) in 1970, and 3 (0.09%) in 1989. In 1915 a pogrom took place in Byelorussia, organized by the Cossack units of the Russian. army; the female part of the Jewish population left B., having learned about the approach of the Cossacks. 2 Oct. 1941, 270 Jews were shot in Byelorussia, October 16. 1941 - 23 Jews.

begun
has abstract: RUNNER, see Runner.

begun iosif ziselevich
has abstract: ROGUN Iosif Ziselevich (b. 1932, Moscow), societies. activist. Graduated from MEI (1957). Cand. tech. Sciences (1967). From the end. 1960s to the end. 1980s participant in Heb. nat. movement in the USSR. One of the most active distributors of Hebrews. samizdat. Three times (1977, 1978, 1982) owls were arrested. the authorities. Since 1988 - in Israel.

begunj
has abstract: RUNNING, a village in the Ovruch district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Runner of Ovruch u. Volyn province. In 1941, 7 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.

bek-budi
has abstract: BEC-BUDI, see Karshi.

beker agaron
has abstract: BECKER Aharon (b. 1906, Kobrin, Grodno province), prof. activist. He grew up in Brest-Litovsk, where he joined the Zionist youth labor movement and Ge-Halutz. From 1925 in E.-I. Has been building. workers in Petah Tikva and Tel Aviv; one of the founders of the youth union, member. Akhdut ha-Avoda. Began to work in Histadrut in 1929 sec. a worker to-that in RamatTan; later in Tel Aviv at decomp. trade unions and workers to-takh. Initiator of drawing up the cost of living scale for calculating wages and salaries for workers and employees. In 1947, D. Ben-Gurion was appointed organizer of the department. supply Gagana, and later - the Israeli army, but in 1949 he returned to Histadrut, becoming the previous. his section of executives, held this post for 12 years. In 1961-69 gen. sec. Histadrut. Established the international. contacts, took part in the conf. Int. trade unions in Geneva (1957–71). B. was elected to the Knesset (3-7 convocations) from Mapai and the Labor Party. After a visit to the UK at the beginning. 1950s publ. the work "During the reign of Labor" (1955); author of the book. The Worker in Israel (1970).

bekeshevskaya
has abstract: BEKESHEVSKAYA, a village in the Foothill District of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Pyatigorsk env. Tersk Region. In 1939 four Jews lived in Byelorussia. 12 December. 1942 72 evacuated Jews were shot in Byelorussia.

bekker samuelj
has abstract: BECKER Samuel (1882 - 1910, Hartforth, Connecticut, USA), society. activist. Since 1892 - in the USA. He graduated from the agricultural department. school (1904), founded by Baron Hirsch, bought a farm near Hartford. From 1905 he began to buy farms in Connecticut for the Jews. families who emigrated from Russia, trained newly arrived farmers. In 1907 he created the Association of Hebrews in Ellington, Connecticut. farmers, in 1909 organized and headed the Association of Hebrews. farmers in America.

bekritskiy evgeniy samuilovich
has abstract: BEKRITSKY Evgeny Samuilovich (b. 1937, Moscow), architect, specialist in the design of societies and buildings. In 1961 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Main buildings - in Moscow: Cancer center on Kashirsky sh. (1978), the building of the institute "Mosproekt-2" (1983), Malaya sport, arena in Luzhniki (1980, prospect SM USSR), a hospital for disabled war veterans for 100 places (1992). Competitive projects - villages. club (1972, 2nd ave.), overlap of the Moskva swimming pool (1985, 1st ave.).

bela
has abstract: BELA, see Biala Podlaska.

belakhov leonid yulianovich
has abstract: BELAKHOV Leonid Yulianovich (1907, Vinnitsa - 1975, Moscow), major general engineer and technical engineer. service (1945). R. in the family of a craftsman. Graduated from the Polytechnic Institute, Institute (1929), worked as engineer. Since 1923 - in Kr. Army. Graduated from Ing. Faculty of the Air Force Academy (1939). In 1939–40 - deputy. early Ch. management North. Mor. paths at SNK. In 1940–43 - deputy. People's Commissar of Pestilence. fleet of the USSR. In 1949-53 - early. center, aviation-rem. base. In 1952–63 he was a director. Aviation w-yes. From 1963 - retired. Awarded 5 hordes.

belarskiy sidor
has abstract: BELARSKY Sidor (b. 1905), singer and composer. Graduated from Leningrad. cons. Since 1930 - in the USA. Prof. Youth un-that Brigham and un-that pcs. Utah. He performed as a soloist in concerts, including accompanied by symphony. orc. under the leadership of the leading Amer. conductors - A. Toscanini, A. Rodzinsky. The author of songs and arrangements of Heb. melodies with lyrics in Yiddish and Hebrew. He sang in the largest opera houses in the USA, Brazil, Argentina.

belaya
has abstract: WHITE, see White.

belaya glina
has abstract: WHITE CLAY, village, regional center in Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1820. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Beloglina Medvezhinsky u. Stavropol province. In 1939, four Jews lived in BG. 1942 More than 3 thousand evacuated Jews were shot in BG. K.G. Yasny-Ittin.

belaya tserkovj
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БЕЛАЯ ЦЕРКОВЬ (еврейское назв. — Сдэ лаван, Шварцэ тума), город (с 1925), районный центр в Киевской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1155. С 1365 — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 — город Киевского повета и воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 — в составе Рос. империи, уездный город, затем местечко Васильковского у. Киевской губ. В 1923—30 — центр округа.В 1765 в Б. Ц. проживало 1457 евреев, в 1774 — 615, в 1778 — 674, в 1784 — 930, в 1787 — 1077, в 1847 — 6665, в 1897 — 18 720 (52,9%), в 1910 — 21 542 (30,8%), в 1926 — 15 624 (36,4%), в 1939 — ок. 9300 (ок. 20%), в 1959 — ок. 5500 (7,8%), в 1979 — ок. 4800 (3,2%), в 1989 — 3823 еврея.Евреи селились в Б. Ц. с кон. 16 в. В 1648 мн. евреи стали жертвами резни, учиненной отрядами Б.М.Хмельницкого (по данным Самуила Фебуса, уничтожено до 600 семей). В сер. 18 в. Б. Ц. — один из центров хасидизма. В 1730 Б. Ц. посетил И.Баал-Шем-Тов, здесь же жили его ученики Авром-Аба и Мойше — глава раввинского суда в городе. В 1768 при нападении гайдамаков мн. евреи погибли или бежали (численность еврейского населения сократилась до 223 чел.), в 1786 община вновь пострадала от рук захвативших Б. Ц. казаков. В 1784 евреям принадлежало 210 домов, в 1787 — 230.Осн. занятие евреев в 19 в. — торговля (гл. обр. скотом и хлебом); евреи владели неск. хлебными складами. Ежегодно в Б. Ц. проходило до 11 ярмарок, было развито ремесленное произ-во. В 1904 евреям принадлежали до 20 мелких пром. пр-тий, табачные ф-ки, медоваренные з-ды, 250 ремесленных мастерских с 800 рабочими (в т. ч. 250 портных, 200 сапожников).В сер. 19 в. в Б. Ц. имелось 10 синагог. В 1849 открылось еврейское казенное уч-ще 1-го разр. (в 1909 помимо него действовали 5 частных муж. и 3 жен. уч-ща, а также талмуд-тора). В 1886 начала принимать больных еврейская больница на 24 койки, в 1902 созданы об-во вспоможения нуждающимся учащимся, богадельня для бедных евреев, в 1915 — еврейский лазарет, в 1916 — Еврейское благотворит. об-во. В 1910 …

belaya vaka
has abstract: WHITE VAKA, see Baltoy-Voke.

belebey
has abstract: BELEBEY, city (since 1757), a regional center in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian Federation). Main in the 17th century. From 1781 it was a district town of the Ufa province, from 1796 - the Orenburg province, and from 1865 - the Ufa province. In 1874, approx. 40 Jews, in 1910 - 141, in 1926 - 91 (0.8%), in 1939 - 102 Jews. In 1859 in Belebeyevsky u. 2 Jews lived at the distillery: the merchant Girsha Sholamovich Perelman from Vitebsk and the Vitebsk bourgeoisie Girsha Yudovich Rizvin. In 1910, there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia.

beleluya
has abstract: BELELUYA, a village in Snyatyn district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Sniatyn powiat of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - as part of Poland, in 1939-91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1942, 23 Jews of B.

belenitskiy aleksandr markovich
has abstract: BELENITSKY Alexander Markovich (1904, Lyubino Velikolutsky u. Pskov province. - 1993, Petersburg), orientalist. Dr. East Sciences (1967). He graduated from the East. Faculty of SAGU (1930). Sci. sotr. GAIMK - LO Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1938–93), member. decomp. archaeological. exp. Member of the 1941–45 war. Main directions of scientific. works - history, art and archeology of the Bl. East and Wed. Asia, works: Ancient Pyandzhikent, Dushanbe, 1971; Monumental art of Pyandjikent: Painting, sculpture, M., 1973; Medieval city Wed. Asia, M., 1973.

belenjkie
has abstract: WHITE, brothers, members of the roar. movement. From a poor family with many children, b. in m. Sverzhen Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province. Grigory Yakovlevich (Girsha Khatskelevich) B. (part. Ps. - "Belinsky") (1885-1938). Into the roar. movement from the end. 1890s Since 1901, members RSDLP, led the roar. propaganda among workers and artisans of Minsk. In 1903 he was exiled for 3 years to the Arkhangelsk province. After the Manifesto on 10/17/1905 he returned to Minsk, joined the Bolsheviks, was a party, an organizer in Vilna, with the middle. 1906 members Bolshevik. tech. gr. at Petersburg. to-those RSDLP. After the 5th (London) Party Congress (1907) he worked at the Central Committee of the RSDLP. In oct. 1907 arrested, imprisoned for 11 months. to petersburg. prison "Crosses". After his release, he roared. work in the army: according to the passport of a dentist, Shapiro was sent to the barracks of the 100th Ostrovsky regiment (Dvinskaya fortress), created a military man. org-tion. In 1908 he returned to Vilna, restored the local. Bolshevik. organization and became its secretary., participated in the preparation of parties, conference North-West. edge, delegate to All-Russia. school desks. conference of the RSDLP in Paris (1908), then - responsible. school desks. organizer in Kovno, secretary Dvina organization of the RSDLP. In March 1910 he was arrested and in 1911 he was exiled to a permanent settlement in the Yenisei province. In 1912 he fled and arrived in Paris. In 1912-17 sec. Parisian gr. (section) of the Bolsheviks, in 1914-17 sec. local club of Social-Democratic internationalists, supported the post. contacts with VI Lenin, GE Zinoviev and others. In the years of the 1st world. war supporter of Leninist tactics. In May 1917 he returned to Russia, until the middle. July worked in Moscow. env. org-tion of the RSDLP (b), member. Moscow region to-that party, then otvet. desks, organizer at Presnya, 1917–25 sec. Krasnopresnensky district party committee, then…

belenjkiy aleksandr borisovich
has abstract: BELENKY Alexander Borisovich (1918, Kharkov - 1991, Moscow), historian-orientalist, teacher. Dr. East Sciences (1966). The son of B.S.Belenky, in 1934-37. working owls. trade representative in Italy, arrested and executed in 1938. He graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1941). Owned German, French, Italian, English, Spanish, Dutch. and Indonesia. lang. In 1943–45 - at the front. In 1945–53 he worked in the editorial office of Dipl. dictionary "Gospolitizdata. In the beginning. 1950s during the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism" was unemployed. In 1956-60 - in the Publishing House of Eastern Literature, since 1960 - in the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Ed. and compiler collection. monographs. Cit .: The defeat of the Mexican people by foreign. interventions, M., 1959; Nat. awakening of Indonesia, M., 1965; Rebel Battleship: Fortieth Anniversary Revolt. military. sailors in Indonesia, M., 1973; The ideology of national liberation. movements in Indonesia, 1917-1942: Radical and petty-burgeoning. nationalism, M., 1978; Internats. factor in the ideology of national liberation. Movement: From the "awakening of Asia" to the conquest of independence, M., 1988.

belenjkiy maks ljvovich
has abstract: BELENKY Max Lvovich (1911 - 1965, Riga), pharmacologist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1960). Graduated from the 2nd Leningrad Institute. honey. Institute (1933), then worked at the Department of Pharmacology in the same place. In 1941–45 he served as an army toxicologist. Since 1952 head. Department of Pharmacology, Riga honey. Institute of Science. research B. dedicated ch. arr. questions of pharmacology of carotid receptors, cholinergic and adrenergic processes. He put forward and substantiated the theory of denial. energetic balance as the direct cause of the onset of the excitatory process in the chemoreceptors of the carotid glomerulus and other receptor structures. Together with sotr. identified and studied the adrenergic properties of apomorphine, the cholinergic component in the action of phenamine. Member reign of Vses. pharmacological society. Honored. scientist of the Latvian SSR (1961). Works: Quantity elements, pharmacological effect assessment, Riga, 1959, L., 1963; Pharmacology of carotid glomerulus chemioreceptors, L., 1962 (with S.V. Anichkov).

belenjkiy moisey solomonovich
has abstract: BELENKY Moisey Solomonovich (b. 1910, Dubrovna Goretsky u. Mogilev province.), Literary critic, publicist. He graduated from Heb. Wed school, studied at Minsk ped. technical school. In 1932 he graduated from Heb. dep. Moscow ped. in-that. There was a deer. theater. studios at mosk. Heb. t-re (GOSET). He taught philosophy, worked as an editor. in the publishing house "Der emes". In 1944 his first edition came out in this publishing house. book "Acosta, Spinoza, Maimon." In 1949 he was arrested and sentenced to ten years in prison. Released in 1954. Author of the book: "Spinoza", 1964; Judaism, 1966; 2nd ed., 1974; The Tragedy of Uriel Acosta, 1968; The Mythology of the Bible, 1977; What is the Talmud, 1976; "Literary portrait" ("Literary portraits"), 1980, etc. B.'s works in the field of Judaism were of a pronounced compilation and tendentious nature. He was also engaged in the lane. Was the compiler of the collection. op. Sholem Aleichem in Russian lang. (1971-1974), as well as collection of works. Sholem Aleichem - Man and Writer (1984). Since 1991 in Israel.

belenjkiy semen zakharovich
has abstract: BELENKY Semyon Zakharovich (1916, Moscow - 1956, ibid.), Theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1946). After graduating from Moscow. University (1938) graduate student I.E. Tamm at the Institute of Physics Moscow. un-that. In 1941–43 he worked at the Center, aerohydrodynamic. in-those (TsAGI). Since 1943 in Phys. Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1948 head of the sector of the theoretical department). Scientific area interests - space physics. rays, hydrodynamics. Solved the problem of the theory of cascade (electron-photon) showers. He proved a general theorem linking the wave drag of a body in a supersonic flow with an increase in entropy in shock waves. Built the theory of the so-called. "Condensation" jumps. Generalized statistic. theory of multiple particle production and extended it to the case of a small number of particles formed. He was engaged in phenomenological. the theory of scattering of nucleons by nucleons and pi-mesons by nucleons at high energies. Author of 40 scientific. works. Became. etc., etc. of the USSR Academy of Sciences. N.D. Papaleksi (1948) Vol .: Avalanche Processes in Space. rays, M., 1948.

belev
has abstract: BELEV, city, regional center in the Tula region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1147.From 1708 - in Kiev, from 1719 - in Belgorod gubernia, from 1777 - the district town of the Tula governorate, then - guberniya.In 1863, 46 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1910 - 87, in 1923 - 203 (1, 9%), in 1926 - 238 (1.8%), in 1939 - 154 Jews. In 1910 in Byelorussia there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery.

belgoray
has abstract: BELGORAY, see Bilgorai.

belgorod
has abstract: BELGOROD, a city (since 1593), the center of the Belgorod region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1237. Ok. 1596 - a walled city. From 1708 - in the Kiev province, from 1719 - ch. the city of the Belgorod province, from 1728 - the center of the Belgorod province, from 1779 - the district town of the Kursk governorship, then - the province. 14 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1863, 486 (1.8%) in 1897, 362 in 1910, 1923 - 735 (2.6%), in 1926 - 631 (2%), in 1939 - 482, in 1970 - 804 (0.5%), in 1979 - 797 Jews (0.3%). B. had one synagogue in a private building, in 1910 - a Jewish cemetery. In 1915, 350 Jewish refugees arrived in Byelorussia. In aug. - Sept. 1919, a pogrom took place in Byelorussia during a raid by the cavalry detachment of K.K. Mamontov on the rear of Kr. Army. In the 1920s. Shraga-Chaim Kulish was the rabbi in B. Feb. 5 1942 in B., St. 1,700 Jews (90 local, the rest are refugees from Ukraine). Among the units that liberated B. 5 Aug. 1943, was the 48th rifleman. corps under the command. Major General Z.Z. Rogozny. In B. genus: M.L.Kursky, E. Margolin, L.D. Muravin; Samuil Davidovich Davidovich (1898-1988), Major General of the Engineer-Tank Service (1943), in 1941-48 beginning. military. Research Institute, load. 6 ord.

belgorod-dnestrovskiy
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БЕЛГОРОД-ДНЕСТРОВСКИЙ (в 1484—1918 и в 1940—44 — Аккерман, в 1918—40 — Четатя-Альбэ), город, районный центр в Одесской обл. (Украина). Осн. в 9 в. на месте др.-греч. г. Тира, в 14 в. — генуэзская колония Монкастро, в 15 в. — Четатя-Альба в составе Молд. кн-ва, с 1484 — турецкая крепость. С 1812 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1828 — уездный город Бессарабской обл., с 1873 — губ. В 1918—40 — в составе Румынии, в 1940—91 — УССР.В 1827 в Б.-Д. проживало 413 евреев, в 1857 — 1588, в 1861 — 1797, в 1863 — 1439, в 1897 — 5624 (19,9%), в 1910 — 5802 (27,3%), в 1930 — 4239 (12,3%), в 1940 — ок. 8000 (16%), в 1957 — ок. 1600 (7,3%), в 1970 — 1400 (4,3%), в 1979 — ок. 1100 евреев (2,3%).Первое упом. о евреях Б.-Д. относится к 1330. Приток евреев в Б.-Д. увеличился после изгнания их из Испании. В нач. 16 в. в городе существовала караимская община. Осн. занятия — мелкая торговля, торговля зерном и др. с.-х. продуктами. В 1807 создана хевра кадиша. В 1858 имелось 2 синагоги (первая осн. в 1815, вторая — в 1847). В 19 в. численность общины значительно возросла за счет притока евреев из др. регионов. В 1865 в Б.-Д. произошел погром. В 1882 созданы еврейская больница и талмуд-тора, в 1895 — субботняя школа. Сумма коробочного сбора достигала 8 тыс. руб. С 1880 в Б.-Д. жил писатель Я.-Ш.Трахтман.После обнародования Манифеста 17 окт. 1905 в городе произошел погром (8 его жертв похоронены на еврейском кладбище, старейшая могила к-рого датируется 1821; там же погребен оскверненный погромщиками свиток Торы). С 1906 раввином Б.-Д. был Мойше Цукерман. В 1910 в Б.-Д. имелось 6 синагог, в т. ч. молельни носильщиков (1847) и ремесленников (1903), приют для бедных, ссудо-сберегат. т-во, об-во пособия бедным, 2 муж. и 2 жен. уч-ща.В нач. 20 в. (особенно после 1905) увеличился выезд евреев Б.-Д. в США и Аргентину (пос. Примиру-ди-Майя был известен как пос. Аккерман). В 1910-х гг. в Б.-Д. функционировали отд-ния ОРТа и ОЗЕ. Активно действовали разл. сионистские орг-ци…

beliki
has abstract: BELIKI, an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Kobelyaksky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kobelyaksky u. Poltava province. In 1903, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882, Jews were allowed to settle in B.

belilovka
has abstract: BELILOVKA, a village in the Ruzhinsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - a village in the Kiev povet and voivodship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Berdichevsky u. Kiev province. In 1763, 124 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1773 - 197, in 1778 - 222, in 1784 - 287, in 1847 - 1008, in 1863 - 1435, in 1897 - 2223 (approx. 46%), in 1923 - 2130, in 1939 - 633 Jews (11%) The first information about Jews in Byelorussia dates back to 1719. In 1863 there were 2 synagogues in Byelorussia. Since 1900 Shloyme Makhrinsky (1880—?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In 1912, a savings and loan system operated in Burma. m-in. In 1919 the Jewish population suffered from a pogrom, B. was plundered. The Jews of B. were shot in September. 1941 In B. S. Lopate.

belinkov arkadiy viktorovich
has abstract: BELINKOV Arkady Viktorovich (1921, Moscow - 1970, New Haven, USA), writer, literary critic. Graduated from Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky and Moscow State University. During the 1941–45 war he was at the front, worked as a correspondent. TASS, was a member of the commission to investigate the destruction, to-rye him. troops caused East. monuments on the territory. THE USSR. Posted by anti-Sov. rum. "Draft of feelings". For reading it in a circle of friends, he was arrested on a denunciation in 1944 and sentenced to death. Thanks to the intervention of A.N. Tolstoy and V. B. Shklovsky, He taught in Lit. in-those, was engaged in scientific. work. Wrote pl. Art. for "Brief lit. encyclopedias ". The author of the book. Yuri Tynyanov (1961, 2nd ed., 1965). K ser. 1960s in the work of B. there was a transition to journalism, which he regarded as a continuation of the accusatory traditions of uncensored Russian. pre-rev. print. Book. about Yu.K. Olesh "The Surrender and Death of the Soviet Intellectual" in the USSR failed to publish. In 1968 were published. in f. "Baikal" chapters from this book, subjected to devastating criticism. In the same year, during a trip to Hungary, B. and his wife fled to the West. Since 1968 in the USA. He lectured at Yale and Indiana high fur boots, published in émigré publications. "New Journal" and "New Russian Word". Book. about Olesha, prepared by B.'s wife, N. Belinkova-Yablokova, was published in Madrid in 1976. Book. was conceived by B. as part of a trilogy that considers three types of artist behavior under a totalitarian regime: loyal (Yu.N. Tynyanov), opportunistic (Olesha), oppositional (A.I.Solzhenitsyn). In the book. about Olesha, written with passion and bitterness, the drama of a gifted writer, broken by compromises with the authorities, is shown, but B. poses the problem more broadly - about the relationship between the intelligentsia and the state. B. asserted the invariable opposition of the intelligentsia as unity, socialist. a gro…

belinskiy aleksandr arkadjevich
has abstract: BELINSKY Alexander Arkadevich (b. 1928, Leningrad), director. In 1944 he studied theater studies. f-those GITIS them. AV Lunacharsky, then moved to Leningrad and continued his studies at dir. Faculty of LGITMIK, to-ry graduated in 1950. In 1950–52 he worked in T-re North. fleet (Murmansk), then in the m-ts of Vilnius and Klaipeda. In 1953 he made his debut in Leningrad. t-re them. Lenin's Komsomol play "Who laughs last" by K.K.Krapiva, staged 11 more performances there: "Good hour" and "Unequal battle" by V.S.Rozov, "The steamer is called" Eaglet "" by A.A. Galich, " In Old Moscow "by VF Panova and others. He wrote and staged clown entre, pop programs for BN Bentsianov, AM Blekhman, three performances by AI Raikin (1949, 1956, 1970). At the Palace of Art. KS Stanislavsky created "T-R Skit" (1950), reviving forgotten traditions of theater, and watered, parodies. Since 1961 he has been working on TV. He staged the television performances "Kyukhlya" based on Yu.N. Tynyanov (1963), "Mad Money", "The Marriage of Belugin", "Handsome Man", "They Did Not Match the Characters" by AN Ostrovsky, "The Innkeeper" by K. Goldoni, " The Dark Lady of Sonnets ”by J.B.Shaw,“ The Importance of Being Earnest ”by O. Wilde,“ Koolhaas ”and“ The Seagull ”by A.P. Chekhov,“ Dead Souls ”and“ The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich "After NV Gogol," The Stranger "by AABlok. Author of the play "Fifty Ten", ballet librettos "On the Eve" by I.S. Turgenev, "The Young Lady and the Hooligan" by V.V. Mayakovsky. B. filmed operettas "Maritsa", "Bird Seller", "Perikola", vaudeville "Lev Gurych Sinichkin". Has directed films-ballets "Galatea" (for music. F. Lowe, main prize of the TV festival "Zlata Prague", 1978), "Anyuta" (music. V. A. Gavrilin, State avenue of the RSFSR named after br. Vasiliev, 1984), "Old Tango" (music by T. Kogan) and others. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1989). Works: Old tango: (Notes of television practice), Moscow, 1988.

belinskiy yakov ljvovich
has abstract: BELINSKY Yakov Lvovich (1909, Krolevets, Chernigov province - 1988, Moscow), poet. Graduated from Moscow. architect. in-t. There was a correspondent. army and front-line press. In 1943, Sat. poems about the battles at Stalingrad and on Wed - Don. In the first book. "The Taken Cities" (1947) also included military poetry. time. Dr. book B .: "Fight and Love" (1957), "Finest Hour" (1961), "Steps" (1964), "Because I Love" (1968), "Two Walking Nearby" (1972), "Lyrics" ( 1973), “A Day Equal to Life” (1979), “Selected Works” (vols. 1-2, 1981), “Furious Saxophonist” (1986). The subject of B.'s poems is extremely wide: rus. history, the creative work of man, the beginning of the cosmic. era, nature, love, in which the poet sees the "immortality of the Universe", the fate of art, etc. Author pl. popular songs. He translated poems of poets of different nations.

belinson
has abstract: BELINSON (Beilenson) Moishe-Eliezer (c. 1835, Odessa - |), writer, publisher. He made his debut in Heb. lit-re a brochure of an apologetic nature. At the end of the 1850s. conducted an active correspondence with prominent Hebrews. writers about ed. organ for growing. Jews. B.'s attempts were unsuccessful. In the beginning. 1860s B., taking up genealogy. research, issued an appeal, calling for the collection of relevant materials. In 1891 he compiled a genealogy of certain Hebrews. families, and in 1892 issued a genealogist. Sat. B. - author and compiler of collection of Talmudic books. questions. He was also involved in translations.

belitsa
has abstract: BELITSA, see [[New Belitsa.

belitskiy abram aleksandrovich
has abstract: BELITSKY Abram Aleksandrovich (1907, Skotovatoye Bakhmutsky district. Yekaterinoslavskaya province - 1960, Tomsk), geologist, specialist in the region. structural geology and tectonophysics. Dr. Geological and Mineralogical. Sciences, prof. from 1948. Graduated in 1931 from the Tomsk Industrial Institute. in-t, in 1931-60 worked there as the head. Department of Geological. exploration, dean of exploration. f-that. Basic. scientific. work in the region. structures and tectonics of coal deposits of Kuzbass. Compiled a number of geological maps of coal deposits. Proposed geometrical. search methods for tectonically displaced coal seams ("displaced wing"). Developed the theory of combined tension. states of the forge. rocks and deformations in the earth's crust. Author of scientific. printed works and monographs, including per. in other languages. One of the founders of scientific. schools of specialists in the region. Tectonophysics, Works: Classification of Tectonic. ruptures, M., 1953.

belitskiy semen markovich
has abstract: BELITSKY Semyon Markovich (1889, Zolotonosha, Poltava province - 1937, Moscow), military leader, division commander (1935). He graduated from the Elizavetgrad mountains. uch-shche (1904). From 1905 p. party of the Socialist-Revolutionaries, in 1917-18 the Left Socialist-Revolutionary, member. Communist. party since 1920. Member of the 1st world. war. From Feb 1918 in Kr. Army. In civil war pom. early headquarters, beginning. division headquarters. Graduated from the Military. Academy of the Red Army (1922), then pom. prev. Higher military-ed. Council, beginning. and the military commissar of the operational management of the Headquarters of the Red Army. Awarded hordes. Cr. Banner. From 1925 to the beginning. course and adjunct Military. Academy of the Red Army. He was engaged in the development of military problems. history, history of military. isk-va, participant in the preparation and conduct of military. reforms of the 1920s and 30s. From 1931 to the beginning. headquarters of the North Caucasus. VO, since 1932 at the disposal of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR (assistant to the People's Commissar of Defense); early ex. Military publishing house of the NKO of the USSR. Repressed in 1937.

belitsy
has abstract: Belitsa, see Belitsa.

beljgovskiy mark leonidovich
has abstract: BELGOVSKY Mark Leonidovich (1906, Poltava - 1959, Moscow), geneticist. At the end of Leningrad. un-that (1930) worked in Vses. in-those animal husbandry, since 1933 in Ying-those genetics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1948 after Aug. session VASKHNIL was dismissed from in-that and in tech. for two years he worked in Ying-those forests of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At this time, he was studying lane. scientific. lit-ry, including the book. DG Simpson "The pace and form of evolution" (1948). From 1956 he worked at the Institute of Biophysics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. performed a number of original works: he established the dependence of the frequency of translocation (mutation) on the dose of X-rays (1937), the effect of inert chromosome regions on the frequency and nature of changes in neighboring active regions (1938), research. interaction heterochromatic. and euchromatic. r-nov of chromosomes in the development of the organism (1940), the mechanism of the implementation of chromaticity associated with heterochromic r-us (1944). One of the first to use mat. methods for analyzing the nature of induced chromosomal rearrangements.

beljkind lev davidovich
has abstract: BELKIND Lev Davidovich (1896, Barnaul - 1969, Moscow), specialist in the region. electrical and lighting engineering and the history of technology. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1938). Graduated with honors in mechanical engineering. Faculty of Kharkov Technol. Institute (1919) and worked for more than 10 years as engineer. at the plants of Kharkov and Moscow, as well as in Glavelektro VSNKh, tech. dir. plant "Electrosvet" in Moscow. From 1927 he taught at the Moscow Higher Technical School, from 1930 - at Moscow. energetic in-those where he was the first head. Department of Lighting Engineering (1932–47); organized in the same department of history of technology and directed it in 1947–65. Prof. (1934). One of the organizers of the Fatherland. lighting technology. prom-sti. He took part in the reconstruction of electric trains. lighting of Moscow. Ed. g. "Lighting engineering". The author of the textbook and account. manuals on lighting engineering and the history of technology, as well as the book. about the life and work of outstanding fathers. and nick. lighting technicians - A.N. Lodygin (1948), K.A. Krug (1956), T.A. Edison (1957), K.I.Shenfer (1957), AM Ampere (1958), C.P. Steinmetz ( 1965). Created a number of scientific and technical. dictionaries, in which he acted as an author, ed. and translator, incl. "Dictionary of lighting. terms "," Anglo-rus. chemical-technol. dictionary "," French-Russian. polytechnic dictionary". Honored. active Science and Technology of the RSFSR (1946). Works: E-illuminate. short-range devices, 2nd ed., M., 1945; History of technology, M.-L., 1956 (in co-authorship).

beljman iosif davydovich
has abstract: BELMAN Joseph Davydovich (b. 1938, Kazan), architect. In 1967 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Main work: residential building Ying-ta citizen. Aviation in Moscow (1980), Higher. uch-shche Metrostroy (1983), a sanatorium in Asha near Sochi (1991). He took part in a competition for a project for the reconstruction of the center of Moscow (1st Ave., 1975), in architect. the Trienale competition in Milan (1980).

beljsk
has abstract: BELSK, see Belsk Podlaski.

beljsk-podlyaski
has abstract: BELSK-PODLASKI, a city (since 1440) in the Bialystok Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - Ch. the city of the Belsk region of the Podlaskie Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Bialystok region, since 1842 - the district town of Belsk, Grodno province. In 1918–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–45 it was the BSSR. In 1808 in B.-P. 64 Jewish men lived, in 1816 - 94 Jews, in 1847 - 298, in 1861 - 1256, in 1897 - 4079, in 1910 - 4030, in 1921 - 2392 Jews. Jews lived in B.-P. from the 15th century. In 1542 in B.-P. a synagogue was built. In 1564 he was executed, accused of murdering a Christian girl from Narew, a tax collector of the kr. the tax farmer Itskhok Warts. Main occupation of Jews in the 19th century - clothing manufacturing and trade. In 1861 in B.-P. there were 3 synagogues. In 1910 - 5 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery, a state-owned mixed school, a Talmud-Torah. 1941 in B.-P. a ghetto was created, liquidated on 17 December. 1942. There were 6-7 thousand people in the ghetto. the old Jewish cemetery (about 100 monuments) has been preserved. genus: D. Bendas, Ya.A. Bronstein, I.G. Langbard, Yu.Levartovsky, Sh.I. Stupnitsky, N.-M. Syrkin; Bentsion Sho (real fam. Shostak) (1883-1957, Chicago, USA), poet (in Yiddish), from 1926 - in the USA.

beljskiy lev nikolaevich
has abstract: BELSKY Lev Nikolaevich (real name and surname Abram Mikhailovich Levin) (1889, Riga - 1941), employee of state bodies. security. In 1904–07 a member. Bund. In the RSDLP (b) from June 1917. In 1918-19 before. Simbirsk, lips. Cheka, in 1919–20 early. Especially. dep. 8th Army, in 1920-21 before. Astrakhan. lips. Cheka, in 1921-22 half. prev. Cheka in the Far East. Since 1923, plenipotentiary. OGPU USSR in Wed. Asia, from the beginning. 1930s in Moscow. ex. OGPU. In 1934 he was headed by Ch. ex. worker cross. Cr. militia of the NKVD of the USSR. In 1936–38, deputy. Commissar int. Affairs of the USSR, then 1st Deputy. People's Commissar of Railways of the USSR. Affairs. 16-17 congresses of the CPSU (b). State Security Commissioner 2nd rank (1935). Arrested in 1938, shot.

beljskiy tuvjya
has abstract: BELSKY Tuvia (1906, Stankevichi, Minsk province - 1987, USA), commander of the Hebrew. partisas. brigades. From the age of 17 - an activist of the Zionist movement "Hehaluts". In 1928 he was drafted into the Polish army, demobilized with the rank of corporal and settled in Subbotniki, where he was the owner of a fabric store. After the arrival of the Nazis, he fled to Stankivichi. Parents and some other members B.'s families were killed in the Novogrudok ghetto. B. and his three brothers went into the forest, where they created the nucleus of a partisan detachment. The commander of the detachment was B. After a certain time, neg. numbered hundreds of fighters. For the capture of B., the Germans appointed a reward of 100,000 marks. Women and children were also in the forest with the soldiers. It was a kind of Hebrew. community - with a synagogue, school, hospital, etc. In 1943, the Germans began an action to exterminate partisans in the Nalivok forests. With great difficulty, B.'s brigade managed to leave the dangerous area. In 1944, after the liberation of the area, B. with his partisan brigade. MI Kalinin, numbering 1230 soldiers, participated in the military. parade in Novogrudok. After the end of the war he returned to Poland. From 1945 - in E.-I., from 1954 - in the USA. B.'s brother, Asael (1908–45), fought in the ranks of Kr. Army, killed in action in Germany.

beljtsy
has abstract: Balti, see Balti.

belkhatov
has abstract: BELKHATOV, see Belhatuv.

belkhatuv
has abstract: BELKHATUV, a city (since 1737) in the Piotrkow Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1391. From 1795 - a part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Belkhatov Petrokovsky u. In 1897, 2,987 Jews lived in Byelorussia; in 1921, approx. 5800 Jews. In the 1920s and 1930s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. On March 1, 1941, a ghetto was created in Byelorussia, which was liquidated in August. 1942. In March 1942, there were 5,460 people in the ghetto.

belkin aron isaakovich
has abstract: BELKIN Aron Isaakovich (b. 1927, Nizhny Novgorod), psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, endocrinologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1968), prof. (1979), acad. Academy of Energy Information Sciences (1992), pres. Grew up. Psychoanalytic Association (1989). Father - Belkin Isaak Borisovich (1896, p. Glubokoe, Vilnius province. - 1959, Gorky), economist, led by Heb. workers' club in the city of Bogorodsk, Nizhny Novgorod province., organized at the Gorky ped. in-those dep. Heb. lang. and culture, the activities of which were prohibited by local authorities. Mother - Televitskaya Tema Borisovna (1898, Snovsk, Chernigov province - 1978, Gorky), head. Heb. club them. R. Luxemburg in Gorky (1927–40), an activist of KOMZET. After graduating in 1951 from the Gorky medical center. in-ta B. - resident of the Irkutsk region. psychiatrist. b-tsy, since 1953 head. Irkutsk region psychoneurological. dispensary. In 1955–58 he was a postgraduate student at Moscow. Research Institute of Psychiatry, Ministry of Health of the RSFSR. In 1958 he organized the first department in the USSR. psychiatrist. endocrinology, to - the ring manages permanently to the present. time. In 1985 he created Vses. hesychoendocrinology. scientific and methodological. Centre. In 1989 he founded Ros. psychoanalytic. association. scientific. tr. are devoted to the development of the concept of the binary action of hormones and the role of the situational factor in their final effect; the introduction of hormonally active drugs in psychoendocrinology. practice, created. classification of psychotropic properties of hormones, the development of non-pharmacological. methods of influence on neuroendocrine regulation, social. aspects of endocrine diseases, gender identity, endocrine morphoconstitution, the role of hormonal dysfunctions in the etiology and pathogenesis of alcoholism and drug addiction, the psychology of ethnic groups, the phenomenology of polit. figures (psychoanalytic portraits of A. Hitler, I. V. Stalin, N.S. Khr…

belkin boris grigorjevich
has abstract: BELKIN Boris Grigorievich (1921, Moscow - 1993, ibid.), Physicist, specialist in the region. acoustics. Graduated in 1946 Moscow. in-t engineer communications, then graduate school. From 1947 he worked at the Center for Science and Science, in 1949–93 - at the All-Union Institute. n.-i. kinofotoin-those (NIKFI). In 1964 he founded a laboratory at NIKFI. electroacoustics and directed it until 1993. the activity is connected with the creation of loudspeakers, microphones, sound amplification systems and sound signal processing. Participated in the creation of complex sound technology. system of the Kremlin Palace of Congresses (1962). Supervised the development and development of multi-channel stereo production. systems for recording, processing and reproducing sound f. - "Superfon". Founder and hands. school-seminar on modern. electroacoustics "ELA" (1980–91). Created scientific. Fatherland, the school of acoustics and sound engineers. Author of over 60 publications and 15 inventions. Repeatedly represented fatherlands, science abroad. In tech. pl. years worked in Mezhdunar. electrical engineering commission. Linen. pr. (1962).

belkind izrailj meyrovich
has abstract: BELKIND Izrail Meyrovich (1861, Logoisk of Borisovsky district, Minsk province - 1929, Berlin), teacher, society. activist. Son of M. Belkind. Studied in Kharkov. After Heb. pogroms (1881) one of the founders of Heb. the youth organization Bilu (1882), in the same year he headed the first group of members of this organization who arrived in E.-I. He actively opposed the activities of representatives of Baron E. Rothschild. In 1899 he founded a school in Jaffa, introducing Hebrew as the language of instruction. Author of textbooks for the beginning. schools of geography, history and arithmetic. In 1902 he opened the agricultural field. Kiriat Sefer school. During the war in Russia, B. was engaged in resettlement to E.-I. orphans who suffered from the pogroms in Ukraine, works: Sovr. Palestine, Odessa, 1903.

belkind meir
has abstract: BELKIND Meir (1827, Logoisk, Borisov district, Minsk province - 1898, Jaffa), teacher. In the beginning. 1880s after a series of Heb. pogroms followed his sons went to E.-I., became the rabbi of the new Heb. settlement of Gedera and one of the first teachers of schools with teaching in Hebrew. From 1889 he taught classes in Hebrew. religion in the school founded in Jaffa by his son I.M. Belkind.

belkovskiy tsvi-girsh
has abstract: BELKOVSKY Zvi-Hirsch (1865, Odessa - 1948, Tel Aviv), society. activist, lawyer. Graduated with honors from law. f-t Novoros. university (Odessa). B. was offered a position in un-those, subject to his acceptance of Christianity. He refused and became a teacher and later professor at Sofia fur boots in Bulgaria (1893-97). While studying at un-those, he joined the Hibbat Zion movement and from 1891 came into contact with the Palestinophil circles grouped around N. Birnbaum in Vienna. When in 1896 the youth train was published. T. Herzl, B. joined Herzl's group and helped him in organizing the 1st Zionist Congress (in 1897). At the 3rd Congress, B. was elected to the General Council as a representative of the movement from St. Petersburg. districts. B. was among the leaders of the opposition to the Ugandan project. Published a number of pamphlets on Zionism. Initiator of the publication of the bibliographic work in Russian. lang. "Index of Literature on Zionism" (1903). B. continued his activities as a Zionist during the Revolution of 1905-07. He was an adviser to the British Consul in Moscow on issues related to immigration documents in E.-I. In 1918-19 - before. Centre. Council of Hebrews. communities of Russia. In 1920–24 - head of the Center. Zionist to-that in Russia. In 1924 he was arrested for Zionist activity and sentenced to exile in Siberia, but the sentence was changed to exile from the USSR. From 1924 - in E.-I., an active member of the Federation of Zionists. Author of memoirs published in 1940.

beloe
has abstract: BELOE, a village in Logoisk district, Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1846 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony, then the village of Belaya Borisovsky u. Minsk province. 25 Jewish families lived in Byelorussia in 1846, and 24 Jews in 1897. In 1897 Jews rented 21 dess. land.

beloglina
has abstract: BELOGLINA, see [[White Clay.

belogorje
has abstract: BELOGORE (until 1946 - Lyakhovtsy), an urban-type settlement (since 1960), a regional center in the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1441. In the 16th and 18th centuries. - the city of the Kremenets district of the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ostrozhsky u. In 1765, 589 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1847 - 1131, in 1897 - 1384 (25.6%), in 1923 - 636, in 1926 - 844 (53.4%), in 1939 - 908 Jews. In the 1700s. the Jews of Byelorussia suffered greatly from the attacks of the Cossacks, Swedish and Russian. troops. In 1708, representatives of the Jewish population of Byelorussia announced the complete ruin of the city. In 1867 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. On June 27, 1942, approx. 2,300 Jews in B. Benzion Fagan (1881-1934, Buenos Aires), publicist (in Yiddish), from 1910 - in Argentina.

belogorodka
has abstract: BELOGORODKA, a village in the Izyaslavsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zaslavsky u. Volyn Gubernia. In 1847, 1066 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 1846 (19.6%), in 1923 - 1001 Jews. Since 1896, Joseph Trastinetsky (1865 -?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia. Lewis Sugerman, Amer. writer, author of rom. and stories in Yiddish.

belogorsk
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БЕЛОГОРСК (до 1945 — Карасубазар), город (с 1926), районный центр в Автономной Республике Крым (Украина). С 1783 — в составе Рос. империи, в 1784—97 — в Таврической обл., в 1797—1802 — в Новороссийской губ., с 1802 — в Симферопольском у. Таврической губ. В 1921—45 — в Крымской АССР, в 1945—54 — в Крымской обл. РСФСР, в 1954—91 — УССР.В 1847 в Б. проживало 1969 евреев, в 1857 — 1954, в 1867 — 2064 еврея и 49 караимов, в 1889 — 2678 евреев и 69 караимов, в 1897 — 3097 евреев (в т. ч. 1912 крымчаков) и 47 караимов (24,2%), в 1910 — 4677 евреев (27,3%), в 1912 — 2487 крымчаков, в 1914 — 4680 евреев и 96 караимов, в 1926 — 1232 еврея (в т. ч. 1042 крымчака) (16,1%), в 1939 — 429 евреев, в 1948 — 10 крымчаков.Первые упом. о евреях Б. относятся к 15 в. В 16 в., когда Бахчисарай стал столицей Крымского ханства, мн. евреи переселились в Б., расположенный недалеко от новой столицы. С этого времени Б. — осн. место концентрации евреев-крымчаков. В 1546 в Б. существовала спец. касса для выкупа пленных евреев. С 17 в. осн. занятие евреев Б. — выделка кож. В 1720, во время голода, поразившего весь Крым, община Б. продала предметы культа для оказания помощи всем нуждающимся, вне зависимости от вероисповедания. В 1-й четв. 18 в. раввином Б. был Давид Ляхно (?—1735), автор неск. религ. книг и ряда соч. по истории Крыма и крымчаков.В сер. 19 в. осн. занятия евреев Б. — шорничество, пошив обуви и головных уборов, изготовление ваты. Развивалась мелкая торговля, неск. купцов торговали на ярмарках в разл. городах Новороссии. До появления ашкеназийских евреев действовали 3 синагоги, в к-рых находилось ок. 200 свитков Торы. Существовала развитая система социальных общинных служб. Раввином в 1866—99 был Х.-Х.Медини, усиливший влияние сефардских обычаев на крымчаков.После окончания Крымской войны 1853—56 в Б. появились первые ашкеназийские евреи — отставные солдаты. В 1880-х гг. ашкеназийские евреи построили в Б. свою синагогу. После отъезда Медини возник конф…

belokrinichje
has abstract: BELOKRINYCHYE, a village in Shepetovsky district of Khmelnitsky region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zaslavsky u. Volyn province. In 1837, the fact of a "blood libel" was noted in Byelorussia: a group of Jews was charged with cutting off from the Ukrainian. peasant tongue and collected blood in the special. bowl.

belokurakina
has abstract: BELOKURAKINA, see Belokurakino.

belokurakino
has abstract: BELOKURAKINO, urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1700. At 19 - early. 20th century - Belokurakin Starobelsky settlement Kharkiv province. In 1939 one Jew lived in B. In 1942 three Jews were killed in B..

belomorsk
has abstract: BELOMORSK, city (since 1938), regional center in the Republic of Karelia (Russian Federation). Main in 1938. From 1941 to 1945, it was the capital of the Karelo-Finnish SSR. In 1939, 60 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

beloozero
has abstract: BELOOZERO, see Belozersk.

belopolje
has abstract: BELOPOL'E, a city (since 1672), a regional center in the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1111. At 19 - early. 20th century - a provincial town of Sumy district. In Kharkov province, 1 Jew lived in 1868, 96 in 1910, 159 in 1920, 190 (1.1%) in 1926, and 125 Jews in 1939. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia. 1942 24 Jews remained in Byelorussia, who were shot in June.

belopoljskiy yakov borisovich
has abstract: BELOPOLSKY Yakov Borisovich (1916, Kiev - 1993, Moscow), urban planner, architect, teacher. In 1937 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute, a student of B.M. Iofan. Main works: architect-sculptor. ensemble in Treptower Park, Berlin (1951, with E.V. Vuchetich), circus on prosp. Vernadsky (1965), library of social sciences in Moscow (1968), memorial ensemble on Mamayev Kurgan in Volgograd (1967), University of Friendship of Peoples. P. Lumumba (1960s), urban planning of the Yasenevo, Belyaevo, Konkovo-Derevlevo districts in Moscow. Became. (1951) and Len. (1970) pr., Part number of the Academy of Arts of the USSR (1983) and MAA (1992), prof., Nar. arch. USSR (1988).

belorechensk
has abstract: BELORECHENSK, a city (since 1958), a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). Vozn. in 1862 as a Cossack fortress, later - the village of Belorechenskaya in the Kuban Region. In 1939, 20 Jews lived in Byelorussia. 1942 10 Jews were shot in Byelorussia. In 1998, approx. 200 Jews.

belorechenskaya
has abstract: BELORECHENSKAYA, see Belorechensk.

beloretsk
has abstract: BELORETSK, city (since 1923), regional center in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1762. At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Beloretsk Plant of Verkhneuralsky u. Orenburg province. In 1910 four Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1926 - 31 (0.15%), in 1939 - 58 Jews.

beloretskiy zavod
has abstract: BELORETSK PLANT, see Beloretsk.

belorussiya
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БЕЛОРУССИЯ (в 14—17 вв. — Белая Русь), историческое название Республики Беларусь. В 10 — нач. 12 в. — в составе Киевской Руси (кн-ва Полоцкое, Турово-Пинское и др.), в 13—14 вв. — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 — Речи Посполитой. В результате трех разделов Речи Посполитой (1772, 1793, 1795) в состав Рос. империи вошли земли Вост. Б. с гор. Витебск, Гомель, Могилев, Полоцк, Центр. Б. с гор. Борисов, Минск, Пинск, Слуцк и Зап. Б. с гор. Брест-Литовск (совр. Брест), Гродно, Новогрудок. 1 янв. 1919 образована БССР. Зап. Б. по Рижскому договору отошла к Польше. С 1922 БССР — в составе СССР. В нояб. 1939 Зап. Б. присоединена к БССР. 19 сент. 1991 БССР переим. в Республику Беларусь (Декларация о гос. суверенитете).Евреи появились на белорусской земле, по одной из версий, в кон. 10 — нач. 11 в. Так, Х.Зоненберг пишет: «...город Брест основан приезжающими купцами. Между купцами были и евреи... Евреи остались на месте развивать и увеличивать город, а другие плыли дальше» ([[Зоненберг [[Х. История города Брест-Литовска. 1016—1907. По достоверным источникам и правдоподобным умозаключениям. Варшава, 1908, с. 8). Археолог Нарбут и нек-рые нем. летописцы считают, что евреи пришли в Б. и Литву в 1-й пол. 12 в. первоначально из Киева, откуда были изгнаны за тайные сношения с греками. Историк и этнограф И.Ярошевич упом. найденный в 18 в. в Лидском у. на еврейском кладбище надгробный камень, датированный 1170 (Живописная Россия, Литовское и Белорусское Полесье. Репринт. воспроизв. издания 1882 г. Минск, 1993, с. 16).В сер. 14 в. евреи жили в Бресте, Гродно и др. белорусских городах. Изв. грамота кн. Гродненского и Трокского Витовта, выданная брестским евреям 24 июня 1388 в Луцке, к-рая регулировала порядок рассмотрения судебных дел между христианами и евреями, а также между самими евреями. Дела последних рассматривались в спец. еврейских судах согласно еврейскому праву. Евреи имели равные с другими права. Так, христианин за уголовное преступле…

belostok
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БЕЛОСТОК, город (с 1749), центр Белостокского воеводства (Республика Польша). Изв. с 1320. В 16—18 вв. — город Бельской земли Подлясского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1807 — в составе Рос. империи, центр Белостокской обл., с 1842 — уездный город Гродненской губ. В 1920—39 — в составе Польши, в 1939—45 — БССР.В 1765 в Б. проживал 761 еврей (22,4%), в 1808 — ок. 4000 (66,6%), в 1847 — 6714, в 1856 — 9547 (69%), в 1861 — 11 873 (69,8%), в 1895 — 47 783 (76%), в 1897 — 41 905, в 1910 — 52 123 (68,3%), в 1913 — 61 500 (68,6%), в 1929 — 43 150 (47,8%), в 1932 — 39 165 (60,5%), в 1936 — 42 880 (43,0%), в 1945 — 1085, в 1948 — 660 евреев.Еврейская община Б. была осн. в 1745. В 1825—35 и в 1845 в Б. переселилось значит. число евреев, изгнанных в соответствии с законом 1804 из близлежащих деревень. Экономич. положение общины резко ухудшилось. После наполеоновских войн с предприимчивостью евреев во многом связано развитие в Б. текстильной пром-сти. В 1860 из 44 текстильных ф-к 19 принадлежали евреям. Из общей продукции белостокских ф-к, оцененной в 1898 в 12 855 руб., 47,3% приходилось на долю продукции, производимой евреями.В 1861 в Б. имелось 18 синагог, в 1910 — 47 синагог, 2 еврейских кладбища, действовали хевра кадиша (с 1821), приют (с 1852), богадельня (с 1872), об-ва «Линат га-Цедек», «Бикур холим» (с 1880), еврейская больница (с 1882), дешевая столовая (с 1901), ремесл. уч-ще (с 1902), 3 талмуд-торы, 2 казенных, нар. муж., частное муж., 4 частных жен. уч-ща, об-во приказчиков, ссудо-сберегат. т-во (оба — с 1901), б-ка. К 1915 действовали отд-ние ОПЕ, дет. питательный пункт ОЗЕ, учительское об-во.В сер. 19 в. раввинами в Б. был Й.Т.Л.Гальперн, в 1883—98 — Ш.Могилевер, основавший в Б. иешиву, с 1900 — сын Гальперна Хаим-Нафтоли-Герц (1841—?). Б. был одним из центров литовского хасидизма. В 1896 Менахем-Нохум Эпштейн (1846—1918) основал в Б. хасидскую династию. В 1918—39 династию возглавлял зять Эпштейна Меир-Шолом Щедровицкий …

belostotskiy benjyamin yaakov
has abstract: BELOSTOTSKY Benjamin Yaakov (1892, Pompians of Ponevezhsky u. Koven province. - 1962, USA), poet, folklorist. R. in the family of a rabbi. Since 1911 in the USA. He taught in Heb. schools, edited by J. in Yiddish and from 1922 wrote for gas. in Yiddish "Forward". In 1955 he edited the memorial collection, dedicated to. poet D. Edelshdadt. His own poet. Sat. "Lid tsu lid" ("Song to the song") has a bright nat. coloring. Folklore works B. publ. in several. collection of legends: "Fun Golus Bovel bis Roim" ("From Babylonian captivity to Rome"), "Di mesholm fun Dubner Maggid" ("Proverbs of the Maggid from Dubno", 1962); "Yidisher humorun, Yiddish leitsim" ("Jewish humor, Jewish jokes").

belotin
has abstract: BELOTIN, a village in the Izyaslavsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Ostrozhsky u. Volyn province. 56 Jews (10.6%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897.

belotserkovka
has abstract: BELOTSERKOVKA, a village in the Velikobagachan district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Khorolsky u. Poltava province. In 1897, 297 Jews (28.7%) lived in Byelorussia. 1919 a pogrom took place in Byelorussia. After two pogroms by units of the Volunteer Army, all Jews (about 160 families) left Byelorussia and moved to Poltava.

belotskiy
has abstract: BELOTSKY (Cherny) Maurice Lvovich (1895, Lipovets, Kiev province - 1944, Vyshny Volochyok, Kalinin region), military. and desks. activist. He graduated from a real school. In 1916-18 a member. federation of anarchists, from 1918 - a Bolshevik. Since 1919 sec. Lipovetsky and Umansky party committees. Since 1920 deputy. early, early political department of the 1st Cavalry Army, military commissar of the cavalry. divisions. Affairs. 10th Congress of the RCP (b), participant in the suppression of the Kronstadt rebellion (1921). He was awarded 2 orders. Cr. Banners (both 1921). After civil. war - military commissar. Academy of the Red Army, In the 1920s and 30s. on desks, and adm. work. From 1925 he worked at the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR. In 1930, the 1st sec. North-Ossetian regional committee of the CPSU (b), in 1932–34 1st deputy. prev. OSOAVIAKHIM, in 1934–36 1st sec. Kyrgyz regional party committee, since 1936 1st secretary. Central Committee of the CP (b) of Kyrgyzstan. Member Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Affairs. 15-17 congresses of the CPSU (b). In 1937 he was arrested and died in the Vyshnevolotsk prison.

belousha
has abstract: BELOUSHA, a village in the Stolin district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, in Pinsk u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 it was in the Polesie Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the BSSR. 177 Jews (10.4%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897, and 162 Jews in 1921. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was exterminated during the period Disasters.

belousov evsey yakovlevich
has abstract: BELOUSOV Evsey Yakovlevich (1881/2, Moscow - 1945, New York), cellist, teacher. In 1890-1903 he studied at Moscow. cons. in the cello class of A.E. Glen (graduated with a gold medal). He performed in concerts as a soloist and ensemble-hundred. In 1905, he was a cellist at the New Washers, a quartet (1st violin - Yu. E. Konius, 2nd violin - B.'s brother - A.Ya.Belousov, viola - N.K. Avierino), who performed a performance. Western-European classics and op. Russian composers - S.I. Taneev, G.L. Catoire and others (often for the first time). In 1906–08, without stopping his concert activity, he taught in the music. uch-shche Kharkov branch of Rus. muses. about-va. In 1908, at a cello competition in Moscow, he received the 2nd pr., Sharing it with II Press. In 1911 he toured Berlin. In 1912–14 he made (with VI Safonov) a concert tour across Europe. After the revolution of 1917, together with the pianist A.K. Borovsky, he undertook a large tour of Russia. In 1922 he left with concerts to Europe, then to the USA, where after a successful debut (1926) he settled. B. was the first performer of a number of op. contemporary Russian. composers - sonatas by N.Ya. Myaskovsky, A.T. Grechaninov, F.S.Akimenko, ballads by S.S. Prokofiev (played with the author from the manuscript), as well as sonatas-improvisations by Amer. composer R. Goldmark. Since 1930, having ceased his concert activity, he taught at the Juilliard muses. school in New York. At the same time. for several. years, he taught a cello class at the "Association of Young Musicians" for free. Concert notches, B.'s performances greatly contributed to the world fame of Russian. cello school.

belousovka
has abstract: BELOUSOVKA, a village in the Tulchinsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Gaisinsky district. Podolsk province. In 1942–44, a camp was located in Byelorussia for Jews from Bukovina and Bessarabia. On 1 Sept. 1943 there were 62 Jews in the camp.

belov
has abstract: BELOV (real family member Elinson) Avraham-Yegoshua Moiseevich (b. 1911, Mogilev), writer, translator, journalist. Got a trad. Heb. religious education. Studied at Leningrad State University. cons. From 1932 he collaborated in the Sov. print. In 1934–49 he was a journalist at Leningrad. the truth. " Fired during the "fight against cosmopolitanism." He translated stories from Hebrew. writers. The only translator of Sholem Aleichem from Hebrew in the USSR. In the 1960s. taught Hebrew in Leningrad. Was a witness to the anti-Zionist. process in Chisinau (1971). Since 1974 - in Israel. Published in Israeli Russian. Press, Vol .: Clay Books, L., 1952 (in co-authorship); Country of Big Hapi, L., 1955 (in co-authorship); The Fall of Tenochtitlan, L., 1958; The bottom of the world, Tel Aviv, 1978.

belovartsy
has abstract: BELOVARTSY, a village in the Tyachiv district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1831, 21 Jews (6.5%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1880 - 101, in 1930 - 160 Jews (21 %) Jews lived in B. from the end. 18th century, the majority were woodcutters or worked in quarries. The Jews of B. were Vizhnitsa and Spinka Hasidim. There was a synagogue, a cheder, a mikvah, and a Jewish cemetery. In the summer of 1941, almost all the Jews of Byelorussia were deported to the territory occupied by the Germans. troops. The rest were destroyed in 1944 at Auschwitz.

belovo
has abstract: BELOVO, a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Kemerovo region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1726. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of the Kuznetsk env. Tomsk province. 54 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1939, and 100 Jews (0.1%) in 1970.

belovodsk
has abstract: BELOVODSK, urban-type settlement (since 1957), a district center in the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1686. In 19 - early. 20th century - Starobelsky settlement Kharkiv Gubernia. In 1926, 10 Jews lived in the Belovodsk region, in 1939 there were 22 Jews in B. In 1942, 2 Jews were killed in B..

belovody
has abstract: BELOVODY, a village in the Sumy region of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Sumy district Kharkov province. In 1910, 10 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

belozerki
has abstract: BELOZERKI, see Belozirka.

belozersk
has abstract: BELOZERSK (before 1777 - Beloozero), a city, a regional center in the Vologda region. (Russian Federation). Izv. since 862 as the residence of the legendary Varangian prince Sineus. Since 1238 - the capital of the specific book. Since the 1370s. - as part of Moscow. book-va. From 1776 it was a district town of the Novgorod governorship, from 1796 - a province. In 1894 there were 128 Jews living in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 107 (2.13%), in 1910 - 104 (2%), in 1926 - 36, in 1939 - 37 Jews. The basis of the B. community was made up of retired Jewish soldiers and their descendants. Since the 1830s. there was a synagogue (burned down in 1897), since 1897 - a synagogue housed in a private house (opened without permission from the authorities, closed in 1909). In tech. For 40 years, the duties of a rabbi were fulfilled by an elected representative of the community, not approved by the authorities, which was the reason for the ban on worship in 1894. The petition of the Jews of B. to elect a rabbi was rejected in 1896 due to the lack of a suitable candidate. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia; in the same year permission was obtained from the Ministry of Internal Affairs. cases for the opening of the synagogue. E.S. Mosolova

belozirka
has abstract: BELOZIRKA, a village in Lanovetsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Belozerki Kremenetsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1847, 360 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 1,070 (36.8%), in 1921 - 950 Jews. B. had 2 synagogues. 2 Aug. 1942 B. Jews were shot in Lanovtsy.

belozorje
has abstract: BELOZORIE, a village in the Cherkasy district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Cherkassk district. Kiev province. In 1919, approx. 600 Jews. In 1863 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. On May 14-15, 1919, a pogrom took place in Byelorussia, organized by the detachments of Ataman N.A. Grigoriev (208 killed). In Byelorussia: Bella Abramovna Dizhur (b. 1906), poet, writer, author of poems. collection of books and scientific-popul. books for children, mother of E. I. Neizvestny; Isaac (Dmitry) Markovich Zhabotinsky (1899-1982, Kiev), actor of the Jewish theater, honored. art. Ukrainian SSR (1945).

beltsj
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БЭЛЦЬ (до 1991 — Бельцы), город (с 1818), районный центр (Республика Молдова). Осн. в 15 в. С 1812 — в составе Рос. империи, в Ясском у., затем —центр Белецкого у. Бессарабской обл., с 1873 — губ. В 1918—40 — в составе Румынии, в 1940—91 — МССР.В 1847 в Б. проживало 1792 еврея, в 1857 — 4365, в 1861 — 3920 (35,2%), в 1863 — 3095, в 1897 — 10 348 (56%), в 1930 — 14 259 (60%), в 1959 — 11 600, в 1970 — 12 915 (12,7%), в 1979 — 10 500, в 1989 — 8903 еврея.Евреи селились в Б. с сер. 18 в., их права и обязанности законодательно определены в 1782. В сер. 18 в. раввином в Б. был Ицхок Ашкенази, автор коммент. к Каббале. В кон. 19 в. численность еврейского населения росла за счет притока евреев из др. мест, а также из окрестных сел, где по «Временным правилам» 1882 им было запрещено проживать. В 1857 в Б. было 5 синагог, в 1861—63 — 8 синагог, еврейское уч-ще 1-го разряда. С 1885 раввином в Б. был Израиль Зелманович Иофе (1858—?). В кон. 19 — нач. 20 в. имелись талмуд-тора, частное еврейское муж. уч-ще, в 1910 — 14 синагог, еврейское кладбище. Осн. занятия евреев — портняжный промысел и торговля. В 1912 в Б. было открыто еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во. С нач. 1900-х гг. в Б. действовали отд-ния большинства сионистских партий России (после 1918 — Румынии).В кон. 1920-х гг. в Б. имелось 49 синагог, в 1930-х гг. — 28 синагог, 5 еврейских школ, дет. сад, больница, дом для престарелых, 2 б-ки с книгами на иврите, действовало отд-ние «Культур-Лиги». В 1929 и в 1933 евреи были избраны на пост вице-мэра Б. 15 мая 1930 было осквернено еврейское кладбище, 15 июня в Б. произошел погром. В 1935—38 в Б. под ред. Л.Куперштейна издавался журн. на иврите «Шурот», посв. проблемам лит-ры и образования. В 1934 в Б. проходил всерумынский съезд «Гордонии».В июне 1941 две трети домов Б. были разрушены в результате налетов герм. и рум. авиации; евреи бежали в соседние селения, где 7 июля 1941 многие были убиты местными жителями. 9 июля 1941 Б. оккупировали герм. в…

belyaev iljya iosifovich
has abstract: BELYAEV Ilya Iosifovich (1908, Oryol - 1982, Leningrad), military leader, rear adm. (1951). R. in the family of a worker. Since 1927 in the navy. Graduated from the Higher. military-mor. uch-shche them. M.V. Frunze in Leningrad (1932). In 1934-36 com. submarine, in 1937–40 com. submarine division. In 1940–44 the beginning. operational department and deputy. early headquarters Tychook. fleet. In 1944–45 the beginning. headquarters Tychook. fleet. In 1946-52 com. division of the sea. infantry (one of the first formed in the USSR). From 1952 to the beginning. course Military-sea. academy in Leningrad. Retired since 1967. Load 5 orders.

belyaevka
has abstract: BELYAEVKA, city (since 1979), a regional center in the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Odessa u. Kherson province. In 1939 84 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

belyavin evelj samuilovich
has abstract: BELYAVIN Evel Samuilovich (1920, Borisov, Minsk province - 1972, Minsk), Hero of the Sov. Union (1944). He graduated from Heb. school. In 1938–58 in Kr. Army. In 1939 he graduated from the Borisoglebsk Pilot School. He fought in bombardier and aviation units. Made approx. 300 sorties. In 1952 he graduated from the highest flight tact. courses. Colonel.

belyavskiy aleksandr genrikhovich
has abstract: BELYAVSKY Alexander Genrikhovich (b. 1953, Lvov), chess player; int. grandmaster (1975). World Youth Champion (1973). A contender for peace. championship from the beginning. 1980s One of the trainers of G.K. Kasparov in the 1993 World Championship match. 4-time USSR champion (1974,1980,1987,1990). As part of the USSR team, the winner of the Olympics (1982, 1984, 1988), world team championships (1985 and 1989), a number of European championships. Winner pl. int. tournaments, including Sombor (1972), Tilburg (1981 and 1986), Sarajevo (1982), London (1985). Prev Heb. the sports society of Lvov "Maccabi".

belyavy
has abstract: BELYAWY, a village in the Skierniewice Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Lovichsky u. Warsaw Gubernia. In 1897, 136 Jews (21.7%) lived in Byelorussia.

belye berega
has abstract: WHITE BEACH, urban-type settlement (since 1932) of the Fokinsky District Council, Bryansk (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Bryansk u. Oryol province. In 1939, 40 Jews lived in B. B.

belye oslavy
has abstract: WHITE OSLAVY, a village in the Nadvornyansky district of the Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Russian Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 187 Jews lived in B.O. was killed in Oct. 1941, the rest in the summer of 1942 were sent to Nadvirna.

belynichi
has abstract: BELYNICHI, an urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the end. 16th century Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mogilev u. In 1841 there were 1,064 Jews living in Byelorussia, in 1863 - 1,386 (71.2%), in 1869 - 775, in 1880 - 313 (35%), in 1897 - 1,063 (48%), in 1908 - approx. ... 1,200 (54.7%), in 1923 - 856, in 1926 - 816 (33.6%), in 1939 - 781 Jews. The Jewish community existed in Bulgaria from the end 17th century In 1777 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. In 1841 - 5 synagogues, 8 heders, a rabbi. In 1844 - 6 synagogues, 9 heders. In 1909 there were 4 synagogues, of which 3 were Hasidic, including the Old Selo and Lubavitch Hasids, 2 cemeteries. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Byelorussia. m-in. In 1913, Samuil Berkovich Katz was the owner of the library in B. In the years of the 1st world. war in B. lived several. hundreds of refugees. Since the 1900s. Shloyme-Yehoshua Krumer (1872 -?) was the rabbi in Burma until 1932. After the occupation of Burma, Germ. Byelorussian troops were concentrated in the ghetto. On Sept. 1941 in B. was shot apprx. 150 Jews, 12 Dec. 1941 - more than 600 Jews of Byelorussia, as well as Jews of the surrounding towns. After 1945, the remains of the victims were reburied in the Jewish cemetery. A memorial sign is installed on the grave. In 1999, approx. 20 Jews. In B. genus: M.M. Landa; Lev Borisovich Landa (b. 1923), public figure, engineer regiment, since the 1990s. - activist of the Jewish nat. movement in St. Petersburg.

belynkovichi
has abstract: BELYNKOVICHI, a village in the Kostyukovichsky district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the end. 16th century Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, the town of Klimovichi u. Mogilev province. In 1919-24 - in the Gomel province. RSFSR, in 1924-91 - a part of the BSSR, in 1924-27 - a regional center. In 1841 93 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1844 - 215, in 1846 - 151, in 1869 - 104, in 1880 - 47 (13, 8%), in 1897 - 95 (16.5%), in 1908 - 170 (12.6%), in 1923 - approx. 100 Jews. In 1841 a synagogue, 2 schools, and a rabbi functioned in Byelorussia. The population was engaged in handicrafts and trade. In 1908 there were two synagogues in Byelorussia.

belyy
has abstract: WHITE, city, regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1359. From 1667 - a part of Russia, from 1769 - a district town of Kiev, from 1775 - Smolensk governorship, then - gubernias. In 1897 in Belovsky district. 560 Jews lived in B. - 287 (4.1%), in 1926 - 218 (3.2%), in 1939 - 92 Jews. the occupation of the Jews of B. was making clothes. In 1916, in a private rented house there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In 1941, the entire Jewish population of Byelorussia was gathered in the area of ​​the stadium and completely destroyed: 65 people, mostly. women and children were shot, 10 men were hanged. E.E. Opalova, E.S. Mosolova

belyy bychek
has abstract: WHITE BULL, see Chagoda.

belyy kamenj
has abstract: WHITE STONE, a village in the Zolochevsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1603. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - in the Tarnopol Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 345 Jews lived in BK, in 1880-1901 (54%), in 1900 - 1709 (47%), in 1921 - 298 (15%), in 1930 - 202 Jews. about Jews in B.K. refers to 1629. The number of Jews constantly increased, and in the end. 17th century an independent community was created in BK. The first rabbi in BK was Avrom ben Shmaryahu (? —1697), and from 1740 - Ihiel-Mikhl Babad. In the 2nd floor. 18th century - Zvi-Hirsh Kristynopoler (? -1793), from 1880 - Shlomo Goldberg, in 1894-97 - Yehoshua-Pinchas Bombach (1865-1921). In 1892-1902 a school founded by Baron Hirsch (c. 100 students). During a fire in 1902, the school burned down. Jews earned their living by small trade and crafts, ch. arr. during market days and annually. fairs. In 1902, the Association for Mutual Aid was created in BK, which opened a workshop for the production of hair ornaments. From the beginning. 20th century the number of Jews in BK decreased due to the move to the kr. cities and abroad. During the 1st world. During the war, Jews from BK were evicted to Zolochev. In 1919, a branch of the youth Zionist organization was opened, in 1929 the Zionist organization “Tkhia” was created, which had a library, for some time a branch of “Bnei Akiva” was operating. In the 1920s and 30s. most of the Jewish youth left B.K. The financial situation of the remaining Jews was rather difficult and only in the summer months could they improve it thanks to summer residents.In 1927 a school with teaching in Hebrew was opened in B.K., which was financially supported by immigrants from B. K. in the USA. Jews B. K. were killed in the Zolochev ghetto, where they were sent in November. 1942.

belyy klyuch
has abstract: WHITE KEY, see Tetri-Tskaro.

belyy kolodezj
has abstract: BELY KOLODEZ, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Volchansk district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1761. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Volchansky u. Kharkov province. In the 1920s. In 1926, 20 Jews lived in the Belokolodezsky district, in 1939 there were 17 Jews in BK. In 1942, 3 Jews were shot in BK.

belyy semen iosifovich
has abstract: BELY Semyon Iosifovich (1896, Krasnoe, Tavricheskaya province - 1937, Moscow), military leader, division commander (1935). Member Communist. parties since 1917. From the peasants. He graduated from the mountains. uch-shche. Member of the 1st world. war, non-commissioned officer. Since 1918 in Kr. Army. In civil war com. shelf, early. brigade headquarters. Awarded hordes. Cr. Banner. Graduated from the Military Academy of the Red Army (1924), then assistant. early and early. military. schools. Since 1925 pom. early and early. department of the headquarters of the Red Army, from 1927 beginning. headquarters of Moscow. Proletarian rifleman. divisions, from 1930 com. and military commissar of the 7th Chernigov rifleman. divisions, early. and the military commissar of the Kiev obed. art. schools them. S.S. Kameneva, from 1936 - commander and commissar of the Moscow corps. IN. Repressed.

belyy viktor arkadjevich
has abstract: BELY Viktor Arkadievich (1904, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1983, Moscow), composer, teacher. The son of a doctor. Graduated from Kharkov muses. in-t on the class of violin and composition in 1922 (at the same time he worked in the 2nd Military Surgery. Hospital), in 1929 - Moscow. horse, according to the composition class of G.E. Konyus and N.Ya. Myaskovsky. One of the organizers (1924) of productions, a collective of student composers of Moscow. cons. "Procall" (in 1928 "Procall" entered the Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians - RAPM). From 1925 he taught at Moscow. horse, theoretical. disciplines for muses. rabfak, since 1935 - assistant professor of composition class, cand. lawsuit. In 1949–52 - prof. Belarusian, horse. Among the students are S.A. Kats, S.S. Tulikov, R.M. Yakhin. In the 1930s. ed. mass muses. g. "For proletarian music", chl. editorial board "Proletarian Musician", author of critical Art. In 1957-73 - Ch. ed. g. “Muses. life. ”The basis of B.'s creativity is wok. music. Among the famous op. wok. monologue with php. "Twenty six" (in memory of the Baku commissars), verse. N.N. Aseeva, wok. cycle "War", noted. the influence of expressionism, the song "Workers of all countries, unite!" (to words by N.M. Minsky), chorus. poem "Hungry March". All R. 30s the leading role in the creativity of B. is acquired by a song with an orientation towards the melodic principle, one of the best - "Eaglet" (1936, to the words of Ya.Z. Shvedov). During the war, the songs "Be brave, Red Navy men", "Ballad about Captain Gastello", "Song of the Brave" were widely spread. In the 30-40s. B. studied the Chuvash, Nar. music: made arrangements of "10 Chuvash songs", wrote "Suite for Chuvash songs" for a capella choir; in the post-war years. - wok. and instr. processing of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Bashkir, Yakut nar. songs; created a number of op. for decomp. instru., romances at st. N.A.Nekrasov, M.Yu.Lermontov, K.F.Ryleev, (the last op. B. - "3 poems by AABlok"…

belz
has abstract: BELZ, a city (since 1951) in the Sokalsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1030. In the 16-18 centuries. - a fortress and the center of the Belz Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Lviv Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1550, 200 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1765 - 716, in 1829 - 460 (18.7%), in 1859 - 1783 (51%), in 1880 - 2135 (51.7%), in 1900 - 2872 (56.6%), in 1910 - 3625 (60.2%), in 1921 - 2104 (50.7%), in 1931 - c. 2,500 Jews. Jews settled in Byelorussia from the beginning. 15th century In 1557, Jews were forbidden to trade in alcoholic beverages. In 1616 there were 29 Jewish houses in Byelorussia. In 1648 Polish. the garrison repulsed the attack of the troops of B.M. Khmelnitsky and thus saved the Jewish community from death. In May 1665, the magistrate B. concluded an agreement with the community, according to which all rights and liberties were extended to the Jews, subject to the payment of the state. and mountains. taxes. Since 1816, Byelorussia has been one of the centers of Hasidism in Galicia and the seat of one of the famous Hasidic dynasties of the region. Its founder was the tzaddik Sholem Rokeach (1783-1855), who built the Great Synagogue in Byelorussia in 1843. In 1855-94 the dynasty was headed by Yehoshua Rokeah (1825-94), in 1894-1927 - by his son Issachar-Doiv (1854-1927). The last tzaddik in Byelorussia was the son of Issachar-Doiva, Aron (1880-1957, Jerusalem). The Hasidic dynasty of Rokeah was continued by Issachar Doiv (b. 1948, Tel Aviv). the occupation of the Jews of Byelorussia is the agricultural trade. products. In the 1920s and 30s. a Zionist organization was active in B. 1939, in the period after the departure of the Polish. army and before the arrival of the Red Army units, Jewish self-defense was created in Byelorussia. In oct. 1939 Sov. the troops left B. Together wi…

belzhitse
has abstract: BELZHICE, a city (from 1737) in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1391. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Lublin posad. In 1764 949 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1787 - 698 (27.9%), in 1897 - 1705, in 1921 - approx. 2,100 Jews. Jews have lived in Byelorussia since the 16th century, occupying most of the city; there was a synagogue. In the end. 16th century lived in B. Izv. doctor Yaakov from Belzice. In 1648 the Jewish population of Byelorussia suffered from the "Khmelnytsky land". In the beginning. 19th century the rabbi in Byelorussia was a disciple of one of the founders of Hasidism in Poland, the Seer from Lublin Yitzhok-Moishe-Ezriel Licht (? -1831). Between 1831 and 1861, the Hasidic tzaddik Rabbi Kalman-Itskhok lived in Burma. In 1909, there were 3 synagogues in Byelorussia, built in 1740, 1795, and 1833 (Hasidic), Khevra Kaddish (from 1740), 2 cemeteries (the new one has a common grave of 5 Jews who were hanged by the Poles during the 1863 uprising); 180 students studied in heders. In the 1900s. Yankel Schneiderman was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In 1940 a ghetto was created in Byelorussia, which was liquidated in May 1943. David Yakobzon (1908—?), Poet, writer (in Yiddish).

ben-adir
has abstract: BEN-ADIR (real name and family name Avraham Rozin) (1878, Krucha Mogilev district and province - 1942, New York), activist of the Hebrew. socialist movement. After the Kishinev pogrom of 1903, he made an appeal to create a party that would unite the goals of the roar. socialism from Heb. nat. aspirations. One of the founders and ideologists of gr. Renaissance and Socialist Heb. Workers' Party (SERP), ed. its printed organs "Serp" and "Folkshtime". After Feb. Revolution of 1917 leader United. Heb. socialist workers' party, to the bolypevist. coup oct. 1917 reacted negatively. In 1919 he left the party due to the growth of pro-communist. moods. In 1921 he emigrated to Germany, where publ. Sat. Art. “In the maelstrom of life and struggle” (Berlin, 1925, in Yiddish). In 1925–27 he lived in E.-I., from where he returned to Germany. After the Nazis came to power (1933) he emigrated to France, in 1940 - to the USA; was one of the authors and ed. Algemeine Encyclopedia (in Yiddish).

ben-ami mark yakovlevich
has abstract: BEN-AMI Mark Yakovlevich (real name and fam. Chaim-Mordkhe Rabinovich) (1854, Verkhovka, Podolsk province - 1932, Tel Aviv), prose writer, publicist. R. in a Hasidic family. He became an orphan early. He studied at the Talmud Torah, g-zii, Novoros. un-those in Odessa, where he studied medicine and philology. He took an active part in societies, life, was one of the organizers of the Hebrews. self-defense during the pogroms in Odessa at the beginning. 80s In 1881–82 he lived in Paris, in 1882–87 and 1905–23 - in Geneva, in 1887–1905 - in Odessa. Since 1923 - in E.-I. In 1881 he made his debut in Hebrew. g. in Russian lang. "Dawn" Art. about special textbooks for Russian-Heb. schools. He became famous as the author of the stories “The First Night of Hanukkah”, “Purim”, “The Only Son”, “The Prayer”, etc. He published short stories, essays and publicists. Art. in Russian, Hebrew and Yiddish in diff. periodic. ed. Main the theme of B.-A. - the spiritual world of the "small-town" Jew.

ben-artsi
has abstract: BEN-ARTSI (Kobrin) Efraim (b. 1910, Slonim, Grodno province), military. activist and entrepreneur. Since 1924 in E.-I. In 1935 he graduated from the University of Grenoble (France), a specialist in the region. electronics. During the 2nd world. During the war, he served in the British, army, demobilized with the rank of lieutenant regiment. In 1948-50 he was a quartermaster of the Israel Defense Forces and a brigadier general.

ben-avigdor
has abstract: BEN-AVIGDOR (lit. ps; real name and family name Avraham Leib Shalkovich) (1867, Zludak, Vilna province - 1921, Carlsbad), writer, publisher, one of the first popularizers of Hebrew literature. Received a tradition. Heb. education. From 1889 it was published in gas. "Ha-Melitz". In 1891 he settled in Warsaw. Close to Palestinophiles, secretary. Warsaw department ord. "Bnei Moshe", at the same time began to publish a cheap popular ser. book in Hebrew "Sifrei agora", edges had great success with the reading public. In 1893 he founded the publishing house "Achiasaf" in Warsaw, in 1896 he left it and established the publishing house. about-in "Tushiya", which published Ch. arr. op. Western-European writers in the lane. in Hebrew. In 1901 he began to publish children. weekly g. "Olam katan". In 1913 he founded the Akhisefer publishing house. By their own lit. views of B.-A. close to europ. realist writers, advocated the revival of Hebrew literature, against the use of Hebrew only as a language. worship. In production B.-A. himself ch. place is taken by problems of the individual, and not by questions of history and culture of Heb. people in general.

ben-eliezer
has abstract: BEN-ELIEZER (Zborovsky) Arie (1913, Vilna - 1972, Israel), polit. activist. Since 1920 - in E.-I. Since 1926 - member. youth combat organization "Beitar". The English was arrested several times. the authorities. In 1937–43 - in the USA, he was engaged in the formation of societies. opinions in favor of the creation of an independent Heb. state-va. In 1943 he returned to E.-I. and rejoined the fight against the British. After the proclamation of Israel's independence (1948), B. was one of the founders and hands. party Herut. Dep. Of the Knesset of the 1st convocation.

ben-galj mikhaelj
has abstract: BEN-GAL Michael (James) (b. 1908, Odessa), military leader. Since 1921 - in E.I. At the age of 16 he joined Gagana. Was mobilized to the British. army (1940, finished officer courses and served in the Jewish brigade with the rank of captain). During the War of Independence he commanded a brigade and accepted the surrender of Jaffa and Ramla. After the war he commanded the Tel Aviv okrug, was deputy. com. the general staff's quartermaster service. Military. attaché in Great Britain and the Scandinavian countries (1958-63). Prev military. courts for consideration of complaints. In 1964-65 the military. attachés in Burma, Nepal, Ceylon and Cambodia.

ben-gorin eliagu
has abstract: BEN-GORIN Eliagu (Zelig Bidner) (1902, Balta, Podolsk province - 1966, Israel), journalist, society, activist. He studied at Novoros. un-those (Odessa), where he was before. Zionist. student union. He actively participated in the Zionist movement and in the secret organization of self-defense in the first. years of owls. authorities. From 1921 in E.-I. Joined prof. unification of Histadrut and was among the founders of the Ha-Sharon collective settlement. In 1928 he joined the Zionist revisionist party. He worked in the editor. revisionist advice. press. In 1931 he left Gagana and joined Etzel. He was the personal representative of Z. Zhabotinsky in the administrative-household. council and took part in fundraising and buying weapons for the organization. Was a delegate from the Revisionist Party at the 17th Congress. Zionists (1931). In 1944-50, together with the former president. USA G. Hoover developed the "Hoover plan", which consisted in the resettlement of the Arabs E.-I. Worked as a Middle East advisor. cases of Amer. Zionist. emergency to-that. The author of the book. "Red Army" (1942) and "Cf. East: Crossroads of History "(1943).

ben-gurion
has abstract: BEN GURION (Green) David (1886, Plonsk, Warsaw Province - 1973, Tel Aviv), politician. He was educated in a reformed cheder. Since 1903 - a member of the Poalei Zion party. From 1906 - in E.-I. In the same year, Poalei Zion was elected to the Central Committee. In 1911 - a delegate to the Zionist Congress. and conf. Poaley Zion. From 1911 in Istanbul, studying law. In 1915, on charges of Zionist activities, he was exiled to Egypt, from where he moved to the United States, where he founded the Ge-Halutz youth movement. In May 1918 he joined Heb. legion of the British army, as part of which went to E.-I. In 1921–35 - General. Secretary of the Histadrut. In 1923, during the international conference in Moscow. s.-kh. exhibitions visited the USSR, where he met with activists of the Zionist movement. B.-G. - one of the founders (1930) and the Mapai party. In 1935-48 before. reign Heb. Agencies. During this period, B.-G., being the leader of the Zionist workers' movement, actively opposed Great Britain's policy in the mandated territory. After the proclamation of the State of Israel B.-G. became the head of the temporary government, led the country's defense during the War of Independence (1948). In 1949 - the first prime minister. and min. defense of Israel. In 1953 he retired and joined the kibbutz Sda Boker in the Negev. In 1955 he again headed the Ministry of Defense, and after the elections to the Knesset - and the government. In 1961 he resigned in connection with the Lavon case, after the parliamentary elections (1961) he again headed the government, in 1963 he left it again, and in 1965 from Mapai and created the Rafi party. In 1970 he finally refused to participate in the political. life and devoted himself to lit. work.

ben-ieguda
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БЕН-ИЕГУДА (наст. фам. Перельман) Элиэзер (1858, Лужки Виленской губ. – 1922, Иерусалим), филолог, педагог, журналист, обществ. деятель. Пионер возрождения иврита в кач-ве разг. яз. Р. в семье любавичского хасида, к-рый умер, когда Б.-И. было 5 лет. В 13-летнем возрасте был отправлен в иешиву в Полоцк. Гл. иешивы, тайный сторонник светского образования, познакомил его с произв. светской лит-ры на древнеевр. яз. Выучив рус. яз., Б.-И. поступил в реальную г-зию в Динабурге, к-рую окончил в 1877.Борьба балканских народов за освобождение от Турции и связанная с этим рус.-тур. война 1877—78 зародили в Б.-И. идею возможности возрождения евр. народа на его ист. родине. Он решил поселиться в Э.-И. и в 1878 отправился в Париж изучать медицину, чтобы приобрести профессию, к-рая дала бы ему возможность зарабатывать на жизнь в стране предков. Учась в Париже, Б.-И. опубл. в 1879 в газ. П.Смоленскина «Га-шахар» ст. «Жгучий вопрос», в к-рой впервые сформулировал идею созд. в Э.-И. духовного центра для всего евр. народа. Важнейшим элементом возрождения евр. народа Б.-И. считал возрождение иврита в качестве яз. повседневного общения. Ст. была подписана пс. Бен-Иехуда. Заболев в том же году туберкулезом, Б.-И. принял решение ускорить свой переезд в Э.-И. и с этой целью оставил изучение медицины, поступив в учит. семинарию Альянса. С 1881 в Э.-И. По приезде сменил свою первонач. фам. на Б.-И. Семья Б.-И. была первым евр. домом в Э.-И., где говорили на иврите, а его ст. сын Бен-Цион (позднее изв. как Итамар Бен-Ави) – первым носителем иврита как родного яз. спустя более тыс. лет после прекращения разг. функции этого языка.В качестве произносительной нормы иврита как разг. яз. Б.-И. принял произношение евреев-сефардов, т.к. ашкеназское произношение ассоциировалось у Б.-И. с существованием евреев в галуте, и поэтому оно не было для него приемлемо в качестве произносит. нормы иврита как родного яз. евр. народа, возрождающегося на своей родине. В 1882—85 Б.…

ben-ieguda barukh
has abstract: BEN-JEHUDA Baruch (1894, Mariampol, Suwalki province - 1990, Israel), teacher, society. activist. From 1911 in E.-I. He founded the first in E.-I. an ulpan for Hebrew study, Hebrew literature and the history of Zionism. In 1924 he graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Brussels University. After returning to E.-I. taught, was a deer. g-zii "Herzliya" in Tel Aviv. In 1927, with the participation of B., the first youth movement was organized. schools "Hugim" (known later as "Mahanot Olim"). He founded the Council of Teachers under Heb. nat. foundation. In 1948-51 gen. dir. Ministry of Education and Culture of Israel. Among the book. B. "Toldot ha-tiyonut" ("History of Zionism", 1943); Ta'amey ga-mikra le-oatei sefer (Biblical stories for the school, 1968); "Kol ga-hinuh ga-tiyoni" ("Voice of the Zionist, Education", 1955) and others. pr. Israel for activities in the region. education (1979).

ben-ieguda khemda
has abstract: BEN-JEHUDA Hemda (1872, Moscow - 1951, Israel), writer, translator. Wife and sotr. E.Ben-Yehuda Ben-Yehuda. After graduating from the university, she entered the Higher. wives courses on dep. natures. sciences. After the death of his art. sisters, the first wife of Ben-Yehuda, married him and moved to Jerusalem. Far from all Hebrews until then, B.-I. under the influence of her husband, she became imbued with his ideals and studied Hebrew, in which she wrote and spoke beautifully. B.-I. helped. in his lit. activities, publ. in his periodic. ed. per. and orig. stories in Hebrew. Wrote a piece. for the youth. Did a lot to prepare the publication of scientific. or T. heritage B.-I.

ben-moshe mikhaelj
has abstract: BEN-MOSHE Michael (b. 1911, Linevo Pruzhansky u. Grodno province), poet. Since 1913 - in the South. Africa. Graduated from the University of Witwatersrand (1938). Master of Arts (1940). He taught Heb. history, Hebrew and Hebrew literature at the teachers' seminary of Rabbi IL Zlotnik in Johannesburg. He was engaged in journalism. Member ed. the Juish Daily Press College (1940–43); Ju-ish Herald (1940–43); member ed. Collegiums "Drome Africa" ​​(1955-61); active figure in Heb. culture. Author of poems in Hebrew, publ. in Kaunas in 1934; poems in Yiddish, publ. in Johannesburg in 1938; book: "Oppiss", 1949; Ig Tog Voss Fargate, 1952.

ben-porat
has abstract: BEN-PORAT (Shainson) Miriam (b. 1918, Vitebsk), lawyer. In 1935 she graduated from the city of Kaunas. In E.-I. from 1936. Graduated from the law school in Jerusalem (1942). State inspector and representative at dep. complaints from the Ministry of Justice; deputy. prev. Top. ships (1983–88); from 1988 - State. controller. In 1964–78 - prof. Heb. un-ta (Jerusalem). The author of the book. on legal issues.

ben-tsvi
has abstract: BEN-TSVI (Shimshilevich) Itskhak (1884, Poltava - 1963, Tel Aviv), politician. He studied at the cheder, then at the gymnasium. In 1904 he first visited E.-I. In 1906 - one of the participants will establish, conf. Poaley Zion in Poltava. In the same year, the police found B.-Ts. weapons intended for units of Heb. self-defense, and arrested the entire family of B.-Ts. B.-Ts. managed to escape to Vilna. From 1907 - in E.-I., where he continues to engage in Zionist activities: he was a delegate to the 8th Zionist Congress, one of the founders of the Hashomer organization and the magazine "Akhdut". In 1915 he was exiled to Egypt, from where he left for the USA, where, together with D. Ben-Gurion, he founded the organization Ge-Halutz. In 1918 he joined Heb. legion of the British army, as part of which arrived in E.-I. During the Arab riots of 1920, 1921 and 1929 - in the ranks of Gagana. B.-Ts. - one of the founders of the party Akhdut ha-Avoda. In 1920 he was elected to the Secretariat of the Histadrut and became a member. Vaada Le-umi, pre. to-rogo became in 1931, and since 1945 - dep. Knesset 1 and 2 (1949, 1951) convocations. In 1952 he was elected president of the state of Israel, to-rum remained until his death (re-elected in 1957 and 1962). Except polit. activities engaged in research. work dedicated. east Heb. communities, history of Samaritans, Karaites, as well as Heb. population E.-I. B.-Ts. founded and headed (1948) the Institute of Hebrew Research. communities on Bl. East, bearing his name since 1952.

ben-tsvi zeev
has abstract: BEN-ZVI Zeev (1904, Ryki Garvolinsky u. Sedletskaya province. - 1952, Jerusalem), sculptor. In E.-I. from 1924. Studied at the Academy of Arts in Warsaw (1921) and at the Bezalel Academy under B. Schatz, where after the reorganization in 1935 he taught sculpture. The most famous are: portraits of Kh. N. Bialik, B. Shats, A. Meskin and others, the sculpture "The Scream" (1940), a monument to the children who died in the Holocaust (1947, kibbutz Mishmar ha-Emek). State pr. Israel (art, t-r and music) for creative. activity awarded posthumously in the year of establishment (1953).

ben-yakob itskhak-ayzik
has abstract: BEN-JAKOB Yitzhak-Aizik (1801, Remigola, Vilna province - 1863, Vilna), writer, bibliographer. Received a tradition. religious education. In addition to studying the Talmud, he also studied Hebrews. grammar and it. lang. Several for years he lived in Riga, where he was engaged in trade, then moved to Leipzig. Here in 1842 he published a collection of epigrams and poems. and Art. on stylistics and theory of poetry. In 1844 publ. the first scientific. work on the problems of Heb. grammar and lexicography. B.'s further activity was eating. research on the history of Heb. literature and bibliography and scientific-critical. ed. outstanding works Wed-century Heb. writing. Returning to Vilna in 1848, B. (with the poet A. Lebenson) published a 17-volume edition. Bibles in it. per. (1848-53), but Heb. font with commentaries of the Mendelsonian school and own. commentaries on changes and corrections to the biblical text. This is ed. played an important role in the history of education grew up. Jewishness, giving the opportunity to study it. lang. In 1862 B. publ. appeal to scientists, offering to start publishing ser. famous Hebrews. book. of serious importance for the Hebrews. science and culture. He devoted most of his life to compiling a bibliography of literature in Hebrew. His tr. "Otsar ha-Sfarim", where lists of approx. 8480 manuscripts and 6500 kn., Published before 1863 with a description of their content, were published in Vilna in 1880.

bendas david
has abstract: BENDAS David (1896, Belsk, Grodno province - 1953, Kiev), prose writer, playwright. R. in the teacher's family. In 1929 he graduated from East. Faculty of Kiev in-that nar. education. He worked as a teacher in schools. He published stories and critics. Art. in periodic. ed. From 1935 to 1948 he was scientific. sotr. Institute (Cabinet) Heb. culture at the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Author of collection of stories "Di drunk shpilt" ("The piano is playing"), 1938; Freydike Yorn (Happy Years), 1938; "Derceilungen un noveln" ("Stories and short stories"), 1940, etc.

bender
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БЕНДЕР (до 1538 и в 1918—40 — Тугун, Тигина; в 1538—1918 и 1940—91 — Бендеры), город, районный центр (Республика Молдова). Изв. с 13 в. До кон. 18 в. — турецкая крепость на терр. Молд. кн-ва. С 1812 — в составе Рос. империи, уездный город Бессарабской обл., с 1873 — губ. В 1918—40 — в составе Румынии, в 1940—91 — МССР.В 1847 в Б. проживало 553 еврейские семьи, в 1857 — 3923 еврея, в 1861 — 4612, в 1897 — 10 654 (33,5%), в 1910 — 19 937 (34,5%), в кон. 1920-х гг. — 12 329, в 1930 — 8294 (26,5%), в 1959 — 5986, в 1989 — 4595 евреев.Первые сведения о пребывании евреев в Б. датируются 1769. В 1770 построена синагога. Имелись 2 еврейских кладбища (старое, близ крепости, и новое). В нач. 19 в. раввином в Б. был Ицхок Рабинович. В 1814 в Б. поселился Арье-Лейб Вертхайм (?—1854), ставший первым хасидским цадиком в Бессарабии и положивший начало династии, представителями к-рой были Шимон-Шлойме (?—1864), Ицхок (?—1911), Шимон-Шлойме (1865—1925), Йосеф (1882—1946), Арон (?—1988). А.-Л.Вертхайм основал хевру кадишу.В 19 в. еврейское население Б. росло гл. обр. за счет притока евреев из др. регионов. Осн. занятия — портняжный промысел и торговля. В 1861 в Б. — 5 синагог, с 1884 действовала еврейская больница, осн. местным предпринимателем Ицхоком Нисенбоймом. При больнице были поликлиника, аптека, дом престарелых. С 1904 действовало об-во пособия бедным евреям, в 1916 существовало Т-во любителей еврейской драмы под рук. реж. А.М.Хина. В 1910 в Б. имелись 11 синагог, касса взаимопомощи при ссудо-сберегат. т-ве, 2 талмуд-торы (одна — частная, объединяла 4 хедера со 150 уч-ся, вторая — общественная, с ремесленным классом, 100 уч-ся), 20 хедеров, 2 частных жен. и 1 муж. уч-ще. Сумма коробочного сбора составляла 9—9,5 тыс. руб. В 1910 в Б. действовала сионистская группа «Халуцей Цион» (25—30 чл.), к-рую возглавляли совладельцы еврейской типографии и книжного магазина «Мысль» З.Н.Гиленко и Д.А.Натанзон. В 1917 открылась еврейская больница для больных …

bender iosif genrikhovich
has abstract: BENDER Joseph Genrikhovich (1900, Shirvinty Vilensky district and province - 1941, Leningrad), historian, Ph.D. ist. Sciences (1938). R. in the family of an artisan. Graduated from Faculty of East languages ​​of Leningrad State University (1925). In 1931–41 scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of works on the ancient history of the Jews. He died of dystrophy during the blockade of Leningrad. Cit .: Azaria de Rossi (1513–1578), L., 1938; On the issue of dividing the sources of the Book of Genesis, in collection: Notes of the College of Orientalists, vol. 3, L., 1928; Catalog Heb. books (published before 1892) libraries of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in the collection: Library of Fridlandiana, v. 8, M.-L., 1936.

bender moris v.
has abstract: BENDER Maurice V. (b. 1905, Uman), neurologist and psychiatrist. Dr. honey. Sciences, prof. In the USA since 1914. Bachelor of Science (University of Pennsylvania, 1927). He worked in various clinics, hospitals and labs. practical a neuropathologist and psychiatrist, as well as an assistant teacher. Since 1942 - head. lab. experiment, neurology. Since 1946 - Assoc., Then Director. neurological. services of the hospital "Mount Sinai", as well as the clinic of New York University. Since 1951 - director. neurological. hospital "Bellevue". At the same time. during these years he was a consultant in the hospital North. coast, Long Island Heb. hospital, etc. Since 1935, he conducted research. work in the field of neuropsychology and neuropsychiatry. Fellow pl. och. scholarships (Abramson, J. Masi Youth Foundation, Cerebral Palsy Foundation, National Research Council of Amer. Veterans Management, etc.).

bendery
has abstract: BENDERS, see Bender.

bendik aleksandr isakievich
has abstract: BENDIK Alexander Isakievich (1903, Moscow - 1978, ibid.), Orientalist, bibliographer, economist, diplomat. R. in the family of an employee. In 1920–22 in Kr. Army, citizen war. Graduated from Dipl. and econ. branch of the Middle East. Faculty of Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies (1928). In 1924–32 and 1943–47, an employee of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs (USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs), in 1924–25 and 1927–30 he worked in Iran. In 1932–41 the staff of Ch. Directorate for Literature. In 1941–43 deputy. dir. Vses. book chamber. In 1947-49 and 1955-57 the head. Department of Publishing House of Foreign lit-ry. In 1949–55 he was imprisoned. In 1957–68 scientific. sotr., head. library of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1968 head. department of INION. Member Committee on Asian libraries of the Association of Asian Researchers (London, since 1967). Author approx. 40 scientific and bibliographic. and scientific information. works, comp. and ed. the annual reference book "Literature about the countries of Asia, Africa and Oceania", etc., otl. ed. book SD Milliband “Bibliographic. dictionary of owls. orientalists "(M., 1977); a number of works by B. on the library supply of the orientalist. research (in co-authorship with V.S. Grivnin), publ. in English. Cit .: Guide to the library of the Institute of Oriental Studies: (Instruction to the reader), M., 1970.

bendin
has abstract: BENDIN, see Benzin.

bendkov
has abstract: BENDKOV, see Bendkow.

bendkuv
has abstract: BENDKUW, a city (from the 15th century) in the Piotrkow Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Bendkov of Brezinsky u. In 1827, 67 Jews (9%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1857 - 248 (41%), in 1897 - 241 (38.5%), in 1921 - 228 Jews (33%). Jews settled in B . in the beginning. 18th century They were engaged in small trade and handicrafts, maintained inns. In the spring of 1942 a ghetto was created in Byelorussia, in which there were approx. 300 Jews. The ghetto was liquidated in Sept. 1942.

bendzin
has abstract: BENDZIN, a city in the Katowice Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Vozn. in the 13th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Krakow environs. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the county town of Bendin, Petrokovskaya gubernia. 446 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1765, 250 in 1787, 2440 in 1856, 10,839 in 1897, and 21,625 Jews (45.4%) in 1931. lived in B. from the beginning. 17th century In 1789 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. Between 1823 and 1862 B. was closed for free settlement of Jews as a border area. paragraph. In the 19th century. main the occupation of the Jews of B. was trade and the manufacture of clothing. Since the 1890s. B.'s rabbi was Izhor-Berish Grubart (1847—?). In 1910, the society of rendering honey operated in B. aid to poor Jews, in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. m-in. In the beginning. 20th century among the Jews it meant. number of factories workers. 4 Sept. 1939 Byelorussia was occupied by parts of the Germans. army. 8 Sep 1939 approx. 200 Jews were burned in the synagogue. May - Aug. 1942 thousands of B. Jews were sent to Auschwitz. In Jan. 1943 a ghetto was created in a suburb of B. In the ghetto, there was a Resistance organization associated with the Jewish underground in Warsaw. 1 aug. The liquidation of the B. ghetto began in 1943, during which the Jews put up active resistance. In B. genus: Ya.-M. Khazani; Yehoshua Praver (1917-1990), historian, ch. ed. "Encyclopedias of Hebrew", State. Israel Ave (1969); Misha Troyanov (Moishe Troyanovsky) (1906-1942), poet (in Yiddish).

benenson evsey isaakovich
has abstract: BENENSON Evsey Isaakovich (b. 1923), specialist in the region. turbine engineering. He graduated in 1947 Moscow. energetic in-t. In 1941-42 he served in the Kr. Army. In 1942–43 he worked at the construction site. Since 1947 - at the Ural turbomotor plant, led a group of design bureaus of the plant, took part in the development of the design, the development of serial production and in the introduction of the heating plant into the industry and power engineering. steam turbine Т – 100–130. Linen. pr. (1966) .Soch :: Heating steam turbines, 2nd ed., Moscow, 1986 (with L.S. Ioffe).

beniaminov aleksandr davidovich
has abstract: BENIAMINOV Alexander Davidovich (1904, Grozny - 1992, New York), actor. R. in the family of a small artisan. Theater, activity began in self-children. collective in Kislovodsk. On a Komsomol ticket he was sent to Moscow, in 1923 he entered GITIS, from which in 1926 he went to the "Blue Blouse", showing himself as a born eccentric, capable of improvisation, buffoonery, grotesque and external transformation. In 1927 he joined the Leningrad troupe. t-ra satire, where, along with participation in satire. He played the roles of Chubchik ("The Harmful Element" by V.V.Shkvarkin, 1927), Abram ("The Square of the Circle" by V.P. Kataev, 1928), Sanka ("Republic on Wheels" by Ya.A. Mamontov, 1928). In 1929 he moved to the Experiment, a workshop at Leningrad. music hall under. hands. N.P. Akimov, and then to Leningrad. a music hall, where he played the roles of Polydor ("Heavenly Swallows" by F. Erve, 1933), Skameikin ("Under the Dome of the Circus" by I. Ilf and E. Petrov, 1936). In 1937 he was invited by Akimov to the Leningrad Theater under his leadership. td comedy; his first role was Sir Peter Teasel (R. Sheridan's School of Scandal, 1937). The images created by B. in the pre-war period - Mushet ("Monday at 8" by J. Kaufman and E. Ferber, 1938), Malvolio ("Twelfth Night" by W. Shakespeare, 1938), Minister of Finance ("Shadow" by E. Schwartz, 1940) - became naib, hence, the achievements of the actor. Critics noted that the role of Mushet laid the foundation for the images of the so-called. little person. During the war years 1941–45 B. headed. front-line t-rum of miniatures. After the war he returned to the Comedy Theater and successfully played such roles as Sinichkin (Lev Gurych Sinichkin by D.T. Lensky, 1945), Hardy (Russian Question by K.M. Simonov, 1947), Moscatel (S love does not joke "P. Calderon, 1949), Dandanake (" The Lost Letter "by J.L. Karadzhale, 1952), Blamange (" Pompadours and Pompadours "after M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin, 1954), Prince (" Uncle's Dream "After F…

beniv
has abstract: BENIV, see Zolochivka.

bennet solomon yom tov
has abstract: BENNETH Solomon Yom Tov (1761, Polotsk - 1838, Bristol), writer, printmaker. In 1792 he went to study in Copenhagen. Three years later he moved to Berlin, where he became famous as a copper engraver, engraved portraits of King Frederick the Great and his wife, and was admitted to the Royal Academy. However, because of the oppression that Jews were subjected to in Prussia, in 1799 he moved to London, and then to Bristol. He wrote in English. lang. and Hebrew. In 1809 op. B. "The Firmness of Israel" (in English), which was the answer to the "Epistle to Heb. nation "Lord Crawford, who, referring to certain interpretations of the Bible, offered the Jews to accept Christ. B. sharply criticized the missionary aspirations of the Lord. In 1812 he published in English. lang. book "Scattered Israel", where he briefly described the history of Jews and Judaism, as well as the position of Jews in the West. Europe and Russia. In particular, he gives interesting information about the Belarusian deputation. Jews to the imp. Catherine II with a complaint about the actions of the general-lips. Passek, and achieved a charter on the equalization of Jews in rights with other population. Peru B. belongs to polemic., Theology, and explanatory work on biblical topics, including "Discourse on the Sacrifice" (1815), "Temple of Ezekiel" (1824), "Dead Sea" (1824) and others. B. began preparation of a new English. per. Bible, of which I finished only the first two parts ("Genesis" 1–41), ed. in 1841.

bennett archi
has abstract: BENNETT Archie (Aaron Baer) (1891, Malech of Pruzhansky district of Grodno province - 1980), societies, activist and publicist. The child was taken by his parents to Canada. He was a co-owner of the CD. estates and builds. firms in Kingston (Ontario). In 1912 he edited the gas. "Canadian Juish Times" (Montreal), at the same time began to write in Yiddish. Member of the circle of young Jews. intellectuals grouped around R. Brainin. In 1914 sotr. gas. "Der Veg" then settled in Toronto. Was a delegate to the 1st Canadian Heb. Congress in Montreal (1919), participated in the development of a bill on the rights of nat. minorities. In 1922 he reorganized the structure of the Zionist movement in Ontario. Since 1922 sotr. gas. "Canadian Juish Review". One of the founders of the Menorah Society at the University of Toronto. In 1922–24 he was an adviser for Jewish affairs. students of this university. In 1933–34 he headed the work on the reorganization of the Canadian Hebrew. Congress. During the 2nd world. war president center. region of Ontario, participated in the organization of assistance to refugees, established intercommunal ties. From ser. 1940s fast. sotr. gas. Juish Standard.

bentov
has abstract: BENTOV (Gutgeld) Mordechai (b. 1900, Grodisk Blonsky district. Warsaw province. - 1985, Israel), polit. and state. activist. From 1920 in E.-I., he worked on the construction of roads and drainage of swamps. Graduated from the State. jurid. courses (Jerusalem), later became a member. kibbutza Mishmar ha-Emek, one of the leaders of the Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair movement, later the Mapam party. Member Centre. organs of Histadrut and Zionist. movement. Participant Heb. delegation at the Round Table Conference on the Problem of the Future E.-I. (1939). In 1947, member. Polit. to-that, representing Heb. agency at the UN. In 1943–48 ed. gas. Mapam Daily and Al ha-Mishmar. In 1948 min. labor and restore. works in Time. pr-ve Israel. In 1949-65 dep. Knesset from the Mapam party. In 1955–61 min. econom. development, in 1966-69 - min. lived. page-va. Author of articles on the problems of economics and politics and the book. "Constitution. Development of Palestine "(1941)," The Road to Binational Independence of Palestine "(1947; Ave. Mapam Party)," Israeli Economy at a Crossroads "(1965).

benyakoni
has abstract: BENYAKONI, a village in the Voronovsky district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lidskoe u. Grodno, from 1842 - Vilna province. In the spring of 1942 all the remaining Jews of Byelorussia (204 people) were resettled to Voronovo, and there on May 11, 1942, they were shot together with local Jews.

berdichev
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БЕРДИЧЕВ, город, районный центр в Житомирской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 15 в. как с. Бердичиково. В 16—18 вв. — в Брацлавском воеводстве в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 — в составе Рос. империи, в Волынской губ., в 1844—45 — местечко Махновского у. Киевской губ., с 1845 — уездный город Киевской губ.В 1765 в Б. проживало 1220 евреев, в 1775 — 788, в 1784 — 1319, в 1789 — 1951, в 1798 — 4820, в 1856 — 49 944, в 1860 — 50 399 (92,6%), в 1892 — 59 541, в 1896 — 52 579, в 1897 — 41 617 (80%), в 1910 — 57 209 (77%), в 1920 — 29 778, в 1923 — 28 384, в 1926 — 30 812 (55,6%), в 1939 — 23 266, в 1959 — ок. 6300 (11,8%), в 1970 — ок. 5700 (8%), в 1979 — 4637 (5,8%), в 1989 — 3512 евреев (3,9%).Первое упом. о евреях Б. датировано 1593. К нач. 18 в. создан кагал. В 18 в. община Б. — одна из крупнейших и влиятельных общин (так наз. Волынский Иерусалим). В 1765 король Речи Посполитой Станислав Август Понятовский учредил в Б. 3 ежегодные ярмарки, что привлекало сюда большое количество купцов (уже тогда евреи составляли большинство населения Б.). В 18 в. получили широкую известность раввины Б. Иекутиель-Залман (?—1761), Мойше-Авром бен Иехиель-Михель (?—1760), Элиэзер Либер (?—1771), Иосиф Гальперин (Иосиф Хариф). К 1785 Б. приобрел статус одного из центров хасидизма на Украине, раввином Б. стал Леви-Ицхок из Бердичева. С 1798 в Б. действовала еврейская типография, с нач. 19 в. Б. являлся центром еврейского книгопечатания на Украине и в России.С 1812 в Б. селились многочисл. евреи-ремесленники. До сер. 19 в. Б. — крупнейший ярмарочный и торг. центр Украины, где одноврем. развивались фабричная пром-сть и ремесла, действовали крупные еврейские фирмы (Манзон, Ефрусси, Моисей Исаакович Горвиц, Леон и Израиль Френкели, Трахтенберг и др.), в нач. 1850-х гг. имелось 8 еврейских банкирских домов. Во время Крымской войны 1853—56 купцу Горвицу и банкиру И.Гальперину была объявлена высочайшая благодарность за оказание благотворительной помощи армии. Во 2-й пол.…

berdichevskiy leonid afanasjevich
has abstract: BERDICHEVSKY Leonid Afanasevich (1908, Uman, Kiev province - 1944, Jelgava), Hero of the Sov. Union (1945, see). Since 1930 - in Kr. Army. In 1933 he graduated from the Kharkov armored tank. uch-shche. Com. tank. companies during the Polish campaign of 1939 and during the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939–40. Deputy com. tank. regiment, lieutenant colonel. B. died in battle in a burning tank.

berdichevskiy mark naumovich
has abstract: BERDICHEVSKY Mark Naumovich (b. 1923, Kiev), geophysicist, one of the founders of the fatherlands. deep geoelectrics. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1967). In 1949 he graduated from the Geological and Soil Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1949–69 he worked at Vses. n.-i. in-those geophiz. exploration methods of the USSR Ministry of Geology. Since 1969 prof. Department of Geophysics. methods of research. earth crust geologist. Faculty of Moscow State University. the work is related to the issues of exploration and deep geophysics. Developed methods for digital processing of magnetotellurgic. and magnetovariats. observations, geol. interpretation of curves e-magn. sounding in conditions of inhomogeneous media. Developed the method of global frequency sensing. Developed a methodical. main pestilence. geoelectrics. Proposed new methods of magn.-variaz. providing hydromagnet. surveys, as well as the spectral method of interpretation of e-magn. fields generated by the MHD source. Compiled a map of the electrical conductivity of the earth's crust on the territory. USSR, Cit .: Electric. intelligence by tellurgic method. currents, M., 1960; Magnetic-tellurgic technique profiling, M., 1966; Deep geoelectrics in the ocean, M., 1989 (in co-authorship); Magn.-tellurgic. sounding of horizontally homogeneous media, M., 1992 (with V.I.Dmitriev).

berdichevskiy mikha-iosif
has abstract: BERDICHEVSKY Micha-Joseph (ps. Bin-Gorion) (1865, Medzhibozh of Letichevsky u. Podolsk province. - 1921, Berlin), prose writer, publicist, thinker. R. in the family of a rabbi. Received a Heb. religious education. He lived in Odessa. In 1890 he left for Germany, where he studied for two years in Breslau at the rabbinical seminary and at un-those. He studied in Berlin, Bern and again in Berlin. Then he lived in Breslau (1906–11) and in Berlin (from 1911). He began to write in Hebrew and it. lang., then in Yiddish. He made his debut with treatments of Heb. bunk bed fairy tales. As a thinker B. was worried about the confrontation of new ideas and traditions. Judaism. In his works, he criticized the limitations of the ideas of Haskala and the foundations of the ideology of Ahad ha-Ama and Hovevei Zion. Published in different. periodic. ed. in Hebrew, calling for a reassessment of the values ​​of Judaism and Heb. history, to aesthetic. openness thin. lit-ry in Hebrew. Collected and processed Heb. bunk bed legends, studied Heb. history. B. belongs to a number of studies. and an essay dedicated. Judaism and Christ. During one of the pogroms in Russia after the 1st World. B. B.'s father was killed during the war - the author of more than 150 stories in Hebrew, pl. short stories in Yiddish, in which he described the life of Heb. township Vost. Europe in the last. decades of the 19th century and the life of Jewish students in Europe. He acted as a critic. Naib. Izv. manuf. B. - “Heb. notes of a distant relative ”(1902-06), Hasidic stories in Nar. style, rum. Miriam, completed shortly before his death. B. is one of the most prominent representatives of Hebrew literature, who embodied a painfully ambivalent attitude towards the tradition. Judaism and Heb. culture. The collection was published in Hebrew. op. in 20 volumes. (1921-25), collection. op. in Yiddish Yiddish Ksovim (1924). In 1947, the "House of Mikha-Joseph Berdichevsky" was opened in Israel.

berdichikovo
has abstract: BERDICHIKOVO, see Berdichev.

berdinovo
has abstract: BERDINOVO, see Berdynovo.

berdsk
has abstract: BERDSK, a city (since 1944) in the Novosibirsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in the beginning. 18th century like the Berdsky prison. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Berdskoe Altai env. Tomsk Province. In 1939, 32 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

berdskiy ostrog
has abstract: BERDSKY OSTROG, see Berdsk.

berdskoe
has abstract: BERDSKOE, see Berdsk.

berdyanka
has abstract: BERDYANKA, see Berdynovo.

berdyansk
has abstract: BERDYANSK (in 1827-30 - Kutur-Ogly, in 1830-42 - Novo-Nogaysk, in 1939-58 - Osipenko), a city (since 1841), a regional center in the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1827. At 19 - early. 20th century - the district town of the Tavricheskaya province. From 1920 - in Aleksandrovskaya (Zaporozhye), from 1922 - in Yekaterinoslavskaya gubernia, from 1925 - in the Mariupol region, from 1932 - in Dnepropetrovsk region, from 1939 - in Zaporozhye region. 162 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1857, and in 1863 - 760 Jews and 190 Karaites, in 1864 - 703 Jews, in 1867 - 330 Jews and 141 Karaites, in 1889 - 1653 Jews and 243 Karaites, in 1897 - 3048 Jews and 258 Karaites, in 1910 - 2833 Jews (8.3%) , in 1914 - 3940 Jews and 297 Karaites, in 1923 - 2112 Jews, in 1926 - 2138 (8.1%), in 1939 - 2393, in 1970 - 675 (0.7%), in 1989 - 431 Jews (0 , 3%). occupation of Jews in 19 - early. 20th century - clothing manufacturing and trade. In 1857 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia, and in 1863 a synagogue and a kinassa. In 1860 a Talmud Torah was opened in Burma, and in 1864, the beginning of the 20th century. Jewish school, in 1882 - a private Jewish school. In 1896 a handicraft department was formed under the Talmud-Tora. In 1909 there were 1 husbands in B. and 2 wives. private schools, Talmud-Torah with evening classes for girls and Sunday readings. In 1916, a mixed Jewish school (270 students), a cheder, and hearths operated in Byelorussia; there were 2 synagogues. Societies. gabab kinassa in the 1910s. was Ilya Iosifovich Turshu (1859-1920). In 1914 two pharmacies in Byelorussia belonged to Jews. In 1917, a regional Bund committee and the Poalei Zion organization operated in Byelorussia; it was published every month. zhurn. "Towards the East" of the Berdyansk Zionist organization of the "Histadrut" study (ed. By MI Glazman). In 1921, a branch of the Evsection was organized in Bulgaria. In 1920 the cinema was closed, while its property was seized and sold, including 5 Torah scrolls, …

berdynovo
has abstract: BERDYNOVO, a village in the Shiryaevsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1859 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Berdinovo (other names. Volnaya, Berdyanka) in Tiraspol u. Kherson lips. In 1920-41 - in Tsebrikovsky district. Odessa province, from 1923 - in the Odessa env., From 1932 - region. In 1929-37 - Berdyniv Jewish nat. In 1859, 338 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1885 - 394, in 1895 - 179, in 1916 - 338, in 1924 - 446, in 1931 - 329 Jews. immigrants from Volyn and Podolia. In the beginning. 20th century in B. there were a synagogue, a cheder, early. school. During the 1st world. and Grazhd. Of the wars, part of the x-in went bankrupt. In 1922, with the help of the ARA, a free canteen was opened for 54 starving children. In 1929 a collective farm named after V. "50th anniversary of Stalin", whose achievements in sheep and horse breeding were demonstrated at the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition in Moscow. 1941 43 Jews were shot B. In B. the school building is preserved. Terr. Jewish cemetery is built up. I. M. Shaikin

beregomet
has abstract: BEREGOMET, an urban-type settlement (since 1963) in the Vyzhnytskyi district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 16th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, Jews constituted 10.8% of the population of Byelorussia, in 1916 - 13.8%, and in 1930 - 10%. In 1939, 120 Jews (12%) lived in B. The first Jews in B. were apparently from Moldovans. book-va. In the 17th century. in B. there was a Jewish community, a synagogue and a cemetery. The Jews of B. were adherents of Vizhnitsa Hasidism. Main occupations - pottery, logging and timber trade. In 1869 a new Jewish cemetery was opened. In the end. 19th century in B. there were 2 synagogues, 2 mikvahs, 3 heders, 2 Talmud-Torahs, the Tomkhe Zion Society, a philanthropist. about. In 1919–20, a Hebrew-teaching school operated. In 1878-1925 Menachem-Alter Dakhner was the rabbi in Byelorussia, and from 1925-41 his son Pinchas-Yosef. In the 1920s and 30s. most of the Jews of Byelorussia were members of Mizrahi; the youth organization Bnei-Akiva and Ga-Noar ha-Tsioni operated. In 1941-43 it means. part of the Jews of B. was exterminated. In 1944, several. families who survived in the camps of Transnistria returned to B. In 1945, B. was attacked by Ukrainian partisans. 5 Jews were killed, all Jewish houses and 2 synagogues were burned. The surviving 3 families moved to Chernivtsi.S.D. Abramovich, Yu.G. Tkachev

beregovo
has abstract: BEREGOVO, city (since 1946), a regional center in the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 11th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 9427 Jews lived in Byelorussia; in 1959, approx. 1000 (3.7%), in 1970 - approx. 1000 (3.7%), in 1979 - approx. 300 Jews (1%). Apr In 1944 all the Jews of Byelorussia (about 9 thousand people) were gathered in a ghetto, and a month later they were taken to Auschwitz, where most of them were exterminated. In 1947 a synagogue was opened in Byelorussia (Stalin Street, 7), by a rabbi was HK Adler (1911—?). On ordinary days, 50 people gathered in the synagogue, on holidays - 200-300 people. In 1951 before. Jewish religion. about-va was Schwartz. In 1999, approx. 100 Jews.

beregovskiy moisey yakovlevich
has abstract: BEREGOVSKY Moisey Yakovlevich (1892, Termakhovka, Kiev province. - 1961, Kiev), musicologist, folklorist. The son of Melamed. In 1905 he came to Kiev, where he studied as an external student in the city. In 1920 he graduated from the Kiev cons. by class comp. B.L. Yavorsky, studied also playing the cello. In 1922–24 he trained in Petrograd under M.O.Steinberg. In the 20s and 30s. was the organizer and participant of pl. folklore expeditions in Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, recorded in Heb., Ukrainian, Belarusian. and other people. songs. In 1927–50 he worked in the decomp. institutions of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, in which he studied Heb. folklore, including in charge of the Cabinet of Muses. folklore Ying-that Heb. span. culture. In 1937–41 and 1944–48 he was in charge of the Cabinet of Muses. ethnography and sound recording Kiev. cons. read a course of muses. folklore in historical and theoretical. f-those. In 1937–47 - scientific. sotr. Ying language. and literature, head. folklore section of the Cabinet of Hebrews. culture. B. - consistent, tireless research. bunk bed music, especially Hebrew., its passionate propagandist. During the 1941–45 war he lived in Ufa, worked on Bashkir folklore. Prepared for publication several. thousand samples of Heb. melodies, making up a five-volume tr. “Heb. muses. folklore". During his lifetime, only the first volume was published (1934). In 1948 the Cabinet of Ethnography was disbanded, and in 1950 B. was repressed. He returned from exile in 1956. Among his tr. - “Heb. instr. music "(1937)," Heb. owls. bunk bed song "(1940) and others. In 1987, the publishing house" Sov. composer ”released isl. B. “Heb. bunk bed instr. music".

berenblyum isaak
has abstract: BERENBLUM Isaak (Yitzhak) (b. 1903, Bialystok, Grodno province), pathologist, oncologist. Doctor of Medicine (1930). Since 1914 in England. Graduated from un-t in Leeds (1923). In 1936-48 he worked at the Department of Pathology at Oxford University, headed the Oxford Research. center for the fight against cancer, in 1948-50 - in the National. in-those cancer in Bethesda (USA), since 1950 - in Israel, in Scientific research. in-those them. H. Weizmann in Rehovot, where he organized and headed the department of experiment, biology; since 1971 Prof. Osn. scientific. tr. B. after eating, various problems of oncology. In 1954 he formulated the theory of the two-phase mechanism of oncogenesis (the origin of tumors). According to her, the 1st phase (initiation) is the emergence as a result of mutation of a tumor cell from a normal somatic one; 2nd phase (promotion) - tumor development under the influence of additional so-called. co-carcinogenic factors. He also owns tr .: "Scientific version of cancer" (1946), "Man against cancer" (1952), "Research on cancer today" (1967), etc. B. - one of the founders of experimental oncology. Chl. scientific. council Int. research agency cancer (1965–68), before. Israel Society of Cancer Control, Chl. Israeli nat. NA, New York NA, Amer. Association of Cancer Researchers (1969).

berenshteyn leonid efimovich
has abstract: BERENSHTEIN Leonid Efimovich (b. 1921, Shpikov of Bratslavsky u. Podolsk province), member of partisans. movement 1941-45. He graduated from the military. uch-shche. In 1941 - leit., Early. headquarters of the machine-gun battalion. In the fall of 1941, he was taken prisoner as wounded and escaped twice. In the end. 1941 in the Smilyansky district of the Cherkasy region. created an underground group, which joined the partisans in the spring of 1942. detachment of Dubovoy. From the spring of 1943 to the beginning. intelligence, then early. partisan headquarters. detachment. Since the fall of 1943 com. partisas. detachment them. Pozharsky (about 1.4 thousand fighters), with whom he acted on the territory. Cherkasy and Kirovograd regions In May 1944, at the head of gr. partisan is abandoned on the territory. South Poland, formed a partisan. detachment, with to-eye in August. 1944 crossed the passes of the Carpathians to Slovakia, participated in the nat. antifash. restore Detachment B. (partisan nickname "Volodya Vasiliev") destroyed on the territory. Ukraine, Poland and Slovakia 42 railways echelon of the enemy (of them personally B. blew up 8), several. railroad and shos. bridges. Poch. citizen of Smila (Ukraine), 3 cities in Poland and 2 cities in Czechoslovakia. He graduated from law in absentia. Faculty of Kiev un-that, headed a number of consumer services enterprises. In 1991–93, deputy. prev. about-va "Ukraine-Israel". Since 1993 - in Israel. B. load. 3 orders USSR, ord. Poland and Czechoslovakia), Vol .: Through the black swamp, Moscow, 1983 (with V. Kondratenko).

berenson bernard
has abstract: BERENSON Bernard (1865, near Vilna - 1959, |), art critic. R. in the family of one of the leaders of Heb. communities. Since 1875 in the USA. Studied at Boston Latin School and under finance. With the support of the collector I.S. Gardner, he entered Harvard University, after graduating from which he went to London, Oxford, Berlin, and then to Italy. In 1907, the beginning. his long-term friendship with the English. trader manuf. Art by D. Davin. B. made a fortune by providing Davin's paintings with B.'s passports. - documents certifying their authenticity. By purchasing an old villa of approx. Florence, placed there art treasures and a huge library. B. created a number of works on the art of the Renaissance: "The Venetian Artists of the Renaissance" (1894), "Study and criticism of Italian. Isk-va ”(vols. 1–3, 1901, 1902 and 1916),“ Ital. painting of the Renaissance "(1932) and others, in which he not only destroyed certain stereotypes, but re-discovered forgotten masters, whose production. attributed more iz. Authors B. had a difficult relationship with Judaism. In his younger years, he wrote Art. in Heb. themes and did not deny that he was Jewish. However, even in his youth he became a member. Episcopal Church, and later - Catholic. As an American citizen, he was not hurt by the anti-Semite, the laws in Italy before and after the domination of the Nazis, but fearing for the fate of his treasures, he left Italy in 1942 before the arrival of the Germans. His autobiography. publications reflected fluctuations between the feeling of Heb. nat. pride and harsh condemnation of Heb. people. After the formation of the State of Israel, he abandoned anti-Zionist views. He bequeathed his villa with all the treasures to Harvard University.

berenson leon
has abstract: BERENSON Leon (1885, Warsaw - 1943, ibid.), Lawyer and diplomat. From 1905 he was engaged in advocacy in Warsaw. In 1905-10 he acted as a defender in the polit. processes (including in the case of the Combat Organization of the PPS), in 1907 - 10 members. Associations of defenders in polit. business (Warsaw). Since 1914, member. Civil Party equality, supported the idea of ​​assimilation of Jews through the creation of a system of Heb. secular education. Since 1916, member. Warsaw mountains. advice from this party. After the revival of the Polish state (1918), he served in the Ministry of Justice, participated in the creation. new court. systems. 1920-23 Counselor at the US Embassy. Upon returning to Poland, he again practiced advocacy, was a defender in the trials of polit. business. One of the initiators of the campaign for amnesty for political prisoners and against the fascization of the punitive system. He was one of the leading representatives of the Polish Democratic Party. advocacy. The author of the book. “From the death chamber: Memoirs of a defender in polit. business "(1929). He died in the Warsaw ghetto.

berenzon ruvim berkovich
has abstract: BERENZON Ruvim Berkovich (Robert Borisovich) (1899, Brest district of Grodno province - 1986, Minsk), one of the hands. partisan movement in Belarus. From the family of an artisan stonemason. He studied at the cheder, graduated from the Brest mountains. real school, worked for railway. From Aug. 1920 in Cr. Army, from Nov. - political instructor of the company. During the offensive of the Kr. Army on Warsaw temporarily replaced the deceased commissar of the 64th regiment of the 8th rifleman. divisions. After the end of military political courses (1923) he was sent to the 16th frontier detachment Pogran. troops of the OGPU USSR. Since 1924 - pom. commandant of the 12th border detachment for polit. parts; May 1924 - Nov. 1927 - Resp. sec. party bureau of the 15th border. detachment. Graduated from the Higher. border school OGPU in Moscow (1929), in 1929-30 inspector of the political department of the Office of Belarus, border. district, in 1931–32 - pom. commander of the 14th frontier. detachment on polit. parts, Art. district political department inspector. From 1932 he headed the 1st department. Of the Political Department of the Border Administration troops of the NKVD BSSR. From Feb 1937 Art. instructor of the political department of the NKVD troops of the Volga region (Kuibyshev), soon arrested on charges of espionage and counterrev. activities. In the end. 1938 released and reinstated. In Jan. 1939 dismissed, returned to Belarus, worked as manager of Belorus, the office of "Metizsbyt" in Minsk. From June 1941, deputy. early of the political department of the 49th rifleman. divisions. Since Aug. 1941 he served in reconnaissance, as part of a special detachment he was thrown into the rear of the enemy, participated in sabotage and combat activities, established contact with the Minsk underground regional committee of the CP (b) B. From the spring of 1942 to June 1943, deputy, then the beginning. special department of the headquarters of the Minsk-Polessky partisan…

bereslavka
has abstract: BERESLAVKA, a village in the Bobrinets district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Durilov farm in Elizavetgradsky district Kherson province. 1941 30 Jews were killed in B.

berestechko
has abstract: BERESTECHKO, a city (since 1940) in the Gorokhovsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Lutsk district of the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dubensky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship, a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1577, approx. 50 Jews, in 1648 - 1050, in 1765 - 632, in 1778 - 586, in 1784 - 536, in 1787 - 569, in 1847 - 1927, in 1863 - 1394, in 1897 - 2251 (45.5%), in 1921 - 1975 (35%), in 1931 - 2210 (35%), in 1937 - 2625 Jews (35%). Jews lived in B. from the middle. 16th century During the "Khmelnytsky" era, approx. 200 Jewish families, only 12 Jewish houses survived. In the beginning. 18th century Shaul ben Yakov was the rabbi in Byelorussia; in the 1750s and 60s. - Eliezer Lipman, at the beginning. 19th century - Chaim-Mordhe Margaliot (? -1818). In the end. 18th century the entire population of the town, except for 5 people, became extinct from the plague. All R. 19th century in B. there were 4 synagogues, including 2 Hasidic (Ulik and Trisk). In 1881-1937, Moishe-Leib Klivaner was the rabbi in Byelorussia, and Nachman Zwagiler was the rabbi of the Ulik Hasidim. In 1901, B. had a Jewish husband. Uch-shche I. Kagan, almshouse, Jewish library. The Bund organization and several youth Zionist organizations, including "Ziona" (from 1906) and "Bnos Zion". In 1917 a self-defense detachment was organized in Byelorussia, in the same year a Zionist club was opened, and in 1918 a school with teaching in Hebrew (from the beginning of the 1920s it was included in the "Tarbut"). One of the first teachers at the school was I. Lamdan. All R. 1930s 75% of Burma's trade was concentrated in the hands of Jews, to whom most of the workshops also belonged: 28 out of 30 tailors and 18 out of 19 furriers were Jews. The Jewish National Bank was opened in 1930. Several yea…

berestetskiy vladimir borisovich
has abstract: BERESTETSKY Vladimir Borisovich (1913, Kharkov - 1977, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1949). In 1932 he worked as an optical-mechanical engineer. plant in Leningrad, at the same time. studied at the workers' faculty, to-ry finished within a year. In 1933 he entered the Leningrad State University. Polytechnic Institute, in-t, graduated from it in 1937. In 1937–41 and in 1945–46 he worked in Leningrad. physical and technical in-those. In 1941–45 he worked in defense. s-de (senior engineer, deputy chief designer). Since 1946 in Moscow in the lab. 2 of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics) under I.Ya. Pomeranchuk, after whose death (1966) he headed the theoretical. dep. Prof. (from 1956) Mosk. physical and technical in-ta.Osn. scientific. research on nuclear physics, quantum electrodynamics and the theory of elementary particles. Together with M.P. Bronshtein, he gave a quantum interpretation of the macroscopic parameters of optics based on the theory of atomic radiation. Research the shape of beta spectra in the case of forbidden transitions. Introduced spherical vectors and spinors - mat. apparatus built on the basis of properties of representations of a group of rotations; the method developed by him forms the basis of the theory of multipole radiation. Joint. with LD Landau received waves, the equation for the electron - positron system taking into account the exchange interaction, iss. the fine structure of positronium and the Zeeman effect for this system. Proved to fund. for physics elem, particles theorem about the opposite int. the parities of the fermion and antifermion. Research slowing down of neutrons in matter. Joint. with I.Ya. Pomeranchuk calculated the cross section of its process, which provides an effective test of quantum electrodynamics. Research asymptotic behavior of cross sections for strong interactions of high-energy particles, the structure of baryons, etc. Author approx. 15…

berestje
has abstract: Birch, see Brest.

berestjya
has abstract: Birch, see Birch.

berestov
has abstract: BERESTOV, see Berezdov.

berestovets
has abstract: BERESTOVETS, a village in the Uman district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Beretovets Umansky u. Kiev province. In 1917 and 1919 Jewish pogroms took place in Byelorussia.

berestovoe
has abstract: BERESTOVOE, a village in the Berdyansk region of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Berdyansk u. Tavricheskaya Gubernia. In 1910, 97 Jews lived in Byelorussia, a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery functioned. In 1914 there was a Bromberg pharmacy in Byelorussia.

berestya
has abstract: BERESTYA, a village in Novoselitsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Berestya Khotinsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–39 it was a part of Romania, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, 7 Jews were killed in Byelorussia.

berestyagi
has abstract: BERESTYAGI, a village in the Gaivoronsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Gaisinsky u. Podolsk province. 20 Feb. 1942 7 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.

beretovets
has abstract: BERETOVETS, see Berestovets.

bereza
has abstract: BEREZA, city (since 1940), regional center in the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Brest Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kartuzskaya Bereza (other name. Kartuz-Bereza) of Pruzhansky u. Grodno province. In 1920-39 - in the Polesie Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1766 242 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1847 - 515, in 1878 - 1113 (44.5%), in 1897 - 2623 (42%), in 1921 - 2163, in 1924 - 2618, in 1928 - 2743 Jews. About Jews B. belongs to 1662. In 1680 the owner of the borough led. hetman led. Prince of Lithuania Leon Sapega allowed building a synagogue in B. Sapega and his descendants did a lot to attract Jews to Bulgaria. In 1839–49, I.-E.Spektor was the rabbi in B., then Aron-Yosef Fainzilber and Benjamin-Dovid Levin. In 1881–94, the head of the rabbinical court in Byelorussia was Eliyahu Klyachkin (1852—?); From 1895, Yakov-Moishe Osherovich (1868—?) And Klyachkin's brother, Yeshua-Mordkhe, were rabbis in the 1900s. the state rabbi was Y. Klyachkin, the son of E. Klyachkin. In the end. 19th century In B. there were 6 synagogues (of which one was Slonim Hasidim). 20th century active Zionist activity was carried on in Byelorussia. In 1917, a school with teaching in Yiddish was opened; Jewish parties and organizations. In the 1920s. the mayor and vice-mayor of B. were Jews. In the 1920s and 30s. the rabbis of B. were Troop and Vygodsky, who died during the Holocaust. At the same time in Byelorussia there was a school of the Tarbut network. June 23, 1941 Germ. troops entered B. On June 26, one of the synagogues was burned. The Judenrat and the Jewish police were created. 28 Aug 1941 in Byelorussia approx. 100 Jews. In the beginning. On July 1942, 2 ghettos were created, one of which also contained Jews from the surrounding villages. In the second ghetto, an underground resistance group operated, some members of which…

berezanj
has abstract: BEREZAN, a city (since 1981) in the Baryshevsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1616.Since 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Velikaya Berezan Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava province. In 1926, 126 Jews lived in the Berezansk region. In 1919, a pogrom took place in Byelorussia. 1941 in B. was shot several. Jews.

berezanka
has abstract: BEREZANKA (before 1914 - Alexanderfeld, in 1914-23 - Suvorovo), an urban-type settlement (since 1966), a regional center in the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1876. In 19 - early. 20th century - from. Tiligulo-Berezanka Odessa u. Kherson province. In 1926, 223 Jews lived in the Berezansky district, in 1939 there were 41 Jews in B. In 1919, a pogrom took place in B. by units of the Volunteer Army. 1941 more than 30 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.

berezayka
has abstract: BEREZAYKA, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Bologovsky district of the Tver region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Valdai u. Novgorod province. In 1939, 13 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

berezdov
has abstract: BEREZDOV, a village in the Slavutsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Lutsk district of the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Berezdovo (other name. Berestov) Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1765, 205 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1778 - 56, in 1784 - 71, in 1787 - 87, in 1847 - 774, in 1897 - 1319 (49.1%), in 1939 - 778 Jews. In 1765 there were 49 Jewish houses in Byelorussia, in 1784 - 33, in 1787 - 29. 19th century The rabbi in Byelorussia was Avrom Stepansky, and from 1880 his son Chaim Stepansky (1854 -?). 10 Aug. 1941 152 Jews were shot in Byelorussia. The remaining Jews were resettled to Slavuta, where they were shot on June 26, 1942.

berezdovo
has abstract: BEREZDOVO, see Berezdov.

berezdovtsy
has abstract: BEREZDOVTSY, a village in the Nikolaev district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Lvov Voivodeship, a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 440 Jews lived in Byelorussia. 1942 the Jewish population of Byelorussia was taken to the Belzec extermination camp.

berezhany
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БЕРЕЖАНЫ, город (с 1530), районный центр в Тернопольской обл. (Украина). Осн. в 1375. В 19 — нач. 20 в. — в провинции Галиция в составе Австро-Венгрии. В 1919—39 — в Тарнопольском воеводстве в составе Польши, в 1939—91 — в составе УССР.В 1563 в Б. проживало 5 еврейских семей, в 1670 — ок. 100 (20%), в 1764 — 1297 евреев, в 1870 — 3347 (37,5%), в 1875 — 4021 (43%), в 1880 — 4712 (43%), в 1890 — 4695 (42%), в 1900 — 4395 (38,5%), в 1910 — 4582 (36%), в 1921 — 3582 (35,5%), в 1931 — 3670 евреев.Евреи были среди основателей Б. В сер. 18 в. евреи владели всеми магазинами на центр. площади, занимались оптовой торговлей и ростовщичеством, вели крупную торговлю с.-х. продукцией с Гданьском и скотом с Силезией, принимали участие в больших ярмарках в Польше.С 1638 в Б. существовала самостоятельная еврейская община. Тогда же построена первая синагога. В 1718 на ее месте была возведена новая. Ок. синагоги были построены миква и больница. Первым раввином в Б. был Мордехай Га-Коэн (?—1630), затем — Иегуда Коген и раби Мойше (позднее — гл. раввин Львова). В 1670-х гг. раввинами были Цви-Гирш (позднее — гл. раввин Дрогобыча), в 1690—1700 — Ицхок Краковер, в 1700—1840 — члены семьи Гальпериных.В 1822 40 еврейских семей Б. занимались с. х-вом. Во 2-й пол. 19 в. богатые евреи Б. начали скупать землю и к кон. века владели 12% всех пахотных земель и 20% лесных угодий. В 1820-х гг. в Б. было 17 крупных торговцев-евреев, к-рым принадлежали торг. дома. В 1901 было создано объединение евреев-ремесленников. Нек-рые евреи занимались извозом. В нач. 20 в. в Б. работали 12 адвокатов-евреев (из 14), 2 врача, неск. преподавателей гимназии и гос. чиновники. С 1874 зам. мэра Б. традиционно избирался еврей. В 1908 ЕКО открыло в Б. кассу взаимного кредита.С 1843 раввином Б. стал Шлоймо Клугер, «маггид из Брод», в 1865—70 — Ицхок Шмелькис, с 1870 — Шойлом-Мордехай Швадрон («Магаршам») (?—1911), считавшийся одним из крупнейших религ. авторитетов того времени.В 1850-х гг…

berezhnitsa
has abstract: BEREZHNITSA, a village in Dubrovitsky district of Rivne region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1629. In the 17th and 18th centuries. - in the Lutsk district of the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Berezhnitsa (other name. Bereznitsa) Lutsk u. Volyn province. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 286 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1778 - 87, in 1784 - 155, in 1787 - 206, in 1847 - 1157, in 1897 - 2160 ( 72.9%), in 1921 - 1327 (54.5%), in 1946 - 45 Jews. Jews began to settle in Byelorussia in the beginning. 17th century Main classes - logging, picking mushrooms and production of agricultural. products. In 1648 the Jewish population of Byelorussia suffered from raids by the detachments of B.M. Khmelnitsky; approx. 100 Jews. 5 Jewish houses remained in B. In 1765 there were 64 Jewish houses in Byelorussia, in 1784 - 65, in 1787 - 68. In the end. 19th century four synagogues operated in B.; B. Jews were in the main. Stolin and Trisk Hasidim. In 1896, Yoel Shurin founded a yeshiva in B., which had 70 students. 1 Sep 1915 all Jews were evicted from B. The eviction was accompanied by a pogrom, organized by local residents excited by the preaching of the priest. During the pogrom, 23 people were killed. In Feb. 1919 a pogrom took place in Byelorussia, during which the property of the Jewish population was plundered. the rabbis in B. were Moishe Bakun and Moishe Naiditsch. 1920s in B. a school was opened with teaching in Hebrew. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. July 1941 germ. troops entered B. On the trail. day by local residents a pogrom was organized. The Judenrat was established and a ghetto was created. 26 Aug 1942 in the ghetto, approx. 1 thousand people and sent to Sarny. Half of the Jews were shot on the way 17 km from B.

berezhnitsy
has abstract: Berezhnitsa, see Berezhnitsa.

berezin efim iosifovich
has abstract: BEREZIN Efim Iosifovich (b. 1919, Odessa), variety artist. In 1941 he graduated from the Kiev Theater. Institute, where, together with Yu.T. Timoshenko, he held conferences at the institute evenings. The first program is “Let's not be”. In 1941-45 - to the front. theater - in the image of the cook Galkin. In the future, he played a monter inclined to rhetoric, performed in the images of masks of the Policeman, Illuminator, Plug. The heroes of B. were usually characterized by features of reasoning. Jokes, miniatures, interludes of Tymoshenko and B. (Tarapunka and Shtepsel) went beyond the confines of the entertainer and became independent program numbers. In the 50s and 60s. participated in the "Twenty with the Hook" program. He acted in films. Nar. art. Ukrainian SSR (1960). Since 1990 - in Israel.

berezin feliks aleksandrovich
has abstract: BEREZIN Felix Alexandrovich (1931, Moscow - 1980), mathematician. Graduated from Moscow State University (1953). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1966). He worked at Moscow State University (1956-1980). Main results are related to func. analysis, theory of group representations, mat. physics. Important works on representations of semisimple Lie groups, quantization of physical. systems. Of particular importance is his contribution to supermathematics - a generalization of the classical. analysis for systems with anticommuting variables. Certain concepts bear his name: for example, the Jacobian in superanalysis is called the Beresian. Died in a boat trip to the D. Vostok. Works: Introduction to algebra and analysis with anticommuting variables, Moscow, 1983; Schrödinger's equation, Moscow, 1983 (with M.A. Shubin); Secondary Quantization Method, M., 1986.

berezino
has abstract: BEREZINO, an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Tarutinsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1816. At 19 - early. 20th century - colony of Akkerman u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 125 Jews lived in Byelorussia. June - early. July 1941 b. including the Jews of Byelorussia was evacuated; those who remained in the fall of 1941 were deported to Transnistria.

berezino lyuboshanskoe
has abstract: BEREZINO LYUBOSHANSKOE, see. Berezino, Minsk region.

berezinskiy vadim ljvovich
has abstract: BEREZINSKY Vadim Lvovich (1935, Kiev - 1980, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1959). In 1959–60 and 1963–77 he worked at the Teplopribor Research Institute. In 1960-63, a postgraduate student at Moscow. engineer-phys. in-that. At the same time. in 1963-68 he taught at Moscow. textile institute. Since 1977 ml. scientific. sotr. Ying-that theoretical. Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (transferred to the position of senior scientific worker a month before his death). B.'s contribution to the theoretical. physicist is inadequate to his posts and titles. Despite his bright talent and fasting, theoretical studies. physics, the first work publ. at 35. His name is mainly associated with solving the problem of the theory of phase transitions in two-dimensional systems and the theory of localization in disordered one-dimensional semiconductors, but his range of interests is unusually wide - hydrodynamics, physics of TV. bodies, physics of low temperature, physics of elementary particles, theory of gravity; he managed to solve a number of problems related to overcoming means, mat. difficulties. He was the first to show that a liquid helium film has superfluidity at low temperature pax. Explained the nature of pl. phenomena in two-dimensional crystals and magnets and showed that in systems with transverse rigidity correlations slowly decrease with increasing temperature, which determines the properties of a new low-temperature phase (Berezinsky phase). Research the role of vortices and dislocations in this phase.

berezkin girsh solomonovich
has abstract: BEREZKIN Girsh Solomonovich (1918, Mogilev - 1982, Minsk), critic, literary critic. Studied in lit. f-those of Minsk ped. in-that. Began publishing in 1935. He wrote in Yiddish and Belarusian. lang. The first art. - about the work of E. Fininberg, G. Shvedik and other writers - published in the end. 30s in f. "Stern" and "October". From 1938 he worked as head. dep. critics in ed. Belarusian. g. "Flame of the revolution" and gas. "Liter and Art". In 1940 he was arrested. After his release he went to the front. After demobilization he returned to Minsk. Author of books critical. Art. "Poetry of Truth" (1958) - about the work of the Belarusian. writers, Three Poets (1982), Art. about Heb. poets in f. "Sovetish gameland".

berezna
has abstract: BEREZNA, see Berezno.

bereznegovatoe
has abstract: BEREZNEGOVATOE, urban-type settlement (since 1956), a regional center in the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1780s. In the 1820s. received the status of posad Ros. admiralty. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kherson u. Kherson lips. In 1923-30 - the regional center of Kherson, then Nikolaev okr., In 1932-91 - Odessa and Nikolaev regions. In 1910, 380 Jews (4.4%) lived in Byelorussia, 350 in 1923, 1141 in 1931, and 271 Jews in 1939. Jews began to settle in Byelorussia in the second half. 19th century From 1876 to 1886 Gershen Zalmanovich Pinsker was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In 1912 a 2-storey synagogue was built. In 1918, a pogrom took place in Byelorussia, organized by units of the Directory's troops, and in 1919 by units of the Volunteer Army. Assistance in the restoration of B. after the Civil. wars were provided by ARA and the Joint. Material assistance to the B. community was provided by J.-I. Schneerson. In 1927 the Jewish handicraftsmen of Byelorussia united in the prom. artel "Zagalna Pratsya" ("General Labor") for the manufacture and repair of footwear and garments. The synagogue was closed in 1928. 14 Sept. 1941 112 Jews were shot in Byelorussia. The Ukrainian police took part in the execution. In 1956 in the territory. B. Nagartavsky Jewish nat was included. village council - former. Jewish agriculturalists colonies of Big Nagartav and Small Nagartav. In the 1990s. in B. lived several. Jewish families. The building of the synagogue has survived, a cut is used as a warehouse for the village. technicians I. M. Shaikin

berezniki
has abstract: BEREZNIKI (until 1933 - Usolye-Solikamskoe), a city (from 1932) in the Perm region. (Russian Federation). In 1939, 212 Jews (0.3%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1970 - 417 Jews (0.3%). S.A. Brushtein.

bereznitsa
has abstract: Bereznitsa, see Berezhnitsa.

berezno
has abstract: BEREZNO, urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Lutsk district as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Berezna (other name. Bereznoe), Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 267 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1778 - 79, in 1784 - 105, in 1787 - 172, in 1847 - 1283. in 1897 - 2765 (68.1%), in 1900 - 2171 (53.8%), in 1921 - 2372 (58%) in 1931 - approx. 3200 Jews. Jews lived in B. from the middle. 16th century During the "Khmelnytsky" era, approx. 50 Jews. In the 18th century. there was a kagal in B. In 1764 there were 48 Jewish houses in Byelorussia, in 1784 - 29, in 1787 - 37. In 1809, at the invitation of a local landowner, a representative of the Slonim Hasidic dynasty, Ichiel-Mikhl Pechnik (? -1848), moved to Byelorussia, which laid the foundation for the Berezna dynasty. ... In 1848-65 the dynasty was headed by the son of Ychiel-Mikhla Yitzhok (? -1865), in 1865-69 - the son of Yitzhok Yosef (? -1869), in 1869-1917 - the son of Yosef Avrom-Shmuel (1852-1917), in 1917-19 39 - the son of Avrom-Shmuel Yitzhok (? -1939), ex. at the same time. Rabbi B., in 1939-42 - the son of Yitzkhok Ichiel-Mikhl (? -1942). In 1863 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. In the beginning. 20th century Nohum-Ruven Gutman founded a Zionist organization and a cheder with teaching in Hebrew in B. During the years of Civil. During the war, a detachment of Jewish self-defense operated in Byelorussia. In the 1920s. Jews in B. owned 3 mills and 2 sawmills. In the 1930s. a private bank Drakler was opened, in 1928 - schools of the network "Tarbut" and "Yavne". In the beginning. 1930s in B. there was a school teaching in Yiddish. All R. 1930 Joint an attempt was made to open a school in B. with prof. orientation. At the same t…

bereznoe
has abstract: BEREZNOE, see Berezno.

bereznyaki
has abstract: BEREZNYAKI, a village in the Smelyansky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Cherkassky u. Kiev province. During the Holocaust in Byelorussia, several were shot. Jews.

bereznyy lev abramovich
has abstract: BEREZNY Lev Abramovich (b. 1915, Zhitomir), orientalist, historian. Dr. East Sciences (1969), prof. (1971). Graduated from East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1941). Since 1949 teacher, since 1953 Assoc. east Faculty of Leningrad State University. He served in the army (1941–46). The author of St. 100 scientific. works on the history and historiography of China, in the main. 19th - 20th centuries. Cit .: US policy in China during the revolution 1924-27, L., 1956; The beginning of colonial expansion in China in the present. amer. historiography, M., 1972.

berezov
has abstract: BEREZOV, see Berezovo, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug.

berezov efim ljvovich
has abstract: BEREZOV Efim Lvovich (1895, Vinnitsa - 1958, Gorky), surgeon. In 1919 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Saratov University. Father Yu.E. Berezov. In 1919–21 he served in Kr. Army. In 1921–24 he was a resident surgeon. clinics of the 1st Moscow. un-that. Since 1924 assistant, then assistant professor of surgery. clinics of Saratov University. In 1930 prof. Department of Surgery, Astrakhan med. in-that. From 1937 to the end of his life the head. Department of Faculty Surgery, Gorky Med. in-that. From 1941 to 1952 Ch. surgeon of the Gorky VO. activities of the main. paid attention to the problems of the surgeon. treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and heart. He developed a number of original operations for gastric cancer, and also determined the indications and proposed tactics for the treatment of gastroduodenal bleeding. B. belongs to the priority in the USSR in the implementation of surgery. treatment for chronic. coronary insufficiency. He also dealt with blood transfusion issues; on his initiative, the Gorky branch Center, the Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion was created. Elected deputy. prev. Vseros. about-va surgeons. Cit .: On the functions of the spleen, M., 1925; Diseases of the operated stomach and their treatment, Gorky, 1940; Surgery of the esophagus and cardia of the stomach in cancer, Gorky, 1951; Extended and combined resections of the stomach for cancer, M., 1957.

berezov yuliy efimovich
has abstract: BEREZOV Yuliy Efimovich (1921, Moscow - 1980, ibid.), Surgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1957), prof. (1963). Son of E.L. Berezov. In 1943 he graduated from the Gorky honey. Institute and until 1945 as a doctor was at the front. In 1945-50 - assistant surgeon. clinics of Gorky honey. in-that. In 1950-55 Ch. surgeon Med. dep. Ministry of Health of the USSR. In 1955-56 he was a doctoral student at the faculty clinic of the 2nd Moscow. honey. in-that. In 1957–58 Assoc. Ukr. in-that improvement of doctors (Kharkov). In 1958 he created and until 1964 headed the surgeon. dep. Ying-that thoracic surgery (now Ying-t of cardiovascular surgery named after A.N. Bakulev). From 1964 to the end of his life - head. Department of General Surgery 2nd Moscow. honey. in-ta.Osn. directions of activity - development of problems of surgical treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, great vessels, anesthesiology and resuscitation. B. was one of the first in the country who began to carry out surgical interventions for tumors of the esophagus and the cardiac part of the stomach. Contributed to the introduction of the surgeon. practice endoscopic. Methods. Vol .: Cancer of the cardiac department. stomach: Clinic and surgeon. treatment, M., 1960; Surgery of the esophagus, M., 1965; Surgery of stomach cancer, M., 1976; Esophageal cancer, M., 1979.

berezovatka
has abstract: BEREZOVATKA (until 1945 - Izrailevka), a village in the Ustinovsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in 1807 by settlers from the Chernigov province. as a Jewish farmer. the colony. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Elizavetgrad u. Kherson lips. In 1920-23 - in the Odessa province, in 1923-30 - in the Ustinovsky district of the Elizavetgradsky district, in 1930-37 - in the Odessa and then in the Nikolaev region, since 1939 - in the Kirovograd region. In 1810 685 Jews lived in Byelorussia , in 1837 - 739, in 1860 - 887, in 1896 - 1275, in 1897 - 1387 (93%), in 1916 - 1136, in 1924 - 1674, in 1926 - 1704, in 1931 - 558 Jews. - one of the first four Jewish colonies of Novorossiya. In the 1830s and 40s. The rabbi in Byelorussia was the Lubavitcher Hasid Gilel Malisov of Parichi (1795-1864). Main occupation of the Jews of B., except with. x-va, - craft. craft (masons, carpenters, blacksmiths, shoemakers, tailors). There was a synagogue, heders. In 1902, a one-class Jewish school was opened (from 1909 - 2-class). In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Byelorussia. m-in. During the years of Civil. During the war, the population of Byelorussia suffered from pogroms and looting. ARA and Joint provided assistance in the restoration of B. In the 1920s. the village council and consumer cooperation were in operation. In 1925-28, t-va were created on the joint. tillage. The new equipment was supplied by KOMZET and Joint. In 1929-30 he was an individual. kh-va united in the collective farm "Der Noye veg" ("New Way"). Until 1938, an incomplete Wed. Jewish school with agricultural office. The synagogue was closed in 1928. Between 1932 and 1933 famine broke out in Byelorussia. In 1941, the Jewish population of Byelorussia was St. 400 people After the occupation, 338 Jews were shot in Byelorussia. 12 people were saved.

berezovaya rudka
has abstract: BEREZOVA RUDKA, a village in the Pyriatinsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1717. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Pyriatinsky u. Poltava province. On May 18, 1942, 21 Jews were shot in B.R. In 1946, a memorial sign was installed on the mass grave of the executed.

berezovichi
has abstract: BEREZOVICHI (until 1964 - Parshevichi), a village in the Pinsk district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, the village of Pinsky u. Minsk Province. 69 Jews (10.9%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897, 58 in 1921, and in the 1930s. - OK. 100 Jews. Most of the Jews of Byelorussia were Stolin Hasidim. In July 1942, a ghetto was created for the Jews of Byelorussia and surrounding villages (303 people). On Sept. 1942 ghetto prisoners were shot. Fifty Jews fled, hiding with the help of Baptist peasants. In 1998, several were living in Byelorussia. Jews.

berezovka
has abstract: BEREZOVKA, a village in the Talalaevsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Priluksky u. Poltava province. In the 1920s. - regional center. In 1926, 42 Jews did not live in the Berezovsky district. 1941 - early. 1942 in B., 3 remaining Jews were killed. J. Kravitsky.

berezovo
has abstract: BEREZOVO, urban-type settlement (since 1954), a regional center in the Khanty-Mansiysk auth. env. Tyumen region (Russian Federation). Main in 1593 as a fortress of Berezov. Since 1782 - the district town of the Tobolsk governorship, then - the province. From 1926 it was a rural settlement of the Ural Region. In 1910, 30 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1939 - 12 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia.

berezovoe
has abstract: BEREZOVOE, see Berezovo.

berezovskiy
has abstract: BEREZOVSKY, a city (since 1938) in the Sverdlovsk Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1748. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Yekaterinburg u. Perm Gubernia. In 1910, four Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1939 - 32 Jews. In 1999, several Jews lived in Byelorussia. Jews.

berezovskiy boris abramovich
has abstract: BEREZOVSKY Boris Abramovich (b. 1946, Moscow), mathematician, businessman Ch. USSR Academy of Sciences (1991), Doctor of Phys.-Math. sciences. In 1967 he graduated from the Moscow Forestry Institute. 1968-87 - engineer, junior. and Art. scientific. sotr. a number of Moscow research institutes. Since 1987 - head. lab. Institute of Management Problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Engaged in modeling theory. Author of many scientific works in the region. applied mat. and control theory. One of the founders (1990) and head of LOGOVAZ - the main official dealer of the world's largest auto companies (Volvo, General Motors, Honda) in Russia. B. - founder of the Triumph charitable foundation, which awards an annual prize to cultural figures. Cit .: Binary relations in multi-criteria optimization, M., 1981; Best Choice Problem, M., 1984.

berezovskiy efim matveevich
has abstract: BEREZOVSKY Efim Matveyevich (b. 1913, Savran, Kherson province), Hero of the Sov. Union (1944). In 1935–38 - in Kr. Army. In 1941 he graduated from Moscow. railroad technical College. From 1941 - in the army. Com. art. batteries, Art. leith. Awarded the title of Hero of Owls. Union for battles when crossing the Dnieper. In 1949 he graduated from Leningrad. in-t Ing. railroad transport.

berg lev semenovich
has abstract: BERG Lev Semenovich (Simonovich) (1876, Bendery, Bessarabian province, - 1950, Leningrad), physical geographer and biologist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1946, ch.-k. 1928). In 1898 he graduated from Moscow. un-t. In 1904-13, the zoologist Zoologich. Museum of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. In 1914-18 prof. ichthyology Mosk. s.-kh. in-that. Since 1916 prof. department of physical. geography Petrograd. un-that. B. one of the organizers (1918) Geogr. Institute, transformed in 1925 into geogr. Faculty of Leningrad un-that, where until the end of his life he headed the department of physical. geography. In 1922–34 the head. dep. applied ichthyology Ying-that experimental agrochemistry. In 1918-30 the head. lake department State hydrological in-that. Since 1934 head. lab. fossil fish in Zoologich. in-those. In 1940-50 prez. Geogr. about-va of the USSR. B. developed the doctrine of landscapes and developed the doctrine of V.V. Dokuchaev about natural zones. He explored the lakes Balkhash, Issyk-Kul, Sevan, Ladoga, Baikal, Kokchetav lakes in the North. Kazakhstan, as well as the Caspian Sea B. - Author of works on climatology, paleoclimatology, lakes science, history of geography, ichthyology. Named B. named: volcano on about. Urup, a peak in the Pamirs, a cape on Severnaya Zemlya, glaciers in the Pamirs and Dzhungarskiy Alatau, his name was included in the Latin names of more than 60 species of animals and plants. Honored. active science of the RSFSR (1934). Steel, pr. (1951). Cit .: Fav. tr., t. 1–5, M., 1956–62.

berg mikhail yurjevich
has abstract: BERG Mikhail Yurievich (b. 1952, Leningrad), prose writer, critic. Graduated. Leningrad. Aviation Institute instrumentation (1975). He did not work in his specialty. Founder (1988) and hands. Association "New Literature", ed.-ed. "Bulletin of new literature" - well., Reflecting in the main. avant-garde tech. in modern lit-re and, in the first. turn, postmodernism. B. speaks with the theoretical. Art. on the problems of postmodernism in literature, understood as a general cultural phenomenon of revision of all and all values. Reprinted in different periodic. ed. As a prose writer he has been published abroad since 1980, in Russia since 1989, including under the ps. F. Erskin, I. Severin and others. B. is a vivid example of the prose of postmodernism, based on parody-play reflection, the object of which is literary, historical, cultural reminiscences, myths, and clichés. Author of rum. "The Eternal Jew" (1980, publ. 1989), "Rope Ladder" (1980, publ. 1983), "Between the Lines ..." (1982, publ. 1991), "Ros and I" (1986, publ. 1990 ), "The Last Novel" (1992), etc.

bergeljson david rafailovich
has abstract: BERGELSON David Rafailovich (1884, Okhrimovo, Kiev province - 1952), prose writer, playwright, publicist. In 1901 he moved to Kiev, in 1903 - to Odessa, then in 1904 - to Warsaw. I was engaged in self-education. Lit. activity began in rus. lang. and Hebrew. He made his debut in Yiddish in 1909. "Arum station" ("Around the station"), which was highly appreciated by critics. During these years B. publishes pov. "Der Toyber" ("Deaf", 1910), "In a Fargrebter shtot" ("In a coarse city"), rom. Noh Alemen (After Everything, 1913). After the revolution of 1917, B. took an active part in the creation of the Sov. Heb. lit-ry, publishes rum. "In fartunklte zait" ("In darkened times"), stories. Also acts with criticism. Art. and essays, eating, problems of new poetry and prose. In 1921, B. left Russia and settled in Berlin, traveled to Romania, France, USA, ed. children lit.-thin. g. "Ying shpan". In 1929, B. returned to the USSR and settled in Moscow. In 1932, the publishing house "Der Emes" published the first. hours of his epics from the life of the Jews of Ukraine early. 20th century - rum. "Bam Dnepr" ("On the Dnepr"). In the beginning. 30s B. repeatedly visited Birobidzhan, and in 1934 publ. cycle of stories about the first. builders Heb. JSC. In pl. owls. Heb. t-t-rakh performances are staged based on his production. In the years of the 2nd world. B.'s war is a member. Heb. antifash. to-that, chl. editorial board gas. "Einikite", and in 1947-48 alm. "Geimland". In 1949 he was arrested. Shot.

bergeljson lev davydovich
has abstract: BERGELSON Lev Davidovich (b. 1918, Gaisin, Podolsk province), organic chemist and biochemist. Son of D.R.Bergelson. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1968). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1941). In 1941–46 - in Kr. Army. Until 1958 he worked at Ying-those organic. Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1958 - at the Institute of Chemistry of Natural Compounds (from 1974 - Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry) of the USSR Academy of Sciences (in 1960–86 - head of laboratory, since 1986 - chief scientific worker). Prof. (1964). Main research dedicated chemistry of physiologically active compounds. Received (1960-62, jointly with MM Shemyakin) by oxidative cyclization of a number of di-, tri- and tetraacetylene esters, a large number, respectively. ketones. Found (1961, jointly with M.M. Shemyakin) ways of directed stereoregulation of the Wittig reaction. Using this method, he synthesized cisvaccene (1961), linoleic (1962), octadecatrienoic (1964) acids. Studied the structure and functions of biol. membranes. He showed (1964) that in seeds of plants, fats of mammals, fish, microorganisms, along with triglycerides, esters of higher are contained. fatty acids and decomp. glycols. Conducted a series of studies on stereochemistry and conformations. analysis of compounds aliphatic. and alicyclic. rows, according to chem. natural lipid technology. State pr. USSR (1985). Cit .: Membranes, molecules, cells, M., 1982; Liposomes and their interaction with cells, M., 1986 (with LB Margolis).

berger-barzilay yosef
has abstract: BERGER-BARZILAY Yosef (real name and surname - Isaak Zhelyaznik) (1904, Krakow - 1978, Israel), political scientist and Sovietologist. From 1920 he took part in the youth movement "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair" and left for E.-I. In 1922 one of the founders of the illegal. Communist Party of Palestine, elected its secretary. (under the fam. Barzilai). In 1924 he visited the USSR, met with the leadership of the Executive Committee of the Comintern. Upon returning to E.-I. participated in the creation of the communist. org-tions and groups in Syria, Lebanon, Egypt and Transjordan, kept in touch with the Arab. leaders of Palestine. In the 1920s. several once illegally visited Moscow, on one of the visits (March 1929) had 5-hour. conversation with I.V. Stalin on the affairs of Bl. East. During the Arab uprising of 1929, he was hiding in an Arab. d. Beit Saffa near Jerusalem, from where the communist continued. agitation. In 1931 he was sent by the Comintern to Berlin as a secretary. Anti-imperialistic. league. In 1932 he was recalled to Moscow, under the name of Joseph Berger he headed the Middle East. department of the Comintern. In 1934 he was removed from office and expelled from the party, in 1935 he was arrested for "Trotskyist agitation" and sentenced to 5 years in strict regime camps. In 1936, at the request of the NKVD authorities, he was taken to Moscow in order to obtain testimony against G.E. Zinoviev. For refusing to testify, he was sentenced to death, commuted to 8 years in prison. St. 15 years spent in prisons and camps, from 1951 in a settlement in Siberia. In 1956 he was rehabilitated and reinstated in the party, and went with his family to Poland. Since 1957 in Israel under the fam. B.-B. Since 1968 Art. teacher of political science at the University of Bar-Ilan, he also lectured in other schools. institutions, made comments on radio Israel. Author of works on political science and Sovietology, including the books Light at Midnight (1962) and The Tragedy of Sov. …

berger-gabay genya
has abstract: BERGER-GABAY Genya (b. 1910, Kharkov), artist. From 1925 - in E.-I. She studied at the German Academy of Arts, in Russia and France. Participated in the creation of the Habima and Ogel t-dvs. Worked like Fig. book Participated in various films. exhibitions in Israel.

berger artur semenovich
has abstract: BERGER Arthur Semenovich (1892, Vienna - 1981, Moscow), artist. In 1915 he graduated from the Higher School of Applied Arts in Vienna. In 1918–36 he worked at the cinema in Vienna, Prague, Berlin, Paris. Designed by St. £ 100 In 1936 he moved to Moscow, where he designed f. "Swamp soldiers", after which he was enrolled as an artist in the staff of the "Mosfilm" cinema. Issued several. dozens of owls. f. (many of them in co-authorship), including "Engineer Kochin's Mistake", "Pig and Shepherd", "Wait for Me", "Legend of the Siberian Land", "Stories about Lenin", "Operation Y" and other adventures of Shurik ".

berger benjyamin-gertslj
has abstract: BERGER Benjamin-Herzl (1904 - 1962, Israel), polit. activist, one of the leaders of the Mapai party. Dr. is right. He was an activist of the illegal organization "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair" in Russia. In 1921 he moved to Poland and entered Poalei Zion there. In the 30s. was a gene. sec. this party in Germany, after returning to Poland, became a member. Poalei Zion Central Committee - Socialist Zionists. From 1934 - in E.-I. Was a journalist for gas. "Davar" and Chl. her editorial board. Dep. The Knesset.

berger izrailj abramovich
has abstract: BERGER Israel Abramovich (Abram Shimenovich) (1895, Poltava - 1962, Moscow), psychiatrist, healthcare organizer. After the end of the commercial. school in Poltava (1912) served in the army as a volunteer (1912-13). In 1914 he entered Petrograd. psychoneurological. inst., but in 1915 he was drafted into the army. From 1918 to 1919 he was a member of the Bund. In 1918 he entered honey. Faculty of Tavrichesky (Crimean) un-that in Simferopol, since 1920 - for honey. Faculty of Second Moscow State University (graduated in 1922). He worked in the 1st Moscow. psychiatrist. b-tse (1922-30), reg. psychiatrist (1930–43), taught a course of social psychiatry at the Center, in-those advanced training for doctors (1932–51). Head scientific-methodical (1945 50) and organizational (1956-1962) dep. Institute of Psychiatry of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Sci. tr. B. are devoted to various problems of psychiatry, psychohygiene; organization of psychiatrists. help (doctoral dissertation. 1940), in the field of cut he was a supporter of the principle of decentralization (created a network of small neuropsychiatric hospitals in the Moscow region). Works: Organization of neuropsychiatric care, M., 1942.

berger yakov mikhaylovich
has abstract: BERGER Yakov Mikhailovich (lit. ps. Y. Mikhailov) (b. 1929, Ufa), orientalist, historian. Dr. East sciences. Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (1952), trained at the Academy of Sciences of the PRC (1958). Sci. sotr. Institute of Geography (1953–65), Institute of Economics World. socialist system (1965-67), Ying-that D. East (1967-70), Ying-that scientific. information on societies. Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1970). Member of the Xinjiang Comprehensive Scientific. exp. AN PRC (1957), a number of all-growing. and int. scientific. congresses. The author of works on econ. geography and recent history of China, demography and ext. policy of the PRC, including scientific. abstracts and reviews INION. A number of works B. lane. in English. lang .: China: Economic-geographer. sketch, M., 1959; Chinese Nar. Republic: Essays on the geography of the population and the economy, Tallinn, 1962 (in Estonian); Towards events in China, M., 1967.

berggryun genrikh
has abstract: BERGGRUN Heinrich (1838, Warsaw - 1889, Hannover), cantor and composer. He was a music teacher in Vilna. Then he became a violinist at the Wielki Theater in Warsaw. After studying singing in Milan, he was a choirmaster in Odessa, a cantor in Poznan, and from 1870 - ch. cantor in the synagogue in Hanover. His muses. op. include Festive Kaddish for the cantor and choir on the occasion of the anniversary of the Hanover Synagogue (1882) and The Last Kaddish for the cantor and choir (1889).

bergman tsvi
has abstract: BERGMAN Zvi (1909, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1944), society. activist; polygraphist, art specialist. fonts. He was an activist of "Beitar" in Baranovichi. Since 1935 - in E.-I. An active figure of "Beitar" in E.-I. He opened an engraving workshop in Tel Aviv, created new forms of printed fonts. Participant of the international exhibitions in this field, one of the world's largest specialists in applied graphics. In 1938 he published a catalog of his works. The press called him "the singer of the Hebrew letter."

bergoljts moisey efimovich
has abstract: BERGOLTS Moisey Efimovich (Khaimovich) (1891 - 1951, Moscow), pharmacist and pharmacologist. Dr. pharmaceutical Sciences (1940). Graduated from Petrograd. honey. Institute (1922). All R. 1920s organized by Leningrad. pharmaceutical in-t. Headed by Leningrad. (1937–38) and Moscow. (1939–40) pharmaceutical. in-you. In 1940 - 50 hands. lab. technologies of dosage forms and the scientific sector. information Vses. n.-i. chemical-pharmaceutical Institute (Moscow). tr. B. dedicated drug technology, pharmaceutical chemistry and pharmacology, in particular, technology and pharmacology of digitalis. Prev Pharmacopoeial Committee of the USSR People's Commissariat for Health (1936 38), member. reign of Vses. scientific. pharmaceutical about-va (1946–51). Cit .: Clinical Pharmacopoeia and Medical Formulation, Molotov, 1943 (with M.Ya. Breitman); Medical prescription reference book, 4th ed., M., 1952; New drugs and dosage forms, 2nd ed., M., 1952.

bergshteyn fanya
has abstract: BERGSTEIN Fan (1908, Lomzhinsk province - 1950, Israel), poet. Got a trad. Heb. education. In her youth she took part in the youth Zionist. movement Ge-Halutz Ha-Tsair. From 1930 - in E.-I., where she entered the kibbutz "Gevat". Among her book. poem "Batsir" (1939), collection of verse. Asif (1955) and Sat. prose "Reshimot" (1952). She also wrote for children.

bergson mikhaelj
has abstract: BERGSON Michael (1820, Warsaw - 1898), pianist and composer. Taught php. game in the Geneva cons., her director. F. Chopin's student, B. composed fp. music in his style, for which he was criticized by R. Schumann. One of the products. B. "Scene and Aria" is widely performed by the military. orc. The author of the op. Louise di Montfort (1847, Florence, 1849, Hamburg); operetta "Who goes hunting loses his place" (1859, Paris). In 1873 he lived in London, where he was engaged (with M. Hast) collecting and publishing. manuf. synagogue music. Son B. - Henri-Louis (1859, Paris - 1941, ibid.), French. philosopher Franz. academy (1914), Nobel avenue by lit-re (1927). Pres. Committee of the League of Nations for Intellectual Cooperation.

berikuljskaya
has abstract: BERIKULSKAYA, see Berikulsky.

berikuljskiy
has abstract: BERIKULSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1931) in the Tisul district of the Kemerovo region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway Art. Berikulskaya Mariinsky okr. Tomsk Province. In 1939, 17 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

berinskiy lev samoylovich
has abstract: BERINSKY Lev Samoilovich (b. 1939), poet, translator, publicist. Graduated from Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky in Moscow and Vyssh. lit. courses. He made his debut in 1953 verse, in Russian. lang. Author pl. per. from Yiddish, rum., German in Russian lang., including poetry by M.Z. Shagal, H.-N. Bialik, H.V. Beider, A.A. Vergelis, D. Teitelboim, prose by I. Bashevis-Singer, M. Tsanin and others In 1988, the publishing house "Sov. writer ”released it Sat. verse. in Yiddish "Zuniker Veltboy" ("Solnechny Mirostroy"). Since 1991 in Israel.

berislav
has abstract: BERISLAV, city (from 1784), regional center in the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. Since 1774 - part of Ros. empire. From 1784 - in the Yekaterinoslav governorship, from 1795 - in Voznesenskaya, from 1797 - in Novorossiysk province, from 1803 - in Kherson u. Kherson province. 287 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1847, 543 in 1855, 990 in 1856, 1990 in 1863, 2000 in 1910 (16.6%), 708 in 1920, 495 in 1923, and 1926 - 395 (5.2%), in 1939 - 230 Jews (2.5%) Jews began to settle in Byelorussia at the end. 18th century Main classes in the 19th century. - trade in bread, agricultural. products, manufacture and repair of clothing and footwear. In B. it was approx. 100 crafts. pr-ty, owned by Jews; among them - zd s.-kh. Eisenstock techniques. In 1856 there were 2 synagogues in Byelorussia. In 1864, Mark Solomonovich Sirot was the rabbi in Byelorussia, from the 1870s. - Moses Rubin (1832—?). At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. in B. there were 3 synagogues, heders, 3 private husbands. schools and one mixed. In 1907 the local organization Poaley Zion, headed by Pinkhus Leibovich Goreker, functioned in Byelorussia. In 1911, the Society for Aid to the Poor of the Jewish Confession was organized. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Byelorussia. m-in. In the 1920s and 30s. there was a school with teaching in Yiddish. In the 1920s. synagogues were closed during the German occupation. troops in B. 22 Sept. 1941 was shot ca. 400 Jews. After 1945, several returned from evacuation. dozens of Jewish families. In 1989, 22 Jews did not live in the Berislavsky district. The Jewish cemetery has been destroyed. In the former. the synagogue building was opened in Ukrainian. school in B. A.D.Bruskin I.M.Shaikin

berkengeym abram moiseevich
has abstract: BERKENHEIM Abram Moiseevich (1867, Moscow - 1938, ibid.), Organic chemist. The son of a merchant of the first guild. Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1890) with evil. medal, was left at un-those to prepare for a professorship. In 1891 he improved his education at the University of Göttingen. Returning to Moscow. un-t in 1892, was soon forced to leave it because of the persecution by the reactionaries. professors. Until 1908 he lived abroad (in Europe, USA, Canada, South America and North Africa). He helped Jews who emigrated from Russia and other countries of the East. Europe, published a number of articles in J. "Rus. thought "about the situation of Jewish emigrants in the West. In 1908 he returned to Moscow. un-t as a laboratory assistant in the lab. organic and analytic. chemistry. Since 1910 he headed the department of analytic. chemistry at Moscow. higher. wives courses converted after Oct. revolution at the 2nd Moscow State University, and in 1931 became prof. Moscow in-that fine chem. technologies, where he worked until the end of his life. One of the first to apply (in 1915) electronic representations to organic. chemistry, setting out his views on this issue in the monograph "Fundamentals of electronic chemistry organic. compounds "(1917). He stood at the origins of the owls. chemical-pharmaceutical. prom-sti: organized prom. production of a number of medicinal and aromatic substances (albichtol, atophan, novocaine, dionin, coumarin, luminal, etc.), which made it possible to abandon the import of many. medicines and create edema. prom-st of fine organic synthesis. Completed a cycle of works on chem. the use of shale. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1934) .Soch .: Fundamentals of theoretical. Chemistry, 2nd ed., M.-L., 1926; Chemistry and technology synthetic. medicines, M., 1935.

berkhin iljya borisovich
has abstract: BERKHIN Ilya Borisovich (1908, Krichev Cherikovsky u. Mogilev province. - 1992, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1957), prof. (1961). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. VI Lenin, in 1937–40 he studied at the graduate school of Moscow State University. In 1940-42 he taught at the universities of Kursk and Molotov. In 1942–46 in Kr. Army. In 1946–50 and 1956–89 he worked at the Institute of History (since 1968 at the Institute of History of the USSR) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1950–56 he taught at MGIMO. Author of a number of textbooks and textbooks. manuals, as well as works on theoretical. problems ist. science, issues of historiography, history of nar. x-va, state. construction in the USSR, military. history of Russia and the USSR, class, struggle in Russia in 19 - early. 20th centuries; Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1980). State pr. Komi ASSR (1979). Cit .: The defeat of the imperialist. interventions and int. counter-revolution in the years of civil. wars (1918-1920), M., 1958; Military reform in the USSR in 1924–25, M., 1958; From the state of the dictatorship of the proletariat to the general public. state-woo: (Historical sketch), M., 1963; The main stages of development of owls. about-va, M., 1967; Econ. the policy of the Sov. authorities, M., 1970; East Battle for Peace: The History of the Brest Peace in the Works of V.I. Lenin, M., 1976; First Sov. Constitution: (Basic Law of the RSFSR) 1918, M., 1988.

berkman aleksandr
has abstract: BERKMAN Alexander (1870, Vilna - 1936, Nice, France), polit. activist, anarchist. Since 1888 in the USA. Member about-va "Firstborns of freedom" (one of the first Jewish anarchist organizations, created with the assistance of immigrants from Russia). Then - a follower of one of the leaders of him. anarchic. Movement in the USA I. Most, after his death (1906) together with E. Goldman headed the anarchist movement in the USA. B. is a supporter of a terrorist. methods of struggle. In 1892, during the workers' strike, the steel was used. s-yes in Homestead, committed an attempt on the life of the gene. Director of the Homestead Company GK Frick, sentenced to 22 years in prison, released after 14 years. Together with E. Goldman published every month. anarchist. g. "Mother Earth". B. - one of the founders of the school with the latest methods of experiment, teaching in New York. During the 1st world. antiwar wars. propaganda sentenced to 2 years in prison, released in 1919 and deported to the Sov. Russia, but in 1922 he left the country due to disagreements with the Bolsheviks. In 1922–25 he lived in Germany, directed the activities of the international. to-that for the struggle for the liberation of anarchists and anarcho-syndicalists from the Sov. prisons. From 1925 he lived in France, earning a living by translations and lit. labor. Committed suicide. The author of the book: "Prison reps. anarchist "(New York, 1912); “Bolshevist. myth "(New York, 1925); “Now and After: The ABC of the Communist. anarchism "(New York, 1929); a series of pamphlets under the general title. "Rus. tragedy"; "Rus. revolution and communist. the consignment"; "Kronstadt mutiny" (Berlin, 1922).

berkman yakov pavlovich
has abstract: BERKMAN Yakov Pavlovich (1897, Kharkov - 1967, Lvov), chemist. Graduated from Kharkov University (1919). He worked in the universities of Kharkov (since 1941 - prof.). Since 1945 - head. department inorganic. and General Chemistry Lviv Polytechnic. in-that. Honored. worker of science and technology of the Ukrainian SSR (1949). Main tr. dedicated questions of synthesis of arts, tanning in-in and auxiliary. products for leather. production-va. Became. pr. (1941). Cit .: Ways of development of production and the use of synthetic. tanning in-in, L., 1939.

berkonskiy isaak
has abstract: BERKONSKY Isaac (1899 - |), therapist. Doctor of Medicine (1926). In Argentina since 1905. He graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Buenos Aires. Ch. arr. in the clinics of the university: assistant, associate professor (1936–52), Art. teacher (1953–59), head. training honey. of Israelita clinic staff (since 1962), head. cardiology department of the same clinic (since 1938). tr. B. dedicated issues of general symptomatology, int. diseases (1953-56), cyanosis (1930), physiology of the cardiovascular system (1930), symptomatology of respiratory diseases (1936). Author of Medical Semiology (2nd ed., 1957). Founder of the Argentine Society of Cardiology (1937).

berkov pavel naumovich
has abstract: BERKOV Pavel Naumovich (1896, Akkerman, Bessarabian province - 1969, Leningrad), literary critic, teacher. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (I960). Graduated from the University of Vienna, receiving the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (1923). In 1923-28 he worked as a director, teacher of Russian. lang. and literature on Wed. school of Leningrad, in 1925-29 scientific. sotr. Institute of speech culture, since 1929 - Institute of books, documents and letters, Institute of Russian. lit-ry. From 1934 until the end of his life he worked at the department of Russian. literature Leningrad. un-ta, led by scientific. seminars. First. book - Sat. per. Heb. poetry "From Lutsatto to Bialik: Collection of Hebrews. nat. lyrics "(1919). In 1938 he was repressed. He spent over a year in prison. Was criticized during the period of the "fight against cosmopolitanism." Main tr. devoted to the history of Russian. literature of the 18-20th centuries, literature of the peoples of the USSR, bibliography, bibliology: “Bibliography. description of ed. Free Russian. printing house in London "(1935)," Bibliography of manuf. A.S. Pushkin and liters about him for 1886-1889. " (1949), “Bibliography. heuristics: to theory and methodology bibliogr. research ”(1960),“ History of Russian. journalism of the 18th century "(1952)," History of Russian. comedies of the 18th century ”(1977), monographs about MV Lomonosov, AP Sumarokov, VI Lukin, VV Kapnist (1944–50) and others. member AN GDR (1967)

berkovich itskhak dov
has abstract: BERKOVICH Itzhak Dov (1885, Slutsk, Minsk province - 1967, Tel Aviv), writer, translator and editor. Received a traditional Heb. religious education. He began publishing his first stories in 1903. At the first competition for literature in Hebrew (1904), his story "Mashkele-Khazir" was awarded 1st Ave. lit. g. or T. supplements to them, in 1916-20 - ed. "Ga-Toran". He married Ernestine (Esther), daughter of Sholem Aleichem. In 1910 he began to translate works. Sholem Aleichem in Hebrew, devoted his whole life to this work. Since 1928 - in E.-I. Etc. Sh.Chernikhovsky for the lane. manuf. Sholem Aleichem (1944). Etc. H.-N. Bialik (1953). Etc. Sh.Chernikhovsky (1955, repeated). State pr. Israel on lit-re (1958). A ten-volume collection has been published. his op. Book. memoirs (1966) was awarded to H.-N. Bialik prospect.

berkovich mariya
has abstract: BERKOVICH Maria (Malka) Veniaminovna (b. 1910, Berezino, Igumensky u., Minsk province), artist. In 1927-31 she studied at Vitebsk art. technical school, in 1932-39 in Moscow. in-those will depict. art from M.S. Rodionov. Thesis - ill. to the story of Sholem Aleichem "Boy Motl" was presented at the "Exhibition of diploma works of art. universities in 1939 " in the Pushkin Museum. A.S. Pushkin. Created easel works: "After the War in the Countryside" (1945), "By the Lake"; ser. Borisov match factory named after Kirov "(1949)," New Minsk "(1958), ser. "Belarusian landscapes" (1962-65), "Minsk. On the Shore ”(1963-64). She participated in the studio "Belarus-Film" as a thin artist. costumes to create. f .: "Nesterka" (1955), "Red Leaves" (1958), "Tales of Youth" (1961), "The Last Bread" (1963).

berkovich shaya iosifovich
has abstract: BERKOVICH Shaya Iosifovich (1918, Borisov, Minsk province - 1942), coms. worker, partisan participant. movement. From Sept. 1940 1st sec. Pinsk city committee of the Komsomol of Belarus. From July 1941 sec. Pinsk underground regional committee and city committee of the Komsomol. From nov. 1942 partisan commissar. detachment them. S. Lazo. Killed in battle.

berkovich shlema-leyba khaimovich
has abstract: BERKOVICH Shlema-Leiba Haimovich (Lev Efimovich) (1863, Minsk - 1911, Saratov), ​​member of the revolutionary. movement. R. in the melamed family. Received a tradition. Heb. education. In 1882–84 he studied social. science in Paris, became close to Russian. the scientist-emigrant P.L. Lavrov, communication with whom had a meaning. influence on the formation of the views of B. In 1884 joint venture. with E.A. Abramovich organized a number of students in Minsk. and workers socialist. circles. All R. 1880s worked as a printer in Konotop, led a roar. propaganda among the workers. In the end. 1880s organizer of the first Marxist circles in Kiev. In 1889 he was arrested, by the highest order he was imprisoned for 1 year in the prison "Kresty" in St. Petersburg, and in 1892 he was exiled to the adm. order to the Yakutsk region. Upon returning from exile in ser. In the 1890s, while living in Minsk, he took part in the work of local Social-Democrats. circles, then left for Kiev, where he graduated from a dental school. From the beginning. 1900s worked as a dentist in Volsk (from 1907 in Saratov), ​​led a roar. propaganda among the intelligentsia, students and workers.

berkovskiy naum yakovlevich
has abstract: BERKOVSKY Naum Yakovlevich (1901, Vilna - 1972, Leningrad), literary critic, teacher. Dr. philol. Sciences, prof. Graduated from Leningrad. un-t (1926). From 1930 he led a scientific. and ped. work in Leningrad, for many years he taught at Ped. in-those them. M.N. Pokrovsky, then - Ped. in-those them. AI Herzen (1956–72). Ed. collection op. G. Heine (1935–49 and 1956–59), author of many others. works on the history of Russian. and europe. literature and t-ra: "Romanticism in Germany" (1973), "O world. meaning Russian. literature ”(written in 1943, published in 1975), as well as Art. about W. Shakespeare, M. Servantes, F. Schiller, A. S. Pushkin, F. I. Tyutchev, F. M. Dostoevsky, A. P. Chekhov and others.

berkovskiy viktor semenovich
has abstract: BERKOVSKY Viktor Semenovich (b. 1932, Zaporozhye), bard, composer. Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Steel and Alloys (1955). Since 1958 he has been writing music to poetry iz. poets, including B.A.Slutsky, D.S.Samoilov, Yu.A. Levitansky, E.A.Evtushenko, B.Sh. Okudzhava, M.A.Svetlov and others.

berkuty
has abstract: BERKUTA, does not exist now. Main in the beginning. 1930s as a Jewish farmer. village in Skadovsky district of Kherson region. (Ukraine) .In the beginning. oct. 1941 the entire population of Byelorussia was shot.

berland shlomo meir
has abstract: BERLAND Shlomo Meir (1868-1941), society. activist. One of the first members of Hovevei Zion in Bessarabia, organizer in 1890 of the Odessa committee - the center of Hovevey Zion in Russia. In 1920 he became the head of the committee for Ukrainian affairs. refugees in Bessarabia. In 1927-40, the head. Zionist Federation, center. k-tov Keren ha-Yasod and Tarbut in Bessarabia. After the annexation of Bessarabia to the USSR (in June 1940), Byelorussia was forced to leave Chisinau. In June 1941 he was arrested in Chernivtsi together with gr. Zionists and exiled to a correctional labor colony in the Komi ASSR, where he died.

berlevi genrik
has abstract: BERLEVI Henryk (1894, Warsaw - 1967, Paris), painter. Studied in Warsaw, Antwerp, Paris. Studied art of old masters. Organized by the corporation Heb. artists and exhibitions of their work in Poland. After the 1st world. war went to Berlin, joined the avant-garde artists. Exhibited in the gallery "Der Sturm", led. G. Walden. In 1922 B. developed the principles of abstract painting - "Mechanofactura" ("Mechanical Painting"), which was supposed to reflect the industrial. me-hanich. processes, distinguished by geometric simplicity and complete pointlessness. In 1924 publ. in Warsaw, the Manifesto "Mechanofactory". In 1926 he returned to the subject-depicting. art-woo, wrote the realistic. landscapes in the "tromple" technique, but later again took up abstract art. From 1928 he lived in Paris.

berlin
has abstract: BERLIN (Berlinerblau) Fanny (1852, Petersburg - 1921, Roxbury, Massachusetts, USA), surgeon. One of the first American female surgeons. In her youth she was associated with roar. movement in Russia. Joined Rus. colony in Switzerland, received a doctorate in medicine from Zurich University. From 1870 in Boston, where she continued research. at New England Mother and Child Hospital. In 1894 she took up private practice. From 1885 to 1909 she was a member. Massachusetts honey. about-va.

berlin aleksandr davidovich
has abstract: BERLIN Alexander Davidovich (b. 1945, Syzran, Kuibyshev region), economist. Graduated from econom. Faculty of Moscow State University (1972). Cand. econom. sciences. 1992–94 Deputy. Minister of Health. Russia. The author of several. dozens of works on decomp. economic problems.

berlin anisim aleksandrovich
has abstract: BERLIN Anisim Alexandrovich (1896, Dorogobuzh, Smolensk province - 1961, Moscow), violinist and teacher. Graduated from Petersburg. cons. in the violin class of L.S. Auer (1910). He worked as an accompanist and taught a violinist. game in Yekaterinoslav and Vilna (1910–14). In 1914–17 he was concertmaster of symphony. orchestra, performed the part of the 1st violin in strings. quartet them. AD Sheremetev (since 1916 "New Petrograd. Quartet"). In 1917–21, dir. and a teacher of Muses. school in Omsk. In 1921-23 he worked in Tashkent. In 1923–34 he taught at the music. technical school them. A. and N. Rubinsteinov in Moscow. In 1928–41 he was concertmaster of symphony. Orchestra Mosk. Philharmonic Society, since 1941 State. symph. orchestra of the USSR. Honored. art. Rep. (1934).

berlin boris abramovich
has abstract: BERLIN Boris Abramovich (b. 1926, Leningrad), specialist in the region. television transmission equipment. He graduated from Leningrad in 1951. Aviation Institute instrumentation. Since 1950 he has been working in Vses. NII TV, one of the country's leading TV developers. broadcasting equipment, Ch. designer of television cameras since 1964. One of the country's first broadcast cameras KU-1 was developed in 1951, the camera for a mobile TV station KT-6 was created in 1954. In 1961, a new generation camera KT-27 was introduced for the broadcasting center in the Kremlin Palace of Congresses. In 1970 he developed the KT-116 color camera. From the beginning. 80s participated in the development and prom. mastering new standard television equipment, including the color television camera KT-132 (1982). In 1986 introduced into production a small-sized color. camera CT-190. Author approx. 20 developments decomp. modifications of television cameras for broadcasting, which are equipped with many. TV centers of the country, 16 original scientific. work on the design of cameras for television broadcasting. State pr. USSR (1982).

berlin eliyagu meir
has abstract: BERLIN Eliyahu Meir (1866, Mogilev - 1959, Israel), polit. activist. Studied at Moscow. un-those. From 1907 - in E.-I. He was a delegate to the Zionist congresses, first from the "democratic faction", and later from the general Zionists. During many. years - before. of the Inspection Council of the Herzliya State Enterprise. Since 1929, dir. "Bank Otsar-ha-Yishuv". One of the founders and leaders of the Knesset Israel, in 1920–48 members. directorate "Ha-Vaad ha-Leumi" and member. Time. state advice. Signed the Declaration of Independence of Israel.

berlin irving
has abstract: BERLIN Irving (Israel Beilin) ​​(1888, Mologa, Yaroslavl Province - 1989, New York), composer. The cantor's son. From 1893 - in New York. He wrote his first song in 1907. He became a companion of the publishing house, then founded his own. the firm. The author of 700 songs that brought him a great fortune. For more than 25 years he was one of the most prolific and successful songwriters of the modern era. popul. music. In the beginning. his muses. career did not know musical notation and did not know how to play the php. He wrote his melodies in the key of F-sharp and transposed them with the help of a specially designed piano. The most popular is his song "God Bless America" ​​(performed at the presidential elections in 1940). B. also wrote lyric. songs and music for muses. comedies and movies. The disc "White Christmas", recorded in 1942, entered the Guinness Book of Records as the most replicated in the world (100,000,000 copies).

berlin isayya ser
has abstract: BERLIN Sir Isaiah (b. 1909, Riga - 1997), philosopher, literary critic, political scientist. Descendant of Tsemakh-Tzedek. Since 1919 - in Great Britain. Graduated from Oxford University, received a master's degree (1935). In 1932–40 he taught a course in philosophy there. In 1941 he worked in the New York Bureau of the Ministry of Information of Great Britain. In 1942–46 1st secretary. embassy in Washington. He contributed to the formation among the Americans of the conviction that only the United States can save the West dying in Europe. civilization. The reports of B., who held an exclusive position for a Jew in the Foreign Ministry, on the mood in Washington, was studied with great attention by W. Churchill. After the end of the 2nd world. war - 2nd sec. the British Embassy in the USSR. While working in Moscow, he maintained close relations with the Sov. cultural elite, including with B.L. Pasternak and A.A. Akhmatova, who dedicated a number of works to him. In 1946 he returned to Oxford. In the end. 1940s rejected the offer of D. Ben-Gurion to take the post of general. dir. Israeli Foreign Ministry. Since 1957 prof. social and polit. philosophy at Oxford. In 1959-61 he was vice-president. Brit. Academy, in 1971 became the first Jew elected by its president. With the creation of Wolsrson College in Oxford (1966) - his president. In the works of B. "Karl Marx" (1939), "The Hedgehog and the Fox" (1953), "The Age of Enlightenment" (1956), "Two Concepts of Freedom" (1958), "Four Essays on Freedom" (1969), "Rus ... thinkers "(1978)," Personal impressions "(1980) and others. liber is clearly expressed. approach to society. - polit. problems. Polit. B.'s philosophy is associated with the concept of freedom in society subject to totalitarianism. From school age and throughout his life he was a staunch Zionist and devoted numerous articles to this, published at different periods of his life. In 1957 he was awarded the title of sir. Etc. Jerusalem (1979). The prototype of…

berlin khaim
has abstract: BERLIN Chaim (1832, Volozhin of Oshmyansky u. Vilna province - 1912, Jerusalem), rabbi. Son of N.-Ts.-I. Berlin. In 1865–85 he was the rabbi of Moscow, in 1892–1906 - in Elizavetgrad. In 1889–92 he headed the rabbinical court in Volozhin. From 1906 - in E.-I. In 1907, S. Salant entrusted him with his powers in the Jerusalem Rabbinate. After the death of Salant in 1909, he became the leader of the Jerusalem community. He enjoyed great authority and support of young members. community, was the spiritual leader of the educated Orthodox youth.

berlin lev efimovich
has abstract: BERLIN Lev Efimovich (1897, Syzran, Simbirsk province - 1974, Moscow), historian, orientalist. Prof. (1939). Member RSDLP (b) since March 1917. Since 1915 he studied at Kazan University, participated in student. roar. movement, in the establishment of owls. power in Kazan, the formation of the First Kazan Red Guard. battalion military. sailors. One of the organizers of the Volga military. flotilla in May 1918, her first commissioner. In 1919 in the political department of the 1st Crimean Army under the command. P.E. Dybenko; deputy. early of the political department of the Volga-Kasp. flotillas. In 1920–21, deputy. early Political department Balt. fleet, served in the Political Department. Revvoensovet rep. Since 1923, the Consul General of the USSR in Canton (China), in 1926-27, Chargé d'Affaires of the USSR in the Mongolian People's Republic. He taught at KUTV and Military. Academy of the Red Army. In 1930-31 he studied at the graduate school of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Leningrad and east. dep. Institute of red professors in Moscow. At the end of the studies at the desk. work in Kazakhstan, member. Karaganda regional party committee. Since 1936 head. sector of the theory of nat. issue and socialist, economic reconstruction nat. rep. and reg. Research Institute of Nationalities at the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, at the same time. teacher of history Faculty of Moscow state ped. in-ta them. V.I. Lenin. Cand. ist. Sciences (1938). In 1941–44 the head. Mongolian-Tuvan Department of Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies, in 1944-55 prof. east dep. ist. Faculty of Moscow State University. Affairs. 7th Congress of Soviets, 8th and 9th All-Russia. conf. RCP (b). Member Board of the Society of Sov.-Mong. friendship, part. Council of the Military East. about-va at the Center, Museum Arms. forces of the USSR. Author of scientific. works on the history of Mongolia and Tibet, with his introductory art. publ. Sat. r…

berlin naftoli-tsvi-ieguda
has abstract: BERLIN Naftoli-Zvi-Yehuda (1817, Mir Novogrudok u., Minsk province. - 1893, Warsaw), spiritual leader, head of the yeshiva in Volozhin. From 1854 he headed the yeshiva and acted as a follower of the Vilna Gaon. He advocated the preservation of the specifics of orthodox Talmudic teaching in the yeshiva, against the Maskilim movement - supporters of enlightenment among the Jews of Russia, who demanded the introduction of courses in secular sciences and a new teaching system.

berlin naum yakovlevich
has abstract: BERLIN Naum Yakovlevich (1869, Chernigov province - 1951), worker-inventor, Hero of Labor (1932). Graduated from 4-grade mountain. school. From 1880 he worked as an apprentice watchmaker, locksmith, worker on the Kiev-Voronezh railway. In 1893 he worked at the Bryansk metallurgist. s-de. In 1923–51 at the Krasny Putilovets plant in Leningrad. Made a number of important inventions to improve the metallurgical industry. equipment and technology, initiated the construction of open-hearth furnaces from the homelands, dinas and refueling them with dolomite instead of expensive magnesite, which meant. cost savings. During the siege of Leningrad, he remained in the city and throughout the war continued to work at the Krasny Putilovets plant.

berlin yosef
has abstract: BERLIN Yosef (1877 - 1952, Israel), architect. He studied at the painting school in Odessa, studied architecture in St. Petersburg. Since 1921 - in E.-I. In the 20s and 30s. many were built according to his designs. buildings in Tel Aviv (city clinic, opera, first theater, etc.).

berliner itskhak
has abstract: BERLINER Itzhak (1899, Lodz - 1957), poet. Since 1922 in Mexico. He was a small trader in the Mexican province. In 1927 B., together with two other Hebrews. poets M. Glikovski and J. Glanz published the book. lyrics "Dry vegn" ("Three roads"). His second book. Shtot Fun Palatzen (1936; City of Palaces). After nat. elegies "Hell Mosai |" (1941; "How long |") were written "Calm Zayn" (1948; "Let there be silence") and "Gezang fun mench" (1954; "Human Song"). Many of B.'s poems are marked by a bright social. focus.

berlintsj
has abstract: BERLINZ (until 1991 - Berliners), a village in the Brichensky district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Khotinsky u. Bessarabian region, from 1873 - province. During the 2nd world. During the war, the entire Jewish population was shot in Byelorussia. After the release of B. owls. troops discovered a mass grave with the bodies of 20 dead.

berlintsy
has abstract: BERLINS, see Berlin.

berlogi
has abstract: BERLOGI, a village in Rozhniatovskiy district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kalush district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1942, 15 Jews were resettled from Byelorussia to Kalush, where they were subsequently exterminated.

berlyand shlomo
has abstract: BERLAND Shlomo (Solomon) (1866 - 1941, Vozhael Komi ASSR), businessman, polit. activist. In the 1920s and 30s. - prev. Zionist Central Committee. org-tion of Bessarabia, before. Bessarabian to-that society "Tarbut" and to-that "Keren ha-Yesod", member. hands. organs "Ge-Halutz" and a number of other Heb. nat. org-tions. Member hand-va Heb. communities of Chisinau. Delegate of a number of Worldwide Zionist, Congr. After the annexation of Bessarabia to the USSR in June 1940, he was arrested by the NKVD at his daughter's apartment in Chernivtsi. A special meeting sentenced to 5 years in forced labor camps, sent to the 11th camp in the village. Vozhael Komi ASSR, where he soon died.

berlyant aleksandr mikhaylovich
has abstract: BERLYANT Alexander Mikhailovich (b. 1937, Moscow), cartographer. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1977), prof. (1986). Graduated from Geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University (1962). Since 1990 head. Department of Cartography and Geoinformatics Geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University. Works on the theory of cartography. Gold medal. N.M. Przhevalsky Geogr. about-va USSR (1990), pr. MGU im. D.N. Anuchina (1980). Cit .: Map tells, M., 1978; Cartographic method issl., M., 1978, 2nd ed., M., 1988; The image of space - map and information, M., 1986; Cartography and Geoinformatics, M., 1991.

berman adoljf
has abstract: BERMAN Adolf (1906, Warsaw - 1978, Tel Aviv), psychologist, societies. activist. In 1931 he graduated from Warsaw University. Doctor of Philosophy. In 1933–39 - director. Heb. psychotechnical. in-that, chl. prez. Heb. nat. to-that, gene. sec. Polish Council for Aid to Jews. During the 2nd world. war was the representative of the fighting ghetto in the Polish underground. In 1944–47, dep. Parliament of Poland, in 1947-49 - before. Centre. to-that of the Jews of Poland. Since 1950 - in Israel. In 1951–55 - dep. Knesset, before. Union of antifash. fighters of Israel, before. Israeli-Polish Friendship League. Ed. weekly in polish. "Valka" (since 1958). Auth. book: "Problems of Societies, Psychology", 1932; "Societies. psychology and education ”, 1937. Awarded the Polish order - the Grunwald Cross (1948).

berman iekutielj
has abstract: BERMAN Iekutiel (1825 - 1890, Moscow), writer. He wrote in Hebrew. lang. He made his debut in a liter of pov. "Shonot Rainu Raach", in which he described the sufferings of the cantonists of the time of Nicholas I; it was followed by: "Ha-shodedim be-Zakharaim" (1877), "Pezel Micha" (1884), etc.

berman lazarj naumovich
has abstract: BERMAN Lazar Naumovich (b. 1930, Leningrad), pianist. He made his first public appearance at the age of 4 years 9 months. Initially he studied with S.I.Savshinsky, in 1953 he graduated from Moscow. cons., in 1956 - postgraduate study with her in the class of A.B. Goldenweiser. toured preim. abroad - in Italy and the USA, played with the largest symphonic musicians. orc. and conductors: with Philadelphia (Y. Ormandy), New York (L. Bernstein), Cleveland (L. Maazel), Los Angeles (D. Barenboim). The basis of B.'s repertoire is Russian. classics and music of romantic composers. Among the highest achievements of B. performing a concert for fp. with orc. No. 1 PI Tchaikovsky in the original. ed. (orc. under the direction of G. von Karajan), as well as all concerts for ph. with orc. F.Lista, 1st - I. Brahms (with E. Lainsdorf), 3rd - S.V. Rachmaninov (with K. Abbado); op. A.N.Skryabin, S.S. Prokofiev, D.D.Shostakovich. In the 1990s. B. increasingly turns to the music of J. S. Bach, G. F. Handel, W. A. ​​Mozart. B.'s performance is distinguished by virtuoso octave technique, richness of timbre palette, argumentation of interpretation. 1st avenue of the 3rd World Festival of Youth and Students in Berlin, 3rd avenue at the competition them. F. Liszt (1956), Budapest. "Grand Prix" them. F. Liszt of the Budapest Academy of Music (1977) for the recording of Liszt's "12 transcendental studies", the Grand Prix of the Paris Charles Croy Academy of the Budapest Academy of Music (1978) for the recording of Liszt's "Years of Wanderings" cycle.

berman lazarj vasiljevich
has abstract: BERMAN Lazar Vasilievich (Vulfovich) (1894, Petersburg - 1990, Moscow), poet, prose writer, literary theorist. R. in the family of a lawyer. Graduated from the Tenishevskoe school, jurid. Faculty of Petrograd un-that (1917). Participated in the meetings of the Guild of Poets, was a member of lit. gr. "Marseille Sailors". In 1920-21 there was a secretary. Guild of poets. In 1914-15 he worked as a secretary. g. "Voice of Life", where publ. critical Art. "Front sight on the cheek: On the question of concreteness in art" (1916), where he analyzed the meaning of the detail as a poet. reception at the Acmeists, anticipating many. ideas of OPOYAZ. Author of collection of poems "Persistent Retinue" (P., 1915), "New Troy" (P., 1921). After the revolution, he was engaged in enlightenment and popularization activities, wrote scientific-popul. book for children, led ped. work.

berman matvey davidovich
has abstract: BERMAN Matvey Davidovich (1898, Andrianovka of the Chita district of the Trans-Baikal region - 1939), an employee of state bodies. security. In 1918, before. Glazovskaya district Cheka, in 1919 pom. early Yekaterinburg province. Cheka. From 1920 to. Tomsk lips. Cheka, from 1923 beginning. Buryat-Mong. region GPU, since 1924 deputy. early OGPU Wed Asia, from 1928 to the beginning. Vladivostok env. dep. OGPU. In 1930–32, deputy. early Administration of the camps of the OGPU of the USSR, in 1932–38 beginning. Ch. management of camps (GULAG) OGPU-NKVD USSR, simultaneously. in 1936–37 deputy. Commissar int. affairs of the USSR. Dep. USSR Armed Forces. Since Aug. 1937 People's Commissar of Communications of the USSR. 12/24/1938 arrested, 03/07/1939 Military. Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR was sentenced to capital punishment. Shot Brother - Boris (1901-1939), sotr. org. state security since 1920. In 1925-28 - early. dep. Economy, exercise. OGPU. 1928–31 - hands. counterintelligence of the OGPU in Wed. Asia. In 1931-36 he was a resident in Germany and other Europeans. countries. 1936-37 - deputy. early external intelligence of the NKVD of the USSR. In 1937–38 the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs. affairs of the BSSR. Arrested in 1938, shot in 1939.

berman samuil davidovich
has abstract: BERMAN Samuil Davidovich (1922, Snovsk, Chernigov province - 1987, Kharkov), mathematician. Member of the 1941–45 war. Graduated from Lviv University (1949). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1963), prof. (1964). He worked at Uzhgorod University (1952–67), since 1967 - at Kharkov Institute of Radioelectronics. Osn. results in algebra. Author of the work "Group algebras of countable abelian p-groups".

berman viktor mikhaylovich
has abstract: BERMAN Viktor Mikhailovich (1897, Minsk province - 1969, Leningrad), microbiologist and epidemiologist. Graduated from Petrograd. un-t (1918) and Military medical. Academy (VMA) (1924). He worked as an epidemiologist in the troops, institutions of the Kr. Army. From 1929 to the department. microbiology VMA, in 1936 created the department of epidemiology in the same place, a cut he directed until 1949. Simultaneously from 1934 he was in charge of the department organized by him. microbiology in Leningrad. pediatrician in-those. Osn. tr. devoted to the study of age-related immunology of tuberculosis, the pathology and epidemiology of intestinal infections, the barrier function of the lymphatic. systems, etc. Developed a method for studying the final phase of the phagocytic reaction. Author of the 1st Father. textbook on private epidemiology. In 1937–49 - before. Leningrad. microbiol. Society: Private Epidemiology, Moscow, 1944 (in co-authorship).

berman yaakov
has abstract: BERMAN Yaakov (1878, Salanty Telshevsky u. Kovno province - 1974, Rehovot, Israel), rabbi, public. activist. He studied at the yeshiva in Telshi, at a young age passed the copy. for the title of rabbi. In 1900–07 he studied law. Faculty of St. Petersburg, 1907–08 - Novoros. (Odessa) un-tov. Since 1902 he has been a member of the Zionist movement. From 1907 he taught at the Odessa yeshiva under the exercise. Rabbi H. Chernowitz (during his departure abroad in 1909 he headed the yeshiva). In 1910, due to disagreements with other teachers, he left the yeshiva. In 1910–21, the rabbi of Berdichev. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 one of the creation. military. rabbinate, from June 1917 ch. the rabbi grew up. army, lieutenant colonel. In oct. 1918 at the All-Ukrainian. Heb. congress led the coalition of religions. forces "Akhdus" ("Unity"), which demanded the granting of national-cultural autonomy to the Jews. From 1921 in E.-I., in 1922–24 dir. schools in Petah Tikva, in 1925–44 - ch. Inspector of Mizrahi schools. In 1946–48 hands. Mizrahi's movements in E.-I. In 1958 he founded ped. Institute of Movement Mizrahi (in 1964 transferred to Rehovot). The author of a number of books. on the problems of religions. education. State pr. Israel (1968) in the region. education.

berman yakov aleksandrovich
has abstract: BERMAN Yakov Alexandrovich (1868–1933), lawyer, philosopher. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1890). On Sat. Essays on the Philosophy of Marxism (1908) criticized the theory of dialectics. He considered dialectics a vestige of idealism, contrary to the "scientific character of Marx's social teaching." After 1917 he joined the RCP (b). He worked in the Communist. un-those them. Ya.M. Sverdlov and in Moscow. un-those, where he taught the theory of state-va and law. Member Of the Codification Commission of the SNK-STO USSR, Works: The essence of pragmatism, Moscow, 1911.

bernadosovka
has abstract: BERNADOSOVKA, see Chizhevo.

bernadovka
has abstract: BERNADOVKA, see Chizhevo.

bernandt grigoriy borisovich
has abstract: BERNANDT Grigory Borisovich (1905, Vilna - 1978, Moscow), musicologist. From 1922 to 1924 he studied violin at Moscow. cons. at K.G. Mostras, in 1925-29 in Leningrad. cons. E.E. Kruger and I.A. Zelikhman, in 1929–31 again in Moscow. cons. at Ya.I. Rabinovich. In 1933 he graduated from the historical-theoretical. Faculty of Moscow cons. (studied with M.V. Ivanov-Boretsky and A.A. Alshwang). Served as a lecturer, ed., music. critic. In 1938–40 he led a special. history course rus. music in muses. uch-shche them. Gnesins in Moscow. In 1948-50 the head. department of f. "Sov. music". From 1957 one of the editors. Sat. “Muses. inheritance". He was engaged in issues of source study, textual criticism, lexicography, rus. classic music. B. - compiler of a number of dictionaries: “Sov. composers - laureates of the State. pr. USSR: Handbook "(1952)," Sov. composers: Brief biogr. reference book "(jointly with AN Dolzhansky; 1957)," Dictionary of operas first staged or published in pre-revolutionary Russia and the USSR: 1736-1959 "(Moscow, 1962)," Sov. composers and musicologists ", v. 1–3 (1978–84), “Who wrote about music. Bibliographic. dictionary of muses. critics ", v. 1-4 (1971-89). The author of the book: "PI Tchaikovsky: A Brief Sketch of Life and Activity" (1940), "SI Taneev" (Moscow, 1950), "A.Benois and Music" (Moscow, 1969), " VF Odoevsky and Beethoven "(Moscow, 1971). He owns numerous. articles in f. "Sov. music "," Muz. life ”, sat., gas .; and also entered. articles and comments in decomp. publications.

bernes
has abstract: BERNES (real fam. Neiman) Mark Naumovich (1911, Nezhin, Chernigov province - 1969, Moscow), film and stage artist. When B. was 3 years old, the family moved to Kharkov; as a schoolboy, he performed on the stage of the Missouri Theater as a waiter in L. Fall's operetta Madame Pompadour. At the insistence of his parents, he entered the Kharkov trading-industrial. school, but soon left there. In 1928 he was an extra at the Maly Theater (Moscow), and later at the Bolshoi Theater. Since 1930 actor Mosk. dram. t-ra (b. Korsha), where he played several. small roles, then worked at the Theater of the Revolution. In 1935 he began acting in films (f. "Prisoners"). Among his roles: Kostya Zhigulev in f. "The Man with the Gun" (1938), where the song "Clouds have risen over the city" was first performed by him. Most izv. his film roles - Sergei Kozhukharov (Fighters, 1939), Petukhov (Big Life, 1940; Series 2 - 1946), Arkady Dziuba (Two Soldiers, 1943) - were also associated with songs that became popular for many years: "Favorite city", "Dark mounds are sleeping", "Shalandy", "Dark night". B.'s subsequent work in the cinema - Minutka ("Great Breakdown", 1945), the thief Ogonyok ("Night Patrol", 1957), Karavaev ("Zhenya, Zhenya and Katyusha", 1967). As a pop singer B. made his debut in 1943 in a concert of the Sverdlovsk House of Officers; performed popular songs from f. Then he performed at private evenings of the House of Cinema, the House of the Actor, etc., first with the same songs, then with new ones specially written for him, in the creation of which he took the most direct part (he worked with poets and with comp.). His repertoire includes songs by N.V. Bogoslovsky ("What can I say, my old friend"), E.S. Kolmanovsky ("I love you, life", "Do the Russians want wars"), V.P. Soloviev-Sedoy ("If the guys of the whole earth"), A.Ya. Eshpaya ("Earring with Malaya Bronnaya"), MI Blanter ("Praskovya" - "Enemies burned down their home"), VE Basner ("With where the Motherland begins…

berngard avraam
has abstract: BERNGARD Abraham (1762-1832), physician. He studied in London, worked as a doctor in Gazenpot. In 1798, St. Petersburg was recognized. honey. collegium as a doctor and worked in Vilna lips. In 1806–10 he served as a military doctor; from 1808 - Ch. doctor of Lithuanian hospitals, in 1810-12 - Ch. doctor of the hospital in Mitava. In 1819–22 he was an inspector of the medical council in Vilna, in 1824 - in Minsk. Was promoted to court counselor. spoke in the press against the accusation of Jews in ritual crimes, the same issue was raised in an appeal to Alexander I. Comp .: Med.-Geogr. description of Vilna, St. Petersburg, (without specifying the year of publication).

bernshtam aleksandr natanovich
has abstract: BERNSHTAM Alexander Natanovich (1910, Kerch, Tauride Gubernia - 1956, Leningrad), orientalist-Turkologist, historian, ethnographer, archeologist. Dr. East Sciences (1943), prof. (1947). Graduated from LIFLI (1935). Sci. sotr. State Hermitage Museum (1932–56). Lecturer at Leningrad State University, hands. a permanent archaeologist. exp. Semirechye - Tien Shan - Pamir - Fergana (1936–56). Main direction of research: social-economic. system of ancient Turkish. about-va 6-8 centuries, history of Kyrgyzstan. In the beginning. 1950s B.'s works on the history of the Kirghiz were criticized. Cit .: Archeol. sketch of the North. Kyrgyzstan, Frunze, 1941; Social-economic the system of the Orkhon-Yenisei Turks of the 6th-8th centuries: the East Turkic Kaganate and the Kirghiz, M.-L., 1946; Ancient Fergana, Tashkent, 1951; Essay on the history of the Huns, L., 1951; Historical and archaeological. essays Center. Tien Shan and Pamir-Altai, M.-L., 1952.

bernshtam leopoljd bernard
has abstract: BERNSTAM Leopold Bernard (Leib-Ber) (1859, Riga - 1939), sculptor. In 1877–81, a volunteer at St. Petersburg. AH, created. OK. 30 busts glorified. Russians, gaining a reputation as a portrait sculptor. In the 1880s and 90s. lived and worked in Italy (Rome) and France (Paris), where the post. exhibited and was very famous. For the exhibition in 1890 created. graphical works, some of which were acquired by Nicholas II, the rest - by the production of Italy. In 1896 he was invited to St. Petersburg to create. busts of members of the family of Nicholas II. In the 1890-1900s. created St. 200 sculptors. portraits of famous people of Europe. There was a director. Museum Grevin in Paris. Among many works of art. naib. means. statues of A. Rubinstein (cons. in St. Petersburg), G. Berlioz (Monte Carlo), Renan (Versailles), Sarah Bernhardt and Peter the Great (St. Petersburg, not preserved). Awarded with medals and orders, awarded as a cavalier (1891) and as commander (1908) Franz. Poch. legion.

bernshteyn-kogan sergey vladimirovich
has abstract: BERNSTEIN-KOGAN Sergey Vladimirovich (1886, Chisinau - 1951, Moscow), economist-geographer. He studied in the Chisinau city, expelled for participation in the roar. circles. In 1903 he entered the Lausanne Higher. Ing. school. In 1906 he moved to St. Petersburg, studied economics. dep. Polytechnic. in-that. Still a student publ. work “The number, composition and position of St. Petersburg. workers "(St. Petersburg, 1910). After graduation, he worked as a statistician in the Bureau of Economics. surveys Office int. water and shos. roads, prepared "Sketch of development and modern. states int. water transport of Europe and America ”(St. Petersburg, 1912). Was left for teaching at the Department of Polytechnic. in-that, but did not stop working in the Bureau, and since 1915 in the Special meeting on fuel. From 1919 he worked in the People's Commissariat of Railways (from 1925 member of the President). Since 1920 prof. Petrogr. polytechnic in-that. From ser. 1920s lived in Moscow, taught at Moscow State University, at Ying-those Ing. ways of communication, as well as in Leningrad. universities, taught courses in economics. geography, geography of communication lines, economics of the industry. B.-K. participated in the development of a number of large transport. and prom. projects. Was on hand. work in transport. org-tion, in Glavsevmorput. The author of a number of works on the theory of the placement of industry and transport, on econ. geography, econom. zoning, ist. geography.

bernshteyn-kogan yakov matveevich
has abstract: BERNSTEIN-KOGAN Yakov Matveevich (1859, Chisinau - 1929), society. activist, one of the Zionist leaders. movement in Russia, doctor. He studied medicine in St. Petersburg and Dorpat. After Heb. pogroms 1881 devoted himself to the cause of the nat. revival of Heb. people. On the 1st Zionist. Congr. (Aug. 1897, Basel) was elected commissioner to create a Zionist. org-tions in Russia, in 1897-1901 headed the so-called. The post office in Chisinau, which carried out communications between the Zionist. org-tions in diff. cities of Russia. Since 1901, members and the ideologist Demokratich. faction in growing. Zionist. org-tion, chl. Pres. Conf. Zionist. demo youth in Basel (Dec. 1901), opposed the plan of Heb. colonization of Uganda, defended the idea of ​​the revival of the Hebrews. state-va in E.-I. I grew up at the Minsk Congress. Zionists (1902) elected member. commissions for culture and education. On the 7th Zionist. Congr. (July 1905, Basel) became a member of the World Zionist Board. org-tion. From 1907 in E.-I., worked as a doctor in Nizh. Galilee and Petah-Tikva, one of the founders of the Association of Doctors E.-I. (1908). In 1910 he returned to Chisinau. Participated in the preparation of the 7th congress of growing up. Zionists (Petrograd, 1917; a member of its president). In 1917, dep. Will establish meetings from the Bessarabian province. In 1925 he left for E.-I., soon, at the suggestion of Joint, returned to the USSR, worked as a doctor in Hebrew. s.-kh. settlements in Crimea. Daughter B.-K. - Miriam (1895, Bessarabian province - |), actress and writer, one of the founders of the Israeli t-ra.

bernshteyn-sinay leopoljd
has abstract: BERNSTEIN-SINAI Leopold (1867, Vilna - 1944, |), sculptor. He studied painting in Vilna, then sculpture in Paris with Rodin and Daloux. In 1890 - the first exhibition at the Salon on the Champs Elysees. He created statues, sculptor. portraits and groups, monuments, as well as busts of prominent people in bronze and marble ("Pope Leo XIII" and others). Ord was awarded. Poch. Legion. Franz. the state acquired his sculptor. "Mourning Ezra". More than 10 years working on the sculpt. "Youth and old age", edge was destroyed by the Nazis after the occupation of France. He died in one of the extermination camps.

bernshteyn aleksandr nikolaevich
has abstract: BERNSTEIN Alexander Nikolaevich (Solomon Natanovich) (1870, Moscow - 1922, ibid.), Psychiatrist. The son of N.O.Bernstein. Prof. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1893). He specialized, and then worked (until 1902) as a resident, assistant in psychiatry. clinic S.S. Korsakov; privat-assoc. psychiatry honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1902-18). From 1893 to 1914 he was repeatedly trained as a psychiatrist. clinics in Germany. In 1899, on his initiative, the Center was created. a police emergency room for the mentally ill, to-ry B. headed until 1918, turning it in 1903 into an educational-scientific. base Mosk. un-that; here in 1907–09 refresher courses for psychiatrists were held. At the same time. in charge of a psychologist. lab. psychiatrist. clinics Mosk. un-that (1901–05) and Pedagogical. collection (1907-12). Since 1919, deputy. head Ch. ex. scientific. institutions academic. center of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR. In 1920 he participated in the creation of the State. Moscow psychoneurological. Institute, to-ry headed in 1921. scientific. tr. B. dedicated applied and experimental psychopathology, psychiatrist. diagnostics (including the clinical value of the so-called muscle cushion - doctoral dissertation 1900) and methodology, promotion of nosological. directions in psychiatry, psychiatric org-tions. assistance to patients, including those under investigation. Two mental symptoms are named after him. disorders. Proposed by an experimental psychiatrist. a method of assessing intelligence with some psychic. diseases. One of the founders and ed. g. "Psychotherapy" (1910) and "Journal of Psychology, Neurology and Psychiatry" (1922). Vol .: Clinical methods of psychological research. the mentally ill, M., 1911; Clinical lectures on mental illness, M., 1912.

bernshteyn avraam moshe
has abstract: BERNSTEIN Avraham Moshe (1866, Shatsk, Minsk province - 1932), cantor and composer. He was cantor in Bialystok and conductor of a choir that performed with cantor B.L. Rozovsky in Riga. In 1893-1923 cantor of the Tagaras Kodesh synagogue in Vilna. B. set to music over 150 verses, in Hebrew and Yiddish, of which Naib. Izv. "Zamd und Stern" ("Sand and Stars") and "Hemerl" ("Hammer"). B. collected a collection of bunks. melodies (published in the collection “Musicalisher Pin-kos”, 1927) and cantor songs (vols. 1-3, 1931). B.'s son - B. Avissaf (Barnea) (1903-57), izr. composer.

bernshteyn david
has abstract: BERNSTEIN David (b. 1910, Minsk), otorhinolaryngologist. Doctor of Medicine (1935). In the USA since 1912. Graduated from New York University (1930). He specialized in otorhinolaryngology (1943), diploma. surgeon (since 1948); in the years of the 2nd world. war served as a doctor in the Amer. army, assistant prof., adjunct prof. otorhinolaryngology in postgraduate study of higher honey. schools (1950-67), prof. otorhinology and otorhinology. plastic. surgery honey. Center of New York University (since 1967). At the same time he worked in various hospitals (1967-70), headed an otorhinolaryngologist. service honey. the Maimonides Center in Brooklyn (since 1969); sec. honey. Council of the Metropolitan Heb. geriatric. center (since 1969) and before. will execute. to-that honey. council (since 1973). Member to-that planning scientific. programs in the region. otorhinolaryngology (since 1969); member Amer. academy of plastic. and will restore. facial surgery, NYMD. academies, Intern. surgeon college, etc. Scientific. tr. B. dedicated diseases of the ear, throat, nose, plastic. face surgery.

bernshteyn emmanuil bentsianovich
has abstract: BERNSTEIN Emmanuil Bentsianovich (b. 1914, Nizhny Novgorod]), graphic artist. In 1937 he graduated from Moscow. architect. Institute of I.V. Rylsky. He worked in the main. in easel graphics: fig., aqu., pastel, printmaking (autolithography, linocut). Created manuf. in the region. architect. landscape, portrayed as a famous architect. ans., and unknown, but typical for the era ordinary buildings. 1945 ed. author's albums dedicated to architectural monuments of Moscow, Moscow region, Vologda, Riga, etc., many others. prints (autolithographs and linocuts) with views of Moscow, St. Petersburg, rus. North, Crimea, England, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Switzerland, Israel. Designed and ill. more than 40 kn., among to-ryh sobr. op. A.S. Pushkin (1950), “History of Russian. architecture ”(1956), and others. Since 1927, B. participates in the All-Union, rep., Moscow and nick. exhibitions. Has a number of persons, exhibitions. Prod. B. are on the territory. ex. USSR (including in the State Tretyakov Gallery, State Russian Museum) and in the mountains. Museum of Art Dresden.

bernshteyn german
has abstract: BERNSTEIN German (1876, Vladislavov, Suwalki province - 1935, Sheffield, Massachusetts, USA), diplomat, journalist. He began to write soon after arriving in the United States in 1893. In 1908–12 sotr. gas. New York Times. Later as Europ. specialist. corr. several gas. B. was refused to grow up. visa, because its corr. aroused the discontent of some officers. persons. In 1913 he founded the weekly. gas. in Yiddish and until 1916 it was edited. In 1915 and 1916 he visited Europe to get acquainted with the living conditions of Jews in the war-stricken regions. In 1917 - special. corr. gas. "New York Herald" in Russia, wrote Art. about the revolution, disclosed the secret. correspondence between Kaiser Wilhelm II and Tsar Nicholas II in 1904–07, took it out of Russia and publ. in Paris, London and New York with a preface. T. Roosevelt. This publ. was described by Lord Norfcliffe as "one of the greatest journalistic successes of our time" and attracted widespread attention. As a military man. corr. gas. "Herald" visited the expedition. forces in Siberia. Further visits to Russia were not allowed by the Sov. pr-vom in 1920 because of B.'s revelations. "Herald" at the Peace of Versailles. conf. investigated the pogroms in Poland in 1919, later represented the United. to-t on distribution in Yokohama and Siberia. In 1925–29 he was revised. gas. Juish Tribune. Appointed Pres. G. Hoover as an envoy to Albania in 1930, concluded treaties between the United States and this country on naturalization (1931) and on the extradition of criminals (1932). Last ed. position - in gas. The Juish Daily Bulletin (1933-34). Among lit. manuf. B .: "History of Lies" (1921) - exposure of the so-called. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion; book verse. "Running of time", Sat. Art. B. - the author of a number of plays, translated from Russian. lang. manuf. L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov, M.Gorky and L.N. Andreev.

bernshteyn inna abramovna
has abstract: BERNSTEIN Inna Abramovna (1919, Moscow - 1992, ibid.), Literary ved, translator. Dr. philol. Sciences (1989). She graduated from the Central Asian University in Tashkent (1942). Czech specialist and other Slavs. lit-frames of the 20th century, according to comparative literary knowledge, including Russian-Zap. connections. Per. with czech. and English. lang. Author of the book: "Karl Czapek: A Creative Way" (Moscow, 1969), "" The Adventures of the Good Soldier Švejk "by J. Hasek" (Moscow, 1971), "Czech Novel of the XX century. and the path of realism in Europe. literature "(M., 1979)," The Epos of the Renewal of Life "(1982), etc.

bernshteyn inna maksimovna
has abstract: BERNSTEIN Inna Maksimovna (b. 1929, Moscow), translator. Granddaughter of Heb. writer Rohl Bernstein. In 1953 she graduated from Moscow. un-t. Translated many others. manuf. English-speaking literature. Among the naib. significant: "The Death of Arthur" by T. Mallory, "The Four Georgs" by W. M. Teckeray, "The Brave Captains" by R. Keepling, "Return to Brideshead" by I. Vo, "The Black Prince" by A. Murdoch, "Moby Dick" .Melville, "Fair in the poorhouse" by J.Updike and others. In her translation. published works. T. Wolfe, W. Faulkner, E. Poe, J. Salinger, J.B.Shaw, J.K. Jerome and others. on theory and practice trans.

bernshteyn iosif naumovich
has abstract: BERNSTEIN Joseph Naumovich (b. 1945, Moscow), mathematician. Graduated from Moscow State University (1968). Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1971). He worked at Moscow State University (1971-1979). Since 1982 - at Harvard University (USA). Main the results relate to the theory of group representations, algebraic. geometry, supermathematics, complex analysis. Together with I.M. and S.I. Gelfandami, in his work on representations of Lie groups, introduced the concept of a resolvent for the problem of classifying loops of Lie groups. In the theory of functions of a complex variable, he gave a simple description of the class of generalized functions extended with respect to a parameter to meromorphic ones.

bernshteyn itskhok
has abstract: BERNSTEIN Itskhok (real name Ignaz) (1836, Vinnytsia - 1909, Brussels), ethnographer, folklorist. R. in the family of a banker. In 1856 he settled in Warsaw. From 1859 he seriously engaged in the collection and recording of folklore material and, first of all, the proverbs and sayings of the Jews who lived in the region. parts of Europe. In 1908 he published a separate collection of approx. 4 thousand proverbs and sayings, as well as folk collection "Erotica" and "Rustica".

bernshteyn lyudvig ber
has abstract: BERNSTEIN Ludwig Behr (1870, Mitava, Kurland Gubernia - 1944, USA), society. activist and teacher. He graduated from the city of Mitava. Since 1892 in the USA, he graduated from Columbia University. He taught in the mountains. and societies. schools in New York. In 1903 he headed the Heb. an orphanage in Pleasantville, New York. Participated in the creation of the housing bureau Evr. will take care. about-va for orphans and in the development of plans for the construction of the first country in the United States to educate. orphanages. In 1919-20 he will perform. dir. Bureau of Heb. social research., engaged in the study of the problems of orphanhood and children. crime in Heb. communities of Chicago, Philadelphia and New York. From 1921 he will perform, director. Federation of Heb. charity (Pittsburgh). From 1925 he taught at the Faculty of Sociology at Pittsburgh University, from 1928 he taught classes on the problem of guardianship over children in the New York graduate school of Heb. sociology. In the 1930s. one of the initiators of the movement for the creation of the Soviets of Heb. communities in US cities.

bernshteyn mark ljvovich
has abstract: BERNSTEIN Mark Lvovich (1919, Kiev - 1979, Moscow), specialist in the region. metal processing. Dr. Tech. Sciences, prof. from 1962. He graduated in 1941 Moscow. Institute of Steel and Alloys. He worked for an airman. z-de beginning. central factory laboratory, since 1943 - ch. metallurgist. From 1962 he taught at Moscow. in-those of steel and alloys (prof. of the Department of Metallurgy and High-Strength Alloys), since 1971 - at the Department of Plastic. deformation spec. alloys. In 1971 he organized and headed the lab. thermomechanical processing of steel and alloys. work in the region. theory and practice of thermomechanical. processing, research. phase and structural transformations at thermal. processing, metal science hot deformation, research. crystalline. structures of martensite. In the 70s. dealt with thermal problems. and chemical-thermal. processing and application of alloys with shape memory effect and used in endovascular prosthetics in medicine. Author of scientific. tr., textbooks and monographs. Works: Thermomechanical treatment of metals and alloys, t. 1-2, M., 1968; Strength of steel, M., 1974; The structure of deformed metals, M., 1977; Technology of processing steel products in a magnetic field, M., 1987.

bernshteyn mikhail semenovich
has abstract: BERNSHTEIN Mikhail Semenovich (1895, Peas of Zhitomir u. Volyn province - 1975, Moscow), teacher, psychologist. Prof. (1930). Ped. started his work as a tutor in the 1910s. In the beginning. 1920s graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Moscow un-that and at the same time Higher scientific ped. courses. Since 1923 scientific. sotr. Ying-that methods of school work. After scientific. business trips to the USA (1928–29) direction of scientific. B.'s activities were research and critical. analysis of nicks, pedagogy and ped. psychology. In 1930 the head. methodological. bureau of the Academy of Communist. upbringing them. N.K. Krupskaya, at the same time head. department to the center, lab. on vocational guidance Ying-that labor, d. h. State. in-that psychology. In 1935 he headed the department of psychology of the Tomsk ped. in-that, since 1938 combined scientific. activities with work at school (director). In 1943 he moved to Moscow, headed the teaching method. Sector Ch. account management institutions of the Min-va river fleet; from 1948 he worked at the Research Institute of Theory and History of Pedagogy of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR. B.'s interests are diverse. In the 20s. made a significant contribution to the development of problems associated with the formation of a new school and the organization of education, in particular, the issues of communication between the school and the population, socially useful work and the time budget of schoolchildren, adaptation of textual techniques for the needs of pedagogues. practice, etc. In the 20-50s. published a number of works dedicated. ped. psychology abroad. In the last years of his life, he worked out the problems of psychology sci. creativity. Author of 15 books.

bernshteyn natan
has abstract: BERNSTEIN Nathan (Nikolay) Osipovich (1836 - 1891, Odessa), doctor, society. activist. Doctor of Medicine (1861). From merchants. families. In 1860 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (in 1857 B.'s student work was awarded a gold medal). He was engaged in private practice in Odessa, chl. ed. g. "Zion". In the 1860s. perfected in laboratories in Germany. Since 1865, assistant professor Novoros. University (Odessa) on the Department of Physiology and Anatomy, elected by the Council of the University as an extraordinary prof., but not approved in the position. In 1882 he was retired due to illness, in the same year he was re-elected Assoc.Prof., But not approved by the Minister of Nar. education. During many. years headed the Odessa Society of Doctors, during the Russian-tour. war 1877–78 head. hospital ward Kr. Cross; was the vowel of the Odessa mountains. thoughts and poch. a magistrate. The initiator of the introduction of teaching is general education. items in the Odessa Talmud Torah. The author of a number of scientific. works on physiology (ch. arr. in German. lang.).

bernshteyn natan david
has abstract: BERNSTEIN Nathan David (Nikolai Davidovich) (1876, Mitava - 1938), music. writer and critic, lecturer, music societies. activist. Studied under L. Sharvenka and M. Brukh (music theory), music. he also studied theoretical subjects at hand. G. Bellerman, O. Fleischer and M. Friedlander at the University of Berlin. Taught music history and aesthetics in various. higher education. institutions, including was Assoc. Berlin horse, and the Higher muses. Apel schools. In Germany I wrote on it. lang. the book "Russian Theater and Music of the Times of Peter the Great" (published in Riga - Leipzig in 1904). From 1904 he worked in St. Petersburg. He taught, collaborated as a musician. criticism in the gas. “St. Petersburg. Vedomosti "and many others. others, as well as in muses. department "Encyclopedic. dictionary "Brockhaus and Efron (additional volumes) and in the" Jewish encyclopedia ". Ed. the weekly "Music and Tr" (1922–24). Organized the Society of Music Writers (1907), was one of the founders of Nar. horse, (in 1908), founder and rector (since 1922) of the State. in-that muses. education, before. Society for studying muses. professions. Dealt with questions of muses. education of schoolchildren, analyzed the characteristics of a musically gifted personality. Lit. B.'s work is distinguished by the breadth and variety of interests. He is the author of The History of Russian Opera in the 18th — 20th Centuries (St. Petersburg, 1905), the books Hebrew Music (St. Petersburg, 1905), Music and Theater among the Japanese (St. Petersburg, 1905), History of National Anthems (Pg., 1914), psychological. research (together with D.Kh.Rokhlin) "On the question of the constitution of a musically gifted person" (L.-M., 1928), etc. In 1937 he was repressed, died in prison.

bernshteyn nikolay aleksandrovich
has abstract: BERNSTEIN Nikolai Alexandrovich (1896, Moscow - 1966, ibid.), Neuro- and psychophysiologist. The son of A.N.Bernstein. Ch.-c. AMN (1946). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow State University (1919), and then courses on mat. f-those. Research B. on the physiology of movement - theoretical. basis of modern biomechanics of sports, prosthetics, the activities of astronauts, etc. Some of his ideas anticipated a number of provisions of cybernetics. According to his ideas, B.'s concept went beyond the framework of neurophysiology and psychophysiology and was at the center of modern. problems of neurocybernetics, bionics, walking robots, etc. He was in charge of the lab. on the study of movements in the State. Institute of Psychology (1925–27), State. Institute of Labor Protection (1927–33), Vses. in-those experiment. honey. (1933-37), Center. Research Institute of Physical Culture and Sports (1936-50), Institute of Neurology (1943-60). B. made a number of fundamental improvements in the technique of analysis and registration of movements (kymocyclography), for the first time formulated the task of studying the movements of higher animals and humans - controlling a complex kinematic system, in which muscle forces, inertial forces, and reactive factors play an important role. Developed a theory of sensory corrections as a necessary mechanism for building movements. March-April. 1949 was accused of "idealism", lost the opportunity to have a scientific. team, conduct an experiment, research. on their issues and publish tr. Despite this, he continued to work intensively on new aspects of his theories. Became. pr. (1948) Cit .: General biomechanics, Moscow, 1926; Research on the biodynamics of walking, running, jumping, M., 1940; About the construction of movements, M., 1941, 1947; Essays on the physiology of movements and the physiology of activity, M., 1966.

bernshteyn osip samoylovich
has abstract: BERNSTEIN Osip Samoilovich (1882, Zhitomir - 1962, Paris), chess player; int. grandmaster (1950), int. Arbitrator (1952). Dr. law, attorney. Chess. the competition was attended by approx. 60 years; debuted at Vseros. tournament 1903 in Kiev (2nd place). Int. tournaments in Stockholm (1906) and Ostend (1907) he shared 1–2 places. Since 1920 - in Paris. Chess. B.'s career is observed 2 more periods of activity: at the beginning. 1930s he participates in 3 international. tournaments and plays several. matches, including with A.A. Alekhin (1933; 2: 2) and in the end. 1940s - early. 1950s - becomes a prize-winner of a number of international tournaments, leads the French team at the Olympics (1954).

bernshteyn sergey aleksandrovich
has abstract: BERNSTEIN Sergey Alexandrovich (1901, Moscow - 1958, ibid.), Specialist in the region. construction mechanics. The son of A.N.Bernstein. Dr. Tech. sciences. He graduated in 1921 Moscow. state un-t, in 1926 - Moscow. in-t engineer ways of communication. In 1926–32 he worked at Mostoispytat. bureau scientific and technical Committee of the USSR People's Commissariat of Railways. In 1935–37 the head. lab. steel structures Center. Research Institute prom. structures. At the same time. from 1929 he taught building. mechanic at the Military-Ing. academy named after VV Kuibyshev (1932–38), at the Military Academy of Armored and Motorized Forces (head of the Department of Strength of Materials, 1938–57). Main scientific. work in the region. theory of strength, theory of trusses, calculations of structures for stability and dynamic. impact. He laid the foundations of the test methodology by Ing. structures, supervised the creation of measure. equipment, carrying out mass surveys and tests of railways. bridges throughout the territory. country. He performed fundamental calculations of the structures of the crossings, developed documentation for their operation. Works: Essays on the history of structural mechanics, Moscow, 1957; Selected Tr. on structural mechanics, M., 1961.

bernshteyn sergey ignatjevich
has abstract: BERNSTEIN Sergey Ignatievich (1892, Tiflis - 1970, Moscow), linguist. In 1916 he graduated from historical philology. Faculty of Petrograd un-that. The first work publ. in student. years in drama. He worked in Petrograd. un-those, in the Ying-those living word and Ying-those history of art (1920 30), in which he organized in 1923 a study for the study of art. speech. In connection with the reorganization of the GAKhN (State Academy of Arts. Sciences), he moved to Moscow in 1931 and in 1931–35 worked in the radio department and other institutions, studying the language of radio. After 1935 prof. department Russian lang. in decomp. universities of Moscow. From the beginning. 50s - Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Linguistics, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Author of works on phonology and phonetics, Rus. orthoepy, syntax, poetics and sounding thin. speech. In Petrograd he took an active part in OPOYAZ (Society for the Study of Poetic Languages), in Moscow in MLK (Moscow Linguistic Circle). Compiled in Ying-those history lawsuit-in collection. phonographic records of poetry reading by poets (A.A. Blok, V.V. Mayakovsky, S.A. Yesenin, V.A.Lugovskoy, etc.), now in the State. lit. museum in Moscow. Many of B.'s works were published. see. ("Dictionary of phonetic terms", "Phonetics of the German language", "Syntax of the question", scientific-popul. Book "What you need to know about language", etc.). Works: Questions of teaching pronunciation, M., 1937 ; Radio language, M., 1977; Dictionary of the language of Pushkin, ed. VV Vinogradov, vols. 1–2, 1956–57 (et al.).

bernshteyn sergey natanovich
has abstract: BERNSTEIN Sergey Natanovich (1880, Odessa - 1968, Moscow), mathematician. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1929, ch.-k. from 1925). The son of N.O.Bernstein. Graduated from the Sorbonne (1899), the Paris Higher. electrical engineering school (1901), doctor of mathematics (Paris, 1904), master of pure mathematics (1908), prof. (1907), Doctor of Pure Mathematics (1914). Taught at Petersburg. higher. wives polytechnic courses (1907–08), to Kharkov. higher. female courses (1908–18), in Kharkov, un-those (1908–33), at Leningrad State University (1934–41) and Polytechnic. in-those (1933–41), since 1935 in Mat. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Leningrad and Moscow. He worked in almost all branches of mathematics. The author of outstanding results in the theory of approximation of functions by polynomials (the founder of the constructive theory of functions), probability theory (the first axiomatic substantiation of probability theory, research on limit theorems, on stochastic differential equations, on applications of probability theory to problems of physics and statistics) and the theory of differential ... partial differential equations (classical papers on the 19th and 20th problems of Hilbert). He was also engaged in the calculus of variations, funkts. analysis, geometry, etc. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1925), Che. (1928) and foreign. member Academy of Sciences of France (1955). Poch. Dr. Sorbonne (1945), hon. h. Moscow. (1940) and Lehning. (1966) Mat. about-in. Became. pr. (1941). Works: Sob. cit., t. 1-4., M., 1952-64; On polynomials orthogonal in a finite interval, Kharkov, 1937; Theory of probabilities, 4th ed., M.-L., 1946; Analytical nature of solutions of differential equations of elliptic form, Kharkov, 1956.

bernshteyn shimon-gershon
has abstract: BERNSTEIN Shimon-Gershon (1884, Dinaburg - 1962, USA), publicist, society. activist. After receiving the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Berne University in 1908, he became secretary. Centre. to-that Zionist. org-tion in St. Petersburg. In 1910-14 there was a secretary. Worldwide Zionist. executive committee in Berlin, and in 1914-19 - secretary. Copenhagen Zionist. the Bureau. Since 1921 - in the USA. In 1921-53 ed. New York periodical. ed. in Yiddish "Dos Yiddish Folk", the official Zionist. organ. Member Zionist Executive Committee. org-tion of America. B. - the author of numerous. Art. in periodicals in Yiddish and Hebrew, as well as works: "Zionism" (Copenhagen, 1915), "The policy of the Romanian government towards the Jews" (Copenhagen, 1916), and others. Translated into Hebrew manuscript. Uriel Acosta and Yiddish “Heb. state ”T. Herzl.

bernshteyn tsvi
has abstract: BERNSTEIN Zvi (b. 1914), polit. activist. He organized the Tora ve Labor movement in Lithuania (1931), founded the agricultural. shopping centers. Administrator and ed. “Das Yiddishe Wort” (weekly publication “Gapoel Ha-Mizrahi” in Lithuania). From 1935 in E.-I. One of the leaders of the Mafdal party; head of the Municipal Party Department; member editorial board gas. "Ha-Tsofe"; member executive committee and treasurer of the World Heb. Congr. Ed. "Netiva". The author is numerous. Art. on polit. and religion. Topics.

bernshteyn tsvi girsh
has abstract: BERNSTEIN Zvi Hirsch (1846, Vladislavov, Suwalki province - 1907), publisher, editor. Received a tradition. religious education, wrote Art. in lit. g. in Hebrew. lang. Since 1870 in the USA. Founded gas in New York. in Yiddish "Di post". In 1871 he founded the first. gas in America. in Hebrew. lang. "Ha-Tsofe ba-Aretz Ha-Khadasha", edges came out until 1876 and where it was published. a lot of information about the history of Jews in America. Subsequently - a successful businessman and philanthropist of Hebrews. t-ra in Yiddish.

bernshteyn zlata ionovna
has abstract: BERNSTEIN Zlata Ionovna (ps. Lilina, part. Nickname "Zina") (1882, Druya ​​Vilenskaya province. - 1929, Leningrad), member of the rev. movement, sister of I.I. Ionov, wife of G.E. Zinoviev. Since 1908, together with N.K. Krupskaya, she performed the duties of the secretary. Central Committee of the RSDLP. In 1911 she worked with her husband at the school desk. school in Longjumeau (near Paris), soon their family moved with V.I. Lenin closer to Russian. border - to Galicia (Krakow, then Zakopane), where B. led a conspirator. correspondence and desks, office. With the beginning of the 1st world. war went with Zinoviev to Vienna, where with the help of the leader of the Austr. s.-d. Adler, they received permission to leave for Switzerland for treatment. Continuing her work in the Central Committee, she took part in the work of the Berne conference abroad. or-tion of the RSDLP (Feb.-March 1915). 3.4.1917 returned with her husband and son to Petrograd. After Oct. revolution head. lips. dep. social security. Later head. leningr. GUBONO. Auth. works on social and labor education.

bernsteyn bendzhamin abram
has abstract: BERNSTEIN Benjamin Abram (1881, Posvol Panevezys u. Kovno province - |), mathematician. At the age of ten he came to the United States. He studied in Baltimore and graduated from J. Hopkins University in 1905. Since 1907 - teacher of mathematics at California University, prof. ibid since 1928. Member. council ed. un-tskih math. publishing house In 1917, a secretary was appointed. Amer. mat. about-va. Author of a number of works, publ. in California un-those.

bernsteyn lena
has abstract: BERNSTEIN Lena (| - 1932, Algeria), aviator; world record holder for the duration and range of flights. In 1929 she installed wives. peace. long distance record during the Mediterranean. flight from France to Egypt (Marseille-Sidi Barrani, 1526 miles). A number of attempts to set new records ended unsuccessfully for her, for example. flight Paris-Tokyo (1930). Killed while flying to Algeria.

berri lev yakovlevich
has abstract: BERRY Lev Yakovlevich (1907, Yampol, Podolsk province - 1976, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1954), prof. (1956). Graduated from the Voronezh State. un-t (1929), scientific-ped. work since 1930. Since 1963 head. Department of Economics. Faculty of Moscow State University. Main tr. on the economics of industry, specialization and cooperation of production, division of labor, issues of methodology of the national economy. planning. State pr. USSR (1968, for participation in the development of methods of analysis and planning of the sectoral structure of the national economy and the construction of planned and reporting intersectoral balances). Works: Division of Labor in the Socialist. ob-ve, 2nd ed., M., 1948; Specialization and cooperation in the industry of the USSR, M., 1954; Material and technical base of communism, M., 1960; Industry of the USA in 1929-1963. Techno-econom. tendencies and structural shifts, M., 1965; Reproduction of aggregate societies, product and methodological problems of intersectoral balances of the CMEA member countries, vol. 1, Moscow, 1970 (ed.); The economy is socialist. prom-sti, 5th ed., M., 1974 (with B.I.Braginsky).

bershadj
has abstract: BERSHAD, city (since 1966), regional center in Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1459. In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Vinnitsa district of the Bratslav voivodeship in the Rzeczpospolita. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1795 - the district town of Bratslav province. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Olgopolsky u. Podolsk province. In 1765, 438 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1776 - 267, in 1784 - 490, in 1787 - 650, in 1818 - 3370, in 1887 - 65.7%, in 1897 - 6603 (74.3%) , in 1910 - 7400 (60.7%), in 1923 - 7030, in 1926 - 7016 (59.2%), in 1939 - 4271, in 1959 - approx. 2200, in 1970 - c. 1800 (15.8%), in 1979 - approx. 1,500 Jews (11.9%) Jews of Byelorussia suffered during the uprising of B.M. Khmelnitsky. In the beginning. 19th century in B. lived one of the first preachers of Hasidism in the Ukraine, Rabbi Refoil of B. (? —1815). In 1863 there was a synagogue in Bulgaria. In 1889 there were 8 synagogues. Since 1889 Schmerl Lerner (1846—?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In 1910 there were 7 synagogues in Byelorussia, a Jewish cemetery, and in 1912, a Jewish loan-savings bank. t-in. 28 dec. 1905 a pogrom took place in Byelorussia, during which 42 people were wounded. During the Civil. During the war, 150 Jews were killed during pogroms in Byelorussia. In 1925, immigrants from Byelorussia founded in the Kherson env. Jewish agriculturalist colony them. Maurice Vinchevsky. In 1941, a ghetto was created in Byelorussia, where Jews were brought from Bessarabia and Bukovina. An underground group of 48 people operated in the ghetto; one of the hands. there was Jacob Thales; more than 1500 people died in the ghetto. 11 Feb 1944 173 Jews were shot in Byelorussia, on March 11 - 154 Jews. On March 14, 1944, 11,129 Jews were freed in Byelorussia. In 1946 a synagogue was opened in Byelorussia; Yankel Nukhimovich Lipman (1879—?) Was the rabbi. On ordinary days 15-30 people gathered for prayer, on holidays - approx. 300. In 1947, besides the synagogue, …

bershadskiy grigoriy solomonovich
has abstract: BERSHADSKY Grigory Solomonovich (1895, Shpola, Kiev province. - 1963, Moscow), graphic artist, painter. Studied at the studio of PA Vlasov in Astrakhan (1908–13) and at the Odessa art director. school with G.A. Ladyzhensky and Y.R. Bershadsky. From 1915 he took part in exhibitions of graphics, drawings, illustrations, prints. In 1920–23 he worked in Kharkov, then in Moscow. From 1919 he also designed Fig. book for the center, publishing house: “Masters of sovr. painting: Pablo Picasso "(1933)," Moliere "S. S. Mokulsky (ZhZL, 1936)," Childhood ". "Adolescence". "Youth". Leo Tolstoy (1954) and other B. many. worked as an easel painter in the genre of portrait (AV Lunacharsky, 1921; A.Sh. Melik-Pashaev, 1956), landscape (Shatura, 1928, mid. Senezh, 1949). In 1957–62 he made fonts for the Research Institute of Printing, to-rye were valuable as a product. lawsuit.

bershadskiy yuliy rafailovich
has abstract: BERSHADSKY Julius Rafailovich (1869, Tiraspol, Kherson province - 1956, Sverdlovsk), painter, teacher. Studied in rice. school of the Odessa Society of Fine Arts (1886–93) with K.K. Kostandi, G.A. Ladyzhensky, A.A. Popov and in the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg (1894–99) with I.E. Repin, and I. Shishkin, P. O. Kovalevsky, N.D. Kuznetsov. From 1892 post. participant of exhibitions of T-va Yuzhnorus. artists (TYURKH) and the Academy of Arts. Early genre. manuf. 1890s ("Widowhood", "On the Household", "Making Jam", etc.) are close to the works of the later Itinerants. After graduating from the Academy of Arts he lived and worked in Odessa. In 1907-28 he taught in Odessa, organized by him art. studio, then school. Among his students: Ya.N. Apter, I.M. Gurvich, A.M. Gluskin, G.S. Bershadsky. In 1928–35 the professor. in Odessa thin. in-those, in 1934–41 - in the Odessa art. uch-shche, since 1941 - at the Ural Polytechnic. in-those. From 1941 he lived in Sverdlovsk, where he created ser. portraits, among which acad. LD Shevyakov (1943), writer PP Bazhov (1943), "Self-portrait" (1954) and others. Staff. exhibitions were in Odessa and Sverdlovsk.

bersuker isaak borukhovich
has abstract: BERSUKER Isaac Borukhovich (Borisovich) (b. 1928, Kishinev), physicochemist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1964), ch. Academy of Sciences of the MSSR (1972). Graduated in 1952 Phys.-Math. Faculty of Chisinau University. Since 1959 at the Institute of Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the MSSR (senior researcher in 1959–64, then head of the department of quantum chemistry, since 1977 head of laboratory. At the same time. taught theoretical. physics and structure of molecules at Chisinau University. Osn. research in the region. the influence of the polarization of the electronic coating of atoms and molecules on the possibility of transition optical. or valence electrons ("Bersuker effect"). Discovered the phenomenon of tunnel splitting of energy levels of polyatomic systems in the state of electron degeneracy (1972). Author of scientific. printed works. The participant is numerous. int. conf., symposia, etc. State pr. MSSR in the region. Science and Technology (1978). Cit .: Chem. communication in complex compounds, Chisinau, 1962; Electronic structure and properties of coordination compounds, L., 1976; Vibronic interactions in molecules and crystals, Moscow, 1983.

bertenson iosif
has abstract: BERTENSON Joseph (19th century), physician. Uncle I.V. Bertenson. In 1833 he graduated from St. Petersburg. medical-surgeon academy. In 1835 he worked as a district doctor in Boguslav, in 1837–43 - in Proskurov, from 1843 - in Litin. B. was the initiator of the drafting of the "Regulations on the Jews" in 1835, obtained permission from the tsarist authorities to accept the state. service of Jewish doctors who did not have a doctorate, however, only in Zap. lips. Russia.

bertenson iosif vasiljevich
has abstract: BERTENSON Joseph Vasilievich (1833, Nikolaev - 1895), doctor, honorary life-medic of the highest court. In 1855 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Derpt University with a Doctor of Medicine degree. Improved in Germany. From 1865 - ed. g. “Archive court. honey. and societies. hygiene "and" Bulletin of the about-va care for sick and wounded soldiers. " In 1866 - head. cholera shelter in St. Petersburg. During the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) B. accompanied NI Pirogov to the theater of military operations. In 1872 he organized a school "for the education of medical assistants" at the Christmas hospital in St. Petersburg. Contributed to the development of hygiene in Russia. For the first time in Russia he introduced the barrack system of hospitals. Works: Barrack hospitals, St. Petersburg, 1871; Biogr. essay by NI Pirogov, "Russian antiquity", 1881 Brother B. - Bernard (1815, Nikolaev - 1871, Odessa). Studied for honey. Faculty of Kharkov University. B. devoted himself to societies. and journalistic activities, collaborated in the "Odessa Bulletin", Heb. organs of the press. In the Odessa mountains. Duma was in charge of “Heb. table ".

bertinov aljbert iosifovich
has abstract: BERTINOV Albert Iosifovich (1906, Ekaterinoslav - 1987, Moscow), a specialist in the field of electronic engineering. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1963), prof. (1964). From the age of 11 he worked in the private workshops of Yekaterinoslav. In 1922–24 he studied at the workers' faculty of Kharkov technol. in-that, then became a student, and in 1930 he graduated from Kharkov e-tech. Institute (KHETI). In 1930–40 he worked his way up from a research engineer to Ch. Ing. and dir. w-yes. Simultaneously taught at KETI, where in 1936 he became Assistant Professor., Head. Department of Turbogenerators. In 1940 he became a doctoral student of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. During the war - Ch. engineer, and then early. Glavelektromashprom, early. Tech. management, prev. Tech. Council of the People's Commissariat of the Electrical Industry of the USSR, as well as (1943) Deputy. Authorized State. Defense Committee on special equipment. Supervised the creation of new types of electronic technology. and radio engineering. products and special products for bunks. x-va. Since 1948 - in the Moscow Aviation Institute, founded here in 1952 the Department of Electric. machines, a cut was in charge until 1977; then prof. Since 1982 - consultant. work in the region. electric machine and energy conversion. Under his arms. was created (1938) the first in Europe turbine generator with hydrogen cooling, and also developed tech. high voltage turbine generator project with oil-cooled stator winding and water-cooled rotor. In 1945–47, he supervised the design of the first all-Soviet Union. a single series of asynchronous motors up to 100 kW. Developed new scientific. directions - on dynamics and regulation of special. electric machines, automation of their design, the study of contactless AC and DC machines. current, superconducting devices, MHD converters. Founder of Sci. schools on electronic mechanics and electronic energy are flying. devices. Honored. active science and technology of the RSF…

bertje
has abstract: BERTIER (real family. Lifshits) David Solomonovich (1882, Litin, Podolsk province - 1950, Kiev), violinist, teacher and conductor. Graduated from muses. in-t on the violin class with S. Bartsevich in Warsaw (1901) and Petersburg. cons. from L.S. Auer (with a large silver medal, 1904). He worked as an artist, later as accompanist of symphony. Orchestra of St. Petersburg. music-ist. about-va them. A.D. Sheremetev (since 1904). He taught violin at St. Petersburg. bunk bed cons. He performed as a soloist and ensemble player. From 1918 he worked in Kiev. Concertmaster, then conductor Gos. symph. orchestra, 1st violinist of the Kiev Philharmonic Quartet. Teacher of Music and Drama. in-ta them. N. Lysenko and Kiev cons. (since 1920, since 1922 prof.). Honored. activist of lawsuits in Ukr. SSR (1938).

bertonova debora
has abstract: Bertonova Deborah (b. 1915, Tiflis), dancer. She studied at Choreogr. Bolshoi School (Moscow), as well as at Truempie-Skoronel (Berlin), K. Joos (England). She taught ballet art and dance theory. From 1928 in E.-I. Filmed in f. “Types in Heb. wedding "(1951). B.'s dance repertoire includes Shabbat, Little Granny, In Memory, Memories of People, Comedian, One-Two-Three-Four. 1st Prize for the International ballet competition in Paris (1936).

bervenovka
has abstract: BERVENOVKA, a village in the Buda-Koshelevsky district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1850 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Gomel u. Mogilev province. 19th century 62 people lived in B. by 81 dec. land.

berzer anna samoylovna
has abstract: BERZER Anna Samoilovna (b. 1917, Vladimir), writer. In 1941 she graduated from IFLI. She worked at “Lit. newspaper ”, publishing house“ Sov. writer ", w. "Banner", "Moscow". From 1958 to 1970 - in Novy Mir, in the prose department. She had the right instinct for new and talented literature, appreciated, discovered, introduced into the literature almost all the great literary talents of those years. With its help appeared in print "One Day of Ivan Denisovich" by A.I.Solzhenitsyn, "Keeper of Antiquities" by Yu.O. Dombrovsky, "Constellation of Kozlotur" by F.A. Iskander, "Exchange" and stories by Yu.V. Trifonov, the first stories by V.N.Voinovich ("We live here") and G.N.Vladimov ("Big ore"), "On both sides of the ocean" and "Kira Georgievna" by V.P. Nekrasov, the first publications of V.M. Shukshin , V. S. Grossman, V. V. Bykov, A. N. Rybakov, V. F. Tendryakov, V. N. Semin. She was a reliable support for AT Tvardovsky in the hardest struggle of Novy Mir against censorship and the authorities. The author of the book. about Grossman "Farewell" in ser. Time and Fate (1990). Dombrowski dedicated his book "The Faculty of Unnecessary Things" to B.

berzhi
has abstract: BERGI, see Berzhai.

berzhiki
has abstract: BERZHIKI, see Berzhniki.

berzhniki
has abstract: BERZNIKI, a village in the Suwalki Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1867 - v. Berzhiki Seinsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–45, it was the BSSR. In 1897, 104 Jews (21%) lived in Byelorussia.

berzpils
has abstract: BERZPILS, a village in Balvi region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Dompol Lutsinskiy u. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1925 75 Jews lived in Byelorussia and neighboring villages, in 1930 - 90, in 1935 - 30 Jews. the occupation of the Jews of B. was trade. There was a Jewish pharmacist in B. Minyan gathered in a private house. During the Holocaust, all the Jews of B. were exterminated.

beshenkovichi
has abstract: BESHENKOVICHI, urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 15th century. He was a member of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - the Commonwealth, from 1634 - a city. From 1772, the right-bank part of Burma was situated; from 1793, all Burma was part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lepelsky u. Vitebsk lips. Since 1924 - the regional center of the Vitebsk region, since 1938 - the Vitebsk region. In 1833, 518 Jews (47.2%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1838 - 1080 (50%), in 1852 - 1341 (53.6%), in 1881 - 1729 (64.3%), in 1896 - 2479, in 1897 - 3182 (71.9%), in 1923 - 1158, in 1926 - 1487 (55.3%), in 1939 - 1119 Jews (26 Since 1700 there has been a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia. In 1785 the Jews owned approx. 150 houses. Main residents' occupations are crafts and trade. In 1834 there were two synagogues in Burma, and in 1838 a synagogue in the suburb of Burma. In 1849 there were five synagogues in Burma. In 1848, 1854, and 1858 the Jewish population of Byelorussia suffered from fires. In 1896 in B. - 2 spiritual rabbis, assistant to the state rabbi, 5 synagogues, 2 of them were Lubavitch Hasidim. On July 9, 1905, Jewish youth staged a demonstration in a forest near B. under the slogan "Down with the autocracy!" and "Long live freedom!" (St. 300 participants; its organizer, Vitebsk dentist Ber Shmuylovich Entin, arrested, released in 1906). In 1909, during a search, the police found in the attic of the synagogue a box with 18 revolvers, 240 cartridges and cold steel. In 1909–10 the spiritual rabbis in Byelorussia were Abram Aronovich Gildinson and Avsey Ioselevich Nemoytin, in 1912 - Yehoshua Lane (? -1941), in 1914 state rabbi - Israel-Yankel Girshelevich Lerman; in B. there was a Jewish Nar. uch-shche. In 1911 lips. the board of directors issued permission for the construction of 2 stone societies in B. baths. In 1912, the library of Dvosi Ioffe existed in Byelorussia, at t…

beshtemak
has abstract: BESHTEMAK, a village in Leovskiy district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Beshtymak, Bendersky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania, in 1940–91, it was the MSSR. In 1941, all the Jews of Byelorussia were arrested and deported to Transnistria.

beshtymak
has abstract: BESHTYMAK, see Beshtemak.

beskin izrailj solomonovich
has abstract: BESKIN Israel Solomonovich (1895, Vitebsk - 1964, Irkutsk), military leader. General-leith. (1944), Hero of the Owls. Union (1945). Graduated from the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1936). Member of the 1st world. war. Since 1918 - in Kr. Army. Awarded hordes for distinction in battles. Cr. Banner. Commanded by art. divisions. Participant in the conflict on the Chinese Eastern Railway (1929), battles on the river. Khalkhin-Gol (1939). Com. artillery of the division during the Soviet-Finnish War. In 1941–45 - com. art. divisions, corps, armies. In 1946–53 - teams. artillery of a number of soldiers. districts. From 1953 - retired.

beslan
has abstract: BESLAN, city (since 1950), center of the Right-Bank District of the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Beslanov-Aul, Vladikavkaz env. Tersk Region. In 1939, 34 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

beslanov-aul
has abstract: BESLANOV-AUL, see Beslan.

bespalov shmuelj
has abstract: BESPALOV Shmuel (1881 - 1941, Bobruisk), rabbi. Received a traditional Heb. religious education. He studied at the "Tomkhey Tmimim" yeshiva (Lubavichi). In 1921 - spiritual leader. Hasidic community of Kharkov. Then a rabbi in Poltava. In 1925–29 he was a rabbi of the Hasidic community of Bobruisk. In the 1930s. - participant of relig. Lubavitch underground. He was shot together with other Heb. cities. According to some information, before B.'s death, the tongue was cut off. he opposed the occupiers.

besprozvannyy izrailj moiseevich
has abstract: UNCALLED Israel Moiseevich (1884, Kostroma - 1954, Moscow), metal expert. Dr. Tech. Sciences, prof. He graduated from the Kostroma real school in 1904 and mechanic. dep. Moscow tech. school in 1911, worked there, in 1929-52 head. Department of the theory of cutting metals and tools. Sci. works are related to physical. foundations of the theory of metal cutting. In 1941–45, he led the development of specific. processing of parts for weapons at gun and other plants. In 1951, he proposed a method for determining the durability of the cutting tool, established rational parameters of the cutting part, to-rye were used in the development of state. standards. Author of fundamental works and textbooks on the theory of metal cutting. Became. pr. (1944) Vol .: Phys. foundations of the doctrine of cutting metals, M., 1941; Foundations of the theory of metal cutting, Moscow, 1948.

bessarabiya
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БЕССАРАБИЯ, историческое название области между Черным морем и рр. Днестр и Прут. Ныне осн. часть терр. — в составе Республики Молдова; окраина сев. части — в Черновицкой обл., юж. часть — в Одесской обл. в составе Украины. В 10—11 вв. — в составе Киевской Руси, затем в Галицко-Волынском кн-ве. С 1359 — в Молдавском кн-ве, с нач. 16 в. — под властью Османской империи. С 1812 — в составе Рос. империи (Бессарабская обл., с 1873 — губ.). В 1918—40 — в составе Румынии, в 1940—91 — в составе МССР и УССР.Первое докум. подтверждение расселения евреев в Б. датируется 15 в. и связано с тем, что на протяжении этого века евреи-купцы из Стамбула в поисках новых рынков сбыта прокладывали торг. пути с берегов Черного моря в сторону Польши через терр. Б. В свою очередь, купцы из Львова, налаживавшие экономич. связи с Востоком, также пересекали Б. Мн. из них, принимая во внимание выгодное геогр. положение Б., оседали там, основывая первые общины, сначала в сев. и центр. областях, а ближе к 16 в. — и в юж. части Б. В трудах изв. раввинов Польши кон. 16 — нач. 17 в. Йоэля Сиркиса и раби Меира из Люблина содержатся сведения о евреях-торговцах, проживавших в Б., и о еврейских общинах, имевших собств. судей в Аккермане (совр. Белгород-Днестровский). Толчком к возникновению новых еврейских поселений в Б. послужили погромы, осуществлявшиеся в 1648—54 казачьими отрядами Б.М.Хмельницкого, после к-рых евреи бежали из Украины, в т. ч. и в Б. В 18 в. в молд. кн-вах евреи обладали, с юридич. точки зрения, теми же правами, что и представители др. национальностей, но фактически жизнь евреев Б. зависела от произвола местных князей. Часто евреи становились жертвами «кровавого навета».Ко времени присоединения Б. к России по Бухарестскому миру 1812 на ее терр. проживало ок. 20 тыс. евреев (4% общей численности населения). В 20 городах Б. проживало 60% евреев и 40% — в деревнях и местечках. Миграция евреев из кр. еврейских общин Польши на юго-запад способствовала конце…

bessarabka
has abstract: BESSARABKA, see Basarabeasca.

besskorbnaya
has abstract: BESSORBNAYA, a village in the Novokubansky district of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Bezkorbnaya, Labinsky dep. Kuban region In the end. Sep 1942 in B. in gas. 15 evacuated Jews were killed in a special vehicle chamber.

bessmertnyy arkadiy ljvovich
has abstract: IMMORTAL Arkady Lvovich (1893, Surazh of Vitebsk District and Gubernia - 1955, Minsk), violinist, conductor, teacher. Graduated from Petrograd. cons. (1917). One of the organizers and hands. the first in Belarus symphony. orc. and plank beds. cons. in Vitebsk (1918). From 1924 to 1932 he taught at Belorus. muses. technical school, became his first director. Since 1928 solo violinist and conductor orc. Belarusian. radio center. Creator and participant (first violin) State. strings, the BSSR quartet (1934–41). In 1932-55 he was a teacher of Belorus. cons., from 1946 - her prof. Honored. art. BSSR (1939).

betigole
has abstract: BETIGOLE, see Byatigala.

betlevi
has abstract: BETLEVI, a village in Ambrolaur district (Georgia). Izv. from the 15th century. Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - in the Rachinsky district. Kutaisi province. According to legend, the name. B. comes from Beit-Levi (in Hebrew - the house of Levi), after the name of a Jew from E.-I. - Levi, who settled first in B.

betsalelj ben-moyshe ga-kogen
has abstract: Betsalel ben-Moishe ha-Kogen (1820, Vilna - 1878, ibid.), Rabbi. Already at the eighteenth year of his life, he was an expert on the Talmud and considered himself entitled to criticize Yaakov ben Aagaron of Karlin, one of the largest Talmudists of that era. In 1840 he took up the post of rabbi in Vilna, remaining there until his death. Despite the fact that he did not have the title of chief rabbi, B. in fact from 1860 to 1878 played the role of a spiritual hand. Vilna community. The author of "Reshit Bikurim" (Vilna, 1869), responsa and art. on Talmudic themes. The Vilna edition of the Talmud also contains B.'s glosses to a number of treatises.

bettan izrailj
has abstract: BETTAN Israel (1889, Kovno - 1957, USA), Hebraist. He studied at the yeshiva in Slobodka. Since 1907 in the USA. He served as a military man. rabbi during the 1st world. war. In 1922 he was appointed prof. at Hybru Union College. B. - the author of numerous. scientific. and popul. works in the region. midrash literature, liturgy, interpretation of Heb. preachers and decomp. aspects of the reform of Judaism. He also owns the book: “Study of Heb. Preachers ”(1939) and“ Five Scrolls ”(1950). He took an active part in the work of the conf. amer. reformist rabbis as a member. her Liturgic. to-that was one of the creatures. reformed prayer book.

beyder khaim voljkovich
has abstract: BEYDER Chaim Volkovich (b. 1920, Kupel of Ovruch u. Volyn province), poet, publicist, literary critic. He graduated from Heb. seven-year school. He studied at the Odessa ped. technical school, then in Zhitomir in Heb. workers' faculty. In 1940 he graduated from Heb. dep. Odessa ped. in-that, worked as a teacher at the Stalindorf nat. district of Dnepropetrovsk region, in 1942–45 - in Tashauz region. Russian gas. (Turkmenistan). Returning to Ukraine in 1946, he was engaged in journalism, collaborated in different ways. periodic. ed. He taught in Kamyanets-Podolsk ped. in-those. In 1971–72 - lit. sotr. gas. "Birobidzhaner Stern". From 1973 to 1991 - deputy. ch. ed. g. "Sovetish gameland". He debuted in literature in 1933 with verse, in the center, Heb. gas. for children "Zay Great" (Kharkov). Published in different. Heb. periodic. ed. Author pl. cycles of verse, and poems, sketches, lit.-critical. works in Heb., Rus, Ukrainian. languages. The author of the book: "Hanukas-Gabais" (Housewarming "), 1979; "Shave rahvesn" ("Wide open spaces"), 1981; "Zu der Mendelefor-shung" ("In the world of Mendele Moicher-Sforima"), 1986, etc. In 1982, et al. with S. Sandler, G. Rabinkov and N. Kravets released the first post-war. Heb. primer ("Alefbase"), and in 1992 the textbook "Yiddish". Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1981). Lit. pr. World Heb. cultural congr. (New York) for 1991.

beygeljman aron davidovich
has abstract: BEYGELMAN Aron Davidovich (b. 1917, Olviopol, Elisavetgrad u. Kherson province), prose writer. He graduated from Heb. school and moved to Heb. nat. Novozlatopol district, where he worked in Heb. agriculturalist. colonies. He studied in Heb. zootechnical school, but did not graduate from it. Member of the 1941–45 war, twice seriously wounded. In 1950 he graduated from the Library Institute. The first major production - pov. Der Goldener Lighter (Golden Candlestick) - publ. in 1968 in the railway station "Sovetish gameland". The author of several. novels and pov., not yet published.

beylin-levkov abram solomonovich
has abstract: BEILIN-LEVKOV Abram Solomonovich (1854 - |), jeweler, merchant of the 1st guild. Since 1882 the owner of the factory is angry. and diamond jewelry. He made jewelry for the imp. yard. In 1901 he was awarded honorary title. title "supplier of the court of His imp. majesty "and the right to place on their products the image of the state. coat of arms Ros. empire.

beylin isaak grigorjevich
has abstract: BEILIN Isaak Grigorievich (1883, Kruty, Poltava province. - 1965, Moscow), phytopathologist, one of the founders of the Fatherland. epiphytothiology. Dr. bi-ol. sciences. Graduated (1913) natural sciences. dep. physicomat. Faculty of Kazan University. In 1914–15 - for the military. service, awarded with two St. George's crosses. In 1915–21 he worked at the Voronezh provincial station. plant protection (from 1918 - head.), in 1921-30 - hands. dep. phytopathology of the Voronezh region. s.-kh. experienced art. In 1934 - at the Shatilov state. breeding art. (Oryol region), from 1937 - to Botanich. in-those of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1939 - at the All-Union Research Institute of Oilseeds in Krasnodar. In 1940-45 - in Moscow. botanist. garden of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (now the Chief Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences), since 1945 in the Lab. evolution. ecology them. acad. B.A. Keller of the USSR Academy of Sciences (later as part of the Institute of the Forest of the USSR Academy of Sciences), from 1948 - beginning. phytopathological. detachment of the Integrated Exp. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. laws of the emergence, distribution and attenuation of mass plant diseases, developed measures to prevent and combat them. He proposed (1919) a method for recording mass plant diseases. Identified a local, broomrape-resistant sunflower variety. Conducted an epiphytothiologic. surveys in decomp. districts of the USSR. Auth. works on the history of biology. He was engaged in the project of the museum of history with. x-va. Vol .: Infection and measures to combat it, Voronezh, 1930; Diseases of oilseeds, in Sat. "Diseases and pests of oilseeds", M., 1939; Essays on the history of forest communities in pre-revolutionary Russia, M., 1962; Fight against dodders and broomrape, M., 1967; Flowering parasites and semi-parasites, M., 1968; At the origins of the science of forest, M., 1969; Parasitism and epiphytothiology: On the example …

beylin mikhail abramovich
has abstract: BEILIN Mikhail Abramovich (b. 1921, Roslavl, Smolensk province), chess player, journalist. Master of Sports of the USSR (1950), Intern. Arbitrator (1980). Deputy prev. chess. Federation of the USSR (1967–70), deputy. early Chess Office (1981–86) of the USSR Sports Committee. A lawyer by education, works: For Chess. board, M., 1959; Knight's move, M., 1966; Travel to chess. Kingdom, 2nd ed., M., 1976 (et al.).

beylin osher
has abstract: BEILIN Osher (1881, Kiev - 1948, Jerusalem), playwright, publicist. He graduated from the city, then studied at high fur boots in Bern and Freiburg. In 1901–05 he was a personal secretary. at Sholem Aleichem. In 1906 he made his debut in London with a story in Hebrew. He was engaged in journalism, published stories, literary critic. Art., journalism in different. periodic. Heb. ed. Europe and America. In 1933 he settled in E.-I. Author of the book: "In schwarze tag" ("On black days"), 1907; Der Blutiker Yomtev (Bloody Holiday), 1911; In der Fremd (In a Foreign Land), 1919, and others. about Sholem Aleichem.

beylin solomon
has abstract: BEILIN Solomon (Sholem) Haimovich (1857, Novogrudok, Minsk province - 1942, Tashkent), folklorist. Received a tradition. Heb. education. In 1880 he graduated from a real school in Pinsk, from 1891 a rabbi in Rogachev, then in Irkutsk. In 1884 he began to collect, process and publish the Hebrews. folklore. Published in Heb. g. in Russian lang. "Voskhod" (middle article about the origin of Hebrew folk tales, proverbs), in scientific. collection of books "Evr. antiquity ", and after the revolution in the Minsk railway. "Zeitshrift", Vilnius "Philologishe font" and other publications. Author of the book: "Yiddish Folks-Mayses" ("Hebrew Nar. Tales", vol. 1, Odessa, 1897; "Wandering or world stories and songs in ancient literature", 1907; "Yiddish folksmayselekh un gezangen" ("Heb. . folk songs and tales "), 1898;" Proverbs of Siberian Jews ", 1913.

beylina nina mikhaylovna
has abstract: BEILINA Nina Mikhailovna (b. 1931, Moscow), violinist. In 1953 she graduated from Moscow. cons. in the class of A.I. Yampolsky, graduate school Leningrad. cons. in the class of Yu.I. Eidlin (1959) and Moscow. cons. (1961) by D.F. Oistrakh. In 1953–56 in the orchestra of the Bolshoi Theater of the USSR, from 1961 soloist Vses. state concert society (later Moskontsert). 1st pr. Mezhdunar. Violin Competition J. Enescu (Bucharest, 1961), 3rd ave. Intern. competition them. PI Tchaikovsky (Moscow, 1962), 2nd ave. Mezhdunar. competition them. M. Long and J. Thibault (Paris, 1963). She has toured in the USSR and abroad. Since 1976 in the USA, he lives in New York. Concerts, teaches at Mannes College.

beylinson aleksandr aleksandrovich
has abstract: BEILINSON Alexander Alexandrovich (b. 1957, Moscow), mathematician. Graduated from Moscow State University, Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1988). Since 1989 he has been working at Ying-those teor. physics to them. L.D. Landau, and also in Massachusetts technol. in-those (USA). Main the results are in algebras. geometry, algebras. number theory and math. Physics, Vol. regulators and values ​​of L-functions, In Sat: Sovr. problems of mathematics, VINITI, ser. "Latest achievements", v. 24, 1984.

beylinson moisey
has abstract: BEILINSON Moses (1890 - 1936, Petah Tikva, Israel), journalist, doctor. He was educated in high fur boots in Moscow, Freiburg and Basel. In 1913 he became a certified physician. From 1917 to 1924 he lived in Italy, where he carried out orders for the World Zionist. org-tion and published Art. in decomp. period, ed. in Hebrew, German. and ital. lang. In collaboration with Dante A. Lattes B. edited the published in Italian. lang. book about Zionism and the views of its leaders, including T. Herzl, M. Nordau, N. Sokolov and H. Weizmann (Florence, 1925). In 1925, shortly after moving to E.-I. became one of the editors. published in Tel Aviv gas. "Davar", officer. body of the Federation of Workers, and worked there until the end of his life. B. - the author of the book: "On the days of the judgment", Tel Aviv, 1930; "In the days of the Italian Renaissance", Tel Aviv, 1930; "Towards the Jewish-Arab problem" (collection of essays, Tel Aviv, 1930). Translated into Italian. lang. some books. Heb. writers, including I.-L. Peretz and Sh.Ash.

beylis menakhem mendelj
has abstract: BEILIS Menachem Mendel (1874, Kiev - 1934, approx. New York), clerk of a brick factory in Kiev, accused of murder on 03/20/1911 orthodox. boy Andrei Yushchinsky. The Black Hundred press stated that the murder was committed with a ritual purpose. A similar version was adhered to by the leaders of the right in the 3rd State. Duma V.M. Purishkevich and N.E. Markov, to-rye submitted to the Duma a request to investigate the murder of Yushchinsky. 12/7/1911 B. was arrested. With the support of Dep. Police Black Hundreds launched anti-Semitic agitation, threatened with pogroms. B. spent in prison under the investigation of St. 2 years old. Many spoke in his defense. prominent representatives grew up. and nick. public (A.A. Blok, V.I.Vernadsky, M.Gorky, V.G. Korolenko, D.S. Merezhkovsky, A.France and others). The trial that began on September 25, 1913 in Kiev was covered by newspapers around the world. B. was defended by the best lawyers O.O. Gruzenberg, N.P. Karabchevsky, A.S. Zarudny and V.A. Maklakov. Civil the plaintiffs were members. faction of the extreme right in the 3rd State. Duma G.G. Zamyslovsky and lawyer A.S. Shmakov, Ksenz I.E. Pranaitis and prof. IA Sikorsky, however their "arguments" were refuted by VM Bekhterev, IG Trotsky, Moscow. Rabbi Ya.M. Maze and Semitosemitologist P.K. Kokovtsov. Despite pressure from the authorities and the Black Hundreds, the jury acquitted B. On 10/30/1913. Fearing revenge, B. and his family left for E.-I., in 1920 he settled in the United States.

beylis viktor aleksandrovich
has abstract: BEYLIS Victor Alexandrovich (b. 1943, Bairam-Ali Turkmen. SSR), literary critic, orientalist, specialist in folklore and literature of the peoples of Africa. Cand. ist. Sciences (1970). Graduated from the Institute of East languages ​​at Moscow State University (1967). Author of the book: "Will Shoyinka" (1977), "Tradition in modern. cultures of Africa "(1986). Compiled a number of collection of books Afr. poetry and afr. fairy tales.

beylis voljf mendelevich
has abstract: BEILIS Wolf Mendelevich (b. 1923, Vasilkov Kiev. Gubernia), orientalist, historian, specialist on the problems of Arab countries. Dr. East Sciences (1975), prof. (1977). Graduated from the Kiev state. un-t (1950). From 1964 to teach. work in the Lugansk ped. in-those. Member of the 1941–45 war. Several dozens of scientific. tr., publ. in Russian and ukr. lang., dedicated. Wed-century Arab. history, historians and geographers, their tr. as an important source of information about Vost. Europe, Black Sea region, Dagestan; Russian-Byzantine. relations, history of Shirvan.

beym solomon abramovich
has abstract: BAYM Solomon Abramovich (1817, Odessa - 1867, Petersburg), spiritual leader of the Karaite communities. Disciple of Mordechai Sultansky. Khazan of the Karaite community of Kale in the Crimea, headed the school for Karaite children, in which not only traditional, but also general subjects were taught. After the death of his father B. took his place as a khazan in Odessa. In 1866, B., at the suggestion of Ros. Geographical Society, made 12 wooden images of the old generation of Karaite types in original costumes. B. is the author of a number of articles about the Karaites in "Ha-Melits", in "Novoros. calendar ”and other publications.

beymelj yaakov
has abstract: BEIMEL Yaakov (1852, Minsk - 1944, New York), cantor. He studied at yeshivas. He sang in synagogue choirs. Moose. educated in Odessa and Berlin. He was cantor and conductor in Berlin, Copenhagen and later in New York. He wrote liturgical music, the author of arrangements of Heb. bunk bed songs. Published an anthology of Heb. music.

beys-lekhem
has abstract: BASE-LEHEM, see Bread.

beysegole
has abstract: BEYSEGOLE, see Baysogala.

bezenchuk
has abstract: BEZENCHUK, urban-type settlement (since 1958), a regional center in the Samara region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway station of Samara u. 13 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1939.

bezhanitsy
has abstract: REFUGEES, urban-type settlement (since 1961), regional center in the Pskov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novorzhevsky u. Pskov province. In 1939, 24 Jews lived in Byelorussia. In 1941–42, 120 Jews were shot in Byelorussia, and several in Bezhanitskiy district. hundreds of Jewish families.

bezhetsk
has abstract: BEZHETSK (until 1766 - Gorodetsko), a city, a regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 13th century From 1775 - the district town of the Tver governorship, from 1796 - the province. In 1929-30 it was the center of a district within the Moscow Region, in 1930-35 it was a district center in the Moscow Region, in 1935-90 it was in the Kalinin Region. 82 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1867, and 83 in 1897 (0.9 %), in 1904 - 123, in 1910 - 108, in 1926 - 162 (1.3%), in 1939 - 79 Jews. In 1886, at the request of the community, melamed was sent from Moscow to B., in 1905 a synagogue was opened. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia. In 1916-21, the rabbi of B. was Yosef Segal (1885, Plungians - 1974, Jerusalem). V.I. Fleishman.

bezhunj
has abstract: BEZHUN, a village in the Warsaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 14th century In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of Płock Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. From 1795 - as part of Prussia, from 1807 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1837 - Posad Serpetskiy u. In 1765, 172 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1808 - 398 (37%), in 1820 - 543 (33%), in 1827 - 725 (36%), in 1856 - 790 (38.3%). in 1857 - 697 (29%), in 1921 - 779 (33%), in 1931 - approx. 250 Jews. Jews settled in B. in the middle. 18th century They were engaged in petty trade, maintained inns. Several later they began to master crafts. From 1823 to 1862 Byelorussia was closed for free settlement of Jews. In the 1870s. Jews belonged to several. small industries (textiles, porcelain, glass), shanks, sawmill and mill. In B. there was a synagogue, a Jewish cemetery, decomp. philanthropist. The rabbis in Byelorussia were Avrom-Mordechai Grinberg (until 1915), Hirsch Marvil, and Avrom Rothschild. During the 1st World. war Cossack units Rus. armies repeatedly staged pogroms in Byelorussia. In 1921 a philanthropist was opened in Byelorussia. cash desk, a branch of the Jewish People's Bank began to work. Zionist parties and movements, youth organizations, the Bund and Agudas Israel were active. There was a cheder and a girls' school "Beis Yaakov". We worked as a library with books in Hebrew and Yiddish, a Jewish club with all kinds of circles and an amateur t-rum. Sep 1939 Bulgaria was bombed by the Germans. aviation. Mn. Jews fled to the east, however, due to the lack of roads and the rapid advance of the Germans. troops were forced to return. B. was occupied on 4 Sept. 1939.11 nov. In 1939 Jews were taken from Byelorussia to ghettos in other cities in Poland, including the Warsaw ghetto. Most of the Jews of Byelorussia died in extermination camps. I. Tsylkov.

bezikovich abram samoylovich
has abstract: BESIKOVICH Abram Samoilovich (1891, Berdyansk, Tauride Gubernia - 1970, Cambridge, Great Britain), mathematician. Graduated from Petersburg. un-t (1912). He worked at Perm University (1916–20), in Petrograd. ped. in-those and un-those (1920–24). In 1924–25 he worked in Copenhagen with N. Bohr as a fellow of the Rockefeller Foundation, then at Liverpool (1926–27) and Cambridge University (1930–58). the results relate to the theory of almost periodic functions, as well as to measure theory, the theory of functions of a complex variable, and topology. Royal Society of London (1934). Sylvester Medal, Royal Society of London (1952). Etc. Adams University of Cambridge (1930). Moragan Medal of London Mat. about-va (1950).

bezlesnyy
has abstract: BEZLESNY, a farm in the Ust-Labinsk district of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). In 1942, 75 evacuated Jews were shot in Byelorussia.

bezlyudovka
has abstract: BEZLYUDOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Kharkov region of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of Kharkovsky u. In 1939, 27 Jews lived in B. In 1915, Jews deported from Galicia arrived in B. Dec 15. 1915 pl. of them were evicted to the Kazan province.

bezopasnoe
has abstract: SAFE, a village in the Trunovsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1804. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Stavropol u. In 1939 one Jew lived in Byelorussia. 1942 161 evacuated Jews were shot in B., in November. 1942 - 9 Jews.

bezredka aleksandr mikhaylovich
has abstract: BESREDKA Alexander Mikhailovich (1870, Odessa - 1940, Paris), microbiologist and immunologist. The son of the writer E. Ish-Noomi, who wrote in Hebrew. In 1892 he graduated from Novoros. un-t in Odessa. When it became clear to him that the continuation of the scientific. a career in Russia is possible only at the cost of conversion to Christ, he left for France. Graduated from honey. College in Paris (1897), received a French. citizenship and from 1897 until the end of his life he worked at the Pasteur Institute (until 1916 under the direction of II Mechnikov in his laboratory, from 1916 - deputy director of the Institute). tr. B. and his students are devoted to the problems of immunity and anaphylaxis. Based on numerous experiments. research developed the theory of local immunity, according to a cut in the body's fight against infection, the decisive role belongs to the phenomena of the local protective reaction of individual organs and tissues. The open B. method of local immunization found application for the prevention of a number of infections: oral vaccination against typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera, vaccination through the skin against streptococcal and staphylococcal infections, the use of the drug "antivirus" offered by him for the treatment of hl. arr. purulent infections. Introduced the term "anaphylactic. shock". His observations and experiments. research the phenomena of anaphylaxis led to the development of practical. method of preventing anaphylactic. shock with serum treatment. He kept a close relationship with the Russian. science, took part in honey. ed. Russia; pl. beginners rus. scientists worked in the lab. Pasterovsky Institute under his leadership. Was an active member. a number of Heb. org-tions, wrote for Heb. scientific. Cit .: Local immunization, Paris, 1926 (translated from French); Anaphylaxis and anti-anaphylaxis, M., 1930 (translated from French); On the importance of irritants in infection and immunity "Journal of Experimental Biolo…

bezrodnyy igorj semenovich
has abstract: BEZRODNY Igor Semenovich (b. 1930, Tiflis), violinist, conductor, teacher. In 1953 he graduated from Moscow. cons. in 1955 - graduate school at her in the class of A.I. Yampolsky. 1st pr. To the International violin competition them. J. Kubelik (Prague, 1949), at the International conference. competition them. I.S. Bach (Leipzig, 1950). In 1957–90 he taught at Moscow. cons. (since 1972 prof., in 1981–91 head of the department). Since 1970 he has been performing as a conductor. In 1976–80 ch. conductor and artistic director hands. Moscow chamber orchestra. In the repertoire of B. - production. Western-European classical composers, as well as modern. music. Has toured in the USSR and abroad. Among the students there is a laureate of pl. int. competitions M.V. Fedotov. Became. pr. (1951). Nar. art. RSFSR (1978). Since 1991 - in Finland.

bezskorbnaya
has abstract: SORRY, see Sorrowful.

bezuarova
has abstract: BEZUAROVA, see Buzovarovo.

bezymenskiy aleksandr iljich
has abstract: BEZYMENSKY Alexander Ilyich (1898, Zhitomir - 1973, Moscow), poet. He graduated from the city of Vladimir, entered the Kiev Commercial Department. Institute (1916). Participant Oct. revolution in Petrograd. Was a member. Central Committee of the RKSM of the 1st convocation. Began to publish in 1918. Since 1923 member of the RAPP, published in the magazine "On the post". B. belonged to the galaxy of Komsomols. poets of the 1920s He is a coms author. march "Young Guard" ("Forward to meet the dawn ..."), written in April. 1922 on the instructions of the Central Committee of the RKSM, denouncer of all the allegedly backward and philistine, interfering with the construction of the "light communist society". He also acted as an essayist, publicist, author of Art. about satirical. lit-re. B. belong to numerous. collection of verses. Among them: "How life smells" with a preface. LD Trotsky (Moscow, 1924), "The best lines of 1923-1932" (Moscow, 1932), Izbr. manuf. in 2 vols. (M., 1958). Son B. - Leo (b. 1920, Kazan), journalist-Germanist. Graduated from Moscow State University (1948). Cand. ist. sciences. (1975) Participant in the war 1941–45. The author of a number of books. on the history, theory and practice of fascism: "The Taming of the Typhoon" (Moscow, 1978), "War Criminal No. 239" (Moscow, 1983), "The End of a Legend" (Moscow, 1972), "Solved Riddles of the Third Reich: The book is not only about the past. 1933-1941 "(M., 1980-84).

biatus feliks
has abstract: BIATUS Felix (Herman) (b. 1910), commander of the first armored tank. parts of the Israel Defense Forces. During the 2nd world. war was a tanker in Kr. Army. After the war - in E.-I., by order of I. Sadeh, he formed the first armored tank. brigade, edges took part in heavy battles during the War of Independence. After the war he was demobilized from the army.

bibergalj aleksandr nikolaevich
has abstract: BIBERGAL Alexander Nikolaevich (1854, Yalta, Tauride province - 1925, Moscow), revolutionary populist. From the bourgeoisie. Graduated from the Kerch city. In 1874 he entered the Moscow Art Academy in St. Petersburg, a member of a number of populists. circles, student student. movement. One of the organizers of the demonstration at the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg on December 6, 1876 (the first political demonstration in Russia), after which he was arrested. In Jan. 1877 as an "instigator" sentenced to 15 years of hard labor (the first Hebrew to be sentenced to hard labor in Russia for a political crime), which he served in the Kariya convict prison in Transbaikalia. Due to his even character and personal charm, he enjoyed great prestige among his fellow prisoners. In 1884 he went to a settlement, lived in the Trans-Baikal region, served in gold mines, from the end. 1890s - in the transport company "Nadezhda" in Blagoveshchensk. Participated in local communities. life, collaborated in gas. "Amur Territory", kept in touch with polit. exiled. After the amnesty of 1905 he returned to Europe. Russia, op. about the demonstration on Kazanskaya square, "Hard labor and exile", 1926, no. 7-8.

biberman leon mikhaylovich
has abstract: BIBERMAN Leon Mikhailovich (b. 1915, Poti, Kutaisi province), physicist, Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1978), Graduated from Moscow. energetic Institute (1940). Member of the 1941–45 war. Since 1945 - associate professor, since 1960 - prof. Department of Physics, MPEI. Since 1965 - head. theoretical Department of the Institute of High Temperatures of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Scientific creator schools in the region. physical and technical energy problems. Trained 13 doctors and 10 cand. sciences. Formulated the theory of the transfer of resonant radiation in gases and plasma. The term “B.-Holstein's equation” was established in the literature. Received the formula for the spectral intensity of photorecombinants. and bremsstrahlung of complex atoms. Proved that when entering the space. the apparatus into the dense layers of the atmosphere in front of its frontal surface a layer of plasma appears and that the radiation of this layer gives creatures a contribution to the heating of the apparatus. Developed methods for calculating radiation. heating cosm. apparatus. D. h. Intern. Academy of Astronautics in Paris (1993). The author of St. 120 scientific. works in the region. physics of high temperatures and physics of plasma, monographs "Optich. properties of hot air "(1970) and" Kinetics of nonequilibrium low-temperature plasma "(1982, reprinted in the USA in 1989).

bibler vladimir solomonovich
has abstract: BIBLER Vladimir Solomonovich (b. 1918, Moscow), culturologist. Cand. Philos. Sciences (1951). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1941). Excluded from the postgraduate study of the Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR during the period of "the struggle against cosmopolitanism" (1949). He taught philosophy at the Taj. state un-those (1951-59) in Stalinabad, in Moscow. mining institute (1959-61), worked as a scientific. sotr. Institute of History of Natural Science and Technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1961), Institute of General History of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1968), Research Institute of General and Ped. psychology of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences (since 1982), head. lab. "Dialogue of Cultures" at the RSUH (since 1990). Research in the region. theory of knowledge, history of Western-European. philosophy and culture. Works: Analysis of the developing concept, Moscow, 1969 (in co-authorship); Thinking as creativity, M., 1975; Kant-Galilei-Kant, M., 1991; From science teaching - to the logic of culture, M., 1991; Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin, or Poetics of Culture, M., 1991; Culture and Civilization: Philosopher. reflections on the eve of the XXI century., M., 1993.

bichura
has abstract: BICHURA, village, regional center in the Republic of Buryatia (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bichurskoe Verkhneudinsky environs. Transbaikal region. 20th century Jewish peasants lived in the Bichurskaya volost, and 8 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1939.

bichurskoe
has abstract: BICHURSKOE, see Bichura.

bichvinta
has abstract: BICHWINT, see Pitsunda.

biderman vadim ljvovich
has abstract: BIDERMAN Vadim Lvovich (b. 1917), engineer, specialist in the region. mechanics of a deformable body. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1959), prof. since 1960. In 1940 he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School. In 1940-43, a designer at Moscow. searchlight plant. In 1944–48 at the Moscow Higher Technical School (assistant at the Department of Strength of Materials). In 1948–56 the beginning. settlement department Research Institute of the tire industry in Moscow. Since 1956 he taught at the Moscow Higher Technical School. work in the region. dynamics and strength of machines. Conducted a comprehensive study. rubber, rubber-metal. and rubber-cord machine parts. On the basis of the theory of mesh shells he created, he developed methods for calculating rubber-cord elastic elements and pneumatic. tires, proposed a method for the reasonable choice of the type and size of parts for decomp. purposes of operation. Summarized the results of the research. in the region. strength. Author of scientific. works, monographs. Linen. pr. (1960). Works: Calculations for strength in machines, Moscow, 1956–59 (in co-authorship); Automobile tires (design, calculation, testing, operation), M., 1963 (in co-authorship); Applied theory of mechanical. hesitation, M., 1972; Mechanics of thin-walled structures: Statics, M., 1977; The theory of mechanical. Oscillations, M., 1980.

bidinskiy david grigorjevich
has abstract: BIDINSKY David Grigorievich (1899, Kiev - 1964), engineer, specialist in the region. production of ammunition, major-general engineer-art. service (1943). Participant gr. war. Graduated from g-ziyu and chemical-technol. in-t. Worked by engineer. and ch. Ing. to the military. s-dakh. In 1937–47, the director. a number of ammunition plants. Awarded 5 hordes. Became. etc. (1948).

bieshtj
has abstract: BIESHT (until 1991 - Bieshty), a village in Orheevsky district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Orhei u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 86 Jews lived in Byelorussia. June 1941 b. including the Jews of Byelorussia was evacuated; those who remained in the fall of 1941 were deported to Transnistria.

bieshty
has abstract: Biesti, see Biesti.

bikin
has abstract: BIKIN, a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Khabarovsk Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1894. At the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in the Khabarovsk environs. Primorsk Region. In 1939, 96 Jews (0.64%) lived in Byelorussia.

bikson eduard yakovlevich
has abstract: BIXON Eduard Yakovlevich (b. 1919, Petrograd), architect, specialist in the design of societies. buildings and sports facilities. In 1940 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Main works: the project of the high-rise building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at Smolenskaya Square in Moscow (1952, under the direction of V. G. Gelfreikh), the House of Culture and Science in Warsaw (1954, under the direction of L. V. Rudnev), the Palace of Sports in Luzhniki (1956–57, under the direction of I. Ye. Rozhin), the project of the general plan of Zelenograd (1958, as part of a team), the sanatorium "Marat" in Yalta (1974), bargaining. and societies. center in Desnogorsk, Smolensk region. (1989).

bilgoray
has abstract: BILGORAI, a city in the Zamosc Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Lubelsk Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. From 1795 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - the county town of Belgorai, Lublin province. 661 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1765, in 1841 - 1637, in 1856 - 1708, in 1893 - 3034, in 1897 - 3486, in 1931 - 3715 Jews. suffered greatly during the "Khmelnytsky" region. Between 1823 and 1862 B. was closed for free settlement of Jews as a border area. paragraph. In 1841 there were 3 wooden synagogues in Byelorussia. In the end. 19th century main the occupation of the Jews of B. was woodworking, a cut was done by St. 1 thousand people In the 1900s. the rabbi in B. was Mordechai Zilberman. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In 1941 a ghetto was created in Byelorussia, liquidated in January. 1943. In March 1942, apprx. 2500 people in B. genus: I.-I. Zinger; Menachem-Mendel from Kock (1787-1859, Kock), the founder of a special trend in Polish. Hasidism.

bilinkis yakov semenovich
has abstract: BILINKIS Yakov Semenovich (b. 1926, Uman), literary critic, historian of Russian. lit-ry. Graduated from Moscow State University (1950). Dr. philol. Sciences (1970), prof. (1970). Tr .: books about the work of Leo Tolstoy (1956, 1959, 1970, 1973), F.M.Dostoevsky (1956, 1960), “Rus. classics and study of literature at school ”(1986).

biljche-zolotoe
has abstract: BILCHE-GOLDEN, a village in the Borshchevsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopil Voivodeship, a part of Poland; in 1939–91, it was a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, in B.-Z. there were 126 Jews (4.5%), in 1900 - 203 (6%), in 1921 - 133 Jews (4.5%). arr. from. x-vom, dressing of leather and fur, trade in manufactory. There was a synagogue and a cemetery, where only those who died from the epidemic and Jewish soldiers who died during the 1st world were buried. war. In B.-Z. there was a shohet, who acted as a moel, cantor and, if necessary, a rabbi. There was a bathhouse and a mikvah. Jews B.-Z. were in 1942 sent to the extermination camp Belzec.

billikopf yakob
has abstract: BILLIKOPF Jacob (1863, Vilna - 1950, New York), societies. activist. In the United States since 1883. He studied at Richmond College (Virginia) and Chicago University. In 1894 he was appointed manager of the Heb. colony in Cincinnati, then served as director. philanthropist. institutions in Milwaukee and Kansas City. As a prez. Conf. philanthropist. institutions pcs. Missouri organized municipal baths, general education. pm schools and to-you law. support. There was a vice-president. Kansas City Board of Amnesties and Parole, Sec. Municipal Reconstruction Committee, member. Kansas City Board of Charities, Dir. Institute of Hebrews. education in Kansas City and lecturer in sociology and economics at the University of Missouri. In 1917-19 he will perform. dir. Amer. to-that aid to Jews. After the 1st world. war studied the living conditions of Jews in Russia and the countries of the East. Europe. In 1919 he was appointed to the post. dir. Federal Heb. philanthropist. org-tion of Philadelphia, and in 1925 became independent before. Arbitration Council for the Garment Industry in New York. He also held positions: prez. Nat. conf. Heb. societies. figures, vice-president. Amer. Assembly for the Protection of Older Persons, Independent Pre. Philadelphia region. council on labor, before. to-that "Hundred to help the unemployed" and a member. the result. to-that "New School of Social Research." Participated in the founding of the ed. Nation and Sevei. He founded the J. Billykopf Foundation at the University of Richmond, to-ry in 1928 awarded him honorary title. Juris Doctor degree. In 1932, the director was elected. Amer. companies heb. to-that help, in 1933 - prez. Nat. conf. Heb. social service. In 1936–37 he was one of the performers. dir. Nat. coordinator to-that support to refugees from Germany. Then he was in the Council nat. emigre. to-that and chl. Council dir. Ed. amer. Heb. will distribute, to-that.

billj-belotserkovskiy vladimir haymovich
has abstract: BILL-BELOTSERKOVSKY Vladimir Haymovich (1885, Alexandria, Kherson province - 1970, Moscow), playwright. In his youth he was a sailor. Participant citizen war. In the 20s. took part in the creation of owls. agitational t-ra, for which I wrote several. plays ("Steak with blood", 1920; "Stages", 1920). Naib. Izv. his drama "Storm" was created in 1926 and bypassed many. t-ry country. Heb. the theme is present in the play "Border Guard" (the image of Kogan - the hero-commander of the Red Army), written in 1937, as well as in his autobiography. book The Way of Life (1959). B. belong to numerous. antiamer. works that appeared during the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism": the play "Skin Color" (1948), collection of works. stories "In a strange world" (1948), "In the country of the dollar" (1949), etc.

bilov shloyme
has abstract: BILOV Shloyme (1888, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1949, Kiev), literary critic. After the pogroms in 1905 he left for the USA. In 1916 he graduated from college in Kingston. He returned to Russia in 1918, worked as a teacher in the Rivne region (Ukraine), as well as an educator in orphanages. He was a teacher of Hebrews. liters in Gomel ped. technical school, head. department Heb. lang. and literature, scientific. sotr. Institute of Hebrews. span. culture VUAN, as well as prof. in the Kiev in-those theater. art, where he read courses zap. European and Heb. lit-ry, stories will depict. lawsuit. In 1936 he was repressed. Released soon. In the beginning. war was evacuated to Sverdlovsk, worked as a correspondent. Sovinformburo and Evr. antifash. to-that. B. - the author of apprx. 200 scientific. and critical. works on literature and art, including: "The creative path of D. Edelstadt", "Joseph Bovshover", "Sholem Aleichem" (with I.H.Drucker), "A. Goldfaden and his dramas "," I.-L. Peretz "and others.

bilyavichus elias
has abstract: BILYAVICHUS Elias (1904, Volkovyshki, Suvalki province - 1986, Vilnius), state. activist, prose writer, publicist. In 1926 he graduated from Communist. un-t nat. minorities in the West. Since 1927 - member. Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania. In 1928–31 he was imprisoned. Since 1932 in the USSR. He worked in Moscow. Centre. Heb. gas. "Der emes". In 1936, his memoirs were published. "Behind bars". Since 1941 - People's Commissar of the Food Industry of the Lithuanian SSR. During the 1941–45 war he served in Litov. headquarters of par-tees. movement. In 1944–49 - deputy. sec. Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania. In 1949–51 - head. department of the Central Committee. In 1951–53 - min. fish industry, in 1953–57 - food industry of the Lithuanian SSR, in 1957–61 - deputy. prev. SNKh Lithuanian SSR, 1955–63 - dep. Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR. Published in Yiddish, Russian, Lithuanian. lang. Combined state. activities and journalism. The author of the production "Years Not Wasted in Vain" (1958), "Neman Returns to Its Shores" (1960), etc.

bimko fishelj
has abstract: BIMKO Fishel (1890, Kielce - 1965), novelist and playwright. At the age of 12 he made his debut with a story in one of the Hebrews. gas. Lvov. Published in different. periodic. ed. In 1912 he released the first. Sat. stories "Di Aveire" ("Sin"), in 1916 - Sat. "Recruit". In 1914 Heb. Dr. in Lodz staged his drama "Oifn breg Weissl" ("On the banks of the Vistula"). His drama "Ganovim" ("Thieves") enjoyed great success. Since 1921 in the USA. He worked as a procurer. In 1938 he was awarded lit. pr. World Heb. Congr. in NYC. Author of the book: "Fun krig un fridn" ("From war and peace"), 1920; Farborgene Coiches (Secret Forces), 1926; "Tunkele gestaln" ("Dark Images"), 1926, etc.

binetskiy peysakh
has abstract: BINETSKY Peisakh (1910, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1966, Kfar-Sava, Israel), poet. He worked as a weaver, joined the roar early. activity. Several years was in prison. During the 2nd world. During the war he lived in the USSR, then returned to Poland, to Lodz. He made his debut in 1937 verse, in one of the Hebrews. g. in Bialystok. Then he printed stories, art., Essays in different. periodic. ed. First. Sat. verse. A fenster in der velt (Window to the World) was released in 1948 in Lodz. Since 1949 in Israel. His poetry came out here. collection "Oysdoer" ("Excerpt"), "Gemshekh" ("Continuation").

biniashvili mikhaelj
has abstract: BINIASHVILI Michael (Mizrahi Gurdzhi) (2nd half of the 19th century, Georgia - 1st half of the 20th century), rabbi, writer. He left Georgia for Turkey, joined the public and educational life of the Hebrew. communities of Istanbul. I made comments on "Ismah Yisrael" and "The Book of Tremors", according to a cut each tremor of this or that member. human. the body speaks of the predestination of a person's fate to good or evil. Compiled by poetry. anthology, where parallel texts in Hebrew and Ladino were provided with commentaries in Aramaic, compiled from. Eastern European rabbis.

binovich yakov efimovich
has abstract: BINOVICH Yakov Efimovich (1898, Petersburg - 1961, Moscow), military leader, general-leith. engineer tank, service (1945). In Kr. Army since 1918, member of civil. war, in 1921 com. armored trains, then - art. shelf. Graduated from the Military-tech. academy (1932). From 1934 he taught at the Military. Academy of Mechanization and Motorization of the Red Army (from 1938 prof. Department of tanks, then head of faculty). 1941–42 teams. armored vehicle. and fur. troops of the South. fr., in 1943–45 of the 2nd Ukr. fr. From 1946 beginning. f-that Military. academy armored vehicles. and fur. troops. Retired from 1953. He was awarded the 6th order.

binshtok grigoriy osipovich
has abstract: BINSHTOK Grigory Osipovich (literary ps. Osipov) (| - |), polit. activist, Social-Democratic - Menshevik. In the years of the 1st world. war sided with the left Zimmerwaldists. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 - supporter of Yu.O. Martov and Yu.Larin (M.A. Lurie). Under the influence of P.B. Axelrod by November. 1917 joined the ranks of the right opposition in the RSDLP. After Oct. coup of 1917 - an opponent of Bolshevism, opposed negotiations with the Bolsheviks on the creation of a "homogeneous to the socialists, pr-va". Member of the International socialists, conf. in Bern and Lucerne, convened for the purpose of restoring the Second International. From Dec. 1921 members Central Committee of the RSDLP. He was repeatedly arrested by the Cheka-GPU. Since 1922 - in Germany, one of the leaders of the right opposition in the RSDLP, Izv. Menshevik. writer and publicist, published in Zh. "Socialist. Bulletin "," Notes of the Social-Democrats " et al. ed.

binshtok ieguda-leyb
has abstract: BINSHTOK Yehuda-Leib (1836, Lokachi Volyn province - 1894, Jaffa), publicist, translator. In 1858 he graduated from the Zhytomyr rabbi, school. In 1859–62 he served under the governor-general, taught the basics of Judaism in the Zhytomyr city. He was friends with M. Moikher-Sforim. There was a secret. Heb. communities in St. Petersburg. Lit. activity began in 1860 as a publicist. Art. in Heb. g. in Russian lang. "Dawn" and "Zion". In 1868 he published Russian. per. rum. Moicher-Sforima "Fathers and Sons". In 1869, together with M. Moicher-Sforim, he translated into Yiddish "5 weeks in a balloon" by J. Verne, adding rum. Heb. coloring. In 1884 B. published a critical biogr. essay on Moicher-Sforim. In 1892 he traveled to E.-I. as a representative of the Odessa to-that assistance to Heb. agriculture and handicrafts. Founded the first. school in Hebrew and first. Heb. library in Jaffa. For the history of Heb. lit-ry are of great importance. son of B. Alexander Binshtok (1866-1937), publ. in Russian lang. and in Yiddish in diff. periodic. ed.

bira
has abstract: BIRA, an urban-type settlement (since 1929) in the Obluchensky district of the Jewish Autonomous]] region]] (Russian Federation). Main in 1929. In the 1930s. - the regional center of the Jewish Autonomous Region. In 1939, 346 Jews lived in Byelorussia. 1930s In the district of B., coal was mined, a timber industry enterprise and a timber chemical industry operated. and resinous z-dy. In 1933, on the basis of organiz. in 1928 the Birobidzhan research and development field was created at the Birsk Experimental Field. complex in-t village. kh-va VASKHNIL. All R. 1930s the influx of immigrants has sharply increased. Two-thirds of the inhabitants were engaged in handicraft-fishing activities, the district accounted for 80% of the total volume of timber harvesting in the Jewish Autonomous Region. In 1934 the multi-profile artel "Birskiy toiler" was created, in 1935 the artel "Naer shtern" ("New Star"), which united shoemakers and tailors. In the 1930s. in B. there was an early. school with teaching in Yiddish. In B. genus. Mikhail Moiseevich Girshman (b. 1937), philologist, Doctor of Philology. Sciences (1978), prof. (1980) .D.I. Vayserman

birakan
has abstract: BIRAKAN, urban-type settlement (since 1931) in the Obluchensky district of the Jewish Autonomous]] region]] (Russian Federation). Main in 1930 OZET, 5 km from the same name. railroad Art. as a settlement at a turpentine-tar plant. In 1939, 622 Jews lived in Byelorussia. 1930s artels Smolokur, Krasny Kleschevik (cooper production), Pervoe Maya (lime production), Proletarier (shoe and sewing production), Izvest (more than 100 workers ), "Birobidzhaner Marble" (marble mining), "Birakaner Boyer" ("Birakan Builder"). In 1933, the New Life collective farm was established. All R. 1930s On the basis of a deposit of marble limestone, the Birakan limestone plant was created, since 1936 marble mining was carried out. In the 1930s. in B., there was a seven-year school with teaching in Yiddish, and a library with books in Yiddish. In 1933, a Jewish drama was organized. circle. In 1935 the first issue of gas was published. "Stalin's call - Stalineruf" (since 1956 - "Iskra Khingana"; chief editor A. Rutman). In 1947, the first paper factory in the Far East began operating (director B. Vainshtein).

birbraer evgeniy abramovich
has abstract: BIRBRAER Evgeny Abramovich (1912, Tyumen - 1943), Hero of Owls. Union (1943, see). From 1942 to Stalingr. and Steppe fronts, Art. lieutenant, com. mortar company. On Sept. 1943 distinguished himself when crossing the Dnieper. Holding the captured bridgehead, the company is under command. B. repulsed 12 enemy counterattacks, supported the main crossing with fire. forces of the regiment. 10/06/1943 B. died in battle.

birchitsy
has abstract: BIRCHITSY, a village in the Sambir district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was part of Poland; in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1941–42, 65 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.

birenboym yakov abramovich
has abstract: BIRENBOYM Yakov Abramovich (1907, Zhitomir - 1943, Chernihiv region), Hero of the Sov. Union (1943). Graduated from Poltava military-polit. uch-shche. Com. airborne assault. regiment, Lieutenant Colonel B. died in battle while crossing the Dnieper.

birman aleksandr mikhaylovich
has abstract: BIRMAN Alexander Mikhailovich (b. 1910), economist-financier. Dr. econ. Sciences (1959), prof. (1960). Graduated from Moscow. Planning Institute (1937). In 1937–47 he worked at the State Planning Committee of the USSR, from 1947 as a scientific pedagogue. work, since 1959 - head. Department of Finance Moscow. in-that nar. x-va them. G.V. Plekhanov. Main directions of scientific and practical. activities: finance, theory and practice of finance. and banking. One of the authors of the university course "Finance of the enterprise and industries of the people. x-va ". The author of St. 30 works, including popular science and journalistic; under his editorship. and with direct. participation also came out of St. 20 ed. Vol .: Finance of industries of the People. x-va of the USSR, h. 1-2, M., 1953-57; Working capital planning, 2nd ed., M., 1956; What is economics, M., 1965; Learn to manage, M., 1966; Economist's talent, M., 1968; Essays on the theory of owls. finance, p. 1–2, M., 1968–72; Fascinating economics, M., 1975; Ahead of its time, M., 1990.

birman naum borisovich
has abstract: BIRMAN Naum Borisovich (b. 1924, Leningrad), film director, theater and film actor, theater, director. In 1942–47 he worked as an actor in the concert brigade of the political administration of the Karelian fr., Ans. border troops and music comedy t-ra in Petrozavodsk. Graduated from Le-ningr. theater. in-t them. A.N. Ostrovsky (acting department in 1951, director - in 1955). In 1956 he worked as an actor and director. decomp. t-ditch of Leningrad, including t-ra them. V.F. Komissarzhevskaya. Since 1965, dir. to / st. Lenfilm. Naib. means. works: "The Chronicle of a Dive Bomber" (1967), "The Singing Teacher" (1972), "Three Men in a Boat, Excluding a Dog" (1979), "We Looked Death in the Face" (1980), "Sunday Pope" (1985) , "Cyrano de Bergerac" (1989).

birnov lev markovich
has abstract: BIRNOV Lev Markovich (b. 1908, Osvey Drissensky u. Vitebsk province.), Composer. He studied with M.F. Gnesin, communication with whom prompted to study Hebrew. music. In 1938 he graduated from Moscow. cons. (according to the composition classes of G.I. Litinsky and D.B. Kabalevsky). Head of the muses. part of theaters in Arkhangelsk (1928-30) and Guryev (1941-44), wrote music for performances. He worked in a newsreel studio (1938–41). Taught music-theoretical. disciplines in the Musical Theater. uch-shche them. AK Glazunov in Moscow (1948-53), then in the music. school in Dushanbe (1953–57). Conducted a composition class in Muz.-ped. uch-shche them. MM Ippolitov-Ivanov in Moscow (1962–65). The work of B. is associated with Ch. arr. using Heb. melos in a wok. music, as well as Taj. muses. folklore. His songs are included in the repertoire of prominent Hebrew performers. music - MD Aleksandrovich, N. Lifshitsaite, D. Potapovskaya, A. Gorelik and others. Among the op. for symphony. orc. - “Heb. symphony "(1938), the poem" Vakhsh Valley "(1954); for small symphony. orc. - suite on the themes of the peoples of the USSR (1940) and Taj. rhapsody (1951); Taj. songs and dances for orc. bunk bed instr. and an ensemble of rubobists (rubob - folk string plucked instrument); suite on themes of the peoples of Asia (1955) for orc. bunk bed instr .; paintings of Asian countries (1959); chamber instr. cit., including 3 quartets (1935; 1946 - on the Jewish national theme, dedicated to the victims of the Holocaust, 2nd ed. 1949; 1953 - on the Tajik national theme); choirs; processing of Russian, Kazakh. and Heb. bunk bed songs; songs to the words of Heb. poets.

birobidzhan
has abstract: BIROBIDZHAN, city (since 1937), center of the Jewish Autonomous]] region]] (since 1934) (Russian Federation). Main in 1931 as a settlement on the site of the railway Art. In 1931, 830 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1932 - 5125, in 1934 - 7200, in 1939 - 10,415 (31.6%), in 1959 - 10,435 (25.5%), in 1970 - 9713 ( 17.3%), in 1979 - 8934 (13%), in 1989 - 8038 Jews (9.7%). got its name. from pp. Bira and Bijan. First before village. Michael Rashkes was elected to the council in 1932. Between 1928 and 1934, houses were built in Byelorussia. plant, building parts factory, brick factory, sewing factory; the region is open. b-ka them. Sholem Aleichem. Gas has been published since 1933. "Birobidzhaner stern" ("Birobidzhan star"). In 1932, the first children were opened at the sewing factory. a garden with teaching in Yiddish, a ten-year school with teaching in Yiddish was created (first director Korenblit; in 1939 the school had 800 students), with the assistance of the Institute of Jewish Proletarian Culture VUAN began to work ped. technical school (first director, until 1939, Israel Rabinovich, in 1939-45 - A. Volfovskaya, in 1945-46 - Sapozhnikov). In 1936 honey was discovered in B. uch-shche, in which until 1939 teaching in Yiddish was conducted, in the same year a metallurgist was opened. technical school, where the first time was teaching in Yiddish. From 1933 a party school with teaching in Yiddish functioned. In 1934 the Birobidzhan GOSET named after I. L.M.Kaganovich (director E.G. Kazakevich, chief director M.A.Rubinstein); in 1935 an evening institute was created with teaching in Russian. lang. and Yiddish. Writers and poets I.L.Bronfman, L.Sh. Vasserman, A.A. Vergelis, T.G.Gen, B.A.Olevsky, I.Sh. Falikman and others lived and worked in the city. 1930s the flow of Jewish settlers decreased and increased again after the end of the 2nd world. war. All R. 1940s in B. children were opened. house. In the end. 1946 a synagogue functioned. With the start of the campaign ag…

birofeljd
has abstract: BIROFELD (until 1930 - Aleksandrovka, Aleksandrovskaya Dacha), a village in the Birobidzhan district of the Jewish Autonomous]] region]] (Russian Federation). The first Jewish migrants (224 people) arrived in B. in the summer of 1928, in July the first D. Vostok Jewish village council, the publication of a wall newspaper in Yiddish "Birofeld Emes" has begun. To the end. 1928 the communes "Evnitekhina" and "October" (17 members) were formed, in 1930 - a resettlement. collective farm "Birofeld" - one of 4 cr. collective farms of the district: united 282 people, had 1550 hectares of land, an apiary with 1250 hives, so-called. Birsk experimental field; prev. collective farm - Abram Anisimovich Gershkov (in 1947 Gershkov took an active part in organizing echelons of Jewish migrants from Vinnitsa and Kherson to the Jewish Autonomous Region). In 1928 the first courses of tractor drivers were opened in Byelorussia, to-rye graduated from 15 people, including one girl. To the end. 1930 120 new apartments were built in Byelorussia; a credit company, a cooperative, an agricultural center, and a veterinary office operated. a point, a hospital with 10 beds, a pharmacy, a first-level school with teaching in Yiddish, by 1933 - a nursery, a bathhouse and a first-aid post. In 1932 a cheese-making plant was commissioned. In 1933 the collective farm united 65 families (300 people), there were 70 residential buildings. In 1934, the settlers cultivated 316 hectares of arable land, in the farms there were 25 horses, 50 heads of cr. cattle. The life of the first settlers of B. is described in the manuscript. V. G. Fink, N. Friedman and D. M. Khaita D. I. Vayserman

birshtany
has abstract: BIRSHTANI, see Birštonas.

birshteyn boris iosifovich
has abstract: BIRSHTEIN Boris Iosifovich (b. 1947), entrepreneur. Graduated from law. Faculty of Vilnius high fur boots. In the 1970s. dir. textile factory. Since 1980 - in Canada. From the end. 1980s - in Switzerland. In 1981 he founded the "Seabeko Group", which eventually became one of the largest Western companies. companies trading with the CIS countries. In 1991–93 - before. Committee for the reconstruction of the economy of Kyrgyzstan. At the same time - advisor to the President of Moldova on economic issues. reforms. In 1992 he helped to end the fighting in Transnistria.

birshteyn maks avadjevich
has abstract: BIRSHTEIN Max Avadievich (b. 1914, Kiev), painter. Since 1917 he has lived in Moscow. He studied painting at the Moscow State Art Institute. VI Surikov (1936–42) with IE Grabar, GM Shegal, VV Pochitalov. Naib. Izv. manuf. B. created in the genres of portrait ("My teachers - G. M. Shegal and V. V. Pochitalov", "A. A. Osmerkin and R. R. Falk", "I. E. Grabar and S. S. Gerasimov in Kozakh ”) and landscape (views of Central Asia, the Caucasus, Central Russia, foreign countries). Since 1939 he has participated in various exhibitions. Stylistically, B. gravitates towards that kind of “rus. sezannizm ", edges, having strengthened in the beginning. 20 century, gave a brilliant galaxy of masters "Jack of Diamonds", organically merged into the sinks, the school of painting and formed it. B.'s works are kept in museums in Russia.

birshtonas
has abstract: BIRSHTONAS, a city (since 1966) in the Prienai region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Troksky's birch pants Vilna lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1882, Jews were prohibited from settling in Bulgaria, and in 1903 the ban was lifted. In the 1910s and 30s. a small number of Jews lived in B. Jews in B. owned hotels, restaurants, and shops, although b. They lived in B. only in the summer. Jews B. were shot on September 9. 1941.

birsk
has abstract: BIRSK, city, regional center in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian Federation). Main in 1663.From 1708 - a district town of Kazan province, from 1744 - Orenburg province, from 1775 - Ufa province of Orenburg province, from 1781 - a district town of Ufa governorship, then - province. In 1910, 40 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1926 - 6, in 1939 - 55 Jews. The first Jews who settled on the territory. modern Bashkortostan, there were the Nikolaev soldiers Ruvin Portnykh and Iser Kresentstein, who arrived in 1847 in the Birsk wheelchair team. In 1859 the Birsk invalid team consisted of 22 privates of Jewish origin. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia.

biryulevo
has abstract: BIRYULEVO, district (since 1960) as part of Moscow (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Moskovsky u. 6 Jews (0.3%) lived in Byelorussia in 1926, and 122 Jews (1%) in 1939.

birzhay
has abstract: BIRZHAY, city, regional center (Republic of Lithuania). Main in the 15th century, was part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - in the Upitsky powiat of the Troki voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the place of the Stock Exchange of Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1766 1,040 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1847 - 1685, in 1897 - 2,510 (56.9%), in 1921 - approx. 1200, in 1923 - 1807 (34%), in 1934 - approx. 3000 (36%), in 1959 - 17 Jews (0.2%). Jews lived in Byelorussia from the beginning. 17th century In 1625, it was first mentioned. the Karaite community (Karaites lived in B. on two streets, had their own cemetery and kinassa; in the 18th century the community ceased to exist, kinassa was transferred to the Jews). In 1648, 1649, and 1656, the Jewish population of Byelorussia was subjected to pogroms. In 1683, Jews were forbidden to settle in Byelorussia, but at the beginning. 18th century a community in Byelorussia had already re-existed (documents of 1700 and 1711 mention the elders of the Birzhai synagogue). In 1713–25, Sholom Zak (? -1740) was the rabbi in Byelorussia, Yisroel Zak in 1740–45, and then Chaim Zak ( ? -1800) and Itskhok Zak. Main the occupation of the Jews of Byelorussia was the timber and flax trade, handicrafts, and petty trade. In the end. 19th century in B. there were 6 synagogues, including 1 Hasidic (Lubavitch). In the 19th and 20th centuries. the Birzhai rabbis became widely known: Meshulam-Shraga Segal (? -1859), Osher-Nisson Levinzon, Yosef-Zundel (? -1896), who served as a rabbi in Bolivia for 30 years, since 1888 - Pinchas Lintof (1852-1916), Eliyahu -Yakov-Doiv Shur (? -1936), Benjamin Movsha (1888-1941), Yehuda-Leib Bernstein (1887, Minsk - 1941). In 1915 in Byelorussia there was a society of benefits for poor Jews; a Jew owned a pharmacy …

birzhi
has abstract: EXCHANGE, see Stock Exchange.

birzula
has abstract: BIRZULA, see Kotovsk.

bishkek
has abstract: BISHKEK (until 1926 - Pishpek, in 1926-91 - Frunze), city (from 1878), the capital of the Kyrgyz Republic. Main in 1864.Since 1924 - the center of Kara-Kirg. (from 1925 - Kirg.) AO, from 1926 - the capital of Kirg. ASSR, since 1936 - the capital of the Kyrgyz SSR. In 1885 there were 8 Jews living in Byelorussia, in 1910 - 18 (0.1%), in 1939 - 1031, in 1970 - 5962 Jews (1.4%) (of which 5895 were Ashkenazi , 66 - Bukharian, 1 - Mountain Jew) and 11 Karaites, in 1979 - 5718 (1.1%), in 1989 - 4822 Jews (0.8%). I. Kaminskaya, orc. EI Roznera and others. The front was going. creative teams with the participation of A.I. Raikin, A. Guzin, I. Schwartz, L. Knushevitsky and others. In 1945 the Jewish religion was registered. community of 70-80 people. and formed by Ch. arr. from the evacuees. The community was led by Rabbi Levin (about 30 years old). In 1946 there was a synagogue, which was attended on ordinary days by 40-90 people, on holidays - by 220-270 people. Rabbi - Abo Yukhanovich Khaimov (1888 -?). In the 1950s. M.D. Aleksandrovich, who came on tour, performed in the synagogue of B. In 1989, the Menorah Society of Jewish Culture of Kyrgyzstan was formed in B. A patronage group "Mercy", a Sunday school, a dance ensemble began to operate under the Jewish community, Jewish gas began to appear. "Maayan" ("Spring"); the Center for Jewish Culture was established. In 1992, an accusation was brought against a Jewish family of using blood for baking matzah. In B. lived and worked: S.M. Abramzon, L.I. Izrailevich, H. Kapchits, E.M. Tyrmand. In B.'s family: Leonid Leonidovich Kasatkin (b. 1926), philologist, prof. (1989); Alexander Samuilovich Katsev (b. 1946), Doctor of Philology. sciences, prof., author of folklore, literary critic. and journalistic dictionaries, in 1990-95 before. Society of Jewish Culture of Kyrgyzstan "Menorah", member. prez. Vaada, since 1997 dir. Center for the Study of Jewish Culture at the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University; Mark Danilovich Zeitlin (b. 1…

bisk aleksandr akimovich
has abstract: BISK Alexander Akimovich (1883, Odessa - 1973, New York), poet, translator. Rod. in the family of a jeweler. Studied in Germany. He made his debut as a poet in 1904. Thanks to his transl. Russian the reader first became acquainted with the poetry of R.M. Rilke. He also translated G. von Hoffmannsthal, J.M. Heredia, E. Verharn, and the prose of K. Hamsun. Appreciated by his lane. were given by V.Ya.Bryusov and B.L. Pasternak. In 1906–10 he lived in Paris for a long time, maintaining relations with KD Balmont, MA Voloshin, N.S. Gumilev. B.'s poetry gravitated towards symbolism. Publ. poems in f. "Golden Fleece", "Pass", in the Odessa railway. "Crocodile", alm. "Sunny Way", after 1917 in the railway station Figaro. In 1919 he left Russia. Until 1926 he lived in Bulgaria, then in Belgium, from 1942 in the United States, where he studied lane. The author of the collection of poetry. “Scattered necklace” (St. Petersburg, 1912), “Someone else's and our own. Fav. poetry 1903-1961 "(Paris, 1962). Son of B. - Alain Bosquet, Izv. French writer.

biskovichi
has abstract: BISKOVICHI, a village in the Sambir district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1446. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Sambir district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1916, 2 Jews were evicted from Bashkortostan. In 1941–42, 34 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.

biskupitse
has abstract: BISKUPICE, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Lublin land and voivodeship within the Commonwealth. From 1795 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Lublin posad. 60 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1765, 172 (47.9%) in 1787, 543 (36.8%) in 1897, and 129 Jews in 1921. The rabbi in B. was Abram Trope. The Jewish population of B. was destroyed during the Holocaust.

bisnovat matus ruvimovich
has abstract: BISNOVAT Matus Ruvimovich (1905 - 1977, Moscow), aircraft designer. Dr. Tech. Sciences, Hero of Social. Labor (1975). He graduated in 1932 Moscow. Aviation in-t. From 1938 he headed the experimental design bureau. In the end. 30s under the hands. B. developed experimental. single-seat fighters SK-1 and SK-2, two-seat fighter SK-3 (1940); later there was ch. designer of high-speed aircraft with rocket engines. At the same time. with design work he taught in 1953–55 at Moscow. Aviation in-those (prof. of the department "Aircraft design"). Linen. etc. (1966). State pr. USSR (1973).

biso
has abstract: BISO, a village in Dusheti district (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - a village in Tiflis province. about the Jews of B. is associated with the Khevsurian legend. According to legend, Queen Tamara (1184-1207) was accompanied by the Jew Biso on her journey across Khevsureti. Biso, who fell ill some time later, stayed with the Khevsurs. The village where Biso began to live was named after him. D.M. Khananashvili

bitkuv
has abstract: BITKUV, see Bytkov.

bitlya
has abstract: BITLYA, a village in the Turkovsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Butlya in the Turkchansky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921 182 Jews lived in Byelorussia. In July 1942, the Jews of Byelorussia were taken to Turku, then to the Belzec extermination camp.

biysk
has abstract: BIISK, a city (since 1782), a regional center in the Altai Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1709. At 19 - early. 20th century - the center of the Altai environs. Tomsk province. In 1866 in B. and env. 15 Jews lived, in 1871 in B. - 19, in 1883 - 10, in 1896 - 17, in 1910 - 10 (0.03%), in 1912 - 44, in the county - 12, in 1939 in B. - 152 (0.2%), in 1970 - 286 Jews (0.15%) A. Vysotsky lived in B.

biyuk-onlar
has abstract: BIYUK-ONLAR, see Oktyabrskoe.

blagodarnoe
has abstract: GRATEFUL, see Grateful of the Stavropol Territory.

blagodarnyy
has abstract: BLAGODARNY, city (since 1971), regional center in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1762. In 19 - early. 20th century - from. Grateful Novogrigorievsky, from 1900 - Blagodarnensky u. Stavropol Gubernia. 10 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1910, and 13 Jews in 1939. Subbotniks lived in B. In 1942, 168 Jews evacuated to B. were shot.

blagodatnoe
has abstract: BLAGODATNOE, a village in the Shpakovsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1848. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Stavropol district. In 1939, 2 Jews lived in Byelorussia. 7 Nov. 1942 in B. in gas. 74 evacuated Jews were killed in the cell of the special vehicle.

blagoevo
has abstract: BLAGOEVO, a village in the Ivanovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Bulgarian colony Buyalyk of Odessa u. Kherson province. In 1939, 105 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

blagoveshchenka
has abstract: ANNUNCIATION, a village in the Kamensko-Dneprovsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Blagoveshchenskoe, Melitopol u. Tauride province. 1941, during the occupation of Germany. troops, 5 Jews were killed in B.

blagoveshchensk
has abstract: BLAGOVESCHENSK, city (since 1858), the center of the Amur region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1856 as a military man. post Ust-Zeisky, since 1857 - stanitsa, since 1858 - the center of the Amur Region. In 1880, 27 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 306, in 1926 - 549, in 1939 - 433, in 1979 - 263 Jews (0.15 In 1910 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia, authorized by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. affairs in 1880, a Jewish cemetery. 1990s the community "Lechaim" was created, headed by Sergei Kovrigin. In 1999, approx. 1 thousand Jews. In Byelorussia: V. A. Svirsky; Anatoly Mikhailovich Khazanov (b. 1932), Doctor of History Sciences (1972), author of works on the history of colonial Africa; Maria Lazarevna Shapiro (1901-1962), journalist, author of memoirs about pre-war life in Russian. colony in Harbin and the years spent in wives. camp in Mordovia.

blagoveshchenskoe
has abstract: ANNUNCIATION, see Blagoveshchenka, Zaporozhye Region.

blank aleksandr solomonovich
has abstract: BLANK Alexander Solomonovich (1921, Odessa - 1985, Vologda), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1966). In 1938–41 he studied history. Faculty of Odessa University. In the summer of 1941 he volunteered for the front. While recovering from injury, he graduated from un-t as an external student (1942). In 1943–46 he worked with him. prisoners of war and anti-fascists. From 1946 he was engaged in scientific ped. activities. Was the head. department and dean of East. f-tov in Vladimir and Cherepovets ped. in-takh, head. Department of General History of the Vologda ped. in-that, since 1967 prof. In the 1950s and 60s. published a number of ethnographers. works, since the 1960s. research history of fascism and anti-fascism. the Resistance Movement in Germany, the Phenomenon of Neo-Nazism, Volodymyr, Vladimir, 1954; Nat. kt "Free Germany" - antifash center. fight it. patriots (1943-1945), Vologda, 1963; Advocates of Fascism: Legends and Myths of reactionaries. bourgeois. historiography about germ. fascism, M., 1974; Old and new fascism: Political and sociological. sketch, M., 1982; Second Life of Field Marshal Paulus, M., 1990 (co-author).

blank asher
has abstract: BLANK Asher (Usher Pinevich) (b. 1925, Sokolets, Minkovetsky district, Podolsk province), doctor. In 1942–43 he was in the army; demobilized due to injury. At the end of Leningrad. pediatrician honey. Institute (1948) worked as a doctor in Leningrad. hospitals. From the end. 1960s - an active member of the Zionist underground. Since 1969 - in Israel. Physician at the Jerusalem Hospital "Gadasa".

blank ber pinkhusovich
has abstract: BLANK Ber Pinkhusovich (Boris Pavlovich) (1897, Libava - 1957, Kharkov), graphic artist, teacher. He studied at the Kharkov art. in-those (1922–29) at S.M. Prokhorov and M.A. Sharonov. From 1927 post. participant of exhibitions of graphics in pl. cities of the USSR. He taught in Kharkov at the art studio of the Palace of Pioneers (1924–41), art. technical school (1930–32), art. school (1945–47), art. in-those (1947-50). Among the easel production. B .: ser. “Jews on Earth”, “Old and New” (both - linogr., 1930–32, jointly with MZ Fradkin), “Refugees” (linogr., 1942), “Remember” (color. Linogr., 1943–45), "Students" (color. Linogr., 1953). Illustrated book. M. Moicher-Sforima "Chick-Lame" (1940), W. Shakespeare's "Windsor Pranksters" (1947), ON Skazbush "Working People" (1955), etc. B.'s works were exhibited at the notch. exhibitions in Amsterdam, Paris, Tokyo, Lyon, Venice, Copenhagen, etc.

blank boris leybovich
has abstract: BLANK Boris Leibovich (b. 1938, Moscow), film and film artist, film director. Graduated thin. school in Moscow, in 1960 VGIK. He made his debut with the film "Welcome, or No Unauthorized Entry" (1964). Issued several. dozens of fiction films, including "Burn, burn, my star", "The Seagull", "My affectionate and gentle animal", "Anna Pavlova", as well as more than 80 performances in theaters in Moscow, Tomsk, Omsk, Bratislava , Magdeburg. In 1991 he made his debut as a director f. "Kremlin secrets of the sixteenth century." Then followed - "Shylock" (1992), "If I only knew" (1993, free adaptation of "Three Sisters" by A.P. Chekhov), "Revenge of the Jester" ("Rigoletto"). Honored. artist of the RSFSR (1980).

blank leon
has abstract: BLANK Leon (1868, Chisinau - 1934, New York), actor. As a child, he sang in the synagogue choir. Contrary to the wishes of orthodox parents, he emigrated as part of an itinerant theater. troupe, which laid the foundation of Heb. t-ra in the USA. First appeared on stage in ch. role in the play "Crown of King Alexander", but was expelled from the stage by hostile audiences. Success came in 1897, after participating in the play "David's Violin". He also played Ch. roles in performances: "The Man and the Devil", "The Drunkard", "The Watchman", "My Little Girl", "Night in the Woods", etc.

blanter matvey isaakovich
has abstract: BLANTER Matvey Isaakovich (1903, Pochep Mglinsky u. Chernigov province. - 1990, Moscow), composer. Nar. art. USSR (1975). Hero of Soc. Labor (1983). R. in the family of a craftsman. After the family moved to Kursk, I entered a real school, at the same time. learned from private teachers to play php. In 1915–17 he studied in the FP class. by A. Daugul, violin by A. Egudkin. In 1917-19 he studied at Moscow. music-dram. School of Philharmonic Society at A.Ya. Mogilevsky (violin), N.S. Potolovsky and N.R. Kochetov (music theory). In 1920-21 he took lessons in composition from G.E. Konyus. The early period of creativity B. is associated with t-rum and theater. studios decomp. grew up. cities. In 1920–21 - head. muses. part of the variety art. Studio Mastopor, in 1926-27 - Leningrad. t-ra satire, in 1930–31 - the Magnitogorsk drama. t-ra, in 1932 -Mobile t-ra f. "Crocodile", in 1932–33 - the Gorky T-ra of miniatures. B. made a great contribution to the creation and development of the owl genre. mass song. His songs (about 200) are characterized by emotional openness, lyricism, and genre variety. Due to the melodic brightness and accessibility, most of B.'s songs were widespread in the Sov. Union, and some acquired international. popularity. So, the melody "Katyusha" (1939, words by MV Isakovsky) during the 2nd world. war became the anthem of the Italian. partisans, now - widely known and loved in Japan and other countries. Among the best songs B. can be attributed: "Partizan Zheleznyak", "Song of Shchors", "On a long path," "Migratory birds are flying", "Under the Balkan stars", "In the vastness of the wonderful Motherland" (one of the most vivid songs about JV Stalin in music) and other poets, et al. B. were M.V.Isakovsky, K.M.Simonov, M.A.Svetlov, A.A. Surkov, V.I.Lebedev-Kumach and others. B. is also the author of the operettas "Forty sticks" (post. 1924 , Moscow), “On the Bank of the Amur” (1939, Moscow), etc. Became. pr. (1946).

blashki
has abstract: BLASZKI, a city (since 1729) in the Sieradz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - in Sieradz Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the city of Kalisz u. In 1764, 247 Jews lived in Burma, in 1808 - 259 (50%), in 1827 - 871 (50%), in 1857 - 1653 (60%), in 1897 - 2320 (58%), in 1921 - 2186 (56%), in 1939 - approx. 2,100 Jews in the 19th century. Jews earned their living by selling agricultural products. products. Until mid. 19th century the B. community was subordinate to the Kalisz community, from the 1850s. in B. existed independently. community. The rabbis of Byelorussia from 1858 were Leib Vladislavsky, then Ikhiel Vladislavsky (? —1902), and from 1907 - Itskhok Canal. In the beginning. 20th century in B. there were several. synagogues, including Gursky, Alexander and Suhachevsky Hasids. From 1913 she worked as a state. early Jewish school. In 1914 it was founded. youth sports. org-tion. A yeshiva was opened in 1916. Since 1917, Zionist circles and a branch of the Mizrahi movement have been operating. In 1919, the Yavne school was opened, and the Beis Yaakov school also operated. In the 1920s and 30s. OK. 15% of all Jews in B. were tailors. Branches of the Cooperative and People's Banks functioned. 1939 Jews of B. were sent to the ghetto dec. cities In B. genus: N.G. Lurie; Herman (Yoel) Solnik (1869-1942, Auschwitz), poet, writer (in Yiddish); Canaan Shotan (1884-1963, Paris), publicist, anarchist, trans. in Yiddish a number of classical Philos. works.

blaushteyn david
has abstract: BLAUSHTEIN David (1866, Lida, Vilna province - |, Romania), society. activist, teacher. Got a religion. education in yeshiva. At the age of 18 he moved to Prussia, where he continued his studies at hand. Rabbi I. Lipkin (Salantera). In 1892–96 B. was a rabbi in Boston (where he went after being expelled from Germany), and then a teacher of Semites, languages ​​at Brown University. In 1898 B. took over in New York the post of inspector for education. In 1900 he moved to Romania, where he studied the position of the Hebrews. communities.

blausteyn luis
has abstract: BLAUSTAIN Louis (1869 - 1937, Atlantic City, NY), entrepreneur and oil magnate. Since 1888 in the USA. He did business in Philadelphia and Pottstown, pcs. Pennsylvania and Baltimore. Comp. with the Standard Oil Corporation of New Jersey from 1892 to 1910, and in 1911 founded Amer. oil. company in Baltimore. Soon this company expanded due to the ingenuity of B., who relied on kerosene as the main. petroleum product. He experimented with gasoline blends, attaching great importance to the brand of gasoline and gas station. In 1935 he built the world's largest oil refinery in Texas City, pcs. Texas. There was a prez. Amer. oil refining company and distribution branches.

blazer itskhak
has abstract: BLAZER Yitzchak (also known under the name of Rabbi Itsele Peterburg) (1840, Vilna - 1906, Jerusalem), rabbi, society. activist. Pupil and adherent of the founder of the school of ascetic and moral doctrine "Mussarniks" I. Salanter (Lipkin). In 1864–78 he held the post of spiritual rabbi in St. Petersburg, then moved to Kovno, where he became a hand. local yeshiva. B. author of the book. "Or Israel" (Kelma, 1900), dedicated to the teachings of Mussar and its founder Salanter. From 1902 in E.-I.

blazhennykh
has abstract: BLAZHENNYKH (real family. Aizenshtadt) Veniamin Mikhailovich (b. 1921, Orshansky district. Vitebsk province), poet. R. in the family of a worker. He graduated from one course teaches. Institute, worked in the evacuation as a history teacher, then - draftsman, bookbinder, photographer-laboratory assistant in the artel of the disabled. First publ. on Sat. Poetry Day (1982, Moscow), 1990 ed. two books. poems: "Return to the Soul" (Moscow), "Hearing of the Heart" (Minsk). Represent. traditionalist direction in modern. Russian poetry, with very limited. arsenal is poetic. means he reaches in his poems. spiritual intensity. In a number of works, especially dedicated. father and mother - Heb. topic.

blazhev
has abstract: BLAZHEV, a village in the Sambir district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1471. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Lvov Voivodeship, a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, the Jewish population of Byelorussia was 75%. In 1921, approx. 1,500 Jews. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was exterminated during the Holocaust.

blazhovo
has abstract: BLAZHOVO, a village in the Rokitnovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main all R. 17th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Blezhov Mozyr u. Minsk province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 62 Jews (9.9%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1921 there were 101 Jews (12.3%). Jews lived in B. since the 19th century. Main occupations - trade with.-kh. products, timber, alcoholic beverages. The Jews of B. were Stolin Hasidim. Every year B. was visited by a tzadik from Stolin. In July 1942 the Jews of B. were taken to a nearby ghetto and shot on 11 September. 1942.

blek misha
has abstract: BLACK Misha (1910, Baku - 1977, London), architect, designer, teacher. Prof. (1949). From 1912 he lived in Great Britain. He taught at the School of Graphic Art. Design, Royal College of Art (1949–52). The experience is summarized in the book. Public Interiors (1960). Consulted on prom. design large company: Brit. Foreign Airlines Corporation, 1950–54; "British Railroad. roads ", since 1956; "Beagle", 1960. Main. works: decoration of the pavilions of the exhibition in Glasgow, 1938; British pavilions at the World's Fair in New York, 1939; British Pavilion at the Columbia Exhibition, 1952. Awarded the Order of the British Empire (1946).

blekhman iljya izrailevich
has abstract: BLEKHMAN Ilya Izrailevich (b. 1928, Kharkov), physicist, specialist in the region. nonlinear vibrations and vibrations. processes. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1963), prof. (1969), ch. nat. to-that USSR on theoretical. and Applied Mechanics (1965), ch. Grew up. (1990) and Intern. (1992) Ing. academies. Works in Vses. in-those mechanic. processing (since 1950). Graduated from Phys.-Mechanical. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic Institute (1951). Applied research is summarized, in particular, in the works: "Vibration displacement" (1964, with G.Yu. Dzhanelidze) and "Synchronization of dynamic systems" (1971). Vibration research. movement and self-synchronization mechanic. vibration exciters formed the basis of numerous. inventions. The phenomena of self-synchronization of rotating bodies (rotors) and the spontaneous occurrence of a gas-air-lift flow (fountain), discovered and studied by B. and co-authors, were registered as discoveries (1988, 1993). Methodologist, aspects of the relationship between pure and applied mathematics with direct applications of mat. Methods in technology are devoted to the joint work with AD Myshkis and Ya.G. Panovko "Mechanics and Applied Mathematics: Logic and Features of Applications of Mathematics" (1983; 2nd ed., 1990).

blekhtsin igorj yakovlevich
has abstract: BLEKHTSIN Igor Yakovlevich (b. 1941, Leningrad), economic geographer. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1984), prof. (1986). Graduated from Geogr. Faculty of Leningrad University in 1963.Since 1973 Deputy. head department in Leningrad. finance-econ. in-those. Research on the problems of interaction about-va and the environment, ecology. aspects of accommodation and terr. org-tion produces, forces. Main scientific. interests - geo-ecological. theoretical and applied research., pre-planned social and economic. development. D. h. Ukr. eco-friendly academy. Nat. Master of Sports in Chess, Works: USSR Productive Forces and the Environment, 1981 (co-author); Ecological and economic background of research, 1984; Material and raw material potential: Development and rational use, 1987.

blendov
has abstract: BLENDOV, see Blendow.

blenduv
has abstract: BLENDUW, a village in the Warsaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Vozn. as a village of weavers in the 1820s, from 1844 - Posad Blendov Groetskiy u. Warsaw Gubernia. In 1860, 50 Jewish families lived in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 859 Jews (44.4%), in 1921 - 815 (43%), in 1931 - approx. 1,200 Jews. Jews settled in Byelorussia in the 1820s, practicing mainly. the supply of cotton and the sale of agricultural products. products. At the same time, specialist weavers were brought to B. from Prussia, who, among other privileges, were given the right to allow or not allow Jews to live in B. In the end. 1860s in B. there were 9 weaving factories. Later, the number of factories was reduced due to the rapid development of weaving production in Lodz and Bialystok. Most of the inhabitants of B. were also involved in villages. x-vom, ch. arr. In 1917 a Jewish cemetery was opened in Byelorussia and a khevra kaddish was established. The rabbis in Byelorussia were representatives of the Hasidic dynasty Shapiro from Mohelnitsa. As the volume of production decreased, the sources of income of the Jews also changed. Most began to engage in small trade and crafts, some - in grain and fruit trade. Unity. a tavern in B. was owned by a Jew. Jews kept a carriage (the only one in B. the truck also belonged to a Jew). In B. there were many Jewish tailors who sewed clothes for sale. In the 1920s. some were engaged in the manufacture of the village. frames for wives. In B. there were several. synagogues. In 1927 the place of Ch. Rabbi B. took the post. representative of the Hasidic dynasty Israel-Boruch Shapiro (died during the Catastrophe). During the 1st world. During the war, a branch of the Ceirei Zion party arose in Byelorussia, and in 1923 the Poalei Zion party, which had a great influence in Byelorussia. At the Poalei Zion branch, a mutual aid fund was opened. A youth organization “Dror”, a children's organization “Ga-Tsofim”, and a branch “Ge-Halutz” operated. In 1928, a branch "Agudas Isr…

bleykher iekhezkelj
has abstract: BLEYCHER Iehezkel (1884, Verro, Livland province - |), poet. He graduated from the school of land surveying, studied mathematics in Rome. Lit. activity began in the United States per. the Yiddish poem Childe Harold by J. Byron. Living in 1910–11 in Warsaw, he translated for Hebrews. g. "Eiropeishe Literatur" "Faust" by IV Goethe. He wrote poetry, travel essays, Art. about claim and so on. After Feb. revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, lived in Kiev. The author is poetical. collection of articles "Wei un die" ("Pain and anxiety"), 1916; Giml un erd (Heaven and Earth), 1919; "Der stummer monk" ("Dumb monk"). 1919.

bleykhman
has abstract: BLEIKHMAN (ps. N. Solntsev) Iosif Solomonovich (1868, Vidzy Novoaleksandrovsky u.Kovno province - 1921, Moscow), polit. activist. From 1904 an anarchist-communist, carried on propaganda in the trade unions of tailors, bakers, tanners in 1904-13 in Dvinsk, from 1913 in St. Petersburg. In July 1914 he was arrested and exiled to Siberia. Member Feb. Revolution of 1917, the leader of Petrograd. Federation of Communist Anarchists, since March - member. Petrogr. and the Kronstadt Soviets. June 5, one of the hands. capture of gas by anarchists. "Rus. will". In the days of July 1917, one of the organizers of the armament. speeches of soldiers of the 1st machine gun regiment. Participant Oct. coup of 1917, from 28 Oct. - member Petrogr. VRK. He tried to rally the heterogeneous organizations of anarchists. In 1917-19 - member. and secret. Petrogr. federation anarch. groups simultaneously. (until April 1918) Moscow federation anarch. groups. In March 1918 he voluntarily joined the Kr. Army. In 1920 - before. Moscow lips. department of trade unions. In oct. 1920 arrested with a group of anarchists on suspicion of having links with N.I. Makhno; released after interrogation. Died of lung disease.

bleyman mikhail yurjevich
has abstract: BLEYMAN Mikhail Yurievich (1904, Rostov-on-Don - 1973, Moscow), screenwriter, film critic. He studied at Donskoy University and at the Higher Literary-artistic. courses in Moscow. Since 1920 in journalism (Rostov-on-Don). In the cinema since 1924. One of the organizers of the Rostov cinema "Yuvkinokomsomol", the author of the scripts of its first f. ("Order No. ...", 1926). Since 1926, the reviewer of Leningrad. truth ". Since the end of the 20s. prof. screenwriter. Naib. Izv. f .: "Mutiny" (1928), "Asya" (1929, jointly with Yu.G. Oksman), "Journey to Arzrum" (1937, jointly with I.S. Zilberstein), "Great Citizen" (1937 –39, jointly with MD Bolshintsov and FM Ermler), "The exploit of the scout" (1947, jointly with KF Isaev and MB Maklyarsky Maklyarsky), "Anxious youth" (1955, with V.P. Belyaev), "Storm" (1957, with V.N.Bill-Belotserkovsky Bill-Belotserkovsky). In the last years of his life he was actively involved in film criticism, without leaving script work. Became. pr. (1948). Works: Vladimir Fogel, M., 1929; The truth of the revolution - the truth of the art, M., 1961; About cinema - testimony, M., 1973.

blezhov
has abstract: BLEZHOV, see Blazhovo.

blinder naum samoylovich
has abstract: BLINDER Naum Samoilovich (1889, Evpatoria, Tauride Gubernia - 1965, San Francisco), violinist, teacher. R. in the family of a doctor. He studied violin in Odessa with R. Fidelman, then with L.S. Auer. A.D. Brodsky, who visited Odessa, drew attention to B.'s bright talent and took him to England, taking him to his class at Manchester King's College, after which (1910) B. returned to Odessa, where he began a brilliant concert career. Since 1913 prof. Odessa cons., Headed the quartet of the Odessa department. RMO (Rus. Music society). After the beginning. 1st world. war was taken into military service (1915). In 1923–25 prof. Moscow cons. In 1923–27 he gave concerts as a soloist and ensemble player, and performed with Persimfans (“The First Symphony Ensemble without Conductor”). In 1926 he visited Tel Aviv, where he performed a concert for violin and orc. P.I. Tchaikovsky. In 1927 he went to Japan, then to the USA. Since 1932 prof. cons. and concertmaster symph. orc. in San Francisco. Among the students I. Stern, G. Dikterov. B.'s performance was distinguished by expression, tech. impeccability, high culture of violin intonation. The combination of hot temperament, sincerity and sadness gave the critic, who heard B.'s playing, to call him “a violinist with a true Hebrew. soul ".

blinkov samuil mikhaylovich
has abstract: BLINKOV Samuil Mikhailovich (b. 1904, Elisavetgrad, Kherson province), neurologist. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Baku University. From 1926 to 1930 resident of the clinics of nervous diseases of the Baku and Perm honey. in-tov. Since 1931 he has been an assistant at the clinic of nervous diseases at the Institute of Physiotherapy and Orthopedics in Moscow. From 1932 to 1952 scientific. sotr., head. morphological., clinical and physiological., clinical. departments, deputy. dir. by scientific. work in Ying-those brain of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Since 1952 head. lab. neurosurgeon anatomy and experiment. neurology Ying-that neurosurgery them. N.N.Burdenko.B. established new criteria for assessing the symmetry of the structures of the temporal lobe of the brain, given anatomical. justification surgeon. operations on the central nervous system, certain properties of nerve centers, connections between the blood supply to the brain and the direction of growth of tumors of the cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem were discovered, quantities, methods for determining funkts. the state of the central nervous system by measuring the time of the motor reaction to various stimuli, the technique of counting capillaries in the nervous tissue, etc. B. published more than 270 scientific. works, including 14 monographs, guidance on quantities. of brain anatomy (co-authored with I.I.Glezer). Vol .: Features of the structure of the human brain. The temporal lobe of a person and monkeys, M., 1955; The human brain in numbers and tables, M., 1964 (co-author II Glezer); Displacements and deformations of the brain, L., 1957 (jointly with N.A. Smirnov); Atlas of neurosurgical anatomy, M., 1990 (co-authors A. N. Konovalov and M. V. Pucillo).

bliokh
has abstract: BLIOCH (Bloch) Ivan Stanislavovich (1836, Radom - 1901, Warsaw), economist, financier. From a family of a manufacturer, he began his entrepreneurial career with the founding of a banking office in Warsaw, then moved to St. Petersburg, for family reasons he converted to Christianity (Calvinism). As a contractor and concessionaire, he participated in the construction of a number of railways. roads, was a major shareholder of Ch. about-va railway roads and several. railroad about-in (Petersburg-Varshavskaya, Ivangorod-Dombrovskaya, Kiev-Brest railway, etc.). In 1864 he drew up a note on the establishment of the railway. affairs in Russia, in 1875 published the fundamental work "Rus. yellow roads in relation to income and operating costs, the cost of transportation and movement of goods ", and in 1878 the study" The influence of rail. roads to econ. the state of Russia ”(vols. 1–5). In 1878 he became the head of the South-West Society. yellow roads, formed as a result of the merger of three private lines (Odessa, Kiev-Brest and Brest-Graevskaya), was its leading shareholder (the board included the future Minister of Finance I.A. Vyshnegradskiy, the operational part of the road was headed by S.Yu. Witte, who started his official career here). Since 1878, members The scientist of the Ministry of Finance, in 1882 published a generalizing study "Finances of Russia of the XIX century" (vols. 1-4), and in 1890 - the work "Land improvement credit and the state of villages. x-va in Russia and foreign. state-wah ". B.'s works thanks to the abundant statistical data contained in them. data and have not lost their scientific. values. Since the 1880s. studied Hebrew in depth. question, in 1885 presented to the governments. instance, a note "On the lease of land by Jews", repeatedly prepared, at the request of the authorities, certificates on the situation of Jews in Russia. Made a valuable contribution to the literature on socio-economic. status of Jews in Russia, having published …

bliznetsy
has abstract: Gemini, see Twins.

bliznyuki
has abstract: BLIZNYUKI (until 1965 - Gemini), an urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1868. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Pavlogradsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1926, 36 Jews lived in the Bliznyukovsky district, in 1939 there were 23 Jews in B. In 1942, 2 Jews were shot in B..

blok david semenovich
has abstract: BLOK David Semenovich (1888, Taganrog - 1948, Moscow), composer, conductor. In 1913-18 he studied at the Rostov horse. From 1931 he worked in the cinematography system, occupying various. positions: sound designer, sound engineer, conductor orc. to / st. Soyuzdetfilm (1938), Mosfilm (1948). He made a great contribution to the development of cinematography. In 1941 he organized the State. orc. Min-va of cinematography of the USSR and directed it. He owns music and muses. design for films "Mother" (1926, dubbed in 1935), "Dowry" (1937), "A soldier was walking from the front" (1939), "Yakov Sverdlov" (1940), "Behind Enemy Lines" (1941), "Death" Eagle "" (1941, co-authored with VI Muradeli), "Private Alexander Matrosov" (1948), and others. B. - author (with SA Bugoslavsky) pr. "Musical accompaniment in the cinema" (M.-L., 1929). Honored. active lawsuit in the Tajik SSR (1940).

blokh isidor grigorjevich
has abstract: Blokh Isidor Grigorievich (1888, Warsaw - 1958, Moscow), specialist in the region. mechanization of peat production, part-to. Academy of Sciences of the BSSR (1940). In 1916 he graduated from the Imp. higher tech. uch-shche in Moscow. He worked at the Institute of the Peat Industry (1926–28). From 1929 he taught at Moscow. Mining Academy, then to Moscow. peat institute (prof. from 1940). Participated in the creation of machines for the preparation and development of peat deposits: an elevator machine and a hydroelevator installation (1928-29), an Instorf irrigation machine (1930–31), a machine for excavating a stumpy deposit (1950–52).

blokh khaim-itskhak
has abstract: BLOCH Chaim-Itskhak (1867, Polangen Grobinsky u. Kurland province. - |), rabbi. He studied at the Volozhin yeshiva. Rabbi in a number of cities and towns of Courland, including in Bauska. In 1916 he organized schools for exiled Jews. children in the Crimea. In 1921 he returned to Bausk and resumed lit. activity begun in 1887, editor of the "Wisdom of Israel" column in Warsaw weekly. periodic. publication in Hebrew "Ha-Tsfira", also resumed participation in publications in Hebrew in Slutsk "Yagdil Torah". From 1923 in the United States, where he served as a rabbi in Jersey City, New York.

blokh leonora
has abstract: BLOCH Leonora (Eleanor) Abramovna (1881, Kremenchug, Poltava province - 1943, Alma-Ata), sculptor. She studied in St. Petersburg, in 1898-1905 - in Paris with O. Roden. Since 1935 - prof. Kharkov art. in-that. Author of monuments in decomp. cities of Ukraine. Publ. memoirs "Thus Rodin Taught" (1967).

blokh maks abramovich
has abstract: BLOKH Max Abramovich (1882, Petersburg - 1941, ibid.), Chemist, historian of chemistry, popularizer of science. Graduated from the Riga Polytechnic in 1903. Institute, in 1904–05 he studied at the University of Heidelberg (Germany). From 1905 he was a private assistant at the Riga Polytechnic. in-that. In 1917 he organized scientific research in Petrograd. chem.-tech. publishing house and headed it until 1938. Simultaneously. taught (prof. from 1919) in ped. in-those, where in 1932 he organized a course on specialization in the region. history of chemistry. One of the authors of the note in the production of the need for accelerated development of chemical. science and industry, as a result of which it was adopted in 1928 Post. Council of People's Commissars of the USSR "On measures for the chemicalization of nar. x-va of the USSR ". Main work dedicated. history common and inorganic. chemistry, chem. prom-sti. Author of scientific. biographies of A.L. Lavoisier (1920), J.H. Van't Hoffa (1923) and other scientists. In 1924, on the initiative of B., a reference book on the state of chemistry was issued. industry of the USSR. Member Int. Academy of the History of Science (1933). Cit .: Biographical reference book: Outstanding chemists and scientists of the XIX and XX centuries, who worked in the branches of science adjacent to chemistry, v. 1-2, L., 1923-1931; Brief essays on the history of chem. discoveries, Kharkov, 1933; Chronology of the most important events in the field of chemistry and related disciplines and bibliography on the history of chemistry, L.-M., 1940.

blokh mark yakovlevich
has abstract: BLOKH Mark Yakovlevich (b. 1924, Kiev), linguist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1978), prof. Graduated from Moscow. state ped. in-t foreign. languages ​​(1951), graduate school at Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1961). Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1951–57 he taught at the Irkutsk state. ped. in-those foreign. lang., since 1961 - at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (since 1979 - professor, since 1988 - head of the department). research in the field of general and English. grammar, semantics, stylistics, will compare. and ist. linguistics by building text. Developed on the basis of English. lang. paradigmatic theory. syntax, developed the doctrine of the segmental levels of language, put forward and revealed the concept of dictatorship as a basic. units of text. The author of St. 100 scientific. works, including books: "Theoretical. English grammar language "(1983; 2nd ed., 1994)," Theoretical. foundations of grammar "(1986)," Stroy dialogic. speeches "(1992, jointly with S.M. Polyakov)," Proper personal names in syntagma and paradigmatics "(1994, jointly with T.N. Semenova). Vice President Moscow association of linguistic practitioners, included in the International. Association for Applied Linguistics.

blondes david abramovich
has abstract: BLONDES David Abramovich (| - |), Vilna hairdresser. In 1900 he was arrested on charges of attempted murder with a ritual purpose of a Christian girl. In B.'s trial in the Vilna district court, lawyers P.G. Mironov, O.O. Gruzenberg and V.D. Spasovich convincingly proved the falsity of the accusation. The court sentenced B. to 1 year and 4 months. prisons. Despite the resistance of a part of Vilna Jewry, exhausted by the atmosphere of persecution and the expectation of a pogrom, B.'s lawyers filed a cassation appeal to the Senate (the author and initiator is Gruzenberg). The Senate appointed a new investigation (with the involvement of St. Petersburg experts) and a re-hearing in court (with a different composition of the presence). Held in Jan.-Feb. 1902 the court completely rejected all charges and acquitted B.

blone
has abstract: BLONE, a village in the Warsaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1290. From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 it was a district town of Warsaw province. In 1808, 20 Jews (2.5%) lived in Bulgaria, in 1827 - 4 (0.5%), in 1897 - 1027 (34.5%), in 1921 - 1262 Jews (23.6%) Jews appeared in B. in the 15th century, later Jews were forbidden to settle in B. Jewish merchants lived in neighboring villages and came to B. on market days. After the ban was lifted in 1862, Jews began to settle in Byelorussia and buy real estate. In the 2nd floor. 19th century there was a community in B. Jews were engaged in small trade, crafts, and sold grain. In 1920, during the Soviet-Polish. war, Polish. military. the authorities accused Rabbi Ephraim-Fishl Shapiro of collaborating with Kr. Army and sentenced him to death. For some time, the head of the Sakranevich Hasids, Yaakov-Yehuda Kalish, lived in Byelorussia (? -1929). There was a cheder, lit. and dram. circles, courses for the study of Hebrew. A cooperative credit office was opened in 1926. Departments worked. Jewish parties and movements. Herm. troops occupied B. at the beginning. Sep 1939. In the autumn of the same year, the Judenrat was established. In the end. 1939 and early. 1940 hundreds of refugees from Lodz, Kovel, Konstantinov-Ludzki and Aleksandrów-Kujawski arrived in B.]]. The Judenrat tried to provide refugees with housing and food, a Committee for helping refugees was created in Byelorussia, and a dining room was opened for refugees and the poor. In the fall of 1940, the Jews of Byelorussia were gathered in a ghetto, where in February. 1941 was approx. 2100 people 17-19 Feb 1941 the ghetto was destroyed, the Jews were sent to the Warsaw ghetto, and from there to Treblinka. places. the match factory, where the executions of Jews were carried out, a mass grave has been preserved.

bloshteyn girsh davidovich
has abstract: BLOSHTEIN Girsh Davidovich (1895, Keidany, Kovno province - 1979, Chernivtsi), poet, prose writer, publicist. R. in the family of a tailor. In 1912 he debuted a verse. in one of the Vilna Heb. ed. Published in periodicals. press. During the 1st world. war lived in Kharkov, published stories and poems in Kharkov and Odessa Jews. ed. He taught in Heb. school in the Kuban. In 1925 he emigrated to Argentina, worked as a teacher. Published in periodicals. ed. In 1931 for the underground roar. activity was exiled to the USSR, settled in Kharkov, where he actively participated in lit. and societies. life. He worked in children. gas. "Zay gray" ("Be ready") and other Heb. ed. During the 1941–45 war he was evacuated to Kazakhstan, then returned to Ukraine, and lived in Chernivtsi. Author of the book: "Juan Jorke redt" ("Juan Jorke is speaking"), 1932; Baricades unter palmes (Barricades under the palm trees), 1933; Their bin Jung (I am young), 1934; "Bam kval" ("At the source"), 1979, etc.

bludenj
has abstract: TRUNK, see May Day.

blumenfeljd feliks mikhaylovich
has abstract: BLUMENFELD Felix Mikhailovich (1863, Kovalevka, Odessa u. Kherson province. - 1931, Moscow), pianist, conductor, teacher, composer. R. in the family of a French teacher. lang. F.'s older brothers - Stanislav (| - |) and Sigismund (1852-1920) also became prof. musicians. Moose. abilities manifested early; already at the age of 5 he was picking up on php., improvising. First. muses. he was educated by G.V. Neuhaus, his uncle (father of the pianist G.G. Neuhaus) in Elizavetgrad (where the family moved). Graduated from Petersburg. cons. in 1885 with a gold medal in the class fp. F.F. Stein; composition studied under N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov. The characterization given at the end of the cons. Stated: "Outstanding in all respects." From 1885 he taught and gave concerts. As a pianist, he was greatly influenced by A.G. Rubinstein. He was the first performer of pl. op. by A.K. Lyadov, A.K. Glazunov, A.S. Arensky. He performed as an ensemble player, was an active participant in the "Belyaevsky circle" - muses. evenings in the house of M.P. Belyaev (with the participation of V.V. Stasov, N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, A.P. Borodin and others). From 1895 - “tutor with singers” (accompanist); from 1898 to 1911 - conductor at the Mariinsky Theater in St. Petersburg. Staged operas by R. Wagner, N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov (first post. Legends of the Invisible City of Kitezh ..., 1907). Conducted opera performances of Russian Seasons by SP Diaghilev (1908) in Paris (including the post of Boris Godunov by MP Mussorgsky). Supervised by "Rus. symph. concerts ”organized by Belyaev in St. Petersburg. From 1897 he taught at St. Petersburg. cons .; in 1918–22 - conductor Muses. dram, in-that in Kiev. In 1922 he moved to Moscow; until the end of the life of prof. Moscow cons. The style of B. the pianist is characterized by lyricism, fluency in a colorful palette, the subtlest feeling of dynamic. gradation of sonority, deep understanding of the interpreted work. The reviewers also noted virtuosity, heroism, a…

blumgarden
has abstract: BLOMGARDEN (Yoash) Solomon (1870, Verzhbolovo Volkovyshsky u. Suwalki province. - 1927, New York), poet, playwright, translator. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. He studied at the yeshiva in Volozhin. Soon he began to write poetry in Yiddish. Since 1890 in the USA. I was in business. Having fallen ill with tuberculosis in 1900, he was treated in a sanatorium in Denver, Colorado, after which he devoted himself entirely to literature. In 1910 he returned to New York and became director of the publishing house. firm, edges published his productions. He was often printed in Heb. press. In 1914, together with the B. family, he went to E.-I., intending to stay there forever. The beginning of the 1st world. the war forced B. to return to the United States, and from 1915 he lived in New York. Description of his journey "From New York to Rehovot and back" (vols. 1–2, 1917) was translated into English. lang. (In the Footsteps of the Messenger, Philadelphia, 1923) and then into Hebrew. The last decade of his life B. was engaged in the transcription of the Bible from the Hebrews. lang. in Yiddish. This work opened a new era in the development of Yiddish literature, enriching the language. expressions and idioms of the Jews of Vost. Europe. In B.'s poems, a subtle sense of the landscape, which distinguishes him among the poets who wrote in Yiddish. In addition, he introduced into Heb. poetry a new motive - the motive of beauty, and its presentation in Heb. legends put B. among the outstanding romantics of Hebrew. lit-ry. In his ballads and fairy tales, B. tried to revive the outgoing piety, the patriarch, Heb. life. B. gave Yiddish poetry. form, color and music, enriched the literature in Yiddish trans. masterpieces of Heb. and peace. literature (Longfellow, Rostand, excerpts from the Koran and classical Arabic works). To demonstrate the relationship between Yiddish, Hebrew and Aramaic languages., He, joint. with Dr. SD Spivak, compiled “Yiddish Dictionary, contai…

blustoun yosef-itskhak
has abstract: BLUSTONE Yosef Yitzchak (1860, Kalvariya, Suwalki province. - |, Brooklyn), doctor, society. activist. He studied in several yeshivas, at the age of 15 he was known as the author of talented articles in Hebrew. Since 1879 in the USA. In 1889 he became editor of Shulamit, the first periodical in the United States. ed., adhering to the nat. Heb. views. In 1883 he founded the first society in the United States of Hovevey Zion, in 1903 and 1907 he was a delegate to the Zionist congresses. In 1890 he received his M.D. and became a practicing physician at Beit Israel Hospital in Brooklyn, where he continued to work until the end of his life. He was one of the organizers of the first Hebrew. schools in New York, vice president of the Zionist Organization of America.

bluvshteyn aleksandr abramovich
has abstract: BLUVSHTEIN Alexander Abramovich (1910, Kremenchug, Poltava province. - 1984, Kiev), Hero of the Sov. Union (1944). Since 1932 - in Kr. Army. In 1953 he graduated from the Military-Polit. academy. Member of the Polish campaign (1939). Com. battalion of the airborne brigade, major. B. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for battles when crossing the Dnieper. Since 1958 - in stock.

blyakher leonid yakovlevich
has abstract: BLYAKHER Leonid Yakovlevich (1900, Samara - 1987, Moscow), embryologist and historian of science. Graduated from the 2nd Moscow. un-t (1925). He worked there under the hands. M.M. Zavadovsky. In 1928–48 - in the 2nd Moscow. honey. in-those, simultaneously in 1942–53 - at the Institute of Experimental. biology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Since 1955 - at the Institute of History of Natural Science and Technology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (in 1961-76 - head of the sector of the history of biological sciences, since 1976 - scientific consultant). scientific. work dedicated. issues of embryogenesis. He worked out the problems of ontogenesis, put forward a hypothesis about the direct dependence of proliferation processes during metamorphosis on the same time. ongoing resorption processes. Author of the foundation. research on the history of biology, in particular on the history of the formation of the father. embryology and morphology of animals; showed the role of the father. scientists in the formation and development of these sciences. Analyzed (1971) the history of the development of research on the problem of inheritance of acquired characters. One of the initiators of writing and co-author of the works "Development of Biology in the USSR" (1967) and "History of Biology" (book 1, 1972; book 2, 1975). Author of the textbook "Course of General Biology with Zoology and Parasitology" (4th ed., 1944). Int. Academy of the History of Science (since 1966). Works: History of Embryology in Russia. From ser. XVII to mid. XX century, M., 1955; The problem of inheritance of acquired characters, M., 1971; Problems of animal morphology: Historical. sketches, M., 1976.

blyumenfeljd beniamin markovich
has abstract: BLYUMENFELD Beniamin Markovich (1884, Volkovyshki, Suvalki province. - 1947, Moscow), chess player; chess. theorist and writer. Lawyer. He performed successfully in Vseros. (1905 - 2–3rd place, awarded the title of master) and Moscow. (1908 - 2nd, 1911 - 1st - 2nd) competitions. He contributed to the theory of openings: the gambit invented by him is named after B. Author of articles on chess problems. psychology, the topic of his Ph.D. thesis “Problems of visual-effective thinking based on chess. material "(1945). Cit .: The role of the endgame in chess. party, L., 1929; Chess combination. Party, M., 1938.

blyumenfeljd ikhil-meer
has abstract: BLUMENFELD Ichil-Meer (1892, Shidlov, Kovno province - 1942, Warsaw), rabbi. The son of a local rabbi. Studied at a yeshiva in Krakow. From 1914 to 1818 he was a rabbi in Rechitsa and Rostov-on-Don. In Rostov-on-Don, he became close to Rabbi Sh.D. Shneerson. After finishing 1st world. war - in Poland, where he participated in the publishing. the Lubavitch yeshiva "Tomchey Tmimim". One of the leaders of religions. Zionism in Poland. Ed. g. Jerushalayim. Killed in the ghetto on Judgment Day.

blyumenfeljd lev aleksandrovich
has abstract: BLYUMENFELD Lev Alexandrovich (b. 1921, Moscow), biophysicist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1954). From the family of a professional revolutionary (in 1938 he was repressed, died in the camp.) As a third-year student of chemistry. Faculty of Moscow State University, B. in 1941 went to the front. The war ended early. intelligence regiment self-propelled art. installations. In 1945 he was demobilized as a disabled war veteran. In 1946 he graduated from Moscow State University as an external student, then physicochem. in-t them. L.Ya. Karpova (post-graduate student, since 1948 scientific researcher). In the campaign against cosmopolitanism, he was dismissed from his job, but was soon admitted to the Center. Institute of Advanced Training for Doctors (TSIUV). In 1952 he again lost his job until the termination of the "Doctors' Plot". All R. 1953 returned to its original location. Since 1957 - in Ying-those chem. Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (head of laboratory of physical and chemistry of biopolymers), at the same time (since 1959) head. organized by him by the Department of Biophysics at physical. Faculty of Moscow State University (since 1989 - prof.). tr. on quantum mechanics, biophysics. Applied the method of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) for biol. and chem. research. Using an EPR spectrometer, he studied the formation of free radicals in biopolymers during irradiation and during metabolism, changes in the characteristics of paramagnetic centers at different stages of cell life, changes in the spin state of iron in hemoglobin and cytochrome hemes, etc. He studied the mechanisms of photosynthesis and membrane phosphorylation, enzymatic catalysis, developed the principle of converting energy and information into biol. systems, etc. Research. the structure and properties of hemoglobin and the process of gas transfer by blood. Cit .: Hemoglobin and reversible oxygen addition, M., 1957; Problems of Biological Physics, Moscow, 2nd ed., 1977.

blyumentalj yulius maksovich
has abstract: Blumenthal Julius Maksovich (| - |), journalist, publisher. Graduated from law. Faculty of Yuryevsky University. B. settled in Kovno, where in 1904–07 he published the first in the Kovno province. daily societies-polit. gas. in Russian lang. Covenian Telegraph. In 1907 it was renamed the North-West Telegraph and became daily. illustr. polit., societies. or T. gas., devoted much space to Heb. topics, including the lane. manuf. Heb. writers, feuilletons from Heb. life. At the same time. published in Kovno every day. society-polit. or T. gas. Monday (1907-08). In 1914, from Aug. until October, published in Moscow every day. gas. "Moskovskoe slovo", then from Oct. to Dec. in Petrograd every day. gas. "Petrograd Telegraph", which contained information from the fronts and other messages about the war.

blyumin izrailj grigorjevich
has abstract: BLYUMIN Israel Grigorievich (Girshevich) (1897, Rechitsa, Minsk province - 1959, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1938), prof. (1937). Graduated from Moscow State University (1924) and Communist. academy (1930). Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1930–56), Institute of World. economy and international. relations of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1956–59), prof. Moscow State University and a number of other sinks, higher. uch. institutions. Ch. directions of scientific. activities - history and criticism of Western Europe., Amer. and ede. econom. teachings. One of the first to give an analysis of DOS. schools of modern econom. thoughts and real processes in the capitalist. economy. In 1926 in the "Vestnik Kommunisticich. academy "B. published the work" On Mat. method in watered. savings ", which has not lost its importance until now. time. The most important tr. B .: “Subjective school in polit. economy "(v. 1–2, Moscow, 1928)," Criticism of the modern. bourgeois. polit. economy of the USA "(M., 1956)," The crisis of the present. bourgeois. polit. economy "(M., 1959), as well as work on the history of growing. econom. thoughts. Main tr. B. translated into foreign. lang .: The history of economics. teachings: (Essays on the theory) (edited by F.Ya. Polyansky), M., 1961; Criticism of the bourges. polit. savings, t. 1-3, M., 1962.

blyumkin yakov grigorjevich
has abstract: BLUMKIN Yakov Grigorievich (1900, Odessa - 1929, Moscow), employee of state bodies. security. Since 1917, member. Party of the Left SRs, from May 1918 in the organs of the Cheka, head. a secret division of the Counter-Revolutionary Department. In the summer of 1918 he took part in the preparation of weapons. speeches of the Left SRs against the Bolshevik dictatorship. 07/06/1918 participated in the assassination of the Germans, the ambassador of Count V. Mirbach in the building of the German embassy in Moscow, a cut served as a signal to start the speech. He explained his participation in the murder as follows: “I, as a Jew and as a socialist, undertake the commission of (this) act ...” After suppressing the speech, he switched to illegal. position, Rev. Tribunal at the All-Russian Central Executive Committee sentenced in absentia to 3 years in prison. In the 2nd floor. 1918 - early. 1919 in underground work, but at the beginning. 1919 left the party and voluntarily surrendered to the owls. authorities, post. Pres. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee was amnestied. From Apr. 1919 members Communist. party. In 1919–20 he carried out assignments of the highest military man. command in Ukraine, was early. headquarters of the 79th brigade in the South. front. In 1920–21 he studied at the Military. Academy of the Red Army, then served in the secretariat of the People's Commissar for War. deeds of L.D. Trotsky, enjoyed his full confidence. He wrote poetry. Was well-known literary artist. bohemians. From 1925 he worked in the organs of the OGPU in the Transcaucasus, in Mongolia, then he was sent through the OGPU to Turkey to organize an agent, a network in Syria, Egypt, and Palestine. 04/16/1929 met in Istanbul with Trotsky, expelled from the USSR, later supported the illegal. contacts. In the fall of 1929 he was recalled to Moscow and shot on charges of “repeated betrayal of the cause of the proletarian revolution and the Sov. authorities".

bober
has abstract: BOBER, a village in the Zgurovsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Radomysl u. Kiev province. In the 1940-50s. - in the Kaganovichsky district, in 1957-86 - in the Polessky district of the Kiev region. In 1897, 208 Jews (32.8%) lived in Byelorussia. the Jews of B. negotiated with the representatives of J.-I. Schneerson to provide material assistance for the restoration of the mikvah.

bobovnya
has abstract: BOBOVNYA, a village in the Kopyl district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Slutsk district. Minsk province. In 1942 25 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.

bobovtsy
has abstract: BOBOVTSY, a village in the Storozhinets district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Storozhinetsky headman of the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, 22 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.

bobr
has abstract: BOBR, an urban-type settlement (since 1941) in the Krupskiy district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from 1516. In the 16th century. - the town of Orsha district of the Vitebsk voivodeship as part of Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - Rzeczpospolita. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Senno district. Mogilev Gubernia. In 1766, 168 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1847 - 723, in 1857 - 721 (63%), in 1880 - 1762 (about 79%), in 1897 - 1479 (59.6%), in 1908 - 1561 (over 65%), in 1923 - 1120, in 1926 - 1018 Jews (41.1%). about Jews in B. belongs to the 2nd half. 17th century According to the testimony of the steward PA Tolstoy (1697), in Byelorussia there were "many houses of the Jewish rich." In 1762 B. received the Magdeburg Law; once a year a fair was held in Byelorussia (in the 1880s - 3 torzhoks a year). In 1869 there were 3 wooden synagogues in Byelorussia; in 1880, out of 264 houses, 135 belonged to Jews, and there were 2 synagogues. In 1881, 9 Jews were engaged in tailoring, 8 - in shoemaking, the petty bourgeois Sima Altshuler and Abram Yeruzalimchik rented a cloth factory with 2 mills and a grain yard from a local landowner. Since 1889 Shloyme-Zalman Al'tshuler (1847—?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In the end. 19th century there was a cheder in B. During the 1st World. war in aug. - nov. 1915 St. 10.2 thousand refugees from the West. districts of the country, 68 Jewish refugees settled in B. In 1920, an organization of the Bund operated in B. In apr. 1920 cases from B. participated in the 12th Conf. Bund in Moscow. In May 1925 approx. B. was created by a Jewish farmer. artel "Krasnaya Niva". Jews B. were shot (along with the Jews of the surrounding townships) in October. 1941 in the Krupki district. In B. genus: Sh.-Sh. Dobin, M. Kadishevich; Nohem Yud (real fam. Eruzalimchik) (1888 - after 1946), poet, fabulist (in Yiddish), since 1916 - in the USA, translated rum into Yiddish. A. I. Kuprina "Duel". V. …

bobrik
has abstract: BOBRIK, now part of the village. Bober (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Radomysl u. Kiev province. 19th century in B. lived 248 Jews, there was a synagogue. During the Civil. B.'s war was defeated; one of the largest pogroms took place in July 1919. In 1920 the colony was rebuilt anew. Between 1929 and 1941, there was a Jewish collective farm called Fray Lebn in Byelorussia, in which 88 people lived in 1930. In the fall of 1941, all Jews who remained in Byelorussia were shot.

bobriki
has abstract: BOBRIKI, see Donskoy.

bobrinets
has abstract: BOBRINETS, city, regional center in Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main all R. 18th century In 1828 it was transformed from a state-owned village into a county town, from 1865 - a provincial town of Elizavetgrad u. Kherson Gubernia. In 1847 there were 1289 Jews in Byelorussia, in 1856 - 1531, in 1864 - 1500, in 1897 - 3481 (24.4%), in 1910 - 4516 (24.5%), in 1920 - 3447, in 1923 - 2527, in 1926 - 2265 (20.4%), in 1939 - 654 Jews. In 1856 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. In 1864, Chaim Kozarovitsky was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In 1911 there were 4 synagogues in Byelorussia, a Talmud-Torah (74 students), 11 heders (132 students), a society of benefits to poor Jews (since 1910), and a Jewish cemetery; in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. m-in. In the 1920s. Rabbi B. Izrail Basivkevich kept in touch with J.-I. Schneerson, who provided financial assistance in the construction of the mikvah. In the end. 1920s synagogues were closed in B. 10 Aug. 1941 in Byelorussia 5 Jews were shot; created a ghetto. In Jan. - Feb 1942 358 Jews were killed during mass executions. In B. genus: D.G. Gershfeld, G.N. Melnichansky; Semyon Semenovich Dukelsky (1892-1960, Moscow), an employee of the special services (senior major of state security), in 1938-39 before. The Committee for Cinematography under the USSR Council of People's Commissars, in 1939-42 the People's Commissar of the USSR Navy; Boris Savelievich Trakhter (1899-1963), the organizer of the production, in 1936-40 director. Taganrog, then Makeevsky metallurgist. w-yes to them. S.M. Kirov.Yu.N. Grigorieva

bobrka
has abstract: BOBRKA, a city (since 1469) in the Peremyshlyansky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1211. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Lviv land of the Russian Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Bubrka in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 713 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1859 - 1778 (63%), in 1880 - 2007 (46%), in 1890 - 2395 (48, 5%), in 1900 - 2500 (47%), in 1910 - 2502 (44.5%), in 1921 - 1480 (33.7%), in 1931 - 1833 Jews. Jews settled in Bulgaria in the 2nd floor. 17th century During fairs in Byelorussia, congresses of representatives of the kagals of the voivodeship took place (1722, 1753). In the first years after the entry of Byelorussia into Austria-Hungary, a Jewish-German school was opened, closed in 1806. Home weaving was developed in Byelorussia. Fabrics from B. were famous for their quality and were sold in Gdansk and Vienna. By the beginning. 19th century almost all of the weavers in B. were Jews. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century the Jews of Byelorussia earned their living by trade, crafts, and carriage. The trade in bread and leather was also concentrated in the hands of the Jews. Several cr. Jewish traders were involved in the sale of tobacco, salt, oil and alcohol. In the end. 19th century in B. there were 3 Jewish lawyers, by the beginning. 1st world. wars - 6. There was a Jewish doctor. In the 1880s. began a massive departure to the United States. In 1908, a community of immigrants from Bulgaria was created in New York. In 1800–30, the rabbi of Byelorussia was one of the leaders of Galician Hasidism, Simcha Vitles, a disciple of Rabbi Meshulam-Zusi of Annopolsky (? -1800); in 1830–40, his son Chaim later (until 1870) - Doiv Vitles (? -1875, Safed, E.-I.), the last. the rabbi of this dynasty in 1870-1906 was Chaim-Simcha. The son of Chaim-Simha Yaakov in the 1920s and 19…

bobrov
has abstract: BOBROV, a city, a regional center in the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). Main at the end. 17th century like a settlement. From 1779 it was a district town of the Voronezh governorship, then a province. In 1910, 39 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1926 - 24 Jews, in 1939 - 20 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia. During the 1st world. During the war, the size of the Jewish population of Byelorussia grew due to the influx of refugees. By Sept. 1915 247 Jews arrived in Byelorussia.

bobrovichi
has abstract: BOBROVICHI, a village in the Ivatsevichi district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pinsk u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1921, 37 Jews lived in Byelorussia. In 1942, approx. 20 Jews.

bobrovitsa
has abstract: BOBROVITSA, city (since 1958), regional center in the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 12th century From 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Bobrovitsy Kozeletsky u. Chernigov Gubernia. In 1897, 671 Jews (13.1%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1939 - 122 Jews. In 1912, a Jewish loan and savings system operated in Byelorussia. m-in. 2 Sep 1919 a pogrom broke out in Byelorussia, organized by units of the Volunteer Army.

bobrovitsy
has abstract: Bobrovitsy, see Bobrovitsa.

bobrovniki
has abstract: BOBROVNIKI, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1837 - Posad Novo-Aleksandrovsky u. Lublin Province. 282 Jews (22.1%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897, and 164 Jews in 1921. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was exterminated during the Holocaust.

bobrovskaya
has abstract: BOBROVSKAYA (nee Zelikson) Cecilia Samoilovna (1876, Velizh, Vitebsk province - 1960, Moscow), part. activist, member Communist. party since 1898. R. in the family of a small employee. From 1894 in Warsaw, she worked in a sewing workshop, member. s.-d. circles. In 1897 she left Russia, in 1898 she joined one of the foreign countries. groups of the RSDLP. In 1899 she returned to Russia, led the party. work in Kharkov, in 1900 she was arrested, after a year in prison she was exiled to her homeland, from where she fled abroad. In Zurich, I contacted the Emancipation of Labor group and ed. Sparks. In 1902 she returned to Russia, worked in Ivanovo-Voznesensk, Kostroma, Yaroslavl and Tver. In 1903 she went abroad again. After the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903) she joined the Bolsheviks. In 1904 she returned to Russia, worked in Tiflis and Baku (member of the Baku Committee of the RSDLP, took part in the organization of the Baku strike in December 1904). In 1905 - in Moscow, member. MK RSDLP, participated in Dec. armed uprising. In 1906–07 sec. Kostroma and Ivanovo-Voznesensky k-tov of the RSDLP, in 1908 - secretary. Moscow district to-that, organized an illegal. the printing house where the gas was printed. "Wrestling". In the same year she was arrested and exiled for 2 years to the Vologda province. After exile she returned to Moscow, worked in Lefortovo and Zamoskvoretsky districts. In 1914 she was a member of the editorial board. Bolshevik. weekly "Labor". In oct. 1917 - secret. Moscow district to-that RSDLP (b), then head. military. department of MK RCP (b). In 1919 she worked in the Organizational Department of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). In 1921 she was a member of the commission on the history of the party, then until 1928 she worked in the Institute of V. Ilenin and in the Istpart MK of the CPSU (b). In 1928-1940 - political assistant of the Executive Committee of the Comintern. Since 1940 - persons. retired, worked at the Institute of Marxism-Leninism…

bobrovyy kut
has abstract: BOBROVY KUT, a village in the Velikoaleksandrovsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1807 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Kherson u. Kherson lips. Since 1927 - the center of the Jewish nat. village council of the Kalinindorf Jewish nat. In 1810, 337 Jews (77 families) lived in BK, in 1897 - 1248 (85%), in 1926 - 1365 Jews (89.8%). The first Jews in BK were immigrants from Vitebsk, Minsk, Poltava and Chernigov provinces. In 1825, out of 870 inhabitants, 429 people were engaged in agriculture. In 1825, 1837 and 1841 in B.K. new settlers arrived. In 1898-99 he was an agriculturalist. 185 families (over 1100 people) were engaged in labor; the total area of ​​allotment lands was 2910 dess. (12.9 dess. Per family), of which under crops - 2539 dess. (49.9% were sown with rye and barley, 35.6% - with wheat); there were 391 working horses, 408 cows. There were 3 synagogues, societies. school, bathhouse, Jewish loan-savings. m-in. During Civil. During the war BK was repeatedly subjected to pogroms and robberies, dozens of residents died of hunger and epidemics, and the colonists' economies fell into decay. In the 1920s. Y.-I. Schneerson provided material assistance to the BK community. In 1923-24, with the support of the ARA, EKO, and Joint, the farms were restored, and Jewish consumers were operating. Society, a 2-class labor school, there was a Jewish agriculturalist. commune "Fertile field". In 1926, a 7-year school (4 teachers) worked; land cultivation (supplies of agricultural machinery were carried out through Agrodjoint, KOMZET and an agricultural credit company). The synagogues were closed in 1927. Between 1929 and 1930, 86 percent of the farms merged into the Reuter Oktyabr collective farm; to ser. 1931 the number of collective farmers decreased from 909 to 755 people, farms - from 224 to 190. By the middle. 1930s the collective farm became diversified (grain production, dairy production, orchards, vineyards, vegetable gardens, a mill), until …

bobruysk
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БОБРУЙСК, город (с 1795), районный центр в Могилевской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с сер. 14 в. В 14—16 вв. — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского. С 1569 — в Речицком повете Минского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1795 — уездный город Минской губ. В 1924—30 — центр округа, в 1944—54 — обл. центр БССР.В 1789 в Б. проживал 281 еврей (31%), в 1808 — 504, в 1847 — 4702, в 1861 — 8866, в 1878 — 17 547, в 1892 — 29 704, в 1897 — 20 760 (60%), в 1910 — 24 173, в 1914 — 25 876 (61%), в 1923 — 19 600, в 1926 — 21 558 (42%), в 1939 — 26 703 (31,7%), в 1959 — 15 600, в 1970 — 14 500, в 1979 — 13 400, в 1989 — 10 468 евреев (5%).Первое упом. о евреях Б. содержится в сообщениях брестского купца Элиягу Липшица от 1583. В 1811 община Б. по численности была на 8-м месте среди общин Минской губ. В 1853 осн. казенное еврейское уч-ще 1-го разряда. В 1854 в Б. имелось 14 синагог, в 1863 — 17. Осн. занятия еврейского населения — портняжный промысел и торговля с.-х. продуктами (в самом Б. почти вся торговля была сосредоточена в руках евреев, к-рые в 1887 составляли 87% гор. купечества). С кон. 19 в. евреи занимались заготовкой и продажей леса в юж. губернии России и порт. города Курляндии и Лифляндии. В Б. действовало ок. 60 хедеров, во главе общины стояли видные деятели любавичского хасидизма: в 1801—51 — Борух-Мордехай Эттингер (?—1852, Иерусалим), в 1872—1924 — Шмерка (Шмариягу-Ноах) Лейбович Шнеерсон (1842—1924), внук Цемах-Цедека. Раввинами Б. были: в 1851—64 — Гилел Малисов из Паричей (1795—1864), в 1870-х гг. — Шмуэль Шапиро, с 1887 — Цви Драбкин (1862—1929), позднее — Я.Д.Веселовский, в 1911—17 — Авром-Левик Славин; обществ. раввином в 1870—80-х гг. был Берка Шоломович Виленский, с 1912 — Мордехай Рабинзон; в 1886—99 во главе раввинского суда стоял Рафаэль Шапиро. В 1901 Ш.Л.Шнеерсон основал в Б. иешиву.С кон. 19 в. Б. — один из гл. центров деятельности Бунда (в 1911 местная орг-ция насчитывала 420 чл.). …

bobty
has abstract: BOBTS, see Babtai.

bobyatin
has abstract: BOBYATIN, a village in the Sokalsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1448. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. During the Holocaust, the Jewish population of Byelorussia was deported to the Sokal ghetto.

bobynichi
has abstract: BOBYNICHI, a village in the Polotsk district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Polotsk Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, the town of Lepel u. Polotsk, from 1802 - Vitebsk province. In 1838, 73 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1847 - 115, in 1881 - 179, in 1896 - 178 Jews (over 76%). In 1834 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. In 1835 Jews owned 20 out of 25 households (in 1889 - 30 out of 44 households). A Jewish cemetery has existed since 1840. All the Jews of Byelorussia were Lubavitch Hasidim. Ch. arr. small trade, one of them in 1881 contained a drinking establishment. In 1896, a spiritual rabbi, assistant. government rabbi (members of the spiritual board - Don Brevda and Abram Sherman). In 1909 Mendel Ioselevich Rivlin was the spiritual rabbi of B., in 1910 - Aron Beniominovich Tumarkin (? -1936), in 1912 - Abram-Khaim Lobanov. By 1914, 44 Jews belonged to the bourgeois class (Moisha Khotyanov was elected bourgeois headman). 1941 - Jan. 1942 There was a ghetto in Byelorussia, all 108 of whose prisoners were destroyed.

bochechki
has abstract: BOTCHCHKI, a village in the Konotop district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - farm of Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava province. In 1939, 27 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

bocheykovo
has abstract: BOCHEIKOVO, a village in Beshenkovichi district, Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Polotsk Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Lepelsky u. Vitebsk province. In 1776, 75 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1834 - 95, in 1838 - 105 (33.7%), in 1847 - 111, in 1876 - 132, in 1897 - 323 (44.7%), in 1923 - 183 Jews. In 1834, a synagogue (Hasidic) and a Jewish cemetery existed in Byelorussia. There were shohet and moel. In the end. 19th century the Jews of Byelorussia were engaged in the trade in dairy products and gardening. In 1909-10 the spiritual rabbi was Mordukh-Berka Shaevich Heruze, in 1912-14 - Meer Soskind. Zalman Blyakhman was the assistant to the state rabbi in 1910. 1880s - early. 1900s bourgeois headman was Nokhim Berzin, in 1908-17 - Leiba Krugly. In the 1920s. Zvi Polotskov was the rabbi in B. In 1942, apprx. 100 Jews V.M. Pervyshin

bodaybo
has abstract: BODAYBO, a city (since 1925), a regional center in the Irkutsk region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in 1864 as a mine "residence" that served the Lensky gold-mining industry. complex in Kirenskoye u. Irkutsk Gubernia In 1926, 215 Jews (3.9%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1939 - 97 Jews. One of the largest shareholders and before. of the board of "Lensky gold industry. t-va "in B. was G.O. Gintsburg. In 1888 Ya.D. Frizer, who owned the wholesale trade in bread in Burma, opened the first society in Burma. library in B. Ya.M. Altauzen, V.G. Viktorovich, P.N. Pinkisevich, V.S. Yakut.

bodbe
has abstract: BODBE, the historical name of the present. villages of Upper Bodbe and Lower Bodbe in the Signagh region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Signaghi u. Tiflis province. In ancient Georgian chronicles B. like Bodi, Bodisi, Bodini, Bodi. In the 1st - 4th centuries. in B. existed means. Jewish community, ex. one of the centers of Judaism among Georgian Jews. There is no information about her further fate.

bodzanov
has abstract: BODZANOV, see Bodzanow.

bodzanuv
has abstract: BODZANUW, city (from 1351) in the Płock Voivodeship. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Bodzanov of Plock 64 Jews (38%) lived in Byelorussia in 1808, 90 (22.5%) in 1827, 240 (38.6%) in 1857, 598 (39.9%) in 1897, 1921 - 807 (38.5%), in 1931 - c. 950 Jews. Jews settled in B. in the 1st half. 18th century The community existed from the end. 19th century Jews earned a living by small trade and crafts. In the 2nd floor. 19th century a synagogue was built. In 1900–40, the rabbi in Byelorussia was Hanoch-Geneh Navri, who died during the Holocaust. During the First World. war, Jewish earnings fell sharply, which led to the impoverishment of many. community members. In 1915, a free cafeteria for the poor was opened. Anti-Semitic demonstrations intensified immediately after the war. In 1919, Polish soldiers. armies plundered and burned Jewish shops, beat Jews. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Zionist parties, including "Agudas Israel". In the 1920s and 30s. there were 4 synagogues in Byelorussia, including the Gurian and Alexander Hasidim. From 1939 to 1941, approx. 1 thousand Jews. In March 1941, thousands of Jews from B., Plock and the surrounding area were sent to the ghetto in the Radom region and to the White Dvor ghetto.

bodzentin
has abstract: BODZENTIN, a city (since 1942) in the Keleck Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in 1340. In 1355-1870 - a city. From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - a city, then the settlement of Keletsky u. 173 Jews (16.9%) lived in Byelorussia in 1856, 1472 (43.9%) in 1897, and 1350 Jews in 1921. Jews lived in Byelorussia in the 19th century. Until 1862 B. was closed for free settlement of Jews. A Jewish cemetery was opened in 1867. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. After the occupation of the Germans. In 1939, troops in Byelorussia created a ghetto (about 3 thousand people), which was liquidated in October. 1942 A Jewish cemetery has survived in B. (about 50 monuments).

bogachevka
has abstract: BOGACHEVKA, see [[Small Bogachovka.

bogachevskiy mikhail borisovich
has abstract: BOGACHEVSKY Mikhail Borisovich (1908, Lvov - 1968, ibid.), Economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1948), prof. (1949). Graduated from Lviv University, scientific-ped. work since 1931. In 1948-68 head. Department of Finance and Credit Lviv Trade.-Econ. in-that. Sci. tr. dedicated to den. circulation, finance and credit of the USSR and foreign countries. Author of monographs, textbooks, uch. manuals for universities ("Finance and Credit in the USSR", 1964, 1969, "Financing and Crediting Consumer Cooperatives of the USSR", 1959, etc.) Vol .: Finances of the USA and England during the General Crisis of Capitalism, Moscow, 1954; The budget is capitalistic. state-va, M., 1960; Capitalist taxes. state-in, M., 1961; State credit in capitalist. countries, M., 1966; Organization of consumer finance society, M., 1968.

bogachovka
has abstract: BOGACHOVKA, a village in the Krivoozersky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - village Bogachevka Ananievsky u. Kherson province. Oct. 1941 in B., 131 Jews were shot.

bogatin iosif yakovlevich
has abstract: BOGATIN Joseph Yakovlevich (1880 - |), rabbi. In 1907–15 - rabbi of the Lepel metro station of the Vitebsk province. In 1915–37 - Rabbi of Saratov. Arrested in 1937.

bogatoe
has abstract: RICH, a village in the Novomoskovsk district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 19th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in Novomoskovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1919, a pogrom took place in Byelorussia, organized by the troops of the Directory.

bogay
has abstract: GOD, see Suvorovskoe.

bogdan
has abstract: BOGDAN, a village in the Rakhiv region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was Hungary, and in 1945–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, 123 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1930 - 357 Jews (8.3%). Jews lived in Byelorussia with ser. 19th century In the 1870s. a community was created. From 1927 to 1944, the rabbi of B. was the Mukachevo Hasid Shloymo Spitzer (? —1944). In 1940, a working camp for Jews from Hungary was located in Byelorussia. In the summer of 1941, one Jewish family was evicted from B. In 1942 an underground organization was created in Byelorussia to help Jewish refugees from Poland. Apr 17 1944 Jews were deported from B., May 20, 1944 - sent to Auschwitz.

bogdanovka
has abstract: BOGDANOVKA, a village in Podvolochisk district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). In 1809-15 - as part of Ros. empire. Since 1815 - in the Zbarazh district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria, since 1867 - in Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, 11 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.

bogdanovo
has abstract: BOGDANOVO, see Bednodemyanovsk.

bogdanovskiy
has abstract: BOGDANOVSKY, see Bogdanovka.

bogen aleksandr
has abstract: BOGEN Alexander (b. 1916, Vilna), painter, sculptor, theater artist, illustrator. During the 1941–45 war, he joined the partisans. detachments on the territory. Lithuania. He took part in the removal of groups from the Vilna ghetto. After the 2nd world. wars are in Israel. Founded by thin. school, taught in Heb. un-those in Jerusalem. Among the naib. Izv. works of B .: sculptor. "Uprising", "Catastrophe", wall painting "Catastrophe", etc. Participant of personal and group exhibitions in Israel and other countries. Prof. lawsuit.

bogin mikhail sinaevich
has abstract: BOGIN Mikhail Sinaevich (born 1936, Kharkov), film director. In 1954–56 he studied at Leningrad State University. polytechnic in-those. In 1962 he graduated from dir. Faculty of VGIK in Moscow. From 1965 he worked at the c / st. them. M. Gorky. In 1975 he left for the USA, where he filmed television and advertising films, worked as an actor. He made his debut short. f. "Two" (1965, Main Prize at the XII International Convention Festival in Oberhausen, Germany, 1966, Gold prize at the IV International Convention in Moscow, Prospect Fipress at the IV International Convention in Moscow). Specialist. jury diploma of the VI Int. meeting f. for youth in Cannes (France), 1965; Poch. II ICF diploma in Guadalajara (Mexico), 1966; 1st ave. On the Moscow Orthodox Church in Panama, 1966; 1st avenue at II Moscow City Festival in Ankara (Turkey), 1966; jury prize International. evangelical. center at the XII Mkf in Oberhausen, 1966. Among other fictions: "Zosia" (1967, jointly with Poland), "On Love" (1970), "Looking for a Man" (1973).

bogodarovka
has abstract: BOGODAROVKA, see Novodarovka.

bogodukhov
has abstract: BOGODUKHOV, a city (from 1681), a regional center in the Kharkiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1571. At 19 - early. 20th century B. is a district town of Kharkov province. In 1868 7 Jews lived in B., 19 in the district, 95 in B. in 1910, 288 in 1920, 259 (1.6%) in 1926, and 136 in 1939. There was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia in 1910, and a cheder in 1916. In 1919 the Jewish population of Byelorussia suffered from a pogrom perpetrated by units of the Volunteer Army. On June 20, 1942, 35 Jews were executed in Byelorussia. In 1995, an obelisk was erected at the site of the execution. In 1998, 17 Jews lived in Byelorussia. K.R. Eiges.

bogopolj
has abstract: BOGOPOL, as part of (since 1919) Pervomaisk, Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of Bratslav povet and voivodship, since 1776 - a village. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Baltsky u. Podolsk province. In 1776, 3 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1784 - 80, in 1787 - 108, in 1790 - 141, in 1847 - 1399, in 1887 - 40.3%, in 1897 - 5909 Jews. 20th century in B. there were built in the middle. 19th century 7 synagogues, a cemetery, a khevra kadisha (from the 1850s), a Jewish hospital (from 1899), a talmud-torah (from 1901), private husband. uch-shche, library (from 1906), cheder (from 1916). Oct. 21-24. 1905 a Jewish pogrom took place in Byelorussia. The place was plundered and burned. An ancient Torah scroll perished during the pogrom; there were no human casualties. Dec 19. 1919 a pogrom broke out in Byelorussia, organized by units of the Volunteer Army; pl. Jews were killed. I. Rafalovich, G. Fingerman, P. S. Wagner

bogorad daniil iljich
has abstract: BOGORAD Daniil Ilyich (1902, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province - 1967, Kiev), economist-geographer, urban planner. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1961). Graduated from law. and econ. Faculty of Kharkov Institute of Nar. x-va (1923). In 1923–30 he worked at the State Planning Committee of Ukraine. In 1934–62, he was a scientific organizer. work in Ukr. in-those on the design of cities (after the war 1941-45 - in Kiev). During the war he took part in the construction of defense facilities. Since 1962 in KievNIIPGradostroitelstvo. One of the founders of the theory of regional planning, a specialist in the field of terr. planning and urban planning. Participated in the development of the gene. schemes of regional planning in Donbass and in other regions of Ukraine, schemes of the future development of the Ukrainian SSR and regional planning of Moldova. The author of works on constructive and forecasting problems of the territory. development and urban planning. works: Planning of an industrial area, 1940 (co-workers); Budungiy Donbass, 1946; District planning. Questions of the planning of industrial areas, 1960; Constructive geography of the area. Fundamentals of regional planning, 1965; Urban agglomerations of the Ukrainian SSR, 1966.

bogorad samuil nakhmanovich
has abstract: BOGORAD Samuil Nakhmanovich (b. 1907, Vitebsk), Hero of the Sov. Union (1945). In 1935 he graduated from Leningrad. pestilence. technical College. Pom. captain on ships Balt. pestilence. shipping companies. From 1940 - in the Navy. Graduated from special. classes of command personnel underwater. swimming. Com. submarine to the Balt. navy. The first transport was sunk in the fall of 1941. From 1961 - in reserve. 1960s – 70s - captain of the motor ship Latv. pestilence. shipping companies.

bogoraz-brukhman larisa iosifovna
has abstract: BOGORAZ-BRUKHMAN Larisa Iosifovna (b. 1929, Kharkov), societies. activist, human rights activist. Graduated from philol. Faculty of Kharkov University (1950), Cand. philol. Sciences (1965); deprived of account. step, in 1978; the degree was restored in 1990. In 1965–66, after the arrest of her first husband, YM Daniel, she became one of the organizers of the campaign in his (and AD Sinyavsky, who was in the same case with Daniel) defense, which grew into a systematic one. human rights activities. In Jan. 1968 together with P.M. Litvinov compiled “Appeal to the world. public ”- protest against the trial of AI Ginzburg and his comrades. This "Appeal" decisively contributed to the consolidation of the disparate opposition. gr. and circles into a united human rights movement. B.'s signature is also under the plural. other letters of protest 1967-68 and subsequent years. 25 Aug 1968 took part in a protest demonstration on Red Square against owls. the invasion of Czechoslovakia (together with K.I.Babitsky, N.E. Gorbanevskaya, V.N. Delone, V.A. Dremlyuga, P.M. Litvinov, V.Fainberg); arrested, sentenced to 4 years of exile, to-rui was serving in Vost. Siberia (Irkutsk region, Chuna settlement). Returning to Moscow, she continued to take part in the human rights movement. Together with her second husband, A.T. Marchenko, publ. in f. "Continent" Art. "The third is given", dedicated. problems of international discharge (1976). Took part in the issue. samizdat ist. g. "Memory" (1976-1984). In the end. 1986 appealed to a number of Soviet leaders. culture with an appeal to support the demand for the release of political prisoners. During the years of perestroika and post-perestroika, she took part in the preparation and work of Mezhdunar. societies. seminar (Dec. 1987); in the fall of 1989, when Moscow was restored to its new composition. Helsinki group, its associate was elected; since 1993 - member. reign of the Russian-Amer. Project gr. on human rights. Since 1991 he has been …

bogoraz vladimir germanovich
has abstract: BOGORAZ Vladimir Germanovich (before baptism - Natan Mendelevich, ps. - N.A.Tan; V.G.Tan) (1865, Ovruch Volyn province - 1936, approx. Rostov-on-Don), ethnographer, writer, rev. and societies. activist. Graduated from the Taganrog State University. In the beginning. 1880s - roar. populist, hands. Southrus. org-tion "Nar. will ", ed. last number "Narodnaya Volya". He spent three years in the Peter and Paul Fortress, in 1889-98 - in exile in Kolyma. During the years of his stay in the Far North, B. became kr. ethnographer, studied the history of the Kolyma Cossacks, Yakuts, Yukaghirs, Chukchi, Eskimos. After exile he participated in ethnogr. exp., edited by J. "Beginning" and "Life" are the printed organs of the "legal Marxists". In anticipation. years studied in the main. lit-swarm, published 10 volumes of prose and book. poetry. Since 1921 - prof. Department of Ethnography Petrograd. geogr. in-that, taught in other universities. Ch. organizer of the Institute of the Peoples of the North in Leningrad (1930), participated in the creation of writing sowing. peoples, compiled the first dictionary and grammar of the Chukchi language. The author of monographs about the life of the peoples S.-V. Asia. Naib. Izv. 4-volume work "Chukchi" (published in Russia and the USA). Ed. B. came out sat. "Jewish town in the revolution" (M.-L., 1926).

bogoriya
has abstract: BOGORIA, a village in the Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Sandomierz Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1844 - Posad Sandomierz u. Radom province. In 1765, 271 Jews lived in Byelorussia and its environs, in 1787 in Byelorussia - 125 Jews (27.9%), in 1856 - 161 (29.1%), in 1897 - 575 (48.5%) , in 1921 - 450 Jews. In 1823–62 Byelorussia was closed for free settlement of Jews. In the 1870s. Leiba-Leiser Velman was the rabbi in B. in the 1890s. - Leibus Schwartz. 1920-30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In the summer of 1942 a ghetto was created in Byelorussia, liquidated in October. 1942. The ghetto contained approx. 600 people.

bogorodchany
has abstract: BOGORODCHANY, urban-type settlement (since 1940), a regional center in Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 646 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1880 - 2202 (50%), in 1890 - 2505 (52%), in 1900 - 2219 (47% ), in 1910 - 1930 (41%), in 1921 - 730 (28%), in 1931 - approx. 900 Jews. Jews lived in Byelorussia from the 17th century. The community has existed since the 18th century. Since 1720 Shimshon Geller was the rabbi. In 1785 there was a Jewish school in Byelorussia. In the 18th century. Jews earned their living by trade, the sale of alcoholic beverages, and crafts. Main objects of trade in 19 - early. 20th century there were manufactory, timber and timber. The Jews owned weaving workshops, sawmills, were engaged in leather dressing, shoemaking, and carriage. In the end. 19th century began the move of the Jews of B. to the kr. cities of Galicia and the United States. At the same time, active Zionist activities were carried on in Byelorussia. In 1896 the Ezras Yisroel organization was created, which was a branch of the Zion organization in Lvov. The purpose of the organization was to create in E.-I. settlements of immigrants from Galicia. In 1903, with the support of Baron Hirsch, a school was opened, which existed until 1937. In 1905, Hillel Langerman founded the Yeshiva Toras Chaim in B. In 1908, a school for girls was opened with teaching in Hebrew. In 1911 one of the Jews of Byelorussia received permission from the authorities to open a printing house. In 1915, the Cossacks committed a pogrom, several died. Jews, many were left homeless, the majority lost all their property. In 1929, with the support of the Joint, a mutual aid fund was opened in Byelorussia. In 1870, Meir Rappoport was rabbi of Byelorussia, then Uri-Shraga Schreier (? —1898), and Pinchas Horwitz (? —1920). In the…

bogoroditsk
has abstract: BOGORODITSK, city (since 1777), regional center in the Tula region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1663. In 19 - early. 20th century In 1897, 57 Jews lived in Byelorussia, 26 in the county, 100 in 1910, 54 in 1926, and 54 in 1939. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia.

bogorodsk
has abstract: BOGORODSK, city (since 1923), a regional center in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bogorodskoe Gorbatovsky u. Nizhny Novgorod province. 25 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1910, 411 (2.7%) in 1926, and 275 Jews in 1939. In 1876, Jews who were not assigned to the village were expelled from Byelorussia. By oct. 1915, approx. 400 Jewish refugees; with the assistance of Moscow. branches of the OPE opened a school and a hearth. In B. genus: Ya.I. Linkov; Valentin Izrailevich Fishkin (1928-1991), orthopedic surgeon, Dr. med. Sciences (1965), prof. (1996).

bogorodskoe
has abstract: BOGORODSKY, see Bogorodsk.

bogorov veniamin grigorjevich
has abstract: BOGOROV Veniamin Grigorievich (1904, Moscow - 1971, Kishinev), oceanologist, hydrobiologist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1958). Graduated from biol. Faculty of Moscow State University (1926), in the middle. 20s while still a student he participated in the flights of the first owl. n.-i. the vessel "Perseus" in the Barents m. Sotr. cr. arctic. exp. 30s .: on the icebreaker "Fedor Litke" along the entire route Sev. pestilence. routes from east to 3. (1934) and on the icebreaking steamer "Sadko" to the high latitudes of the Arctic approx. (1935). He worked in decomp. oceanographic in-takh of Moscow. One of the organizers of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences. P.P. Shirshova, first deputy. dir. (1945-1961). Largely thanks to the efforts of B., the 1st Sov. Went into operation (1949). n.-i. ship "Vityaz", on which the scientist spent several. exp. In the 40-60s. prof. geogr. and biological soils. Faculty of Moscow State University. At the end of the 40s. headed the Department of Geography of Sowing. polar countries, in 1964 - the Department of Hydrobiology, Moscow State University. on plankton, biol. productivity of the seas Mir. ok., oceanography, history of science. The underwater ridge is named after B. in Japanese m. and n.-i. vessel. Became. pr. (1951).

bogotol
has abstract: BOGOTOL, city, regional center in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1893 as a railroad village. Since 1911 - the out-of-town town of the Mariinsky district. Tomsk Gubernia, in 1925 - the regional center of the Achinsk region. In 1912 582 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1918 - 840 (6.7%), in 1926 - 162 (1.9%), in 1939 - 81 Jews. lived in B. from the moment of foundation. In 1893 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. In 1903 cases. from B. took part in the congress of Zionist circles and organizations in Tomsk. In the election of affairs. to Vseros. the Jewish Congress (1917), the Zionists won a victory in Belgium, receiving 125 votes (97.65%).

bogoyavlensk
has abstract: BOGOYAVLENSK, see Radkovka, Kherson region.

bograd-plekhanova rozaliya markovna
has abstract: BOGRAD-PLEKHANOVA Rosalia Markovna (1856, Dobraya Kherson district and province - 1949, Paris), doctor, participant of the roar. movement. R. in the family of Heb. peasant colonist. In the beginning. 1870s, while studying in a private g-zy in Kherson, she became close to the roar. populists. In 1874 she entered the Higher Wives. honey. courses at the Military-med. academy in St. Petersburg. In the 2nd floor. 1870s adjoined to a secret roar. ob-wu "Land and Freedom", after its split (1879) - to the rev. org-tion "Black redistribution". In 1880 she went abroad, where she married G.V. Plekhanov, took part in the creation of the first growing up. Marxist, org-tion - gr. Emancipation of Labor (1883). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Geneva fur boots (1889), worked as a doctor, participated in the life of growing up. roar. emigration. Delegate to the Congress of the 2nd International in London (1896). After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned with Plekhanov to Russia, took part in the activities of the Social-Democrats. group "Unity". In 1918 she ended up with her husband on the territory. Finland, after the death of Plekhanov, Ch. arr. in Switzerland, collected and systematized his archive, at the beginning. 1920s transferred it to the Public Library (Leningrad), where a department was created on its basis - the Plekhanov House. All R. 1920s returned to the USSR, was head. House of Plekhanov, prepared for publication collection of documents “Lit. the legacy of G.V. Plekhanov "(collection 1–8, Moscow, 1934–40). Since 1939 in France.

bogrov grigoriy isaakovich
has abstract: BOGROV Grigory Isaakovich (1825, Poltava - 1885, Derevki, Minsk Province), writer. R. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Heb. education. Sharply criticized the traditional life growing up. Jews in the autobiogr. "Notes of a Jew" (1871-73). Participated in the publication of J. "Rus. Jew "and" Dawn ". The author of the pov. and rom., written, like "Notes of a Jew", from an extremely assimilative position. He was baptized before death.

bogrov mordekhay
has abstract: BOGROV Mordechai (Mordko) Gershkovich (Dmitry Grigorievich) (1887, Kiev - 1911, ibid.), Agent of the security department. The son of a lawyer and homeowner, grandson of the writer G.I.Bogrov. He graduated from the city of Kiev. From 1905 he studied law. f-those of Kiev un-that, close to the Social-Democrats, then to the Socialist-Revolutionaries-maximalists, in December. 1906 joined c. anarchist communists. From the end. 1906, on his own initiative, collaborated with the Kiev security department (under the nickname "Alensky"), reported information about the activities of anarchists and maximalists. Dec. 1907 - Jan. 1908, according to B.'s denunciations, the majority of members. gr. anarchist communists arrested. After graduating from un-that (1910) B. - pom. attorney at law in St. Petersburg, reported in St. Petersburg. security department information about the activities of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, in the 2nd half, 1910 tried to "for personal reasons" move away from the work of an informant, went "for treatment" to France. Since March 1911 in Kiev, member. circle of anarchists-communists in Kiev un-those. In Aug.-Sep. 1911 met several times from the beginning. Kiev security department. N.N.Kulyabko, with the consent of senior officials Dep. police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs received a personal pass to the Kiev Opera House for a performance in honor of the imp. Nicholas II. During the second intermission, shots at point-blank range mortally wounded before. Of the Council of Ministers of P.A. Stolypin. The motives of the assassination attempt remained unclear: according to B., this act was "improvisation" and not polit. revenge. According to the authorities, B. - “Chl. a criminal community that has set the goal of violence. changing the way of government existing in the country ”. Kiev military-env. the court sentenced B. to death (hanged on 12 September 1911). According to the results of the Senate investigation of the State. the council placed th…

boguchar
has abstract: BOGUCHAR, city, regional center in the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1717 as a settlement of the Bogucharsky yurt. From 1765 - in the Ostrogozh province of the Slobodsko-Ukrainian province, from 1779 - the district town of the Voronezh governorship, from 1802 - the province. In 1910, 93 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1926 - 7 (0.09%), in 1939 - 6 Jews In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia. In 1915, the Jewish community of Byelorussia accepted 110 Jewish refugees.

bogucharskiy yurt
has abstract: BOGUCHARSKY YURT, see Boguchar.

bogushevichi
has abstract: BOGUSHEVICH, a village in the Berezinsky district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Igumensky u. Minsk province. 61 Jews (11.6%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897. Since 1878 Shloyme Velitovsky was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In May 1925, a Jewish farmer was established 3 versts from Byelorussia. artel named after Maurice Vinchevsky. Born in B. Khaim Rubinovich Karasik (1902-1966), Major General (1944).

bogushevsk
has abstract: BOGUSHEVSK, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Senno district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Orshansky u. Mogilev Gubernia. In 1923, 371 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1926 - 390 (33.1%), in 1939 - 569 Jews. After the occupation of Byelorussia by units of the Wehrmacht, a ghetto was created. 5 Sep 1941 in B. was shot apprx. 60 Jews, in 1942 - more than 600. After 1945, the remains of the victims were reburied in the Jewish cemetery. A monument is erected on the grave. In 1998, approx. 10 Jews in B. Boris Davydovich Supryan (1904-1967, Kazan), major general tank. troops (1945), early. armored vehicle. Directorate of the Airborne Forces Sov. Army, Nagr. 7 ord.

boguslav
has abstract: BOGUSLAV, a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1195.Since the 1360s. - as part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, since 1569 - the city of the Kiev povet and voivodship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1796 - the district town of the Kiev governorship, then the Kiev province., from 1837 - the town of Kanevsky u. Kiev province. From 1932 it was the regional center of the Kiev Region. In 1765, 574 (according to other data, 123) Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1775 - 251, in 1784 - 622, in 1797 - 1288, in 1847 - 5294, in 1863 - 6980, in 1897 - 7445 (65.5%), in 1910 - 14 236 (72%), in 1923 - 7239, in 1926 - 6432 (53%), in 1939 - 2230, in 1989 - 179 Jews. Jews lived in B . from the beginning. 17th century The Jewish population suffered from the raids of the Cossacks (1702) and the Haidamaks (1768). In the 18th century. the Jews of Byelorussia were engaged in trade (including with Leipzig and Frankfurt). All R. 18th century Hevra Kaddish was in effect The rabbis in Bulgaria in the 18th century there were Moishe-Eikel Gurevich, Avrum Rapoport, Dovid Kruglyak. In the 19th century. main the occupation of the Jewish population of Byelorussia is trade and small crafts. In the beginning. 19th century in B. there was a Jewish printing house. All R. 19th century Boguslavskaya drinking lease belonged to the merchant of the 1st guild Gersh Balakhovsky, at the end. 19th century in the property of the merchant Mordko Yuzefov was a cloth factory, the distillery was rented by Khaya Nemirovskaya. In 1863 there were 3 synagogues in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 16 synagogues (the Great, according to legend, founded in the 17th century) and 15 artisan synagogues (shoemakers, weavers, tailors, furriers, carpenters, etc.). at the end. 18 - early. 19th century, there were 2 Jewish cemeteries. Since 1895, Iosif Zaslavsky and Pinchas-Avrum Berger have been rabbis in Bulgaria. In 1901 a Talmud Torah functioned in Bulgaria (in…

boguslavishki
has abstract: BOGUSLAVISHKI, see Bagaslaviskis.

boguslavskiy mikhail solomonovich
has abstract: BOGUSLAVSKY Mikhail Solomonovich (1886, Kryukov of the Kremenchug district of Poltava province - 1937), polit. and state. activist. The tailor's son. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. From the age of 12 he was an apprentice in a printing house in Kremenchug, then a typesetter in Kharkov. In 1905-17, members. Socialist. Heb. workers' party. He was arrested several times. From Feb 1917 - member. RSDLP, deputy. prev. Kremenchug Council, after Oct. - prev. city ​​council. From Feb 1918 members first CEC and Nar. Secretariat (pr-va) of Ukraine, people. sec. finance. In 1918, before. Voronezh City Council, then secretary. VUTSIK, secretary Political administration of the Red Army, secretary Kharkov Provincial Committee of CP (b) U (1919). From May 1920 he worked in Moscow in the Glavpolit-Way (head of the political department), then at work in the trade unions - before. Central Committee of the Trade Union of Printers (until 1921). Since 1921, members Moscow city ​​party committee of the Presidium of the Moscow City Council, then - deputy. prev. Mossovet (until Jan. 1924). Since 1924 - deputy. prev. Ch. management of state. insurance, from Sept. 1924 prev. Small Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Since 1928, deputy. prev. Sib. regional planning commission, member of the Western-Sib. regional executive committee (Novosibirsk). In 1932–36 - early. building of the mining equipment plant "Sibmashstroy". Elected member. VTsIK. In 1920-21 he was a member of the group. "Democratic. centralism ", denied the leading role of the party in the Soviets and trade unions, demanded freedom of factions and groupings. In 1923-28 - in the Trotskyist opposition, in 1927 he was expelled from the party, in 1930 he was reinstated, in 1936 after his arrest he was expelled in absentia. In Jan. 1937 in the case of the so-called. "Parallel Trotskyist Center" sentenced to death.

boguslavskiy veniamin moiseevich
has abstract: BOGUSLAVSKY Veniamin Moiseevich (b. 1908, Krivoy Rog, Ekaterinoslavskaya province), historian of philosophy. Dr. Philos. Sciences (1966), prof. (1967). Graduated from the Planning Institute. G.M. Krzhizhanovsky in Moscow (1934). He taught philosophy at Moscow. universities (1st and 2nd pedagogical institutes, Ministry of National Economy named after G.V. Plekhanov), scientific. sotr. Institute of Philosophy RAS (since 1971), professor-consultant of this institute (since 1981). European history specialist Philosophy, Cit .: At the origins of the French. atheism and materialism, M., 1964; LaMetrie, M., 1977; Etienne Bonneau de Condillac, M., 1984; Skepticism in philosophy, M., 1990; Cultural-ist. dialectics of Pascal's epistemology, in the book: Philosophy and History of Culture, M., 1985.

boim aleksandr solomonovich
has abstract: BOIM Alexander Solomonovich (b. 1938, Moscow), painter, theater and film designer. Son of S.S.Boim. Graduated from the Moscow Art School (1957), studied at VGIK (1957–63), where Yu.I. Pimenov and F.S. Bogorodsky taught. Hud.-post. almost forty films, including "The City of Masters", "The Deer King", "Stalker", "The Rescuer", "Autumn", etc. He has designed about sixty performances, including "Pippi Long Stocking", "Minor" , "Distant countries of the world", "Othello" and others. Since 1983 B. teaches painting at the Moscow Art Theater School (University) named after. Owner Nemirovich-Danchenko. Post, participant of the All-Union and nick. exhibitions where he exhibits paintings and theatrical sketches. The first personal exhibition in Moscow in 1992. B.'s works are in museums on the territory. b. USSR, in own. b. Union of Artists of the USSR, b. The Ministry of Culture of the USSR, the Ministry of Culture of Russia, as well as in private zarub collection

boim rakhilj solomonovna
has abstract: BOIM Rakhil Solomonovna (b. 1928, Moscow), graphic artist. Daughter of S.S.Boim. Graduated from the Moscow State Institute of Art. V.I.Surikov (1953), where they taught M.S. Rodionov, M.A. Dobrov, M.M. Cheremnykh, N.A. Ponomarev, Yu.P. Reiner. Works in the techniques of gouache, lithography, but prefers aqua. Since 1971 he has been constantly participating in creative travels of aquatic artists. for collecting natural material and creating aqu. sheets (ser. "In the Altai Mountains", "Memories of Karelia", "In the tundra", "In the Far East", etc.). Since 1952 he has been participating in all-Union, regional and foreign affairs. exhibitions. He held a number of personal exhibitions. Works by B. are in museums on the territory. b. USSR, in own. b. Union of Artists of the USSR, b. Min-va of culture of the USSR, min-va of culture of Russia, as well as in private zarub, collection.

boim solomon samsonovich
has abstract: BOIM Solomon Samsonovich (1899, Dmitriev, Kursk province - 1978, Moscow), graphic artist. Studied at VKHUTEIN (1922–23) under N.N. Kupreyanov, P.I. Lvov, P.V. Miturich. He worked as an illustrator, created. a series of autolithographs about Moscow. Taught rice. in the studio of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, as well as lithography and aqu. at the Moscow State Institute of Art. V.I.Surikov (1937–41). During the war years 1941–45 ch. thin Baltic Fleet, created a large number of portrait sketches of sailors and officers, antifash. posters and leaflets, as well as ser. gouache and aqu. "Leningrad in the blockade". Osn. themes of B.'s creativity - Leningrad, the sea, the navy (series "Nakhimovtsy", "Baltika", "At the enemy shores", etc.). Favorite technique - aqu. (ser. "Moscow", portraits of cultural figures). The first personal exhibition in Moscow in 1944. Since 1946 participates in the All-Union Union, Rep. and nick. exhibitions. Works of B. are in museums on the territory. b. USSR, in own. b. Directorate of exhibitions of the USSR, b. Min-va of culture of the USSR, min-va of culture of Russia, as well as in zarub. collection

bokovo
has abstract: BOKOVO, a village in the Lyubashevsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bokovo (other name. Malanka) Ananievsky u. Kherson province. In 1897, 96 Jews (6.6%) lived in Byelorussia.

bokovo-antratsit
has abstract: SIDE-ANTHRACITE, see Anthracite.

bokshteyn iljya veniaminovich
has abstract: BOKSHTEIN Ilya Veniaminovich (b. 1937, Moscow), societies. activist. One of the most active participants in youth gatherings on pl. Mayakovsky in Moscow in 1958–61. According to reviews of other participants in these meetings, the student of the Library Institute B. was distinguished by increased polit. activity of a sharply oppositional character. In aug. 1961 was arrested; he, V.N. Osipov and E.S. Kuznetsov, were charged with anti-Sov. agitation, an attempt to create anti-Soviet. organizations and terrorist. intentions towards N.S. Khrushchev. On Feb. 1962 sentenced to 5 years in labor camps; served his sentence in Dubrovlag (Mordovia). Since 1972 in Israel; in different years in the Russian-language Western and Israeli press was published. several collections of his poems.

bokshteyn meer feliksovich
has abstract: BOKSHTEIN Meer Feliksovich (b. 1913, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1942). Prof. (1947). Graduated from Moscow State University (1936). He worked in Moscow. Aviation technol. in-those (1943-62), in Moscow. ped. Institute (since 1962). Main Results in Algebra and Topology, Works: Homologich. topological invariants spaces, parts 1-2, Tr. Moscow Mat. about-va, v. 5-6, (1956-57).

boksitogorsk
has abstract: BOKSITOGORSK, city (since 1950), regional center in the Leningrad region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1935. Jews began to settle in Byelorussia after 1945. 1940s - early. 1950s Jews who were deported from Leningrad (present-day Petersburg) moved to B. 1990s with the support of the Joint, the Mir family club was founded in B. In 1999, approx. 90 Jews.

bolboka
has abstract: BOLBOKA, see Basin.

boldureshtj
has abstract: BOLDURESHTI (until 1991 - Baldureshti), a village in the Nisporen region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Chisinau u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In July 1941, all the Jews of Byelorussia were shot. In 1990, the remains of the victims were reburied in accordance with the laws of Judaism.

boldureshty
has abstract: BOLDURESHTI, see Balduresti.

bolekhov
has abstract: BOLEKHOV, city (since 1940) in the Dolinsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1371. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Stanislav Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, approx. 1,300 Jews, in 1859 - c. 2700 (73%), in 1870 - approx. 2900 (72%), in 1880 - 3101 (76.5%), in 1890 - 3323 (80%), in 1910 - 3085 (78%), in 1921 - 2433 (80%), in 1931 - 2986 Jews. The Jewish community arose in Bulgaria at the beginning. 17th century Jews were allowed to live in the center of the city, where a synagogue was built; on the outskirts of B., a Jewish cemetery was opened. Jews were engaged in the sale of salt, the production of alcohol and vodka, and imported large quantities of spices and wines from Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. main the occupation of the Jews of B. was the dressing of leather. Rabbi B. in 1824-32 was Yakov-Yokel Horovets, in 1832-64 - his son Menachem-Mendel (? -1864), in 1879-1902 - the son of Menachem-Mendel Levi, in 1902-30 - Yosef-Pinhos Landa ( ? —1930). From the end. 19th century Burma is one of the centers of Hasidism in Galicia. The first Hasidic dynasty in Byelorussia was headed by Yehoshua-Geshel Padva (? —1904), since 1904 - by his son-in-law Shloimo-Chaim Perlov (1880-1943, Stryi), the author of a number of books on the philosophy of Hasidism. From ser. 19th century the activity of representatives of the Haskala became more active in B. In the 1840s. a Jewish hospital was opened, in 1856 - a Jewish school, in which they studied Hebrew, Polish., German. lang. Since 1894 the Zionist organization "Tikvas Zion" has been operating. From 1902 there was a school for girls with teaching in Hebrew "Toshiya", from 1908 - a school for boys. In the beginning. 1920s with the help of the Joint, a Jewish bank was opened. 1939 a self-defense detachment was created in Byelorus…

boleslavets
has abstract: BOLESLAWEC, a city (since 1250) in the Wroclaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Boleslawiec Velyunsky u. Kalisz province. In 1764 90 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1808 - 57 (8.3%), in 1827 - 157 (19%), in 1857 - 298 (30%), in 1897 - 407 (30.2%). ), in 1921 - 546 (29.4%), in 1939 - 504 Jews. Jews began to settle in Byelorussia in the middle. 18th century They earned their living by small trade and crafts, rented taverns, several. families engaged in villages. x-vom. There was a community in B. In the 2nd floor. 19 - early. 20th century Rabbi B. was Moishe-Yehiel Barlakh, in the 1920s and 30s. - I.I. Benitz. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Byelorussia. m-in. From the end. 1920s active Zionist activity was carried out. 2nd world. During the war, most of the Jews left B. In the end. Aug 1941 there were no Jews in Byelorussia. In 1945, 8 Jews returned to Byelorussia. They were all killed in October. 1945 members of the armed Polish. underground organization.

boleslavetse
has abstract: BOLESLAVECE, see Boleslawiec.

boleslavskiy isaak efremovich
has abstract: BOLESLAVSKY Isaak Efremovich (1919, Zolotonosha, Poltava province, - 1977, Minsk), chess player; int. grandmaster (1950), zm USSR (1948). Honored. USSR coach (1964); coach and second TV Petrosyan (1959–69), Olymp. teams of the USSR (1958–70). Graduated from Sverdlovsk University, philologist, a pretender for peace. championship in the 1950s. Participant of 11 USSR championships; best results: 1945 and 1947 - 2nd place. As part of the USSR team, the winner of the Olympics (1952). Champion of Ukraine (1938, 1939, 1940), RSFSR (1946), Belarus (1952 and 1964). International Winner tournament in Debrecen (1961). He made a valuable contribution to the development of opening theory. Works: Izbr. parties, M., 1957.

bolgarka
has abstract: BULGARKA, see Springs.

bolgrad
has abstract: BOLGRAD, city, regional center in Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1821 as a county town within Ros. empire. From 1856 - under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Since 1878 - part of Ros. empire, provincial town of Izmail u. Bessarabian province. In 1918-40 it was part of Romania, in 1940-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 1196 Jews (9.7%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1910 - 1419 (10.2%), in 1930 - 1222 Jews (8, 6%) In 1869, an attempt was made to expel Jews from Bulgaria. In B. there was a Jewish cemetery, a Talmud-Torah functioned since 1898, Bikur Holim since 1903, and a Jewish library since 1904. The rabbis in Byelorussia were: from 1894, Mates Morgenstern, and from 1908, Itshok Mailer (1857—?). In 1910 there were 3 synagogues in Byelorussia, and in 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. In 1917 the Jews of Byelorussia donated 100 rifles for Jewish self-defense to Tarutino. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions, a school with teaching in Hebrew worked. July 20, 1941 troops entered B. It was killed approx. 400 Jews and a camp was created for Jews from other districts of Moldova. 2 Sep 1941 rum. the troops shot 126 Jews. In oct. 1941 Jews from the camp (several hundred people) were deported to Transnistria. In 1946, the building of one of the synagogues was transferred to a mill. In B. the family: V.A. Moskovich; Yuri Antonovich Kolesnikov (real family member Goldstein) (b. 1922), intelligence officer, writer, colonel, Hero of Russia (1996).

bolimov
has abstract: BOLIMOV, see Bolimov.

bolimuv
has abstract: BOLIMOV, a city (from the middle of the 14th century) in the Skierniewice Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Bolimov of Lovichsky u. In 1793, 33 Jews (10%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1808 123 (20%), in 1827 233 (24%), in 1857 339 (30%), in 1897 302 (21% ), in 1921 - 259 (23%), in 1939 - 235 Jews. 18th century in B. settled several. Jews who rented roadside inns. In the 18-19 centuries. the small Jewish community of B. was subordinate to the community of Lubich. Ephraim-Boruch Engelman was rabbi of B. in 1860–65, and Dovid Silman, in 1904–12. There was a synagogue and a cemetery. During the 1st world. During the war, heavy battles were fought in the vicinity of Byelorussia. B. was completely destroyed, almost all Jews fled to Lubich and Warsaw. After the end of the war, most of them returned to B. Mendel Meisels became the rabbi of the community. In the 1920s and 30s. departments worked different. Jewish parties and movements. At the same time, a mutual aid fund was created, a library was opened. 2nd world. During the war, there were many refugees in Byelorussia. To the end. By 1940 the number of Jews in Byelorussia reached 500. The Judenrat was established, and in May 1940 a ghetto and a Jewish police force were established. In March 1942, all Jews were sent to the Warsaw ghetto.

boljbinovo
has abstract: BOLBINOVO, see Indra.

boljniki
has abstract: HOSPITALS, see Balninkai.

boljsh
has abstract: BIG, see Balsya.

boljshaya aleksandrovka
has abstract: BOLSHAA ALEXANDROVKA, see [[Velikaya Alexandrovka.

boljshaya belozerka
has abstract: BIG BELOZERKA, see [[Great Belozerka.

boljshaya berestovitsa
has abstract: BOLSHA BESTOVITSA, urban-type settlement (since 1947), regional center in the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Velikaya Berestovitsa (other name. Brzhestovitsa) Grodno u. and lips. In 1920-39 - in the Bialystok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 - in the BSSR. In 1847 854 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1863 - 550, in 1897 - 963 (60.9%), in 1931 - 720 Jews In 1836–56, the rabbi in Byelorussia was Avrom-Tzvi-Hirsch Aizenstadt (1813–1868), from the end of the 19th century. 1890s - Joseph Ravich (1870 -?) During the Holocaust, 411 Jews of Byelorussia were deported to the ghetto decomp. mountains. Poland, in B. I.-L. Rabinovich.

boljshaya grinevshchina
has abstract: BOLSHA GRINEVSHINA, a village in the Shumyachsky district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - estate Grinevschina Klimovichsky u. Mogilev province. In 1869 in B.G. 94 Jews lived.

boljshaya lepetikha
has abstract: GREAT PETITCHA, see [[Great Lepetikha.

boljshaya pisarevka
has abstract: BIG PISAREVKA, see [[Velikaya Pisarevka.

boljshaya romanovka
has abstract: BIG ROMANOVKA, see Romanovka.

boljshaya seydemenukha
has abstract: BIG SEIDEMENUKH, see Kalininskoe.

boljshaya viska
has abstract: BIG WHISKEY, see [[Great Temple.

boljshaya znamenka
has abstract: BIG SIGN, see [[Great Znamenka.

boljshe-chitkanskoe
has abstract: MORE CHITKAN, see Chitkan.

boljsherechje
has abstract: BOLSHERECH'E, urban-type settlement (since 1960), a regional center in the Omsk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bolsheretskoe Tara env. Tobolsk province. In 1939, 12 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

boljsheretskoe
has abstract: BOLSHERETSKY, see Bolsherechye.

boljshie chuchevichi
has abstract: BOLSHIE CHUCHEVICHI (Velikie Chuchevichi), a village in the Luninets district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, d. Chuchevichi Velikie Mozyr u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1921, 64 Jews lived in B. Ch.. 1941 in B. Ch. 30 Jews were shot.

boljshie kleshchi
has abstract: LARGE PLIERS, see [[Great Pliers.

boljshie nizgurtsy
has abstract: LARGE NIZGURS, see [[Great Nizgurians.

boljshie solechniki
has abstract: GREAT SOLARS, see Shalchininkai.

boljshie yakovchitsy
has abstract: BOLSHIE YAKOVCHITSY, a village in the Zhabinsky district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1849 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Yakovlevo in Kobrin district Grodno province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1849, 14 Jewish families lived in B. Ya., In 1898 - 354 Jews, in 1921 - 155 Jews. 19th century There was a synagogue in B. Ya. During the Holocaust, the Jews of B. Ya. were deported to the Drogichin ghetto. Jews B. Ya. Were shot on July 26 and October 15. 1942.

boljshoe murashkino
has abstract: BOLSHOE MURASHKINO, urban-type settlement (since 1959), regional center in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Knyagininsky u. Nizhny Novgorod province. In 1915, 120 Jews (refugees) lived in BM, in 1926 - 4, in 1939 - 5 Jews.

boljshoe polpino
has abstract: BOLSHOE POLPINO, urban-type settlement (since 1933) of the Volodarsky District Council of Bryansk (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Polpino of Bryansk u. Orel province. In 1939, 27 Jews lived in B.P.

boljshoe shabunino
has abstract: BOLSHOE SHABUNINO, a village in Kholm-Zhirkovsky district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Belsky district Smolensk province. In the fall of 1941 in B. Sh. 20-25 Jews from the adjoining regions were burnt.

boljshoe stodolishche
has abstract: BIG STOLLISHCHE, see Stodolishche.

boljshovtsy
has abstract: BOLSHOVTSY, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Galich region of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. 178 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1765, in 1880 - 1760 (60%), in 1890 - 2658 (76%), in 1900 - 2256 (57% ), in 1910 - 2438 (53%), in 1920 - 825 (38%), in 1931 - approx. 1200 Jews. Jews lived in Byelorussia from 1635. The community existed from the end. 18th century In the end. 19th century B. Rabbi was Zeev Hammer, in the beginning. 20th century - Shimon Gotesman, from the end. 1920s until 1939 - Shlomo Kaper. In the beginning. 20th century the Zionist organization "Bnei Zion" was created. In the beginning. 20th century Jews earned their living by small trade (70%), crafts (22%), p. x-vom (3%). In the 1930s. with the support of the Joint, a mutual aid fund was opened. Departments of decomp. Acted. Jewish parties and org-tions. The school of the “Tarbut” network and the library worked. 21 Sept. 1942 approx. 200 Jews were sent to the extermination camp Belzec, 26 October. 1942 the rest of the Jews were sent to Belzec.

boljshoy bereg
has abstract: BIG COAST, does not exist now. Main in 1855. In 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Ushitsky u. Podolsk province. 19th century 30 Jewish families lived in BB.

boljshoy log
has abstract: BIG LOG, see [[Great Log.

boljshoy nagartav
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БОЛЬШОЙ НАГАРТАВ, в составе (с 1956) поселка городского типа Березнеговатое (Украина). В 19 — нач. 20 в. — еврейская земледельч. колония в Херсонском у. Херсонской губ. Выделилась в 1811 из созд. в 1809 колонии Нагартав (на иврите Нагар тов — Хорошая река).В 1815 в Б. Н. проживало 424 чел. (72 семьи), в 1846 — 403 (119 семей), в 1859 — 882 (104 двора), в 1887 — 978 (90 х-в, в т. ч. 4 х-ва немцев-колонистов), в 1897 — 1300 евреев (90%), в 1912 — 1798 (58%), в 1924 — 1481 житель, в 1926 — 1507 евреев.Первые евреи в Б.Н. — выходцы из Минской и Могилевской губ. В 1840—46 действовала казенная нач. школа с обучением на идише и рус. яз. (осн. видным деятелем Гаскалы Г.Гезеановским). С 1847 Б. Н. — адм. центр еврейских земледельч. колоний Херсонской губ., где разместилась контора Попечительского к-та об иностр. колонистах Южного края. В 1850 создана Нагартавская окружная лечебница на 25 коек, обслуживавшая 11 колоний (первая сел. стационарная лечебница в Херсонской губ., с 1874 передана в ведение уездного земства, половина мест выделена евреям-колонистам, для к-рых готовилась кошерная пища, в 1898—99 больница отстроена заново, часть корпусов сохранена в составе Березнеговатовской р-ной больницы). В 1874 открыта земская аптека (первая сел. аптека в губернии), к кон. 19 в. в Б. Н. действовали 3 синагоги, обществ. нач. школа, баня, 3 лавки, 2 лесных склада; 70% взрослого населения было грамотным. Имелось еврейское кладбище. В 1912 в Б. Н. было 4 синагоги, работало нар. еврейское 2-классное уч-ще (осн. в 1902). В 1912 в Б. Н. было создано еврейское ссудо-сберегат. т-во.В 1898—99 земледелием занималось 149 семей (921 чел.), владевших 2460 дес. надельной земли, из них 1853 дес. использовалось под посевы (в среднем на семью соответственно 14,9 и 12,4 дес.); под пшеницей находилось 952 дес. (51,4%), ячменем — 636 (34,3%), рожью — 231 дес. (12,5%), сеяли также овес, просо, лен; 191 дес. занимали сенокосы. В колонии насчитывалось 336 лошадей, 256 коро…

boljshoy tokmak
has abstract: BIG TOKMAK, see Tokmak.

bolkhov
has abstract: BOLKHOV, city, regional center in the Oryol region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 13th century From 1778 it was the district town of the Oryol governorship, then the province. In 1897 44 Jews lived in Byelorussia, 15 Jews in the district, 98 in 1910, 39 (0.2%) in 1926, and 53 in 1939. In 1910, Byelorussia had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. During the 1st world. During the war, the size of the Jewish population of Byelorussia grew at the expense of Jewish refugees. In 1915, 25 Jews arrived in Bulgaria. Alexander Viktorovich Zataevich (1869-1936, Moscow), composer, one of the founders of the Kazakh. php. music.

bolnisi
has abstract: BOLNISI (until 1921 - Yekaterinfeld, in 1921–43 - Luxsemburgi), a city (since 1967), a regional center (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Borchali u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was the Georgian SSR. In 1926 there were 92 Jews living in Georgia (including 66 Georgian Jews), in 1939 - 10, in 1959 - 6, in 1970 - 19, in 1979 - 22 Jews.

bologoe
has abstract: BOLOGOE, a city (since 1926), a regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Valdaysky settlement Novgorod gubernia. In 1901, approx. 100 Jews, in 1905 - 145, in 1923 - 192 (2.1%), in 1926 - 178 (1.6%), in 1939 - 136 Jews. the Jewish population turned to the governor with requests for permission to open a temporary prayer house on holidays; requests were granted. In 1901, the Jews of Byelorussia submitted a petition for a post. synagogues, which they were denied. In 1905 Min. affairs at the new request of the Jews allowed the arrangement in B. post. synagogues, the duties of a rabbi in a cut were performed by the rabbi of Kronstadt and Oranienbaum Livshits.

bolokhovka
has abstract: BOLOKHOVKA, see Bolokhovo.

bolokhovo
has abstract: BOLOKHOVO, a city (since 1943) in the Kireevsky district of the Tula region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 1570s At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Bolokhovka, Tula u. In 1939, 45 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

bolotin adoljf borisovich
has abstract: BOLOTIN Adolf Borisovich (b. 1925, Kharkov), physicist. Dr. phys.-math. Sciences (1966). Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Vilnius University (1949). Prof. (1969). Since 1949 he has been working at the department of theoretical. Physics of Vilnius University: assistant (1949–50), senior teacher (1950–54), associate professor (1954–67), since 1967 prof. Developed, improved and applied methods for calculating intensities in atomic structures, multicenter integrals for the theory of molecular spectra, structure, dipole moments and polarizabilities of complex organic molecules. Developed the technique of constructing Feynman diagrams in field perturbation theory for complex atoms. Author of 250 scientific. tr. on various problems of quantum chemistry, atomic and molecular spectroscopy and monographs: "Group theory and its application in quantum mechanics of molecules" (1973), "Multicenter integrals" (1974), "Quantum chemistry" (in Lithuanian yaz., 1981), “Application of the theory of representations of symmetry groups in the theory of continuous groups in molecular spectroscopy” (1987), “Application of the theory of special functions in quantum mechanics” (in literary language, 1988), “Quantum mechanics” (1989) and “Lectures on the theory of symmetry crystals "(1993). Honored. Lithuanian teacher. SSR.

bolotin isidor mikhaylovich
has abstract: BOLOTIN Isidor Mikhailovich (real name and surname Israel Ruvimovich Bolotny) (1907, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1961, Minsk), singer (lyric-dramatic tenor). Studied with V.A. Tsvetkov and A.P. Bonachich. He made his debut in 1931 as the Astrologer (The Golden Cockerel by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, Belarusian op. And ballet studio). In 1933–61 (with a break), the soloist of Belarus. t-ra op. and ballet. Performed the parts in Belarusian. nat. op .: Savki ("In the forests of Polesye" by A.V. Bogatyrev), Konrad ("Flower of Happiness" by A.E. Turenkov), Mikhas ("Mikhas Podgorny" by E.K. Tikotsky). The best parts of the opera classics: Lensky (Eugene Onegin by P. Tchaikovsky), Dubrovsky (Dubrovsky by E. F. Napravnik), The Fool (Boris Godunov by M. Mussorgsky), Duke (Rigoletto by G. Verdi), Vasek ("The Bartered Bride" by B. Smetana), etc. He had a high vocal culture and a bright stage performance. talent. He acted as a conc. singer. Has toured abroad. Nar. art. BSSR (1944).

bolotino
has abstract: BOLOTINO, see Balatina.

bolotnoe
has abstract: BOLOTNOE, a city (since 1943), a regional center in the Novosibirsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1805. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novonikolaevsky u. Tomsk Province. In 1939, 23 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

bolotovskiy boris mikhaylovich
has abstract: BOLOTOVSKY Boris Mikhailovich (b. 1928, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1955). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1950). Since 1951 he has been working in Phys. in-those them. P.N. Lebedev of the USSR Academy of Sciences (RAS). scientific. works on physics of accelerators, classical electrodynamics, history of science. The most important works on the theory of the passage of charges. particles through dielectric and plasma. One of the first studies. wake waves, considered the radiation of a uniformly moving charge flying past the optic. heterogeneity. Studied the theory of Vavilov - Cherenkov radiation in a gyrotropic medium. Created a theory of radiation sources moving at a speed exceeding the speed of light in a medium. Recent years. is actively engaged in the history of physics. Author approx. 170 scientific. works, the monograph "Oliver Heaviside" (M., 1985) and the popular book. "Radiation Vavilov-Cherenkov" (Moscow, 1963) and "Electron. environment, radiation "(M., 1988). Participated in the first full lane. in Russian lang. “Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism” by J.C. Maxwell (M., 1989).

bolotovskiy iljya
has abstract: Ilya BOLOTOVSKY (1907, Petersburg - 1981, New York), artist, teacher. Since 1923 - in the USA. Studied at Nat. Academy of Design in New York (1924-30) and University of Wyoming (1949-51). Since 1946 he has been teaching. activities in colleges and high fur boots of the USA as prof. lawsuit. Member decomp. thin associations and federations (American abstract painters, Federation of contemporary artists and sculptors, etc.). Among the naib. Izv. works B .: wall paintings for medical, uch. and a cult of buildings in New York and other cities in the USA (Hall of Medical Science at the World's Fair in New York, Dr. Rugoff, etc.). B.'s works are stored in decomp. museums, high fur boots and collections of the USA. Had a number of personal exhibitions in the USA and other countries.

bolotovskiy mikhail borisovich
has abstract: BOLOTOVSKY Mikhail Borisovich (b. 1960, Moscow), polit. activist, poet, prose writer. The son of B.M. Bolotovsky. Until 1990 - journalist in a number of centers. ed. Member Political Council Ros. Christian Democr. movement (since 1992). First deputy. prev. Congr. Russian communities (1993–94).

bolovsk
has abstract: BOLOVSK, see Balvi.

bolshevo
has abstract: BOLSHEVO, urban-type settlement (since 1939) of the Kaliningrad City Council of the Moscow Region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Boloshevo Moscow district In 1926, 23 Jews (0.5%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1970 - 278 (1.3%), in 1989 - 98 Jews (0.3%). In 1950-60 there was an illegal operation in Byelorussia. ... minyan in the house of Aron Khazan (b. 1914). In the 1960s. there was an unofficial person in B. Shokhet - Lubavitch Hasid Meer Yunik.

boltinovo
has abstract: BOLTINOVO, see Baltinava.

boltyanskiy grigoriy moiseevich
has abstract: BOLTYANSKY Grigory Moiseevich (1885 - 1953, Moscow), one of the organizers of the growing up. cinematography, film historian. Before the 1st world. war 1914-18 publ. first art. about doc. cinema. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 created in Skobelevskiy k-those department of the roar. chronicles, released by J. "Free Russia", organized shooting roar. events. Since 1918 hands. newsreels in decomp. cinema organizations (VFKO, Sevzapkino, Goskino). In 1926 he created the cinema cabinet of the State. academy thin. sciences. Organizer of film exhibitions. In 1926-32 - before. he loves cinema. section about-va friends of owls. cinema (UDSK). Since 1931 head. Department of newsreels at VGIK. In 1940, before. Vses. scientific and technical. about-va of cinematography. During the war of 1941-45 he headed the Tashkent studio of newsreels, from 1943 scientific. hands. Chronicle Vel. Otech. war. Author pl. publications on cinema, including the book "The Culture of the Cameraman" (1927), translated into plural. languages. Deserved. artist of owls. cinematography (1923).

boltyanskiy vladimir grigorjevich
has abstract: BOLTYANSKY Vladimir Grigorievich (b. 1925, Moscow), mathematician. Ch.-c. APN USSR (1965). Graduated from Moscow State University (1948), postgraduate studies there (1951), Ph.D. phys.-math. Sciences (1951), Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1955). Worked in Mat. in-those of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1951), in the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR (since 1965), in the All-Union. n.-i. in-those systemic research. under the State. Committee on Science and Technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main results in topology, geometry (combinatorial geometry, etc.), theory of differential equations, optim. management and methods of teaching mathematics. Linen. pr. (1962), State. ave. Uzb. SSR them. Biruni (1967). Works: Homotopich. theory of continuous mappings and vector fields, Moscow, 1965; Mat. methods optim. management, M., 1966; 2nd ed., M., 1969; Mat. theory of optimal processes, Tr. 4th Vses. mat. Congress, 1963 (jointly with L.S. Pontryagin, R.V. Gamkrelidze, E.F. Mishchenko); Optim. control of discrete systems, M., 1973; Combinatorial geometry decomp. Classes of Convex Sets, Kishinev, 1978 (with P.S. Soltan).

bomash meer khaymovich
has abstract: BOMASH Meer Haimovich (1861 - |), physician, society. activist. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1885), in 1885–87 he worked as a doctor in Moscow, in 1887–92 in the m. Ruzhany of Slonimsky u. Grodno province. From 1892 he lived and worked in Lodz. In 1904–05 he participated as a military man. doctor in Russian-Japanese. war. In 1912, dep. 4th State. Duma from Lodz, in the Duma was a member of the Cadet faction.

bonch-bruevich viktor leopoljdovich
has abstract: BONCH-BRUEVICH Victor Leopoldovich (1923, Moscow - 1987, ibid.), Theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1958). Studied at Moscow. un-those, in 1941 volunteered for the front, took part in hostilities, first as part of the communist. battalion, then - in the landing troops. After demobilization he graduated from un-t and graduate school at Ying-those physical. chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences under the hands of. F.F. Volkenstein. He taught at Moscow. in-those communications, since 1955 - in Moscow. un-those. Osn tr. on physics of semiconductors. To a large extent, thanks to his activities, the theory of semiconductors has become an independent branch of theoretical. physics. Joint. with Volkenstein, he performed fundamental work on the theory of chemisorption and catalysis on the surface of semiconductors. The author of the classic. works on the many-particle substantiation of the band theory of crystals by the method of two-time Green's functions, pioneering works on the theory of heavily doped semiconductors, works on the theory of instability in semiconductors. He was engaged in the theory of disordered semiconductors and the problem of stochastic self-oscillations in semiconductors. The author is numerous. scientific. publications. Poch. Dr. of nature. sciences un-ta them. Humboldt in Berlin, Works: Method of Green's Functions in Statistical. mechanics, M., 1961 (jointly with S.V. Tyablikov); Introduction to the electronic theory of disordered semiconductors, Moscow, 1972 (with A.G. Mironov); Blast furnace electric instability in semiconductors, M., 1972 (with I.P. Zvyagin and AT.Mironov); Physics of semiconductors, M., 1977 (with S.G. Kalashnikov).

bondarev timofey mikhaylovich
has abstract: BONDAREV Timofey Mikhailovich (1820, Mikhailovka Oblast of the Don Cossack - 1900, Iudino Minusinsky district. Yenisei province.), Societies. activist. R. in the family of a serf peasant. From an early age he was engaged in spiritual searches. In 1857 he was given a soldier by a landowner, served in the Caucasus, in the village of Mikhailovskaya, in the Kuban. Under the influence of local heres, he departed from Christ and in 1867 converted to Judaism, began to call himself David Abramov. He was exiled to Siberia. In exile he wrote Op. "The triumph of the farmer, or industriousness and parasitism", where he proved the obligatory physical. labor. I believed in the possibility of the triumph of the working people. In 1885, Op. was transferred to Leo Tolstoy, who made a great impression on him, and a correspondence began between them. Op. B. was publ. in f. "Rus. case "(1886, N ° 12), and in 1906 it was published by the firm" Posrednik "with a foreword by Tolstoy. Later published in French. language. Dr. B.'s manuscripts got to the Minusinsk Museum.

bondarevka
has abstract: BONDAREVKA, see Bondurovka.

bondarevo
has abstract: BONDAREVO, a village in the Beysky district of the Republic of Khakassia (Russian Federation). Main in 1833. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Iudino Minusinsk env. Yenisei province. From the end. 1920s - in the Beysky district of the Minusinsky environs. Siberian Territory. The first settlers ("Judaizers", exiled to Siberia from Voronezh province.) Called the village Promised, however, by the command of the lips. by the authorities it was called Judah. Initially, the population of Byelorussia was 82 people. Soon the “Jews” from the village moved here. Zaledeevskoe Krasnoyarsk okr. Yenisei Gubernia, as well as the Molokans exiled to Siberia (hence the names of the villages that existed among the surrounding population: Molokany, Subbotina, Yudino). In 1897, 1,093 Jews (59.7 percent) lived in Byelorussia. Lobzovsky was a shokhet in B. In the 1880s. the inhabitants of B. were the first in the Minusinsk environs. arranged a system of arts. irrigation. Main the occupation of the population of Brazil is agriculture. The family was allocated an allotment of 8 dess. land, in contrast to the usual practice to give for use 15 dess. In connection with living on the territory. Minusinsk env. “Judaizers” were forbidden to settle Jews there. In 1930 there were 623 farms in B., 3511 inhabitants. T.M. Bondarev lived in B.

bondarevskiy grigoriy ljvovich
has abstract: BONDAREVSKY Grigory Lvovich (b. 1920, Odessa), historian, orientalist, specialist in the countries of Bl. and Wed. East. Dr. East Sciences (1965), prof. (1966). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1940). In 1942–45 he served in the army, in 1945–51 for a diploma. work, at the same time head. Department of Oriental History (1947–56), Dean of the East. Faculty (1951–56) Tashkent State University. In 1956–78 scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies, since 1976 - Institute of Sociology. researches of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, lecturer Diplomatic. academy (1976–84). Main directions of scientific. research: international. relations on Bl. and Wed. East at the end. 19 - early. 20th century Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1982). Works: Baghdad road and penetration of germ. imperialism in Bl. East (1888-1903), Tashkent, 1955; English. politics and international. relations in the Persian basin. bay: (late 19th - early 20th centuries), M., 1968; Features of the struggle for domination in the Indus. ocean and Pers. Gulf in the 19th - 20th centuries, M., 1985.

bondurovka
has abstract: BONDUROVKA, a village in the Chechelnitsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bondarevka Olgopolsky u. Podolsk province. During the German period. During the occupation in 1941–43, a ghetto was created in Byelorussia.

bongard-levin grigoriy maksimovich
has abstract: BONGARD-LEVIN Grigory Maksimovich (b. 1933, Moscow), historian, orientalist. Dr. East Science (1970). Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1990, ch.-k. from 1981). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1956). Since 1956 scientific. sotr., ch. scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. UNESCO expert, POC. CH. MANY international. scientific. associations and in-tov, a member of pl. int. conferences, hands. Commission for Sanskritology at Ros. Association of Orientalists, member. Nat. to-that of historians of Russia, ch. ed. g. "Bulletin of Ancient History" (since 1990). Osn. directions of scientific. activities: the evolution of culture, ethnogenesis of the peoples of Hindustan, South. and Center. Asia, history of ancient civilizations. The monograph "India of the Mauryan era: (Society, state, culture)" (M., 1973) marked the beginning of ser. book: "From Scythia to India: Mysteries of the history of the ancient Aryans" (M., 1974, et al.), "Dr.-Ind. Civilization: Philosophy, Science, Religion "(1980)," India in Antiquity "(1985, et al.)," Ancient Civilizations "(1989), etc. Ed. released "Atharvaveda" (1977), collection. collection of books and monographs "Buddhism: State and Society in the Center, and East. Asia on Wed. century "(1982)," Dr. India: Historical and Cult. communications "(1982)," History and Culture Center. Asia "(1983)," Dr. East and Ethnocultural Relations "(1988). Mn. works translated into English. lang. and published abroad, mainly. in India. State pr. USSR (1988). Cit .: Legend about Kunale, M., 1963 (co-author); Dr. India: East. sketch., M., 1969 (et al.); Sages and Philosophers Dr. India: Some problems of cult, heritage, M., 1975 (et al.).

bonner elena georgievna
has abstract: BONNER Elena Georgievna (b. 1923, Merv, Transcaspian region), pediatrician, society. activist, human rights activist. R. in a family of party workers (repressed in 1937). In 1941, 45 - at the front. Graduated from Leningrad. honey. in-t. Together with her husband, Acad. A.D. Sakharov, was engaged in active human rights activities. From ser. 80s - an active figure in the "Memorial" and "April" societies.

bor
has abstract: Bor, a city (since 1938), a regional center in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 14th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Semenovsky u. Nizhny Novgorod province. In 1939, 53 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

boremelj
has abstract: BOREMEL, a village in the Mlinovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1366.From 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Boremlya (other name. Mikhailovka) Dubensky u. Volyn province. In 1919-39 it was in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was a part of the Ukrainian SSR. 25 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1784, in 1847 - 411, in 1897 - 1047 (87.4%), in 1911 - 893 , in 1921 - 857 (96%), in 1931 - 934, in 1941 - 1018 Jews. Jews lived in Byelorussia from the middle. 18th century, were engaged in gardening, decomp. trade (including timber), crafts. In the 19th century. in B. there were 3 synagogues. Since 1885 Hillel Shek was the rabbi. The Jews of B. were street and Trisk Hasidim. From the beginning. 20th century in B., the Agudas Kind Sfas Ever (Union of Hebrew Speakers) operated. The library was organized in 1902. During the 1st World. B. suffered greatly from the war. Between 1919 and 1922 the school of the Tarbut network operated, which was closed by the authorities. The center of societies. B.'s life in the 1920s and 1930s. there was a b-ka, with a cut the dram acted. circle. The departments "Ha-Shomer ha-Tsair", "Ha-Halutz ha-Tsair", Beitar, "Gordonia" worked. June 25, 1941 Germ. troops entered B. Local. the Ukrainians staged a pogrom (several people were killed). A Judenrat was established in Byelorussia, and a ghetto in the summer of 1942. 22 Sep shot approx. 700 Jews. 8 oct. 1942 almost all of the Jews of Byelorussia were shot. Several dozens of Jews managed to escape into the woods and hide until liberation in March 1944. In B. genus: M.I.Kats, M.Ya.Shulman; Joseph Weitz (1890-1972, Jerusalem), leader of the Zionist movement, from 1908 - in E.-I., from 1932 - one of the hands. Keren-Kaemet le-Israel.

boremlya
has abstract: BOREMLYA, see Boremel.

boreysho menakhem
has abstract: BOREYSHO Menachem (real family. Goldberg) (1888. Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province. - 1949, New York), poet, publicist. He wrote poetry in Yiddish and Russian. lang. He made his debut in 1907. Was sotr. Warsaw gas. "Gaynt" and "Dos Yiddish Vohenblat". He served in Russian. army. Since 1914 in the USA. He was actively published in Heb. periodic. ed. In 1914 he published the poem "Poylln" - about an anti-Semite. bacchanalia in Poland. First. Sat. his verse. A ring in der keit (Ring in a chain) was published in 1916. From 1917 to 1925 B. headed the department. Yiddish prints in Joint. In 1926-29 he was an employee of the Communist Yiddish newspaper in New York. gas. Freigite. The cooperation was interrupted due to the pro-Arab orientation of the newspaper. Published a lot of publicistic., Literary critic. Art. In 1926, B. took a trip to Poland and the USSR, described in travel essays in gas. Freigite. Author of the book: "Der Pasteh Dovid" (Shepherd David "), 1932; Der Geer (Wanderer. Chapters from One Life), 1943, etc.

borgustanskaya
has abstract: BORGUSTANSKAYA, a village in the Foothill District of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Pyatigorsk env. Tersk region. 26 Aug. 1942 170 evacuated Jews were shot in Byelorussia.

borilin boris semenovich
has abstract: Boris Semenovich BORILIN (1901 - 1938 or 1939), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1934). Graduated from Commercial. in-t. From the beginning. 1920s on desks. work in Ukraine. In 1923-27 he studied at the Ying-those red professors in Moscow, from 1928 to teach. work; from the beginning. 30s member Pres. Communist academy. In 1931-37 in the USSR State Planning Committee, member. Pres. State Planning Commission. Member editorial board "Problems of Economics" (1930-31). The author means. number of scientific. tr., including lectures and reports, read at the Institute of Economics of the Communist Academy. An active participant in the discussions of the 20s - early. 30-ies, especially on political issues. the economy of socialism and the theory of imperialism. In the end. 20s was accused of "idealistic. positions on methodological. issues of political economy ". Then he "overcame" the departure from materialism in the course of the next discussion and on behalf of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. with V.P. Milyutin publ. Art. according to its results "To disagreements in political economy" ("Bolshevik", 1930, No. 2), in a cut emphasized the need to fight "against mechanistic. and idealistic. directions in econ. theory ". In 1936, when discussing the issue of restructuring the teaching of political economy in the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, he was one of the first to propose a program for a course on political economy of socialism. mistakes of N.I.Bukharin, M.-L., 1930 (two ed.); About the period of socialism, L., 1931; Soviet Democracy, M., 1935.

borin
has abstract: BORIN (real name. Shvartsman) Boris Abramovich (1899, Odessa - 1965, Chernivtsi), director. In 1923 he graduated from the theater. studio in Odessa. He worked in the t-ts of Odessa. In 1944–65 - Ch. dir. Ukr. music-dram. t-ra them. O. Kobylyanskaya (Chernivtsi). Among the performances staged by B. - "Tevye the Milkman" by Sholem Aleichem (1956) and "Uriel Acosta" by K. Gutskov (1960). Nar. art. Ukrainian SSR (1960).

borin aleksandr arkadjevich
has abstract: BORIN Alexander Arkadevich (1913, Kiev - 1987, Moscow), specialist in the region. aircraft construction. Graduated from muses. school at the Kiev cons. In 1929 he demonstrated his glider models in Moscow and worked at the Center. aerohydrodynamic in-those (TsAGI) an airfield cleaner, then a draftsman's apprentice. Since 1930, a technician at the A.S. Yakovlev design bureau for aviation. s-de. Organizer and participant of the first 9 glider rallies in Koktebel. I created my own. glider models and several. designs et al. with O.K. Antonov. In the 1930s. dealt with flutter problems; joint with E.P. Grossman and S.S. Krichevsky proposed a fundamental solution (1935). He studied mechanics and mathematics until 1941. f-those Mosk. state un-that (three courses). In 1941 he was arrested on charges of anti-Soviet. activity, sentenced to 10 years in prison and "indefinite exile." Since 1944 in Taganrog in the design bureau R.L. Bartini headed the department. aerodynamics. In 1951–57 in exile (Dzhezkazgan). After rehabilitation from 1957 - in Kiev in the O.K. Antonov design bureau, hands. dep. aerodynamics. Since 1963 in Moscow at TsAGI - a leading designer for especially complex aircraft construction projects. Completed a number of theoretical. and experiment. works, proposed a special case of solving Fermat's theorem. The author of Art. in tr. TsAGI, Kazan and Kiev aviation. in-tov, in the international. mat. g. In 1963–87 he took part in the dissident movement. He created a number of sculptural portraits (A.A. Akhmatova, A.A. Blok, etc.).

borinya
has abstract: BORINYA, a village in the Turkovsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. Between 1919 and 1939 it was in the Stanislav Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880 86 Jews (6.5%) lived in Byelorussia, and in 1921 there were 350 Jews. troops occupied B. at the beginning. July 1941. In Aug. 1941 in B. was shot apprx. 30 Jews, 1 Feb 1942 - 36 Jews. In the summer of 1942, a group of Jews was sent to Turku. In the summer of 1942 the Jews of Byelorussia undertook several. attempts to leave the village and flee to the territory. Hungary. Dec. 1942 the remaining Jews of Byelorussia were transferred to the Sambor ghetto.

boriskovskiy pavel iosifovich
has abstract: BORISKOVSKY Pavel Iosifovich (1911 - 1991, Leningrad), historian, orientalist, archaeologist and ethnographer. Dr. East sciences., prof. Graduated from East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1932), student and follower of Acad. P.P. Efimenko. Sci. sotr. Leningrad. dep. Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, head. Department of Archeology, Leningrad State University. Member of the 1941–45 war. directions of scientific-ped. works: Paleolithic, the origin of man and material culture. B. conducted an archeol. analysis of a number of monuments to Kam. century on the territory. European and Asian. parts of the USSR, in a number of notches. countries (Vietnam - 1960, 1963, 1976, India - 1966). Sci. B.'s ideas, based on ethnogr. parallels of cultures of different peoples of Australia, Asia, Africa, are reflected in tr. "The oldest past of mankind" (1957, 1979). Cit .: The initial stage of primitive society, L., 1950; On excavations in Vietnam, in the book: Reports on ethnography, L., v. 4, 1966; The primitive past of Vietnam, L., 1966; Ancient Stone Age South and South-East. Asia, L., 1971; New materials on the Stone Age of Guinea, "Collection of MAE", L., v. 31, 1975 (et al); The emergence of the human. about-va, in the book: Paleolithic Africa, L., 1977.

borislav
has abstract: BORISLAV, a city (since 1940) in the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1387. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Drohobych district of the province of Galicia in the structure of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was in the Lviv Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1890 9047 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 7068 (60.9%), in 1908 - 5950, in 1921-7170 , in 1939 - c. 13,000 Jews. Jews lived in Byelorussia from the beginning. 19th century In the end. 1860s there were 2 synagogues in Byelorussia; in 1886 it was founded. Jewish cemetery. In the 1840s. in the district of B., an oil field was discovered, at the oil fields they worked in the main. Jews, the Jewish People's Bank functioned in B. In the beginning. 20th century pl. the enterprises belonging to the Jews were closed, other firms did not hire Jews. ECO provided assistance to the unemployed in the amount of 500 thousand guilders; 500 families left for the USA. In 1891-1908, a Jewish school, funded by Baron Hirsch, operated in Byelorussia (353 students in 1893, 554 in 1901, and 249 in 1908). A Hebrew school was opened in 1893. the number of the Jewish population of Byelorussia increased; operating divisions decomp. Jewish org-tions. Rabbi B. at this time was Dovid Schreiber (? -1936). The Hasidim of B. were grouped around Avrom-Mordhe ben Eliezer-Tzvi (? —1941). After the annexation of the USSR in 1939, a school with teaching in Yiddish was opened in Byelorussia. On 1 July 1941, Byelorussia was occupied by the Germans. troops. During the pogrom perpetrated by the Ukrainian. nationalists, pl. the Jews were killed. By order of germ. administration, the entire Jewish population was gathered in the ghetto. The Judenrat was created (formerly Herman Fleischer, Felix Horwitz); in B. there were apprx. 12 thousand Jews. 191 Jews were killed on July 2, 1941, November 29. shot still approx. 800 Jews, Aug 6. 1942 the Jews of Byelorussia were taken to the Belzec extermination ca…

borisoglebsk
has abstract: BORISOGLEBSK, city, regional center in the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1646.From 1708 - in Azov, from 1719 - in Tambov, from 1735 - in Voronezh province, from 1779 - the district town of the Tambov governorate, then - in the province. In 1897, 354 Jews (1.6%) lived in B. in 1910 - 475, in 1923 - 589 (1.7%), in 1926 - 523 (1.3%), in 1939 - 319 Jews (0.6%) .In 1865 a synagogue was opened in Byelorussia. The oldest graves in the Jewish cemetery date back to 1845-50. In 1898 the Khevra Kadisha appeared, in 1907 a charitable funeral society was opened, issuing interest-free loans, since 1909 a circle of sisters of mercy worked. By Sept. 1915 St. 1020 Jewish refugees, in the same year with the assistance of Moscow. OPE branches in B., a school and a hearth were opened. By 1917 an ORT labor office had been organized in Burma. In 1918, at the Borisoglebsk branch of ORT, a club of craft students worked. In 1919 a Jewish workers' club was opened in Burma. In Burma: S. I. Rabinovich, A. A. Slutskii, M. Sawyer, R. Sawyer, A. E. Frumina; Igor Ilyich Girshfeld (b. 1915), Major General Engineer and Technician service (1968), loading. 6 orders of YN Grigoriev

borisov
has abstract: BORISOV (real family. Borukhovich) Isaak Borisovich (1923, Gorodets Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province. - 1972, Moscow), poet, essayist. He graduated in 1940 ped. Institute in Rogachev, worked as a teacher. Began to publish in 1936. Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1941 he released the first. Sat. verse. "Afn Greenham Breg" ("On the Green Bank"). Demobilized from the army, he settled in Moscow. Was a member. editorial board g. "Sovetish Gameland", ed. in the publishing house "Sov. writer". He wrote essays on sports. Topics. In 1947 his second collection came out. verse. "In a guter sho" ("Good hour"). Main motives of creativity B. - military. lyrics, philosophy. reflections on modernity.

borisovka
has abstract: BORISOVKA, a village in the Lgovsky district of the Kursk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lgovskiy u. Kursk province. In 1910, 14 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1926 - 8 Jews.

borispolj
has abstract: BORISPOL, city (since 1956), a regional center in the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 16th century From 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Pereyaslavsky u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1897, 1,094 Jews (12.2%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1910 - 955, in 1923 - 419, in 1939 - 375 (3%), in 1989 - 68 Jews. Jewish pogroms took place repeatedly. The pogrom on June 12, 1881 was suppressed by force. According to the Provisional Regulations, a new settlement of Jews was prohibited in Byelorussia in 1882-1903. Zalman-Shimon Zelikman (1870—?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia since 1905. In 1910 there were 2 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia. In 1918 a Jewish pogrom took place in Byelorussia. 25 Aug 1919 the Jewish delegation took part in the solemn meeting of the units of the Volunteer Army. This was followed by a pogrom that lasted 4 days; died approx. 10 people In the 1920s and 30s. in B., an unsuccessful struggle was waged for the discovery of a mikvah. In 1926, immigrants from B. in the Krivoy Rog env. a Jewish agriculturalist was created. colony "October" (64 persons) October 14. 1941, 752 Jews were shot in Byelorussia, October 18. - 357 Jewish prisoners of war. In 1999, approx. 40 Jews. In B. clan: I. Zaritsky, R.S. Pavlovsky, Z.G. Frenkel; Abba Braslevsky (1864—?), Journalist (in Yiddish), from mid. 1880s - in the USA, ed. gas. "Yiddish Volkszeitung" and weekly. Der Morgenstern.

borkhovo
has abstract: BORKHOVO, does not exist now. At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Lucinsky Vitebsk province. In 1898, 35 people lived in Byelorussia.

borki
has abstract: BORKI, a village in the Shatsk district of the Ryazan region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Shatskiy u. Tambov province. In 1911, 60 "Jews" lived in Byelorussia.

borodin
has abstract: BORODIN (real family member Gruzenberg) Mikhail Markovich (1884 Yanovichi of Vitebsk district and province - 1951), owl. state and desks. activist. Joined the roar. s.-d. movement at the beginning. 90s of the 19th century; Bundist, from 1903 - Bolshevik. Led a roar. work in the Baltics; sec. Riga to-that RSDLP (ps. Cyril). Member of the revolution of 1905-07. Delegate of the Tammerfors Conference (1905), the 4th (United) Congress of the RSDLP in Stockholm (1906). After returning from the congress to Russia, he was arrested and soon emigrated. In 1907-18 - in the USA, a member of the Amer. social party, from 1909 - Society for help rus. political prisoners. He was engaged in scientific and ped. activities. In 1908 he organized a school for emigrants in Chicago. In July 1918 he returned to Moscow, worked in the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. affairs of the RSFSR and in the Comintern (1919–23). Participated in the delivery of "Letters to American Workers" by V.I. Lenin in the USA (1918). Consul of the RSFSR in Mexico (1919). Briefly traveled to the UK; arrested in Glasgow (Aug. 1922) and after 6 months. imprisonment expelled from the country. Since 1923, at the invitation of Sun Yat-sen, the chief polit. advisor to the CEC of the Kuomintang in China. In 1927 he returned to the USSR; VSNKh employee, deputy. People's Commissar of Labor, Deputy. dir. TASS. From 1932 ch. ed. gas. "Mosk. news ”, in 1941–49 ch. ed. Sovinformburo. Repressed. Son B. - Norman. KGB officer. Colonel. He headed the department of the 2nd chapter. ex. KGB of the USSR for work with foreign. correspondents. Since 1961 headed by Ch. editorial office polit. APN publications.

borodino
has abstract: BORODINO, an urban-type settlement (since 1961) in the Tarutinsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1816. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Akkerman u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 50 Jews lived in Byelorussia. June - early. July 1941 b. including Jews B. was evacuated to the east.

borodulin vladimir iosifovich
has abstract: BORODULIN Vladimir Iosifovich (b. 1932, Velikiye Luki), doctor, historian of medicine. Dr. med. Sciences (1989), prof. (1991). Graduated in 1956 1st Moscow. honey. in-t. In 1956–58 he was a clinical resident at Ying-those therapy of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. In 1958-60 - head. therapeutic. dep. and deputy. ch. district doctor (Salekhard). From 1960 to 1962 scientific. sotr. Ying-that organization of health care and history of medicine them. N.A. Semashko. In 1962–73 - head. ed. publishing house "Medicine" and simultaneously. therapist mountains. clinics b-tsy number 53 (Moscow). In 1973-87 - hands. group of medicine and sports in the publishing house "Sov. encyclopedia ", in 1988–93 - deputy. gene. dir. NPO "Med. encyclopedia ", since 1993 - deputy. ch. ed. scientific publishing house "Big Ros. encyclopedia ". Osn. directions of scientific. activities - history of clinics. medicine, development of diagnostic. method of electroradiography and questions of urgent diagnostics and therapy internal. diseases. Developed by scientific. biographies of the founders of cardiology in Russia D.D. Pletnev, G.F. Lang, V.F. Zelenin, A.L. Myasnikov. Contributed by polit. rehabilitation of D.D. Pletnev, offered methodical. approaches to the study of scientific schools and criteria for the priority of discoveries. Revealed DOS. stages and directions of development of cardiology in Russia. Works: Introduction to clinical electroradiography, M., 1971 (et al.); G.F. Lang, M., 1976; Essays on the history of Russian cardiology, M., 1988.

borodyanka
has abstract: BORODYANKA, urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Kiev region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Kiev povet and voivodship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kievsky u. Kiev province. In 1765, 353 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1775 - 273, in 1784 - 265, in 1847 - 650, in 1863 - 890, in 1897 - 621 (23%), in 1923 - 114, in 1939 - 284 (7%), in 1989 - approx. 50 Jews. In 1782 Jews owned 38 houses in B. In 1863 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. From 1885 Avrom-Leib Herman (1858—?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Byelorussia. m-in. On Feb. 1918 detachments of the Haidamaks staged a pogrom (2 killed). In 1999, 36 Jews lived in Byelorussia. Sh.Kozinsky.

borok mikhail ruvimovich
has abstract: BOROK Mikhail Ruvimovich (1881, Kreslavka of Dinaburgsky district, Vitebsk province - 1951, Leningrad), phthisiatrician. Dr. med. Sciences (1939), prof. Honey. Educated on honey. f-those of Kazan University and in Germany. Member of the Bund. In the years of the 1st world. war he served as a military doctor in Russian. army, then to Kr. Army. After demobilization he worked in Moscow as a doctor; then he was appointed director of the Research Institute of Tuberculosis in Leningrad, created in 1923. From 1928 until the end of his life the head. Department of Tuberculosis Leningrad. in-that improvement of doctors. In 1941–45 he worked at the Leningrad Institute. hospitals. tr. B. are devoted to Hirschsprung's disease, pathological anatomy, diagnosis and treatment of various forms of pulmonary tuberculosis. Prev Leningrad. about-va phthisiatricians. Cit .: Hirshsprung's disease, Kazan, 1914; Modern questions of pathological anatomy of pulmonary tuberculosis, L., 1936; Hematogenous forms of pulmonary tuberculosis, L., 1939; Textbook of internal diseases, L., 1940; Early detection of the initial forms of pulmonary tuberculosis, L., 1942.

borokhov aleksandr isaakovich
has abstract: BOROKHOV Alexander Isaakovich (b. 1925, Orlovka, Chernigov province), therapist. Dr. med. Sciences (1966). Graduated from Smolensk honey. Institute (1949). In 1949–52, a resident of the faculty therapeutic. clinics in the same place; in 1952-57 beginning. therapeutic. dep. Kamchatka military flotilla. Since 1957 - in Smolensk honey. in-those - assistant, associate professor, prof. (since 1967), head. Department of Faculty Therapy. tr. B. dedicated lung diseases: autoimmunization in acute and chronic. nonspecific diseases of the lungs (doct. dis.), the mechanisms of the transition of acute inflammation, processes in the lungs in protracted and chronic. forms due to the formation of antipulmonary isoantibodies as a result of antibiotic therapy, early diagnosis of protracted and chronic. forms. Cit .: Clinic of chronic nonspecific inflammatory-sclerotic process in the lungs, Smolensk, 1962; Autoimmunization for non-specific lung diseases, M., 1973; Chronic nonspecific lung diseases, M., 1985 (et al.).

borokhov ber
has abstract: Borokhov Ber (real name Dov) (1881, Zolotonosha, Poltava province. - 1917, Kiev), society. activist, linguist, literary critic, publicist. Studied in a private Russian-Heb. school, then in the city. In 1900 he left for Yekaterinoslav, where he created a Zionist in 1901. socialist workers' union, to-ry took part in the organization of Heb. self-defense and defended the interests of Jewish workers. In 1905 he was among the cases. 7th Zionist. Congr. B. was Ch. the ideologist and organizer of the Poalei Zion movement, one of the leaders of the socialist. Zionism. He was repeatedly arrested for his polit. activity. In 1907 he left Russia and settled in Belgium, then in Vienna, where he studied Yiddish and Hebrew. lit-ru. For research. about old. monuments of Heb. lit-ry worked in libraries in Austria, Switzerland, France. In 1914 B. went to the United States, where he continued his activities as a representative of the Amer. Poaley Zion and the World Amer. Heb. Congr. In his publicistic. works (mainly in Russian) developed ideas and formulated the goals of the World Union Poalei Zion in the West. and center. Europe. He also published a number of studies. in Heb. philology. After Feb. revolution returned to Russia. On Sept. 1917 B. made a report at the Congress of Nations in Kiev on "Russia as a commonwealth of peoples." I traveled around in Hebrews. centers of Russia with speeches and reports. During one of the trips, he fell ill with pneumonia and died. In 1963 B.'s remains were reburied in Israel. In contrast to Marxism, the class considered. struggle and nationalism are not only compatible, but also socially natural. Heb. renaissance and socialism for B. were inextricably linked. Author of works: “Class interests and nat. question "(1906); “Regulation of the Heb. emigration "(1910)," Tasks of the Heb. philology "(1913)," Library of Heb. philologist "and others.

boromlya
has abstract: Boromlya, a village in Trostyanetsky district of Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Akhtyrsky u. Kharkiv Gubernia. 21 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1910, 14 Jews in 1939. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia.

borovaya
has abstract: BOROVAYA, urban-type settlement (since 1968), a regional center in the Kharkiv region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of Kupyansky u. Kharkiv province. In 1926 four Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1939 - nine Jews.

borovaya meljnitsa
has abstract: BOROVA MILL, now northeast. district of Smorgon, Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1849. In 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony Borovoy Mlyn Oshmyanskiy u. Vilenskaya province. In 1898, 356 Jews lived in BM. M. Shkolnik.

borovichi
has abstract: Borovichi, city (from 1770), a regional center in the Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Since 1776 it has been a district town of Novgorod Gubernia. In 1897, 137 Jews (1.5%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1889 - 123, in 1901 - approx. 200, in 1910 - 199 (1.5%), in 1923 - 284 (1.8%), in 1926 - 317 (1.7%), in 1939 - 384 Jews. The first Jews - retired Nikolaev soldiers - settled in B. in the middle. 19th century In the end. 1890s most of the Jews of Byelorussia were artisans (watchmakers, shoemakers, tailors). In the 1890s. the Jews of Byelorussia every year turned to the governor with a request to allow a temporary prayer house during the holidays. The request was granted after 1900. In 1907, the Byelorussian community obtained permission to open a permanent synagogue. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia and a Jewish credit company. In the end. 1920s an attempt was made to collect money for the construction of the mikvah. In the 1930s. the synagogue was closed, the cemetery was destroyed. In 1992 the Jewish community "Shalom" was recreated, the Jewish library is working. A synagogue was opened in 1999. In 1998, approx. 300 Jews.

borovik genrikh aviezerovich
has abstract: Borovik Genrikh Aviezerovich (b. 1929, Minsk), writer, society. activist. Graduated from MGIMO. Specialist worked. corr. g. "Ogonyok" in China, Vietnam, Cuba; corr. APN in the USA and polit. television commentator. One of the leading owls. international journalists. In 1983–88 - Ch. ed. g. "Theater". In 1987-92 - before. Sov. to-that protection of the world. 1989-92 - dep. RF Armed Forces. The author of a number of books, plays and scripts, actions, to-rykh take place abroad. Cit .: "The Tale of the Green Lizard" (1962), "Moment of Truth" (1980), "Prologue" (1985). State pr. USSR (1977) and special. awards. B.'s son - Artem (b. 1960, Moscow) - Ch. ed. weekly "Top Secret".

borovka
has abstract: Borovka, see Barauka.

borovlyany
has abstract: Borovlyany, a village in the Vitebsk district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vitebsk district. Vitebsk province. In 1925 there was a foundation in Byelorussia. Jewish agriculturalist Freundstaft artel.

borovoe
has abstract: BOROVOE, a village in the Lelchitsky district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Mozyr u. Minsk province. 82 Jews (14.8%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897.

borovoy konstantin natanovich
has abstract: BOROVOY Konstantin Natanovich (1948, Moscow), polit. activist, entrepreneur. Graduated from MIIT and Mechanics and Mathematics. Faculty of Moscow State University. Cand. tech. sciences. Until 1987 he taught at Moscow. universities, Assoc. In 1987 he went into business. In Sep.-Dec. 1991 - Member. Entrepreneurship Council under the President. USSR, since March 1992 - under Pres. RF. Pres. and ch. manager Ros. commodity and raw materials exchange, prez. Congress of Exchanges, before. Council Ros. nat. bank. Since May 1992 - before. Party econ. freedom.

borovoy mlyn
has abstract: Borovaya Mlyn, see [[Borovaya Mill.

borovoy saul yakovlevich
has abstract: BOROVOY Saul Yakovlevich (1903, Odessa - 1989, Moscow), historian. Dr. East sciences. R. in the family of a lawyer who played a prominent role in the cult. and societies. city ​​life. Received a tradition. Heb. education. Studied in r-zii, commercial. uch-shche, un-those, Ying-those nar. x-va, as well as in Archaeological. in-those. In his student years he was attracted by Yu.G. Oksman to work in the Odessa East. archive. Since 1927 sotr. Odessa Heb. academic. b-ki. For many years he was sotr. Odessa public. scientific. library, headed bibliographer, service. In 1930 he graduated from graduate school, was engaged in scientific. work. From 1934 he taught at the department. economical history of the Odessa Institute of Nar. x-va. First. publication - lane. from Hebrew to Russian lang. Art. Davidson "Assimilation", publ. in the Odessa railway “Heb. Thought "in 1919. Since 1925, B.'s works on Heb. stories. In 1928 he published the monograph “Heb. agriculturalist. colonization in old Russia ”, having eaten, the history of the first Hebrews. agriculturalist. settlements in the south of Russia in the 1st half. 19th century Here are the first discovered facts and statistics. data were entered into broad history. development context Heb. land management in Aleksandrovskaya and Nikolaevskaya Russia. Then DOS. theme of research. B. becomes the history of Jewry in Ukraine in the 16th and 19th centuries, which he took for doctoral. dis. So, part of this study. remained unpublished. Among the published works one should name “Jews in the Zaporizhzhya Sich” (1934) and “National-liberated. war ukr. people against Polish rule and Heb. population of Ukraine "(1940). B. prepared for ed. Heb. chronicles of the 17th century, telling about the catastrophe that occurred with Heb. population in that era. During the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism" in the beginning. 50s lost his job, but continued to teach. activity. Along with ethnic. history dealt with the problems of bibli…

borovsk
has abstract: BOROVSK, a city, a regional center in the Kaluga region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 14th century From 1708 - in the Moscow province, from 1776 - the district town of the Kaluga governorate, then - the province. In 1910, 54 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1926 - 43 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia.

borovskiy eli
has abstract: Eli Borovskiy (b. 1914, Warsaw), collector-archaeologist. Doctor of History (1947). Having received the traditional Heb. education, B. from 1932 to 1939 studied in various. higher education. institutions of Berlin, Rome, Florence, Paris. In 1939 he volunteered for the French. army. In 1940, fleeing captivity, he ended up in Switzerland. In 1943 in Geneva, B. bought the first item in his collection. In 1949–58 he worked at the Royal Ontario Museum (Canada). Since 1984 - in Israel. In 1992, on the basis of his collection, he opened the Museum of Bible Countries in Jerusalem, exhibiting a collection of antiquities from disappeared civilizations by Dr. East, - the largest private museum in Israel.

borovtsy
has abstract: BOROVTSY, a village in the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kotsmansky headman of the Bukovina province in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, 48 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.

borshchagovka
has abstract: BORSCHAGOVKA, a village in the Pogrebishchensky district of the Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Skvirsky u. Kiev province. In 1847 there were 465 Jews in Byelorussia, in 1863 - 960, in 1897 - 1853 Jews. In 1863 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia, since the 1880s. the rabbi was Shloymo-Doiv-Ber Shapiro (1854—?), then his son Yakov-Itskhok. On July 3, 1919, during a bandit raid, B. was burned. 1941, 36 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.

borshchagovskiy aleksandr mikhaylovich
has abstract: BORSCHAGOVSKY Alexander Mikhailovich (b. 1913, Belaya Tserkov, Kiev province), critic, prose writer, playwright. From 1933 he wrote essays, critical. articles about t-s. Graduated from the Kiev Theater, Institute (1935). The first books. - "Dramatic works of Ivan Franko" (Kiev, 1946), "A.M. Buchma" (Kiev, 1947, both in Ukrainian). B.'s work is diverse in subject matter. East the novel "Russian flag" (1953) dedicated. events of 1854 - the defense of Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka, the victory of the Russian. warriors. On the courage and hard work of the Sov. people - book. The Hoary Gull (1958), The Island of All Hopes (1960). The famous "death match" between the Sov. and it. football players in German-occupied Kiev dedicated. tragic. the story "Troubled Clouds" (1958). Sat. "Three Poplars" (1974) - about the people of the 1970s. The story "Széchen" (1978) - about the revolutionary Ivan Babushkin. About the destruction of Heb. population in the occupiers. the Germans Kiev - the drama "Ladies Tailor" (1984) and the script of the same name. motion picture. "Notes of the darling of fate" (1991) - an attempt to reconstruct the tragic character on the basis of documents. period of the history of owls. countries, to-ry in the late 1940s. was called "the struggle against bourgeois cosmopolitanism", stories about the murder of S.M. Mikhoels, about the defeat of Heb. antifash. to-that, about the moral position of writers, about betrayal and denunciations make the book unmasked. historical. evidence of that time. "Blood is accused" (Moscow, 1993) - about the case of Heb. antifash. to-that.

borshchev
has abstract: BORSCHEV, city (since 1629), a regional center in the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–41 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, approx. 300 Jews, in 1880 - 1307 (33%), in 1890 - 1808 (43%), in 1900 - 1341 (30%), in 1921 - 1637 (33%), in 1931 - 1756 Jews. Jews lived in B. from the end. 17th century In the 18th century. a Jewish cemetery ("Old") was founded. Jews were engaged in trade, crafts, rented taverns, mills, breweries. In the end. 19th century Jews owned several. farms in the vicinity of B., where fruits were grown, which were sold to Lvov. There were several. large traders of eggs, livestock and grain. Most of the artisans were tailors; ready-made clothes were sold in villages and at fairs. In 1898 a branch of a commercial and industrial bank was opened. In B. worked a doctor, a lawyer and several. state Jewish employees. The B. community became independent in the middle. 19th century At the same time a stone synagogue was built. There were several. Hasidic (Vizhnitsa, Sadigurian) synagogues. Rabbi B. from 1906 was Meir-Leibush Neuberger, then - Benzion Katz. From the end. 19th century active Zionist activities were conducted. There were heders and Talmud Torahs. In 1909, a Hebrew school “Safa Brura” was opened. In the end. 19th century began a massive departure of Jews to the United States. In 1897 an association of immigrants from B. was created in New York during the 1st World. During the war, the B. community accepted hundreds of Jewish refugees from neighboring villages and cities. In 1915, many Jews died during a cholera epidemic. A help committee and a public dining room were created under the community. In 1924, a Jewish library-reading room was opened, with which self-employed people worked. tr. In 1929 16 Jews were elected members of the mountains. advice. In 1932, out of 76 stores, 68 were owned by Jew…

borshchevskiy yuriy efimovich
has abstract: BORSCHEVSKY Yuri Efimovich (b. 1924, Leningrad), orientalist, philologist, textologist, translator. In 1942–48 he served in the army. After graduating in 1953 east. Faculty of Leningrad State University scientific. sotr. Leningrad. dep. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. B. publ. Persian. texts and their descriptions, Taj. manuscripts, gave an analysis of written records of the Middle-century. Iran and Tajikistan, in particular dastans. Naib. Izv. per. B .: "Cheat from Baghdad" (Moscow, 1963), "Book about simpletons" / "Dakho-name" (Moscow, 1968, jointly with Ch. Bayburdy) with approx. and a preface, trans. from the book. "East. short stories "(Moscow, 1963, jointly with OF Akimushkin). A number of works B. lane. in Persian, and published in Iran in the 1960s, Op .: On the characteristic of V.A. Zhukovsky's manuscript heritage, in the book: Essays on the history of Rus. oriental studies, Sat. V, In memory of V.A. Zhukovsky, M., 1960; List of Asian manuscripts. Museum of Bukhara collection of VA Ivanov 1915 1. Persian manuscripts, "Bulletin of the archive of orientalists", L., 1961, № 2; Restore Decembrists and its interpretation by tsarist diplomacy in Iran, in the book: Written monuments and problems of the history of culture of the peoples of the East. VI, M., 1970 (with Ch. Bayburdy).

borshchitsy
has abstract: FIGHTERS, see Barstičiai.

borshchovichi
has abstract: BORSHCHOVICHI, a village in the Kamensko-Bugsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1942, all the Jews of Byelorussia were deported to [[Novy Yarychev and there in January. 1943 shot.

bortkov
has abstract: BORTKOV, a village in the Zolochiv region of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1442. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1914, 7 Jews were evicted from Byelorussia to Ternopil. During the Holocaust, the Jewish population of Byelorussia was exterminated.

bortnik moisey yudovich
has abstract: BORTNIK Moisey Yudovich (1899 - 1976, Rostov-on-Don), economist-financier. Dr. econ. Sciences, prof. (1945). Graduated from Novoros. un-t in Odessa (1920) and Leningrad. Institute of Red Professors (1931). From 1920 to ped. work (in 1926-50 in the universities of Leningrad). At the same time. Art. scientific. sotr. section the world. x-va in Leningrad. dep. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (originally the Komakademiya, 1931-1937). In 1950–76 prof. department den. circulation and credit in the Rostov Institute of Nar. x-va. Main directions of scientific. issl .: problems of the world. economics, ch. arr. export of capital, credit and finance. relations. Responsible ed. pl. statistical reference books and manuals on econ. geography of economically developed countries. Cit .: Monetary system of Japan, M., 1940; Lectures on the course “Den. circulation and credit is capitalistic. countries ", Rostov-on-Don, 1958.

bortniki 1-e
has abstract: BORTNIKI 1st, a village in Beshenkovichi district, Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Senno district. Mogilev province. During the 2nd world. war during germ. occupation approx. Byelorussia a ghetto was created (350–365 people). In oct. 1942 all ghetto prisoners were shot.

boruny
has abstract: BORUNY, a village in the Oshmyany district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Oshmyansky u. Vilna province. According to the "Provisional Regulations" of 1882 B. were closed for a new settlement of Jews. After 1903 the ban was lifted.

borzhes saljvador
has abstract: BORZHES Salvador (real name and fam. Bezalel Borodin) (1900, Rozhische of Lutsk u. Volyn province - 1974, Birobidzhan), prose writer. From a young age to the roar. movement. For a long time he lived in Brazil. From 1928 he began to publish in Heb. press. In 1930 he came to the USSR. In 1935 he settled in Birobidzhan. He printed stories and essays in gas. "Birobidzhaner stern" and other Heb. periodic. ed., as well as abroad. Author of the book: "Esflatert di roite von" ("The red banner is blowing"), 1932; "In okupirtn Volyn" ("In the occupied Volyn"), 1934; "Rio de Janeiro", 1936, etc.

borzhomi
has abstract: BORZHOMI, city (since 1921), regional center (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Gori district. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was the Georgian SSR. In 1926 there were 21 Jews living in Byelorussia, in 1939 - 16, in 1959 - 93, in 1970 - 80, in 1979 - 58 Jews (including h. 23 Georgian Jews). Since the 1850s. Jews were officially prohibited from settling and owning real estate in B. In 1910, Meir Kurkchishvili, despite the objection of local Georgian nobles, managed to acquire the estate of the former. Georgian king Heraclius. Following Kurkchishvili, other Jewish families began to settle in B. In the house of M. Kurkchishvili, one room was specially assigned to a prayer room, where 2 Torah scrolls were kept. After 1921 the synagogue was housed in a rented building. D.M. Khananashvili

borzna
has abstract: BORZNA, city (since 1966), a regional center in the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. From 1667 - part of Russia. From 1781 it was a county town of the Chernigov governorship, from 1797 it was a county town, from 1802 it was a county town of Chernigov province. In 1736 there were 3 Jewish families (10 people) living in Byelorussia, in 1847 - 447 Jews, in 1861 - 984, in 1862 - 1151, in 1863 - 878, in 1897 - 1516 (12.1%), in 1910 - 1121, in 1920 - 795, in 1923 - 584, in 1926 - 697 (6.4%), in 1939 - 326 Jews In 1863 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. The most common occupations among Jews are clothing making and trade. In the 1890s. Itskhok-Dovid Vidrevich (1861—?) was the rabbi in B. Since 1909, there was a society of benefits for poor Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia. In the summer of 1919, a wave of pogroms staged by units of the Kr. Army. 25 Aug In 1919, a pogrom was perpetrated in Byelorussia by units of the Volunteer Army (2 Jews were killed). On Sept. 1919, the pogroms of the Volunteer Army continued, the city was burned down, more than 20 Jews were killed, the synagogue was destroyed. in B., the Jewish community raised money to organize a mikvah. In the 1920s and 30s. Rabbi B. was the Lubavitch Hasid Avrom-Itskhok Glazman. 1941 in B. was shot several. hundreds of Jews in B. Y. Ioffe, S.D. Kaminskiy, M.Z. Fradkin.

borzya
has abstract: BORZYA, city (since 1950), a regional center in the Chita region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - railway station Nerchinsky env. Trans-Baikal Region. In 1939, 27 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

boskis rakhilj markovna
has abstract: BOSKIS Rakhil Markovna (1902, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1976, Moscow), deaf teacher. Ch.-c. APN RSFSR (1955), ch.-k. APN USSR (1968), Dr. ped. Sciences (1953), prof. (1956). Graduated from Kiev honey. Institute (1926). From 1920 she worked at a school for the deaf in Kiev; from 1931 to Exper. defectological Institute of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR, since 1944 at the Research Institute of Desrectology. tr. B. dedicated theory of development of abnormal children, correction and compensation of the defect. On the basis of studying the patterns of development of children with hearing impairments, she created a ped. classification, edges allowed to organize differentiated training of the deaf and hard of hearing. She developed a number of questions in the theory of teaching children with hearing impairments and the formation of their verbal speech. Under her arms. the structure and curriculum of the school for hearing impaired children have been developed, the content, principles and methods of teaching the language have been determined, textbooks and methodological guidelines have been prepared. manuals. Cit .: On the development of verbal speech in a deaf-mute child, M., 1939; Deaf and hard of hearing children, M., 1963; To the teacher about children with hearing impairments, M., 1975.

bostanashvili shota avraamovich
has abstract: BOSTANASHVILI Shota Avraamovich (b. 1948, Tbilisi), architect. Graduated from architect. f-t Cargo, polytechnic, in-that. The first work "Experimental village in Khevsureti" was awarded the first degree diploma at Vses. look. In 1966–70 he worked at the Institute Gruzproekt, since 1970 he has been teaching at the Department of Architecture at the Polytechnic. in-those. Founder and President Fund of Heb. material culture in Georgia. For cargo. lang. the work “Architecture of Heb. synagogues and cemeteries ”. Author of over 50 projects, built objects and publications on architectural issues. Main works: Hood. the Tskhakaya gallery (1976–77, with V. Davitai), the memorial "Glory to Labor" in Kutaisi (since 1981, with V. Davitai, ave. SM Georgian SSR). Member Presidium of the Union of Architects of Georgia. State etc. them. S. Rustaveli. Laureate of "Interarch 83" in Sofia.

bostynj
has abstract: BOSTYN, a village in the Luninets district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pinsk u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1921, 42 Jews lived in Byelorussia. 20th century in B. lived apprx. ten Jewish families. 17 Sep 1915 all Jews were expelled from Bulgaria. occupation in B. in 1942, several were shot. dozens of Jews.

botievo
has abstract: BOTIEVO, a village in the Priazovsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - colony Tsarevodar of Berdyansk u. Tavricheskaya lips. In the 1920s. - a regional center. In 1926, 18 Jews did not live in the Tsarevodar region. 1941 one Jew was killed in B.

botsjki
has abstract: BOTSKI, a village in the Bialystok Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a place in the Bielskoy land of the Podlaskie voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Bialystok region., from 1842 - in the Belsky district. Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was in the Bialystok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–45 in the BSSR. In 1765, 855 Jews lived in Byelorussia and its environs, in 1863 in Byelorussia - 743, in 1897 - 1409 (53.5%). in 1921 there were 725 Jews. In 1807 a synagogue was opened in Byelorussia, and in 1896 a second. In the beginning. 20th century in B. there were 2 Jewish cemeteries, several. philanthropist. institutions, 6 heders (100 students). In the 19th century. the rabbis in Byelorussia were Ieruham Altshuler (? —1856), Shmuel-Gersh Citron, and Wolf Lipschitz. From 1894 Zelik-Ruven Bengis (1864—?) Was the rabbi in Byelik. In 1915 the Jews of Byelorussia (50 families) were evicted from the town. In the fall of 1941 a ghetto was created in Byelorussia, liquidated on November 2. 1942. The ghetto contained approx. 750 people.

botvinnik
has abstract: BOTVINNIK, Berl (1885, Rakov Minsky District and Gubernia - 1945, New York), prose writer, playwright. Studied at a yeshiva in Minsk. He joined the Bund movement and was arrested for spreading illegalities. lit-ry. Since 1905 in the USA. In 1909 he made his debut with stories in Hebrew. periodic. press. Was one of Ch. sotr. new york gas. "Forverts" and other ed. His plays "Beilka the Maronette" ("Beilka the Doll"), "The Vegetarian", "The Shaike Balegole" ("The Shaike the Carrier") and others were staged in Hebrew. stage and enjoyed success. In 1912, he made an attempt (together with M. Kaplan) to release the railway. in Yiddish lat. font, which caused sharp controversy in Heb. print. In 1920 he published the book. "Der tseilungen un bilder" ("Stories and Pictures").

botvinnik aron solomonovich
has abstract: BOTVINNIK Aron Solomonovich (1898, Abbot of Minsk province - 1970, Moscow), military leader, general-major tech. troops (1943). Since 1919 in Kr. Army, citizen war. Graduated from the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1933) and her operational department (1935). In 1936–41 the beginning. Department of Chem. protection of the same academy. In 1942-45 the beginning. chem. services North-West. and 1st Belarusian. fr. In 1946-49 the beginning. Department of Chem. troops Military-Ing. academy named after V.V. Kuibyshev, from 1949 beginning. chem. Department of the Belomorsk VO. Retired from 1953. Load 6th order.

botvinnik mikhail moiseevich
has abstract: BOTVINNIK Mikhail Moiseevich (b. 1911, Kuokkala, Vyborg Gubernia), chess player, world chess champion (1948–57, 1958–60, 1961–63). Int. grandmaster (1950), zm USSR (1942). Dr. Tech. Sciences (1951). Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (1932). At the age of 16 he made his debut in the USSR Championship (1927) and was awarded the title of Master of Sports of the USSR. 7-time champion of the USSR (1931–52), as a member of the USSR team, winner of 6 Olympiads (1954–64). He successfully performed in pl. int. competitions, including 1st prizes in Nottingham (1936, 1st - 2nd with H.R. Capablanca), Budapest (1952), Moscow (1956), Hastings (1961/62 and 1966/67), Stockholm (1962), Amsterdam (1963 and 1966). In total, he played 1202 games in the competition, gaining approx. 70% points. B. is distinguished by a research approach to chess, which formed the basis of owls. chess. schools. He perfected the art of preparing for chess. competitions. He made a valuable contribution to the development of opening theory. During many. years led by a young man. chess. school, graduates of a cut became A.E. Karpov, G.K.Kasparov, A.M. Yusupov, A.Yu.Sokolov, B.E. Akhmylovskaya-Donaldson, N.M. Ioseliani and others. grandmasters. He successfully combined chess. activities with scientific. work in the field of electrical engineering; author of a number of inventions patented in many others. countries; from the beginning. 1970s supervises the creation of chess. programs for the computer. Author of books on chess, energy, cybernetics, to-rye published in English, German, Danish, French, Swede, and other languages. Prev Vses. chess. sections (1938–39) and the board of the USSR-Netherlands society (1960–88). Honored. worker of culture of the RSFSR (1971). Cit .: Half a century in chess, M., 1978; From a chess player to a car, M., 1979; Analytic. and critical. works (vols. 1–4), Moscow, 1984–87.

botvinnik naum
has abstract: BOTVINNIK Naum (Nakhum) Rafailovich (1872, Irkutsk - 1939, Leningrad), doctor and community. activist, brigologist. He graduated from the city of Irkutsk and honey. Faculty of Tomsk University. In 1894 he moved to St. Petersburg, worked in the Military Medical. acad. In 1897 he received the title of Doctor of Medicine, opened a private hospital. In 1912 he participated in the creation of the Hebrew Health Protection Society. population (OZE), elected to his committee. For free participation in honey. expeditions to combat trachoma in the "Pale of Settlement" awarded hordes. (including the order of St. Vladimir, who gave the right to receive the nobility), received the rank of state councilor. During the 1st world. war mobilized, worked at the military academy. a doctor. After Feb. Revolution of 1917, the first of the unbaptized Jews was elected by the Academic Council of the Academy to the position of a teacher. B. - the author of a number of works on eye diseases. Since 1896 B. - member. Society for the spread of education among Jews in Russia (OPE), from 1898 worked as part of its East. Commission, after 1906 was elected to the committee about-va, dealt with issues of Hebrew. education, collaborated in the collection "Experienced", studied the work of Heb. OPE schools. In 1920-30 he worked in Hebrew. hospital, at the beginning. 1920s He was a member of the management of the OZE, participated in the resumption of the activities of the OPE, prepared a draft of its charter, was a member of its committee, was a member. Heb. ist.-ethnogr. about-va.

botvinnik semen vuljfovich
has abstract: BOTVINNIK Semyon Vulfovich (b. 1922, Petrograd), poet-lyricist. Graduated from the Military Medical Academy. Member of the defense of Leningrad. After the war, he was a military doctor in the Baltic Fleet. Cand. honey. Sciences (1949). Until 1983 he worked as a doctor. The first poem publ. in 1936. Translates from Armenian, Kazakh, Georgian, Tatars, and other languages. The author of the poetic arrangement "The Lay of Igor's Campaign". Works: Poems, L., 1948; Towards the Wind, L., 1957; Steps, L., 1969; Autumn bonfires, L., 1974; Gardens in the Snow, L., 1981.

botvino
has abstract: BOTVINO, does not exist since 1976. In 1932 - early. 1940s - the village of Stalindorfsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukrainian SSR) In April. 1942 able-bodied Jews of Byelorussia were gathered in a labor camp, and the disabled were shot on May 30, 1942.

bovshover iosif
has abstract: BOVSHOVER Joseph (1873, Lubavichi, Orshansky district. Mogilev province - 1915, New York), poet. For some time he lived in Riga. Since 1891 in the USA. He worked in a tannery. Was close to an anarchist. movement. He made his debut in print in 1892 verse, and stories from working life, imbued with roar. pathos. He wrote literary criticism. Art. Processed and translated plays for Hebrews. t-ditch (W. Shakespeare, G. Hauptmann). Under ps. Basil Dahl publ. 11 poems in English. lang. Because of the psyche. diseases approx. I spent 15 years as a psychiatrist. hospital where he died. Author of the book: "Poetishe Verk" ("Poetic Works"), London, 1903; Leader un gedikhte (Songs and Poems), ibid., 1907; "Bilder un gedanken" ("Pictures and Thoughts"), ibid, 1907; Gezamlte Font (Selected Works), New York, 1911; "Geklibene Leader" ("Selected Poems"), Petrograd, 1918, etc. Recognition came to B. after death - his name as an outstanding poet was put on a par with M. Vinchevsky Vinchevsky, D. Edelstadt and M. Rusenfeld. Prod. B. were very popular among the workers and often sounded at meetings.

boyan
has abstract: BOYAN, see Boyany.

boyanchuk
has abstract: BOYANCHUK, a village in the Zastavnovsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kotsman eldership of the Bukovina province as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918-40 - a part of Romania, in 1940-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 1941 more than 10 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.

boyany
has abstract: BOYANY, a village in Novoselitsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Boyan in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918-40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1890 938 Jews lived in Byelorussia, and in 1940 - 650 Jews. the occupations of the Jews of Byelorussia were trade and small crafts. In the 2nd floor. 19th century B. is one of the centers of Hasidism in Bukovina. Tzaddik Yitzchok ben Avrom-Yakov Fridman (1849-1917, Vienna) lived in Byelorussia. The successor of the dynasty is the son of Yitzkhok Mordkhe-Shloyme (1890-1971, New York). [Dr. the sons of Itskhok: Avrom-Yakov (1886-1942, Stryi), a tzadik in Lvov; Israel (1879-1951, Safed, Israel), tzaddik in Leipzig; Menachem-Nokhum (1888-1936), tzadik in Chernivtsi (modern Chernivtsi)]. In B., there was a yeshiva, in which the Hasidim from various branches studied. places of Bukovina and Galicia. From the end. 19th century until the 1930s in B. there was a Zionist religion. Society "Ogavei Zion", in 1925 at the expense of philanthropists. a new synagogue was built in the 1920s. a Jewish commune was established in B. There were societies for helping the poor and sick Jews, 2 philanthropists. about-va and cultural and educational. ob-in "Yudishe Lezhalle". On July 7-8, 1941 Jews of Byelorussia (86 people) were shot in the region of the village. Lumpy. Most of the Jews of Byelorussia perished in the ghetto of Transnistria. After 1945, approx. 30 Jews who then moved to Chernivtsi, and later left for Israel. Since 1985 the dynasty of Boyan Hasidim has been headed in Israel by the grandson of Mordkhe-Shloyme, Nohum-Doiv Breyer (b. 1959) .S.D. Abramovich, Y. G. Tkachev

boyarka
has abstract: BOYARKA (in 1936-57 - Boyarka-Budaevka), a city (since 1956) in the Kiev-Svyatoshinsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1868. In 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zvenigorodsky u. Kiev province. 497 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1847, 720 in 1897, 106 in 1923, 53 in 1926, and 294 Jews (3.5%) in 1939. In 1863 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. July 2 and Sept 3 1919 pogroms by units of the Volunteer Army took place in Byelorussia. Of the 250-300 Jews who were in B. 60, 60 were killed, including the family of Sholem Aleichem's uncle, Motel Rabinovich. The Jews who survived left B. In 1999, 45 Jews lived in B.. I.A.Braudo, A.D. Kushnirov.

boyarka-budaevka
has abstract: BOYARKA-BUDAYEVKA, see Boyarka.

boyarskiy aron yakovlevich
has abstract: BOYARSKY Aron Yakovlevich (1906, Moscow - 1985, ibid.), Economist-statistician, demographer. Dr. econ. Sciences (1940), prof. (1934). Graduated from statistician. dep. Faculty of Societies, Sciences of Moscow State University (1926). One of the initiators of the creation of Moscow. economical-statistical Institute (in 1933-45 deputy director, 1945-63 head of the department of statistics, then the demography of this institute). From 1955 to econom. Faculty of Moscow State University (prof., head of the department). In 1963–78 - director. Research Institute of the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR. Member Int. statistical Institute (since 1966). Main directions of scientific-ped. activities: mat. statistics, mat. methods of analysis of the economy, demography (methods of calculating mortality tables, the formula for age probabilities of death, substantiation of the demographic optimum, development of the theory and methodology for prospective calculations of the population). The author of a large number of books, including those translated into foreign languages. language, ed. and compiler of a number of famous statisticians. handbooks): Teor. Matem. statistics, M., 1930 (with V.N. Starovsky and others); Population statistics, M., 1938; Demographic course statistics, M., 1945; Demographic. statistics, 2nd ed., M., 1955 (jointly with P.P. Shusherin); Mathematics for Economists, 2nd ed., M., 1965; Population and methods of its study, M., 1975; Fundamentals of demography, M., 1980 (jointly with DI Valentey, A.Ya. Kvasha); Workshop on demography, M., 1985 (with G.Sh.Bakhmetova, L.P. Khrapchenko).

boyd
has abstract: BOYD, see Budslav.

boym berl
has abstract: BOYM Berl (1892, Felshtin, Podolsk province - |), prose writer. Since 1906 in the USA. He worked as a shoemaker, then in a tailor's workshop. In 1916-18 he served in the Amer. army. He published short stories, short stories and one-act plays in periodicals. Heb. ed. USA and Canada. In 1941 he published a collection of works. stories "Oyf and shmoler stitch" ("On a narrow path"). Together with the activists of the community, he released a memorable book "Felshtin", dedicated. victims of the pogroms in Ukraine in 1920-21. For their own memory. “Why I left my old homeland” was awarded the World Heb. cultural congr.

boynak
has abstract: BOINAK, a village in the Karabudakhkent region of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Buinak in Temirkhanshurinsky env. Dagestan Region. 152 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1867, 90 Jews in 1886, and 90 Jews in 1900. Jews settled in Byelorussia from the 17th century. In 1886 there was a synagogue, a cheder, and a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia. The rabbi was at the same time. shokhet and moel.

boytler arkadiy
has abstract: BOITLER Arkady (1895 - 1965, Mexico City), actor, dir. t-ra and cinema, pantomime and ballet. Graduated from drama. school-studio at Moscow. Hood. t-re. He performed in the “Bat” cabaret (in the form of a loser Arkasha mask). This image transferred to the cinema, starring in 1916-18 in more than 20 comics. short. f. and farces. Naib. Izv. - “Husband, chansonette, wife and banker”, “Family Triangle” (a parody of the early comic films by Ch. Chaplin), “Arkasha is getting married”, “Arkasha - the controller of sleeping cars”. In 1918 he made his debut as dir. ("Boxing Rescued", "Our Don Juans"). In 1919 he emigrated to Germany, where he continued the series "Arkashi" in f. Boitler vs. Chaplin (1920). He worked in the USA. One of the leading dir. mex. t-ra. Filmed in films, where he created the mask "Arkashi" ("This is my land", 1937).

bozhedarovka
has abstract: BOZHEDAROVKA, a village in the Krinichansky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Verkhnedneprovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1939, 83 Jews lived in Byelorussia. 4 Feb. 1925 the Jewish collective farm "Land and Labor" was organized in Byelorussia.

bozhovich lidiya iljinichna
has abstract: BOZHOVICH Lidia Ilyinichna (1908, Kursk - 1981, Moscow), psychologist. Dr. ped. Sciences (1966), prof. (1967). Graduated from ped. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow State University (1930). Pupil of LS Vygodsky. From 1929 to practical. and scientific. work on psychology (Academy of Communist Education named after N.K. Krupskaya, Ukrainian Psychoneurological Academy in Kharkov, etc.). In 1948-81 she worked at the Research Institute of General and Ped. psychology of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences (until 1978 head of the laboratory of personality formation psychology). Specialist in the region. children and ped. psychology. She worked out issues of development and social formation of the personality. Main She considered a feature of human development to be the ability for active purposeful activity; in this regard, she studied the mechanisms of motivation and volitional regulation of behavior, highlighted Ch. stages of development of a child's personality. Cit .: Personality and its formation in children. age, M., 1968.

brafman yakov aleksandrovich
has abstract: BRAFMAN Yakov Alexandrovich (c. 1825, Kletsk of Slutsk district of Minsk province - 1879, St. Petersburg), publicist. Orphaned early, fled from the town, fearing surrender to the cantonists. In the end. 1850s converted to Orthodoxy. In 1858 in Minsk he submitted an imp. A note about Jews to Alexander II. In 1859 he was summoned by the Synod for explanations to Petersburg. From 1860 he taught Hebrew. at the Minsk Theological Seminary. In the 2nd floor. 1860s put in gas. "Vilensky Vestnik" a number of Art. on the history of Jews in Russia, in which he attacked the organs of Heb. self-government. With the approval of the local administration, he was engaged in the collection and publication of documents of Hebrews. communities North-West. edges, simultaneously was appointed censor of Heb. book in Vilna. In the beginning. 1870s transferred to St. Petersburg, served in Ch. press department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, censor polish. and Heb. books. In Art. end 1860-1870s in "Vilensky sbornik", gas. "Voice" and others attacked the Hebrews. kagal, blamed the Society for the spread of education between the Jews of Russia and the World Jew. union ("Israelite Alliance") in that they are part of the "world Heb. conspiracy ". In 1869 publ. for the state. account "Book of the Kagala", in a cut tried to prove that Heb. communities are distinctive. state-in-state in the state, consider it optional to fulfill the growth. laws and have one of Ch. goals "obscuring Christians." Anti-Semitic journalism 2nd half. 19th century widely used the views expressed by B. in Hebrew. community in his book. during anti-Jews. propaganda campaign. After B.'s death, the "Book of the Kagala" withstood 2 more editions (1882 and 1888), was translated into it. and French. lang. and gained fame in Europe. Despite the openly anti-Semitic orientation of the "introduction", the documents published by B. are a valuable source for studying the history of Jews in Russia at the end of the day. 18. - earl…

bragin
has abstract: BRAGIN, urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from 1147. In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Ovruch district of the Kiev voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, the town of Rechitsa u. Minsk province. In 1765, 260 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1778 - 90, in 1784 - 152, in 1874 - 1612, in 1897 - 2254, in 1923 - 1682, in 1926 - 2165, and in 1939 - 958 Jews. ... about Jews in Byelorussia belongs to the beginning. 17th century In 1648 the Jewish population of Byelorussia suffered from raids by the Cossack detachments of B.M. Khmelnitsky. Since 1890, Sholom Perlov (1851—?), Exiled in the 1930s, was the rabbi in Byelorussia. to Siberia. In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Byelorussia. t-in. 13 Sept. 1941, 331 Jews were shot in Byelorussia. B.G. Mogilevich, L.E. Pinsky, D. Rodin.

braginskiy iosif samuilovich
has abstract: BRAGINSKY Iosif Samuilovich (1905, Kiev - 1989, Moscow), orientalist, Tajik researcher. and pers. lit-ry. Prof. (1959), bp. AN Taj. SSR (1951). Graduated from Indo-Afghan. dep. social and polit. Faculty of MIV (1931). From the end. 1920s on scientific-ped. work: teacher KUTV (1929-30), MIV (1931-33), GPI in Stalinabad (1938-40), VIIYa (1949-52), Moscow State University (1951-67), Taj. state un-that (1960–87). In the late 1930s - ed. gas. "Communist Tajikistan". In 1940–52 he served in the army, a participant in the war (1941–45), early. department for work among the enemy troops GUPPKA. Sci. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1950–89), IMLI (1956–67). B. published more than 400 scientific. works, including the monograph “From the history of the Tajik. bunk bed poetry. Elements of folk poetry. creativity in the monuments of the ancient and middle centuries. writing "(1956, 497 s), many articles dedicated to. problems in common and compare. oriental literary knowledge. Published several. translations taj. bunk bed epos, including dastans, - “Gurugli: Taj. bunk bed epic "(1987), etc. In Art. “The theory of thin. translation as a science "(1967) made generalizations that are important for working on art. translation. In 1957–87 Ch. ed. g. "Peoples of Asia and Africa". Ed. B. came out “History of Taj. liters "in 6 vols. (1984), Poetry and Prose by Dr. East "(1973)," Lit-ra of the East in modern times (1917-1945). Textbook "(1977)," Abu Abdallah Jafar Rudaki "(1989) and others. editorial board of the "History of World Literature" in 9 volumes. Honored. Scientist of the Tajik SSR (1955). Works: Essays on the history of the Tajik. literature, Stalinabad, 1957; Life and work of Sadriddin Aini, M., 1959; Persian, liter, M., 1963; To the results of the discussion on the periodization of the history of the literature of the East (theses), M., 1965; 12 miniatures, M., 1966, 2nd ed., 1976; To the debate about the genesis of the heroic. epic, "Owl…

braginskiy menya leyb
has abstract: BRAGINSKY Me Leib (1883, Nizhyn, Chernigov province - 1953, New York), poet, izv. also under ps. Me Leib. At the age of eleven he entered a shoe factory as an apprentice. Five years later, he joined the roar. movement, in 1904 was arrested. After his release, he left for England. Since 1905 in the USA. He worked in New York at a factory. Debuted Verse, in the London Weekly. Noe Zeit. After moving to New York, he became a sotr. in “Juish Daily Forvjord” and in decomp. Heb. periodic. ed. Together with D. Kazansky he published a quarterly since 1918. ed. "Intsl", a cut later became every month. Comp. anthology of Heb. poets "Poetic. New York". For some time he was one of the editors. g. Literatur und Leben. Lyrics B. was strongly influenced by Russian. classics. His poetry is often sad, hopelessness and loneliness are her chap. motives. The influence of Hebrews is also felt in his poetry. folklore. Many of them were set to music and became pop. songs. B. belong to several. per. Russian prosaic. manuf.

braginskiy moisey isaakovich
has abstract: BRAGINSKY Moisey Isaakovich (b. 1911, Yekaterinoslav), historian, Africanist. Dr. East Sciences (1973). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1940). In 1940–56 he taught in Vologda and Tambov (in 1948–54 as head of the department) ped. in-takh, in 1957–60 scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies, since 1960 - Institute of Africa Academy of Sciences of the USSR. directions of research: sots.-ist. problems, social composition of African countries, especially Tropic. and South, racial discrimination and national liberation. traffic. Under his editorship. collection published. the monograph "The Working Class and the Labor Movement in Africa (60-70s of the XX century)" (M., 1979). Works: Liberation of Africa, M., 1962; Formation of Afr. proletariat, M., 1974; Trade union movement in Africa, M., 1990 (et al.).

braginskiy stanislav iosifovich
has abstract: Braginsky Stanislav Iosifovich (b. 1926, Moscow), theoretical physicist, geophysicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1965). After graduating from Moscow. engineer-phys. Institute (1948) worked until 1978 at the Institute of Atomic Energy. In 1972–78 on a voluntary basis. theoretical gr. ch. magn. fields of the Earth in the Institute of Physics of the Earth of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1978–88 head. lab. this in-that. Since 1988 in the USA, prof. University of California in Los Angeles. interests - plasma physics, magn. field of the earth. One of the first to begin thermonuclear research. in USSR. The author of the classic. works on the theory of transport phenomena in a magnetized high-temperature plasma and the theory of the pinch effect. Developed the theory of magn. plasma confinement. Research origin of magn. fields of the earth. Created the theory of the geomagnetic dynamo. Author approx. 200 scientific. articles. Linen. pr. (1958). Medal to them. J.A. Fleming (1992).

braginskiy vladimir iosifovich
has abstract: BRAGINSKY Vladimir Iosifovich (b. 1945, Moscow), orientalist, specialist in Malaysia and Indonesia, literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1984). The son of I.S.Braginsky. Graduated from ISAA (1969). Since 1969 scientific. (since 1988 leading) employee of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Book translator from Malay, Indonesian. and other languages, compiled by the book. according to the literature of Nusantara. A number of scientific. B.'s works are devoted to issues of general and compares, literary criticism. Resp. ed. collection of articles: "Questions east. literary knowledge: traditions and modernity "(1982)," Hood. traditions of literature of the East and modernity ”(1985) and others. editorial board g. "Peoples of Asia and Africa" ​​- "East". Cit .: Evolution of the Malay classic. verse, M., 1975; Hamza Fansuri, in the book: Writers and Scientists of the East, M., 1988.

brailov
has abstract: BRAILOV, urban-type settlement (since 1972) in Zhmerinsky district of Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vinnitsa u. Podolsk lips. In the end. 1920s - the center of the Brailovsky Jewish nat. In 1765 638 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1787 - 471, in 1847 - 2071, in 1863 - 2061, in 1897 - 3721 (43.4%), in 1923 - 2389 (24, 5%), in 1931 - 2,401 Jews. 20th century in B. there were 3 synagogues, a Talmud-Torah, and a private husband. and wives. uch-schA. Since 1909 Dovid Lieberman (1870—?) Was the rabbi of B. During the years of Civil. war Jews were subjected to several. pogroms, including organized by the troops of the Directory. One of the largest pogroms took place in July 1919. In the middle. 1920s D. Lieberman fought to preserve the header. In the summer of 1928, Rabbi Avrom Kharinstein attempted to open the mikvah. In July 1941, 15 Jews were shot in Byelorussia; in October-November. 1941 - more than 500, 12 Feb. 1942 - 800, 23 March - 300, 18 Apr - 180, June 25 - 503, in Aug. 1942 - 17 Jews in B. I. I. Galili, J. I. Kelber, V. A. Tsukkerman.

brailovskiy aleksandr
has abstract: BRAILOVSKY Alexander (1896, Kiev - 1976, New York), pianist. R. in the family of a musician-owner of a music shop. Studied at the Kiev cons. from V.V. Pukhalsky. Sergei Rachmaninoff heard the game of 11-year-old B. and predicted a great future for him. From 1911 - in Vienna, studied with T. Leshetitsky, in 1918 in Zurich, improved himself with F. Busoni. He made his debut in 1919 in Paris; in 1924 he performed with great success in New York, then gave ser. solo concerts in Paris, having performed almost all php. op. F. Chopin (169 works), and for the performance he was provided with a museum grand piano of the firm "Pleyel", on which F. List played the last; repeated this cycle of concerts in 1938 in New York and in 1960, on the occasion of the composer's 150th birthday, in New York and Brussels. He toured the USA, Lat. America, Europe, in 1961 - in the USSR. Most of B.'s repertoire consisted of op. composers-romantic (ch. arr. Chopin and Liszt). B.'s performance was distinguished by catchy virtuosity, temperament and always aroused admiration of the public. In 1936, B. founded the Brailovsky Prize for young pianists (Belgium).

brakhot 3.
has abstract: BRAKHOT 3. (1886, Chausy, Mogilev province - |), the first writer in Yiddish in E.-I. In E.-I. - from 1903. Was a worker, fruit picker. Traveled all over the country, wrote stories. After the start of the 1st world. the war went to France. Studied history and philosophy at the Sorbonne. Doctor of Philosophy. He left France for Argentina, lived in Heb. settlement of Mosesville and published gas there. in Yiddish "Der Colonist". Later he moved to the USA, was a worker at the plant. In 1918 he returned to E.-I., joined the "Gdud ha-Ivri". Published at Forverts. He left for the USA again and lived there until the 60s. The first stories were published in 1918.

bramson abram moiseevich
has abstract: BRAMSON Abram Moiseevich (1871, Kovno - 1939, Leningrad), doctor and society. activist. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kazan University, worked as a doctor in m. Liozno, Mogilev province, then studied medicine in Germany. From 1902 he lived in St. Petersburg, worked at Ying-those advanced training of doctors, collaborated in honey. g. In 1914–17 he was a doctor in the active army. In 1919–21 one of the hands. tuberculosis station of the People's Commissariat for Health, participated in the creation of the state. system of combating tuberculosis, developed the principles of clinical examination of tuberculosis patients, created a network of institutions necessary for this. Initiator of the creation of the Tuberculosis Institute, head. his account. part. Since 1912, member. to-that of the Society of health protection evr. population (in 1922 it was before.). In 1918 he created Heb. Society of Encouraging Artists, in 1919 recreated Society of Hebrews. bunk bed music, was his treasurer. In the 1890s. joined the Society for the spread of education among Jews in Russia (OPE), in 1911 a member. his revision committee, participated in the work of East. OPE commission, later - in Heb. ist.-ethnogr. about-ve (EIEO), in its Museum Commission. After 1917, members. to-ta EIEO, since 1925 headed its Museum Commission, made a lot of efforts to obtain permission from the authorities to open the Museum of the Society, to replenish its funds, the organizer of the ethnographer. expeditions to the Ukraine, the Caucasus, and Belarus. After the liquidation of the EIEO (1929), he participated in the work of the Hebrew. dep. Institute for the Study of the Peoples of the USSR (before its closure in 1932). In 1924 he donated his collection to Prince. and doc-tov b-ke OPE in Leningrad.

bramson leontiy
has abstract: BRAMSON Leonty (Leon) Moiseevich (1869, Kovno - 1941, Marseille), journalist, society. activist. Graduated from the Kovenskaya g-ziya (1886) and law. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1890). After arriving in St. Petersburg in 1892, he became an activist of the Society to spread education among Jews in Russia, and in 1894 - an inspector of schools in this Society. After the creation of the Center. to the Association of Heb. settlements became his gene. sec. and in 1899-1906 managed all its activities. In 1906, a dep. Was elected. 1st State thoughts from the Kovno lips. and joined c. Trudoviks, fought for the rights of Jews. During the 1st world. During the war, he was involved in organizing aid to thousands of homeless Jews. families. In 1917 he became a member. Of the Council of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies. and drew up a plan to equalize the rights of all nationalities. From 1909, B. actively collaborated with the Society of Crafts. and agricultural. labor among Jews in Russia (ORT), as an activist of the organization traveled around the world. Forced to leave Russia (1920) after the Bolshevik revolution and settling in Zap. Europe, continued its activities in other countries; in pl. thanks to his efforts, ORT has expanded its network to 16 countries, uniting 130 organizations. From 1924 B. became a member. amer. Heb. Reconstruction Fund, and in 1925 - member. Council of the Union of Heb. emigrant societies. In 1926, Obyed took over the leadership. to help ORT - Ese with headquarters in Paris. After visiting E.-I. in 1934 he moved away from the former anti-Zionists. views. As a journalist B. studied the problems of Hebrew. settlers and problems of education among Jews. Since 1891 sotr. in periodic. ed. "Sunrise". Was one of the comp. "Handbook on rus. literature in her relation to the Jews ”(1892). He is also the author of works written in Russian, including The History of Primary Education for Jews in Russia (1896) and others.

brand boris
has abstract: BRAND Boris (Baruch) Filippovich (I860, Makhnovka Berdichevsky u. Kiev province - 1907, Berlin), economist, writer-publicist. Educated in Russia and abroad, worked in the Ministry of Finance, on behalf of which his Ch. tr. - "Foreign. capital. Their impact on the economy. development of the country "(v. 1, St. Petersburg., 1898-1901) and" Trade and industrial. crisis in Russia and in Zap. Europe ”(1902–04). The books are full of fact. material, they defend the idea of ​​state. policies to attract foreign. capital for development grew. economy. Unlike some of his Marxist opponents, he considered the crisis as a whole inevitable and favorable for Russia. phenomenon, an objective regulator of the economy. development. He criticized "indexology" for the formalization, artificiality of tests, etc. The author of a number of iz. in due time the book. and hence the number of Art. in scientific. and in the public-polit. swelling and nick. f., dedicated, ch. arr., finance. and fiscal problems. Cit .: Tax on exempt from military service, Kiev, 1889; The theory of the exchange rate, M., 1892; The fight against drunkenness abroad and in Russia, Kiev, 1896; Finance. politics and customs patronage, St. Petersburg, 1904.

brandburg gdaliya ljvovich
has abstract: BRANDBURG Gdalia Lvovich (1891, Orlov, Vyatka province - 1925, Bobruisk), participant of the roar. movement. The son of a teacher. Graduated from Bitebskoe commercial. uch-shche (1910). He studied at the Kiev Commerce. in-those. In 1912–15 members. Bund. In 1915-17 in the army. After Feb. revolution of 1917 before. battalion to-that. In the end. 1918 joined the RCP (b). From the end. 1919 - deputy. district prod. Commissioner in Sebezh. From Feb 1921 - member, then secretary. Sebezh Ukoma RCP (b), at the same time. head county department bunk. education, chl. district executive committee and bureau of trade unions. Since Aug. 1922 district food commissar of the Gorodok district, from the spring of 1923 - secretary. Vitebsk Ukom RCP (b), later head. the organizational department of the Vitebsk provincial party committee; then recalled to the Belburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), appointed secretary. Bobruisk Party Committee. Soon the secretary became. Bobruisk district committee of CP (b) B. At the 8th Congress of the CP (b) B (May 1924) he was elected to the Central Committee of the CP (b) B; member of the Central Executive Committee of the BSSR.

branderburgskiy
has abstract: BRANDERBURGSKY (Goldzinsky) Yakov Natanovich (1881, Balta, Podolsk province - 1951, Moscow), state. and desks. activist, lawyer. In 1900 he entered Novoros. un-t (Odessa), however, for participation in the student. movement was expelled in 1902, arrested and exiled under police supervision. In 1903 he joined the RSDLP. In 1904–05, members. Ekaterinoslavsky, Riga, Tver to-tos of the party. Delegate of the 4th (United) Congress of the RSDLP (1906), then a member of Petersburg. to-that party; in the "case of 19" was sentenced to imprisonment in the fortress. After his release, from 1908 - in France, where he collaborated with Russian. Social Democrats, graduated from law. Faculty of the Sorbonne (1911). In 1917 he returned to Russia. During the revolution he worked in Petrogr. prod. to-those, from June 1918 in the People's Commissariat of Education. In 1920–21 members. Board of Tsentrosoyuz. In the years of civil. war, he was appointed an emergency representative of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee to carry out food appropriation in a number of provinces. In 1922-29, members. Collegium of the NKJu USSR and a member. Codification Commission SNK-STO USSR. At the same time. in 1925-29 prof. and dean of jurid. Faculty of Moscow State University; participated in the development of a number of bills. In 1929–31 members. Lower Volga Regional Committee of the CPSU (b), deputy. prev. regional executive committee. Since 1931, member. collegiums of the USSR People's Commissariat of Labor; headed the department of labor legislation of this People's Commissariat, edited by J. "Izvestia of the USSR People's Commissariat for Labor". In 1934–38, members. Top. Ships of the USSR, pre. Collegiums for criminal cases, then - Collegiums for civil. affairs Top. USSR ships. In 1941–45 he took part in the work of the Sovinform Bureau. The author of the book. and Art. on legal issues.

braneshty
has abstract: BRANISHES, see Branishte.

branishte
has abstract: BRANISHTE (until 1991 - Branesti), a village in the Riscani region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Orhei district. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 101 Jews lived in Byelorussia. June 1941 b. including the Jews of Byelorussia was evacuated; those who remained in the fall of 1941 were deported to Transnistria.

branjsk
has abstract: BRANSK, a city (since 1493) in the Bialystok Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Bialystok region, since 1842 - the provincial city of Bryansk, Belsky u. Grodno province. In 1920-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-45 it was the BSSR. In 1863 749 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 2374 (58.1%), in 1910 - 3200, in 1921 - 2165 Jews. B. had 2 synagogues, in 1910 - 5 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. From 1906 Shimon-Yehuda Shkop (1860—?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. acted departments of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In the fall of 1941 a ghetto was created in Byelorussia, liquidated in November. 1942. The ghetto contained approx. 3 thousand people.

branover german gertsevich
has abstract: BRANOVER German Gertsevich (b. 1931, Riga), physicist, societies. activist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1969), prof. (1970). Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (1953), Phys.-Math. Faculty of Latvian University (1959). Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Physics Latv. AN (1959-71). One of the founders of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) of liquid metals. In the 1960s - early. 1970s - participant of the Hebrews. nat. traffic in Riga. Since 1972 - in Israel. 1973–75 - prof. Tel Aviv University. Since 1973 - prof. Beer-Shevsky University named after Ben Gurion and Director of the MHD Research Center Since 1991 he has also been in charge of the association. Israel-Ros. lab. energetic research In the book. "Turbulent MHD-flows in pipes" (1967), "Magnetic hydrodynamics of incompressible media" (1970) "MHD-flows in channels" (1978), "Single- and multiphase flows in an electromagnetic field" (1985), "Metallurgy, transformation energy and MHD-flows ”(1993) and others described the theory developed by him and practical applications of flows of liquid metals in magn. field, as well as the result of the study. anisotropic MHD turbulence and its role in geo- and astrophysics and in technology. In 1960, B. began to study questions of harmony between the Torah and the present. natures. sciences in the spirit of the teachings of the Lubavitch Rebbe M.M. Schneerson and translate into Russian. lang. Heb. religious books. Tr. these were later published. in Israel - "From the Depths" (1970), "Excerpts from the Concise Collection of Heb. laws "(1973)," Return "(1977). Book. "Eye of the Heart" (1989), "Synthesis" (1990), "Great are Thy Deeds" (1993), "Science in the Light of the Torah" contain further development of these themes. From 1972 - before. Union of Hebrews. religious intelligentsia from the USSR in Israel and Ch. ed. publishing house "Shamir" - the largest publishing house of Judaica in Russian. lang. In 1982 he founded the Society of Philosophy. g. "In the light of the Tor…

brashman nikolay dmitrievich
has abstract: BRASHMAN Nikolai Dmitrievich (1796, Rassnovo, Austria - 1866, Moscow), mathematician. Ch.-c. Petersburg. AN (1855). Honored. prof. (1859). Demidovskaya ave. Petersburg. AN (1836, 1837). Graduated from the Vienna Polytechnic. Institute and Vienna University (1821). He worked at Vienna University (1822), Petersburg. Petropavlovsk school (1824-25), Kazan University (1825-34) and from 1834 in Moscow. un-those. Teacher P.L. Chebyshev. Founder of Moscow. mat. about-va and its first prez. (1864). Founder J. "Mathematical Collection" (1866). Main results in the theory of differential. equations, integration of algebras. functions, the theory of extrema of functions pl. variables, theoretical. and Applied Mechanics. Works: Analytical Course. geometry, M., 1836; The theory of equilibrium of solids and liquids, M., 1837.

braslav
has abstract: BRASLAV, a city (since 1500), a regional center in the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). From the beginning. 14th century - as part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - Rzeczpospolita. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovno province. In 1920–39, in the Vilna Voivodeship, part of Poland, in 1939–91, in the BSSR. In 1797, in the Braslav district. 1,091 Jews lived (including the Karaites), in 1847 there were 591 Jews in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 1234 (82.2%), in 1931 - 1130, by 1941 - more than 2000, in 1951 - 17 Jewish families. In 1863 a synagogue and a Jewish school functioned in Byelorussia. In 1908 there was a society for helping poor Jews. From 1890 Yehuda-Leib Zagoria (1850—?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1930s in B. there were 4 synagogues, 2 of which were destroyed during the 2nd peace. war, 2 were occupied as warehouses after 1944. After the occupation of Bulgaria on June 27, 1941 by the Germans. troops in the city created a ghetto. When the ghetto was liquidated on June 3, 1942, approx. 2 thousand Jews. 1950s In the house of Kh.A. Sverdlov, an illegal was going. minyan.

braslavlj
has abstract: BRASLAVL, see Bratslav.

bratkovtsy
has abstract: BRATKOVTSY, a village in Ivano-Frankivsk region of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was located in the Stanislav Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, approx. 100 Jews. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was exterminated during the Holocaust.

bratolyubovka
has abstract: BRATOLYUBOVKA, a village in the Gornostaevsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). In the 19th century. - the town of Bratolyubovka (other name. Lisanevichevo) of the Alexandria district. Kherson Gubernia. In 1897, 1,193 Jews (51.2%) lived in Byelorussia. there was a synagogue in B. In the 1840s. Hevra Kaddish was created. In 1898 the second synagogue was built. In 1909 there were 6 heders (75 students), a Talmud-Torah (20 students), and a private mixed school; the box collection reached 1265 rubles, in 1912 the Jewish loan-savings function was functioning. m-in. In the 1910s. Chaim-Nisan Hasdan (1880—?) was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In the 1920s. material assistance to the community was provided by J.-I. Schneerson. M. Namir.

bratsk
has abstract: BRATSK, a city (since 1955), a regional center in the Irkutsk region. (Russian Federation). Main In 1955, 271 Jews (0.6%) lived in Byelorussia in 1959, and 408 Jews (0.3%) in 1970. in B. created the Jewish national. societies. org-tion (leader M. Torban), Jewish National Cultural Autonomy (leader Sergei Gluzberg). According to the Joint's estimates, in 1998 approx. 400 Jews.

bratskiy bulagatskiy ostrog
has abstract: BROTHER'S BULAGAT'S OSTROG, see Balagansk.

bratskoe
has abstract: BRATSKOE, urban-type settlement (since 1956), a regional center in the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Vozn. in the 1760s and 70s. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bratsk (other name. Zhlekovich) Elizavetgrad district Kherson province. In 1897 there were 241 Jews living in Byelorussia, in 1923 - 457, in 1939 - 203 Jews. 1941 82 Jews were shot in Byelorussia. K.I. Portnoy.

bratslav
has abstract: BRATSLAV, urban-type settlement (1924) in the Nemirovsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - the center of the Bratslav Voivodeship in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1796 - the district town of Braslavl, Podolsk province. In 1616, 18 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1765 - 101, in 1776 - 146, in 1784 - 177, in 1790 - 221, in 1847 - 1993, in 1856 - 1954, in 1861 - 2139, in 1887 the Jews of Byelorussia constituted 39.2% of the population, in 1897 - 3290 Jews (41.8%), in 1910 - 6269 (55%), in 1926 - 1940 (24.7%), in 1939 - 1,010 (25.4%), in 1989 - 137, in 1993 - 71 Jews. In 1479, during the Tatar raid, 600 inhabitants of Byelorussia were killed, including 400 Jews. In 1551 the Jews of Byelorussia opposed the army of the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey, while the garrison and the main population fled. In 1591-96 the troops of the hetmans S. Nalivaiko and K. Kosinsky several. once attacked B., exterminating the inhabitants, while the Jewish community suffered greatly. During the "Khmelnytsky" era, all the Jews of Byelorussia were destroyed. The Jews who had re-settled in B. were persecuted by the Rus. troops in 1664 and when hetmans A. Voinarovsky and F. Orlik opposed Peter I. The Burma community served as a refuge for the followers of Sabbatai Zvi and the Francoists. In 1802–10, the founder of the Bratslav Hasidism, Rabbi Nachman, lived in Burma. Beginning in 1810, N. Sternharz became the head of the Bratslav Hasidim. From 1821 a Jewish printing house operated in Byelorussia. In 1856 there were 4 synagogues, in 1887 - 7 synagogues. Since 1909, Avrom-Yakov Rabinovich (1882 -?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia. 1918 a Jewish self-defense detachment was organized in Byelorussia. In apr. 1919 in B. by the troops of the Directory a pogrom was carried out, in May of the same year 239 Jews were killed by the gang of N.A. Grigoriev. In the summer of 1919, as a result of the pogrom, 350…

braude borukh vuljfovich
has abstract: BRAUDE Borukh Vulfovich (1910, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province), a specialist in the field of antenna technology for radio broadcasting and television. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1957), prof. In 1939 he graduated from Leningrad. Industrial Institute (correspondence department). From 1930 he worked at Electrosvyazstroy, from 1935 he was engaged in the development of antenna technology in the laboratory. transmitting antennas (engineer, senior engineer, team leader, head of laboratory). During the 1941–45 war, he headed a group on the construction of an antenna structure for a super-powerful radio broadcasting station. station 1200 kW. Participated in the creation of high quality. transmitting antenna system for Mosk. telecentre. Under the arm. B. performed n.-i. works for radio and television broadcasts. networks and radio astronomy, including transmitting antennas with flat vibrators for TV. stations, antennas for single and multi-program TV centers and VHF with frequency modulators. broadcasting, transmitting short-wave radio centers, etc .; conducted research. parameters of radio telescopes with variable-profile antennas and noise temperature Microwave antennas; the theory of calculation of anti-fading antennas, losses in the ground is proposed. At the same time. from 1946–72 he taught at Leningrad. polytechnic in-those at f-takh fiz.-matem. and radio electronics. Author of over 90 scientific. printed works, a number of inventions. Became. pr. (1946, 1950).

braude girsh vuljfovich
has abstract: BRAUDE Girsh Vulfovich (1906, Vitebsk - 1992, Moscow), specialist in the region. television technology. Dr. Tech. Sciences, prof. He graduated from Leningrad in 1928. polytechnic in-t. In the 30s. performed a number of fundamental studies. and theoretical. developments in the region. electronic TV, for to-rye him in 1938 without the protection of dis. awarded the title of Cand. tech. Sciences. works related to the theory of denies. reactive and complex feedback in amplifiers, on the basis of a cut a reactive lamp is created, which is the main one. element of frequency modulation and automatic frequency control circuits in tech. means of communication (1934); with the creation of an original beamless transmitting tube ("Braude tube") for telecine (1938), two-way semiconductor. targets - main. element of the transmitting TV. superorticone tubes (1938). In 1941–45 B. worked on the military. topics, in particular, was engaged in aircraft identification systems. In the beginning. 50s first proposed a method for determining the optimal. parameters of the telesystem by expanding their frequency and phase characteristics in a power series ("Braude's method"), based on to-rogo in 1952 he developed highly efficient schemes of broadband, anti-noise and aperture correction. In 1946-58 he taught at Moscow. energetic in-those. Created scientific. school TV. technology. Author of over 100 scientific. works, numerous. inventions. For speaking out in defense of D.A. Rozhansky, who was unjustifiably repressed in 1930, and against the campaign of "combating cosmopolitanism" in 1949, B. was officially condemned in the Sov. print.

braude iljya davydovich
has abstract: Ilya Davydovich BRAUDE (1885, Orsha, Mogilev province - 1955, Moscow), lawyer. Cand. jurid. Sciences (1944). He studied law. f-those Petersburg., then Moscow. un-that, to-ry graduated in 1910. Since 1911 in Moscow. attorney at law as an assistant attorney at law, since 1915 - attorney at law. Member of the 1st world. war. After demobilization, early. Criminal Investigation Department of Ukr. SSR, chl. Military. Tribunal gr. troops of the Kiev direction, Art. inspector of the armies of Siberia for Glavsnabprodarm, early. military. of the production staff of the Semipalatinsk provinces. Since 1922, member. Moscow collegiums of defenders. Known as a forensic lawyer. Took part in the CD. polit, the processes of the "Industrial Party", "Union Bureau of Mensheviks", Eng. spies from the company "Metro-Vickers", "Parallel Trotskyist Center", "Trotskyist bloc" and others. The author of the book. "In a criminal court", "Notes of a lawyer".

braude iljya rafailovich
has abstract: BRAUDE Ilya Rafailovich (1890 - 1958), infectious disease doctor. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. In 1911 he graduated from natural, and after 3 years honey. Faculty of Kharkov University. In 1914-18 he was a military doctor. Until 1922 head. lab. inf. b-tsy of Dnepropetrovsk and at the same time. senior assistant of the clinic inf. diseases. Since 1922 head. lab., and then senior doctor inf. branches of the 2nd hospital of Kharkov. Took part in the organization of the Kharkov Institute of Advanced Training for Doctors, where he headed the department inf. diseases. Since 1932 head. department inf. diseases of the Kharkov honey. in-that, a cut directed until the last days of his life. B. published by St. 65 scientific. works devoted to various questions inf. pathology, in particular differential diagnosis and treatment of typhoid fever, dysentery, typhus and relapsing fever, malaria, influenza. Works: Diagnostics and differential diagnosis of infectious diseases. A guide for doctors, Kiev, 1949.

braude isaak leontjevich
has abstract: BRAUDE Isaak Leontievich (1882 - 1960, Moscow), obstetrician-gynecologist. In 1909 he graduated from Berlin University. In 1909-14 he worked in Berlin in an obstetric and gynecological clinic. Since 1914 - in Russia. During the 1st world. war surgeon in hospitals. In 1918–20 he worked at the 1st Moscow State University. From 1921 to 1931 - head. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2nd Moscow State University, prof. (1922). In 1931–41 - head. Department of Obstetrics Center. in-that improvement of doctors. In 1941–45 he worked in the Sverdlovsk medical center. in-those. In 1945–49 - head. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Mosk. honey. in-ta B. studied the problems of operative gynecology, emergency care for obstetric and gynecological. pathology, developed methods for the early diagnosis of malignant tumors of the female genital area. He was the founder and the first ch. ed. g. "Obstetrics and Gynecology", elected honorary. h. Vses. about-va of obstetricians-gynecologists. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR. Works: Perforation of the uterus, M., 1918; Early recognition of uterine cancer, M.-L., 1928 (et al.); Conservative treatment of female diseases, M., 1939; Emergency surgery in obstetrics and gynecology, M., 1947; Operative gynecology, M., 1959.

braude lyusya yuljevna
has abstract: Braude Lyusya Yulievna (Lyudmila Yurievna) (b. 1927, Leningrad), literary critic, translator. Dr. philol. Sciences (1978). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1950). In 1950-51 he was a teacher of German. lang. at school, in 1951-59 - in Leningrad. honey. in-those. From 1959 - in Leningrad. in-those cultures; since 1979 - prof. Specialist in the history of Danish, Norwegian and Swedish literature; hack children lit-re. Author of the book: "Hans Christian Andersen", L., 1971; "Scandinavian lit. fairy tale ", M., 1979; “I don’t want to write for adults”, L., 1987.

braude semen yakovlevich
has abstract: BRAUDE Semyon Yakovlevich (b. 1911, Poltava), radio physicist and radio astronomer. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (since 1969). Graduated from Kharkov University (1932). Until 1941, Assoc. this un-that. At the same time. in 1933–55 he worked at Physico-technical. in-those of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (since 1943 - head of the laboratory). Since 1955 - in the newly organized Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR in Kharkov (until 1980 - deputy director and head of the radio astronomy sector). At the same time. (since 1944) prof. Kharkov Polytechnic. in-ta.Osn. work in the region. electronics of microwave frequencies, radio astronomy (in particular, the solution of the problem of the motion of electrons in electric and magnetic fields taking into account the space charge, the propagation of ultrashort waves over the sea in line of sight and beyond the horizon, and scattering of radio waves by an agitated surface). Under the arm. B. created the first radio astronomy in Ukraine. observatory, developed and built radio telescopes, including in 1969 the world's largest radio telescope with controlled T-like antennas - UTR-2, on which studies were carried out. discrete sources of radio emission in the range of decameter waves, cosmic. background, pulsars, sun. In 1939, joint. with A.A. Slutskin and others. created the USSR's first three-coordinate radar of the decimeter range, which was first successfully used in the defense of Moscow in 1941. Became. pr. (1952).

braudes reuven asher
has abstract: BRAUDES Reuven Asher (1851, Vilna - 1902, Vienna), writer. He wrote in Hebrew. He spent his childhood and youth in Odessa. Crete. attitude to the tradition. Judaism, which prevailed at that time in Hebrew literature, had a great influence on B., and he wrote a number of articles in which he defended the need for religion. and social conversions of Heb. life. From 1876 - in Lvov, where he edited (up to 1879) f. "Ga-boker op", in which publ. means part of your first rum. "Ga-dat vega-haim" ("Religion and Life"; Separate ed. 1885), dedicated. fight for religion. reform among the Lithuanians. Jewry. In the second rum. "Shtei g-ktsavot" ("Two extremes"; separate ed. 1888) B. with great skill describes the collision of the modern. and trad. ideas and ways in the life of the Jews of Odessa. In 1891–93 - in Krakow, where he published a weekly. "Ga-zman", in which publ. first some of the remaining unfinished rum. "Me-ain ule-an" ("From where and where"; separate edition of this part - 1891), to Izv. degree which is a continuation of "Two Extremes", and weekly. Ruach ha-zman, where it was published. the beginning of his big autobiography. rum. "Shirim attikim" ("Ancient Songs"; separate singing ed. - 1903). In 1893, B. returned to Lvov. From 1894 he edited the weekly published there. "Idishes vohenblat", who was an officer. Zionist, organ Vost. Galicia. From the end. 1896 - in Vienna, where he lived until his death. After the 1st World. Zionist. Congr. 1897 T. Herzl appointed B. ed. published in Yiddish by a Zionist. weekly "Di Welt". In the last. biennium B.'s life acted in the main. as a publicist. Being a consistent supporter of social. and religion. transformations in Jewry, B. with a big thin. showed accuracy in his rom., especially in naib. perfect of them - "Religion and Life" and "Two Extremes" - acute social. and spiritual conflicts in Heb. life of Russia of his time.

braudo aleksandr isaevich
has abstract: BRAUDO Alexander Isaevich (1864, Vilkomir, Kovno province - 1924, London), publisher, societies. activist. R. in the family of a doctor. Graduated from History-Philology. Faculty of Derpt University. From 1889 until the end of his life, B. worked at the Imp. Public library. An active participant in the liberal democratic. published. activities, was a member of the ed. advice w. "Sunrise" and "Heb. peace". Being a member. Heb. historical ethnogr. about-va, B. stood (together with S.A. Ginzburg and S. An-sky) at the head of the collection "Experienced". Collaborated in the illegal "Bureau of the Press", collecting information about anti-Semitism in Russia. In 1907 he took an active part in the creation of the publishing house "Reason", Ch. the purpose of which was to release a literature directed against anti-Semitism. One of the leading representatives was growing up. freemasonry con. 19 - early. 20th century In 1917-19 and 1921-24 - vice director. Public library. He died on a business trip.

braudo evgeniy maksimovich
has abstract: BRAUDO Evgeniy Maksimovich (1882, Riga - 1939, Moscow), musicologist, teacher, music society. activist. In 1891-97 he studied at the Riga muses. uch-shche, later took lessons in playing php. from B. Mellersten, in 1903–05 - from II Tselevich. In 1902–04 a student of chemistry. Faculty of Riga Polytechnic. in-that. In 1904–07 he participated in the revolt. movement, for which he was expelled from Riga. In 1911 he graduated from philology. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. In 1913 he lived in Germany, studied music history with H. Riemann and G. Kretschmar. In 1914-16 he taught at the music. school I.A. Borovka in Petrograd, in 1917 - in the music-ped. in-those at un-those, since 1922 prof. Petrogr. Institute of History of Arts (Department of History of Western European Music); ch.-c. in the category of history of music Ying-that history of art. From 1924 he taught at Moscow. un-those, in 1925 members. college for muses. management of radio broadcasting, since 1926 consultant Glavisk-va People's Commissariat for Education, member. editorial board, since 1930 art. hands. cabinet of recording, since 1931 muses. hands. military theater. Bureau Center. at home Kr. Army. From the end. 90s collaborated in gas. and f. Apollo, Muz. contemporary ”, etc. Since 1903 he has been lecturing. Main range of interests - Western-European muses. culture, rus. music. Honored. a figure in the art of the RSFSR (1932). Works: General history of music, v. 1–3, Moscow, 1922–27; Alexander Porfirevich Borodin, his life and work, Pg., 1922; Nietzsche - philosopher-musician, Pg., 1922; Johann Sebastian Bach: Characterization Experience, Pg., 1922; Richard Wagner: The Experience of Characterization, Pg., 1922; Wagner and Russia: New materials for his biography, Pg., 1923; Fundamentals of material culture in music, M., 1924; Beethoven and His Time, M., 1927; "Boris Godunov" by Mussorgsky, M.-L., 1927 (together with N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov); History of music: (Concise sketch), M., 1928, 2nd ed., M., 1935;…

braudo isay
has abstract: BRAUDO Isai (Isaiah) Aleksandrovich (1896, Boyarka of Zvenigorodsky district of Kiev province - 1970, Leningrad), organist, pianist, teacher. Doctor of Lawsuit (1957). Among the first teachers of B. were S.M. Maikapar and A.I. Ziloti. He studied at Moscow. cons. by class fp. at A.B. Goldenweiser (1915–17) and in Petrograd. cons. by the organ class of Ya.Ya. Handshin and N.K. Vanadzinsh (1914–15 and 1921–23). He taught at Petrograd. (Leningrad) cons. from 1923 (from 1935 prof.) (classes of organ and php.). In 1924 and 1926 he was sent to France and Germany to improve his performing skills, as well as to study French. and it. organs. From 1927 he gave concerts. was an outstanding organist, his vast repertoire encompassed everything. manuf. organ music from the 16th to 20th centuries Organ works played a special role in the repertoire. I.S.Bach, interpretations to-rykh belong to the highest achievements of performing arts B. Author of the book. "Articulation" (L., 1961), which has become a classic. labor in the region. theory of performance, methodical. the work “On the Study of Bach's Clavier Works in Music. school "(M.-L. 1965). B. Peru owns transcriptions for organ manuf. Western-European and Russian. composers. B. brought up many. students, to-rye continue the traditions of his organ school. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1957).

braun bendzhamin
has abstract: BROWN Benjamin (1885, Tulchin, Podolsk Gubernia - 1939, approx. Highstone, New Jersey), society. activist, hands. village-household cooperatives and farming settlements. Since 1901 in the USA. After studying at the Philadelphia State. village-household college settled in Utah, where he became a prez. Association of Hebrews. farmers and settlers (1909–15). He will do it, Deer. Utah Piyut Reservoir and Irrigation Project. Organized individual poultry farmers into the cooperative Association of Yut poultry farmers; three years later created a similar cooperative in Idaho. In 1929, as a member of the advisory committee, he accompanied Dr. M.L. Wilson, assistant. the minister sat down. x-va USA, in Birobidzhan for negotiations on issues of Heb. settlements and cooperatives. Upon his return to the United States, he continued the organization of farmers north-west. states and opened marketing offices for them. At the same time there was a village-household. expert and pre. temporary commission for the device of Heb. farm settlements in the United States.

braunshteyn aleksandr evseevich
has abstract: BROUNSTEIN Alexander Evseevich (1902, Kharkov - 1986, Moscow), biochemist. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1964), USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1945), Hero of Socialist. Labor (1972). Brother of N.E. Braunstein. Graduated from Kharkov honey. Institute (1926). In 1928–36 he worked at Biochemistry. in-those of the USSR People's Commissariat of Health and to the Center. state in-those prof. diseases. Since 1936 in Vses. in-those experiment. medicine (the head of the laboratory of intermediate nitrogen metabolism, edges in 1945 became a part of the Institute of Biological and Medical Chemistry of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences). Since 1959 in Ying-those pier. Biology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (head of the laboratory of chemical foundations of biocatalysis). tr. on amino acid metabolism, chemistry of enzymes, etc. He discovered (1937, jointly with MG Kritsman) transamination reactions and substantiated their role in nitrogen metabolism. Discovered the participation of vitamin Bb in plural. transformations of amino acids and developed (with M.M. Shemyakin) a general theory of the action of enzymes containing this vitamin. Deciphered (1971, with Yu.A. Ovchinnikov) the primary structure of the enzyme aspartate-amino-transferase. Established (1984) main. patterns of action of lyases and proposed a new classification of this group of enzymes. Became. pr. (1941). Linen. etc. (1980). Jn. member Nat. AN (USA, 1974). Cit .: Biochemistry of amino acid metabolism, M., 1949; The main ways of assimilation and dissimilation of nitrogen in animals, M., 1957; Processes and enzymes of cellular metabolism (Collection of articles), M., 1987; At the junction of chemistry and biology, M., 1987.

braunshteyn nikolay evseevich
has abstract: BROUNSTEIN Nikolay Evseevich (1898, Kharkov - 1967, ibid.), Ophthalmologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1940), prof. Brother of A.E. Braunstein. After graduating from Kharkov honey. in-that specialized in ophthalmology in the same place iodine hands. his father, prof. EP Braunstein (1864-1926), to-ry headed the Department of Eye Diseases. From 1930 he worked at the department as an assistant, then head. laboratory. Head departments of eye diseases stomatologic. (1932–40) and honey. (from 1939 until the end of his life) in-tov in Kharkov. During the war years he worked in military hospitals. tr. B. dedicated various methods of clinics. and theoretical. ophthalmology: surgeon. treatment of retinal detachment (doctoral dis.), traumatism and tuberculosis of the eyes, the use of photobiology methods and the use of physiotherapy in ophthalmology, etc. Author (with A. Ya. Samoilov) of the textbook "Introduction to Ophthalmology" (1935). Prev Kharkovsky (1936–50) and a member. reign of Vses. and Ukr. about-in ophthalmologists. Cit .: On the treatment of infectious lesions of the cornea and iris of the eye with ultraviolet rays, Kharkov, 1926; Pathogenesis and surgical treatment of retinal detachment, Kharkov, 1941.

bravicha
has abstract: BRAVICH, see Bravich.

bravichi
has abstract: BRAVICI, see Bravicia.

bravichya
has abstract: BRAVICHIA (until 1991 - Bravicha), a village in Calarasi district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bravich (other name. Bravichi) Orhei u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918-40 it was part of Romania, in 1940-91 it was the MSSR. In 1897 300 Jews (8.3%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1930 - 413, in 1940 - 350 Jews. After 1903, the ban introduced in 1897 was lifted. for a new settlement of Jews in B. In the 1910s. the rabbi in B. was Avrom Kremer. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. July 1941 room. occupier. the authorities arrested 300 Jews, of whom 257 were. destroyed.

braykovskaya lina georgievna
has abstract: BRAYKOVSKAYA Lina Georgievna (b. 1950, Chisinau), architect-restorer, author of graphic works, distinguished by their original style. Graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute in 1975. Main architect. works: restoration of the Sheremetev estate in Yurino, Mariysk. ASSR (1984), Lermontov Gallery in Pyatigorsk (1989), project of restoration of K.S. Melnikov's house in Moscow (1985, 2nd Ave. at the Best Projects Competition). Since 1990 in Israel.

braynin boris ljvovich
has abstract: BRAININ Boris Lvovich (ps. Esterreicher Sepp) (b. 1905, Nikolaev), poet, translator. In 1934 he graduated from philology. and geogr. dep. Vienna University. Dr. philol. sciences. Lit. tr. has been studying since 1922. Writes on it. lang. Per. Russian poetry and songs on it. lang. Comp. into gas. Noyes Leben (Pravda Publishing House) as literary consultant. Member Communist Party of Austria since 1927. Was repressed in the USSR shortly after his arrival from Austria in 1938. Since 1992 he has been living in Austria in Hebrew. nursing home.

braynin ruvim
has abstract: BRAININ Reuben (1862, Lyady Goretsky u. Mogilev province. - 1939, New York), publicist, literary critic. He made his debut in gas. "Ha-Melitz" in 1888. From 1887 he lived in Moscow, earned a living by studying Hebrew, was a secretary. at the tea manufacturer Vysotsky. In 1892, B. left Russia. Lived in Vienna, Berlin. Printed Art. on lit. topics in pl. periodic. ed. In 1896, B. published a biography of P. Smolenskin, in 1900 - the book. about A. Mapu. In 1911 he came to New York. In the 20s. published different. periodic. ed., around which many were grouped. Izv. writers, lit. the youth. Last years he wrote exclusively in Yiddish. From ed. manuf. B. should be noted "Gezamlte Font" ("Collected Works"), 1909; "Fun mein lebnebuch" ("From the book of my life"), 1946.

braz iosif emmanuilovich
has abstract: BRAZ Joseph Emmanuilovich (1873, Odessa - 1936, Paris), artist. Acad. Petersburg. AH (1914). Studied in private studios in Munich and Paris. In 1918–20 - curator of the Hermitage. In 1920-28 - teacher at VKHUTEIN, 1927-28 - prof. He was arrested and imprisoned in Solovki. In 1928 he left the USSR. Naib. famous works - "At the dacha" (1893), a portrait of A.P. Chekhov (1898), "Chrysanthemums" (1899), "Mill" (1906).

brazer abram markovich
has abstract: BRAZER Abram Markovich (1892, Chisinau - 1942, Minsk), sculptor, graphic artist and painter. In 1910 he graduated from the Chisinau art. uch-shche. In 1912–16 he lived in Paris; studied at Nat. school of fine arts (1912-14). Having settled in the famous house "La Ruche" (Beehive), he met MZ Chagal. Upon returning to Russia, he lived in Petrograd (1916–18), participated in the exhibition "The World of Art" (1916). In 1918 he arrived in Vitebsk. He played a prominent role in the film. City life: arranged debates and rallies on modern topics. art, participated in exhibitions, completed the Vitebsk Museum of modern. art, created sketches for the festive decoration of the city. The author of the monument to the Swiss teacher I. Pestalozzi in Vitebsk (1920, not preserved). Designed performances in Heb. t-ra in Vitebsk. He taught at the Vitebsk Art and Practice Institute (since 1922). Since 1923 in Minsk. He was a member of the All-Belarusian. Association of Artists, Revolutionary Organization of Artists of Belarus. Participant Belarusian. and all. exhibitions. The author of a number of Art. in periodicals. B.'s large personal exhibition took place in Minsk in 1941 on the eve of the war. In its exposition most of his works: all of them were destroyed by the Nazis. The artist himself and his family were shot. Almost everyone is thin. B.'s legacy was lost; the few surviving works - a portrait of Yu.M. Pen (1921), a bust of S.M. Mikhoels (1926), graphic portraits and sketches testify to the artist's outstanding coloristic gift, artistry, improvisational boldness of his drawing, high prof. possession of the sculptural form. Prod. B. are kept in Hood. Museum of Belarus in Minsk.

brechj
has abstract: BRECH, a village in the Koryukovsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1847 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Sosnitsky u. Chernigov province. 19th century 148 people lived in B. for 210 dec. land. Main the occupation of the Jews of B. was trade.

bregelj enokh yakovlevich
has abstract: BREGEL Enoch Yakovlevich (1903 - 1993, USA), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1940), prof. (1935). Graduated from Moscow. in-t Nar. x-va them. G.V. Plekhanov (1924). From 1926 to ped. work in decomp. higher education. institutions in Moscow, including in the MIV (until 1954), Moscow. economic and statistical. in-those (since 1955). Since 1973 - in Israel, since 1979 - in the USA. directions n.-i. activities: analysis den. circulation and credit, econ. reproduction, history of econ. teachings. The author of a large number of monographs, textbooks and textbooks. manuals, including the widely known "Polit. economy of capitalism "(Moscow, 1966, 1968). Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1965). Vol .: Polit. economy: Introduction, M., 1932; Banks, their role and operations, M., 1939; Den. circulation and credit is capitalistic. countries, M., 1950, 1955; Revisionism and reformism in the theory of impoverishment, M., 1960; Criticism of the bourges. teachings about econ. system modern. capitalism, M., 1972.

bregelj yuriy enokhovich
has abstract: BREGEL Yuri Enokhovich (b. 1925, Moscow), historian, orientalist. Cand. ist. Sciences (1961). Son of E.Ya. Bregel. Member of the war, graduated from Kharkov. art. uch-shche (1943). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1956). He was repressed by a student (1949–54). In 1957–62, translator, head. ed. publications of monuments Publishing house east. literature, in 1956-57 and 1962-73 scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1973 - in Israel. Since 1979 - in the USA; prof. University in Bloomington (Indiana, USA). directions of research: turkology, textual studies, history Wed. Asia. Initiated the release of the series "Monuments of the Literature of the Peoples of the East". Active participant in the publication sobr. op. V.V. Bartold. Compiler, translator, ed. prefaces in the book. "Proverbs and sayings of the peoples of the East" (M., 1961), translator and author of additions to the book. Ch.A. Storey, “Pers. literature: Bio-bibl. review ”, parts 1–3, M., 1972. Works: Khorezm Turkmen in the XIX century, M., 1961; Documents from the Khiva khans' archive on the history and ethnography of the Karakalpaks, M., 1967.

bregman aleksandr abramovich
has abstract: BREGMAN Alexander Abramovich (party ps. Zheleznyak) (1895, Mozyr, Minsk province - 1919), revolutionary worker. In the S.-D. the movement entered the years of the 1st world. war, after Feb. Revolution of 1917 was included in the united. org-tion of the RSDLP, from May 1917 Bolshevik. Since March 1917, member. Bobruisk Council, since July - member. Bobruisk to-that RSDLP (b). 10/15/1917 headed by the Red Guard. commandant's office at the Bobruisk to-those party. After Oct. 1917 Commissioner for food Bobruisk u. Minsk province. In Jan. 1918, during the Polish offensive. legionnaires gene. Y.Dovbor-Musnitskiy, escaped arrest, moved to Smolensk; worked in the North-West. region to-those RSDLP (b). From Apr. 1918 on clandestine work in the occupied Germans, by the troops of Belarus. One of the founders of Borisov, and from May 1918 before. Mogilev underground to-that party. From 10/12/1918 - member. Mogilev Revolutionary Committee. Dec. 1918 after the liberation of Belarus from the Germans, the occupation of the secretary. Mogilev district committee of the RCP (b), member. provincial committee. From Feb 1919 commissar of the brigade of the Mozyr group of forces of the Kr. Army, captured by the Polish lancers, buried alive up to his neck in the ground, and then beheaded.

bregman avelj pinkhusovich
has abstract: BREGMAN Abel Pinkhusovich (1906, Lyudenevichi Mozyrsky district. Minsk province - 1958, Minsk), architect. In 1936 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute and moved to Minsk. In 1937–41 before. Board of the Union of Architects of the BSSR. In 1941–45 he worked in Kuibyshev. Since 1945 he has been restoring Minsk; led the workshop of the Belgosproekt; taught at the Minsk Architect-Building. technical school (1946 58). Main works: in Mogilev - a hotel, residential buildings (1937–41, with A.P. Voinov); in Minsk - Institute of Physical Education (1938, with Voinov), residential buildings on Leninsky Prospect, (formerly Stalin, now F. Skoriny, 1948–51), a hostel of the Minsk Higher School of Arts on the street. K. Marx (1950, now - a hostel of BSU), Belpromsovet and Promenergoproekt (1953–55), Technol building. Institute (1956, with O.B. Ladygina).

bregman shmuel
has abstract: BREGMAN Shmuel (1891, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1942, Kislovodsk), prose writer. He worked as a baker, blacksmith. In the years of the 1st world. war served in growing up. army, was seriously wounded at the front. The events of the war, frontline life then became the basis. themes of his stories, pov. and rum. Lit. activity began in the 2nd half. 20s pov. and rum. about the war and the revolution, about the difficult years of childhood and the ordeal of youth. The last years before the war of 1941–45 he lived in Kislovodsk. He died in 1942 along with all the Hebrews. the population of the Caucasian Mineral Waters and the environs, shot by the Nazis. Author of the book: "Durkh krig un revolution" ("Through war and revolution"), 1932; Afn Mizrekh iz Umruik (Restless in the East), 1934; "Nyo-ma Schwartz", 1935, etc.

bremener maks solomonovich
has abstract: BREMENER Max Solomonovich (1926, Moscow - 1983, ibid.), Writer, playwright, lit. critic. R. in the family of a doctor. In 1949 he graduated from Lit. in-t them. M.Gorky (seminar of K.G. Paustovsky). The first book is "The Case of Steppe" (1955). In 1956 it was sharp. the story “Let it not agree with the answer! ..” (in the journal “Youth”) about civic courage, about true and imaginary values, about the struggle for truth against formalism, hypocrisy and demagoguery caused heated debates. Books: "Leshkina re-examination" (1958), "Tolya-Trilli" (1960), "Chur, not a game! .." (1962), "Dedicated to you ..." (1965), "Grenada volost" (1978) - about the complex inner world of adolescents, about the maturation of character, the education of moral values, about human sensitivity. "Presence of the Spirit" (1969) is a story about the strength of the spirit, about the spirituality, the intelligence of those opposing fascism, about how children grow up and adults try to remain human. Sounds in the story and the theme of the ghetto - Heb. the girl is saved by Russian. female. B. - the author of literary criticism. articles, memoirs (about Paustovsky, V.A. Kaverin, etc.). The plays "Dedicated to You" and "Merry Time" were successfully performed in children. theaters. Stories and stories are translated into it., Spanish, Polish. and other languages.

brener iosif-khaim
has abstract: BRENER Joseph-Chaim (1881, Novye Mlyny Sosnitsky u. Chernigov province. - 1921, Jaffa), prose writer, publicist. Received a tradition. Heb. education. In 1897 he became close to the Bund movement. He lived in Gomel, Bialystok, Warsaw. In 1901–04 he served in Russian. army, deserted. After his release from prison he lived in London, Lvov and other cities of Galicia, where he was engaged in journalism. He made his literary debut with a story in Hebrew in 1899 in "Ha-Melitz". Then came the pov. “Ba-khorev” (“In winter”) and “Misaviv lanekuda” (“Around the point”). In 1908 in Lvov publ. autobiogr. pov. from the soldier's life "Shana ahat" ("One year"). From 1909 in E.-I. He settled in a colony, was a simple worker, edited one of the periodicals. ed. Here he wrote several. pov. and rum. He translated into Hebrew "Crime and Punishment" by FM Dostoevsky and others. Russian and peace. lit-ry. B. - the founder of the existentialist trend in Hebrew literature. Killed by Arabs during the riots in Jaffa.

brenner viktor david
has abstract: BRENNER Victor David (1871, Shavli, Koven Province - 1924, New York), medalist, sculptor. Studied engraving in Riga and Kovno. Since 1890 - in the USA. He worked in New York as a stamp carver and engraver, visited the artist. courses in the Trade Union, Nat. Academy of Arts and the Union of Young Artists. In 1898 he left for Paris, where he studied under L.O. Roti, A. Charpentier and at the Julian Academy. In 1901-04 he was repeatedly awarded medals and honors. signs for decomp. exhibitions. In 1906 he returned to New York. He took part in the struggle of the Numismatic Society for the improvement of Amer. coins. He is the author of the portrait of T. Roosevelt on the obverse of the Panama Medal, as well as the image of A. Lincoln on the US one-cent coin. B. created. also a lot of medallions, badges and honors. signs that have become attributes and symbols of the United States.

breskina fruma moiseevna
has abstract: BRESKINA Fruma Moiseevna (b. 1915, Chardzhui of the Bukhara Khanate), philologist, Africanist. Cand. philol. Sciences (1946). Graduated from philol. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V.I. Lenin (1938). Since 1941, she taught Zarub. literature in Mordovian ped. in-those, Moscow. state ped. in-those foreign. lang., Ivanovsky ped. in-those. Since 1962 scientific. sotr. Institute of Africa, USSR Academy of Sciences (RAS), specialist in Africa. lit-ram on europ. lang. Compiler, author of introductory art. and commentaries in the collection "Poets of Ghana" (1963), "Poets of Mali" (1965), "Izbr. poetry "P. Ronsard (1985) and others, comp. and Chl. biblical group of authors. pointer "Hood. liter of African countries per euro. language. " (M., 1967).

breslav boris
has abstract: BRESLAV Boris (Yankel-Berka) Abramovich (1882, Mikulino, Orshansky district. Mogilev province. - 1938), military. and state. activist. R. in the family of an excavator. From 11 years old - a shoemaker's apprentice. Member Bund from 1899. In 1901 he was exiled to Vostochny for 5 years for participating in a strike and wounding a strikebreaker. Siberia. In May 1903 he fled, worked in the Dvinskaya and Gomel organizations of the RSDLP, and joined the Bolsheviks. From the beginning. 1904 - in St. Petersburg, member. Petersburg. to-that RSDLP, arrested again, exiled to the Arkhangelsk province, but fled on the way. In the fall of 1905, the organizer and early. combat squads at Moscow. to-those RSDLP. In the end. 1905 in Petersburg, ed. working gas. "Call". In the spring of 1907 sent to desks. work in the Urals; arrested in Yekaterinburg (spent 2 years in prisons). In 1909 he was exiled to the Tobolsk province, escaped along the way and soon left Russia. In 1909-11 members. Parisian gr. Bolsheviks, in 1911 he listened to lectures at the party. school in Longjumeau. In the same year, he was sent to Moscow to prepare general parties. conference, but was arrested and sentenced to 6 years in hard labor (he served in the Butyrka prison in Moscow). In the days of February. Revolution of 1917 released, left for Petrograd. He worked in Kronstadt, after the July days - before. mountains. to-ta RSDLP (b), ed. gas. "Voice of Truth", part. Executive Committee of the Kronstadt Soviet, member. Petrogr. env. to-that RSDLP (b). In oct. days 1917 commissar of the 7th special Kronstadt detachment of sailors, from which he occupied Oranienbaum. In the fall of 1917 he was sent to Belarus, headed the Vitebsk province. to-t RCP (b) and mountains. Council. From the summer of 1918 before. Moscow mountains. Committee of the RCP (b), member. The Presidium of the Moscow City Council; at the 5th Vseros. Congress of Soviets (July 1918) elected member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee. From nov…

breslav isaak solomonovich
has abstract: BRESLAV Isaak Solomonovich (b. 1924, Leningrad), physiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1969). Graduated (1946) 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. in-t. Since 1960 in the Institute of Physiology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR im. I.P. Pavlova (since 1974 - head of the laboratory of respiratory physiology). Since 1990 at the Institute of Physics. education and sport of Wingate in Netanya (Israel) .Osn. tr. on the physiology of respiration: issled. mechanisms of regulation of respiration at rest, under stress and in extreme conditions; selection of the optimal breath. environment in space. flight, deep diving, etc .; volitional control of breathing. Author of 8 monographs. Vol .: Arbitrary breathing control in humans, L., 1975; Breathing regulation, L., 1981 (in co-authorship); Fundamentals of Physiology. M., 1992 (in co-authorship).

breslavskiy
has abstract: BRESLAVSKY (Breslavi) Yosef (1897, Romny, Poltava province. - 1972, Israel), one of the first geographers and ethnographers E.-I. From 1905 - in E.-I. Graduate of the Herzliya state institution. He graduated from high fur boots in Vienna and Berlin. During the 1st world. During the war, he was sent to the officers' school in Kushta, and later was a translator in the Turkish army. After the war, he was a security instructor in Galilee, a teacher. He devoted a lot of time and effort to spreading knowledge about the nature of the country, led excursions throughout the country. Author of books and studies on geography and local history E.-I., memoirs.

bresler semen efimovich
has abstract: BRESLER Semyon Efimovich (Khaimovich) (1909, Kartuzskaya Bereza, Grodno Province - 1983, Leningrad), physicochemist and biophysicist. Prof. (1946). Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (1930). He worked there (since 1946 as a professor, since 1969 - head of the department of isotope physics, since 1974 - head of the department of biophysics organized by him). At the same time. (since 1930) worked at Physics and Technology. in-those them. AF Ioffe of the USSR Academy of Sciences (in 1940–52 head of the laboratory of physical chemistry). Since 1952 - at the Institute of High-Molecular Compounds of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (in 1970–71 the laboratory headed by B. was a part of the Physico-technical Institute). Since 1971 - at the Institute of Nuclear Physics. B.P. Konstantinov of the USSR Academy of Sciences (head of the department of molecular and radiation biophysics). tr. to study the structure and mechanism of action of biopolymer macromolecules. Developed (jointly with Ya.I. Frenkel) statistic. the theory of chain molecules with limited. flexibility. Created (together with D.L. Talmud, 1945) the theory of globular structure of protein, edges formed the basis of modern. ideas about its tertiary structure. He found that during transformation, the appearance of new combinations of genes (recombination) occurs at the level of one DNA strand, and during conjugation, at the double-stranded level. He put forward an original hypothesis explaining spontaneous mutations by thermal noise - random errors in DNA autoreplication. Developed and implemented a method of sorption chromatography of viruses on wide-pore glasses, on the basis of a cut received an influenza vaccine. Son B. - MS Bresler - Dr. fiz.-matem. Sciences, works in Physics and Technology. in-those them. A.F. Ioffe, RAMS: Surface phenomena, L.-M., 1934 (with D.L. Talmud); Radioactive elements, 3rd ed., M., 1957; Biological polymers, M., 1964; Introduction to molecular biology, 2nd ed., M.-L.,…

bresler yakov davydovich
has abstract: BRESLER Yakov Davydovich (1909 - 1985, Moscow), artist, director, circus worker. In 1924 he joined the circus. He acted like a balancing act on the stairs, a comic. acrobat, carpet, arena inspector. In 1938 he made his debut in directing the post. circus, pantomime-extravaganza "The Little Humpbacked Horse" based on the tale of PP Ershov. In 1939–69, the founder and artist. hands. Gypsy circus. collective. Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1969). Son B. - Boris (b. 1931, Moscow), juggler. Since 1968, after the end of dir. Faculty of GITIS, was engaged in directing. Since 1974 director-teacher.

brest
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БРЕСТ (еврейское назв. — Бриск), город (с 1390), центр Брестской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1019 как Берестье. С 1319 — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского. С 1413 — центр Берестейского староства Трокского воеводства, с 1566 — центр Берестейского воеводства, с 1569 — центр Брестского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1795 — в составе Рос. империи, уездный город Брест-Литовск Слонимской, затем — Литовской, с 1801 — Гродненской губ. В 1920—39 — Брест-над-Бугом, центр Полесского воеводства в составе Польши, в 1939—91 — в составе БССР.В 1676 в Б. проживало 525 евреев (не считая детей до 10 лет), в 1766 — 3175, в 1847 — 8136, в 1860 — 7900 (41%), в 1889 — 27 005 (65%), в 1897 — 30 608 (65,8%), в 1913 — 39 152 (68,6%), в 1921 — 15 630 (53%), в 1924 — 18 296 (51,6%), в 1928 — 19 634 (48,3%), в 1929 — 21 769 (47%), в 1931 — 21 440 (44,4%), в 1938 — 25 000 (43,7%), в 1959 — 1315, в 1970 — 1378, в 1979 — 1233, в 1989 — 1080, в 1994 — ок. 1000, в кон. 1996 — ок. 800 евреев.Евреи появились в Б. в 11 в. Занимались торговлей и ремеслами. В 1411 вел. князь литовский Витовт велел отпустить бесплатно глину и кирпич на постройку синагоги. Раввином Б. во 2-й пол. 15 в. был Иехиель Лурия. В 1495 из Б. были изгнаны все евреи, в 1503 им было разрешено вернуться. Изгнание привело к крещению определенного числа евреев. Один из них — Авром Юзефович стал министром финансов при Сигизмунде I. В 1514 брат Аврома Ицхок-Михл Юзефович был назначен обер-раввином (в 1525 он же был удостоен дворянского звания).До 1514 раввином в Б. был Мойше Раскович, в 1531 — Мендель Франк, в 1539—50 — Шломо Лурия (Махаршал) — зять брестского раввина Колонимоса. В 16 в. раввинами в Б. были также Нафтали-Герц, Мойше Липшиц и Бейнуш Липшиц. В 1-й пол. 17 в. изв. раввинами в Б. были: до 1618 — Йоэль Сиркис, до 1631 — Меер Валь. С 1550 в Б. имелась иешива, во главе к-рой стоял Мордехай Рейсе. Евреям принадлежало 16% земельной собственности в окрестностях Б.В 1637 в Б. произошел…

brest-kuyavsk
has abstract: BREST-KUJAVSK, see Brzesc-Kujawski.

brest-litovsk
has abstract: BREST-LITOVSK, see Brest.

brest-nad-bugom
has abstract: BREST-OVER-BUG, see Brest.

bretanitskiy leonid semenovich
has abstract: BRETANITSKY Leonid Semenovich (b. 1914, Odessa), orientalist-art critic. Doctor of Lawsuit (1962). After graduating in 1938 architect. f-that Azerb. GPI scientific sotr. (since 1950 senior researcher) Institute of architecture and art of the Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan. SSR. In 1945–54 he taught. work in Azerb. GPI. B. - published by St. 120 scientific. works on the problems of architecture and art of Azerbaijan, the Near East. Works: Architecture of Azerbaijan XII-XV centuries. and its place in the architecture of the Near East, M., 1966; The architecture of the Sov. Azerbaijan, M., 1972 (co-author.); Art of Azerbaijan IV-XVIII centuries, M., 1976; Hood. the legacy of the Near East of the era of feudalism, M., 1988.

breti
has abstract: BRETI, a village in the Karelian region (Georgia). Vozn. in the 5-7 centuries. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Kingdom of Kartli. Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Gori district. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1870 190 Jews lived in Byelorussia. According to legend, Jews came from the South. Georgia - settled in Byelorussia from the 16th century. In the beginning. 17th century the princes of Avalishvilevi resettled their Jewish serfs to B. in the 1680s. Jews from Akhaldaba and Akhaltsikh (present-day Akhaltsikhe) resettled in B. in 1749 - several. Jewish families from Tamarasheni. In the 1830s. princes Avalishvilevi resettled part of the Jews belonging to them from B. to the village. Daba (near Borjomi). In the 1st floor. 19th century some of the Jews of Byelorussia were serfs of the princes Palavandishvili and Machabeli. In 1853 the Jews of Byelorussia became victims of the "blood libel". After the abolition of serfdom in Georgia (1864), Jews began to leave Byelorussia and settle in Surami, Kareli, and Tskhinvali (present-day Tskhinvali). In the beginning. 20th century There were no longer any Jews in the village. The history of the so-called. Bret Bible. The handwritten TANAKH, created in 1513 in Thessaloniki in the family of Yehuda Gedalia, later became the property of the Jewish community of B. In the 17th century. the book, which, according to legend, was miraculous, was appropriated by the princes of Avalishvilevi. All R. 1850s its traces were lost (perhaps it was sold or stolen), the Avalishvilevi replaced the handwritten version with a printed one (late 18th century), to which miraculous properties were also attributed. In 1870 the Jews of Byelorussia bought the printed version and transported it to Surami, where they themselves moved. Later, a handwritten manuscript was also found in Surami (now in the State Museum of Georgia) .D.M. Khananashv…

breyt gregori
has abstract: BRATE Gregory (b. 1899, Nikolaev - |), physicist. Graduated from University of J. Hopkins (1920). In 1921-29 he worked at Leiden and Minnesota high fur boots and Technol. in-those D. Carnegie. In 1929–34 prof. New York, in 1934-47 - Wisconsin, in 1947-68 - Yale un-com, in 1968–74 - un-that in Buffalo. Sci. works on nuclear physics (nuclear structure, properties of nuclear forces), scattering theory, quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics, theory of accelerators, high-energy physics. Developed (1933) the first quantum mechanical theory of the Hanle effect. In 1936 joint. with E. Condon and R. Prezent put forward a hypothesis of isotopic invariance of nuclear forces, drawing attention to the equivalence of the "proton-neutron" and "proton-proton" forces, together with J. Wigner proposed a dispersion formula for nuclear reactions (Breit-Wigner formula), with E. Condom developed the first theory of scattering of protons by protons. He was the first to point out (with I. Rabi) that the spins and magn. moments of nuclei can be measured by studying the deflection of atomic beams. Gave an explanation (1947-48) anomalous magn. moment of the electron. One of the pioneers will speed up the technique. Member Nat. AN (USA, 1939). B. Franklin Medal (1964), Nat. Medal for Science (1967), T. Bonner Ave. (1969).

breytbart anton yakovlevich
has abstract: BREITBART Anton Yakovlevich (1901, Konstantinovka Bakhmutsky district. Yekaterinoslavskaya province - 1986, Moscow), specialist in the field of television and radar technology. Graduated from Leningrad. electrical engineering Institute of Communications in 1935, at the end. 30s taught at the Institute (associate professor). In 1931 he was one of the developers of mechanical engineering. TV for Leningrad. telecentre; ch. designer of the first in the USSR serial TV B-2 mechanical. TV systems. Participant in the development and commissioning of the experienced Leningrad Institute. telecentre on the electronic system, the first ch. television center engineer. During the 1941–45 war, the leading developer of radio locats. systems "Cone", SON-2a. In 1944 he took part in the creation of a draft standard for image decomposition into 625 lines. In the end. 40s was engaged in radar technology. Since 1951 he has been developing tech. TV facilities, mainly receiving devices, in Moscow. branch lab. TV, in 1957-59 - ch. laboratory engineer, transformed into a branch of the Scientific Research Institute of TV, in 1959-60 - deputy. scientific director work. In 1949–53, ed. B. published 5 fundamental works on foreign radar. In the 50s and 60s. was responsible. ed. information of the bulletin “Television. Reception and retransmission ", g. "Questions of radio electronics", ser. Tekhnika TV, part. editorial board "Technique of cinema and television". The author of the first books on TV in the country: "Basics of Television and Bildtelegraphy", 1935; "Fundamentals of Television and Phototelegraphy", 1938 and more than 30 other books, articles and a number of inventions.

breyterman aleksandr davidovich
has abstract: BREITERMAN Alexander Davidovich (1883, Petersburg - 1967, ibid.), Economic geographer. Dr. econ. Sciences (1954). Graduated from econom. Faculty of Petersburg Polytechnic Institute, Institute (1908). In 1909–12 he taught at Commerce. uch-shche. He worked in the Commission of Naturals. produces, forces (KEPS) (1918-30), Ying-those economy Nar-komfina (1922-27), the Council for the Study of Produces, forces under the State Planning Committee (SOPS) (1933-34). In 1920–66, teacher, head. Department of Economics. geography in Leningrad. in-those nar. x-va. Main work on the geography of the industry, in particular tsv. metals. Author of textbooks and uch. allowances. Works: Copper Industry of Russia and the World. market, h. 1–3, Pg., 1922–30; Economy. geography of the USSR, 3rd ed., M., 1968.

breytman mikhail yakovlevich
has abstract: BREITMAN Mikhail Yakovlevich (1876, - 1962, Leningrad), endocrinologist. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kiev University (1900). After defending Dr. dis. (1902) worked in a lab. E. Abdergalden in Germany. Since 1920 prof. department int. secretion Psychoneurological. Institute in Petrograd, since 1931 head. department endocrinology and institute for advanced training of doctors. Author of scientific. works devoted to Ch. arr. endocrinology, metabolism, pharmacology, stomach diseases. Described (1902) combined. choreoathetosis (neurological disease) 8 years earlier than O. Vogt. Simultaneously with II Grekov in 1922 he put forward a provision on the reflex relationship of the spasm of the Bauhinia flap and stomach ulcers. Developed new approaches to anthropometric. research in the clinic int. diseases and endocrinology. Made a contribution to the ordering of honey. terminology and transcription. Compiled (1926-29) the first owls. "Dictionary of Clinical Terminology" (v. 1-2, L., 1926), awarded the avenue of Glavnauki.Soch .: Diseases of the organs of internal secretion, L., 1926; Clinical Pharmacotherapy, Molotov, 1943 (et al.); Clinical semiotics and differential diagnosis of endocrine diseases, L., 1949.

breziny
has abstract: BRUSHES, see Brzeziny.

brian
has abstract: BRIAN (real family. Shmargoner) Maria Isaakovna (1886, Ekaterinoslav - 1965, Leningrad), singer (lyric soprano), teacher. In 1903–09 she studied singing in Paris with Laborde. In 1912 she graduated from St. Petersburg. cons. in the singing class of A.G. Zherebtsova-Andreeva. In 1909–12 she was a soloist of St. Petersburg. Nar. at home, in 1912-19 - T-ra muses. dramas. Took part in the opera company of S. Diaghilev “Rus. seasons ”in Paris and London (1913–14). Principal roles: Tatiana, Iolanta (Eugene Onegin, Iolanta by PI Tchaikovsky), Olga, Martha (The Woman of Pskov, The Tsar's Bride by NA Rimsky-Korsakov), Michaela (Carmen by J. Bizet), Margarita ("Faust" by C. Gounod), Antony ("The Tales of Hoffmann" by J. Offenbach). In 1918–33 she was a soloist of the Mariinsky Theater. She also performed as a chamber singer with great success. In 1920-50 - prof. Petrogr. (Leningrad) cons. At the beginning of the war 1941–45 she was evacuated from the cons. to Tashkent. Through her activities, she contributed (like other teachers of the Leningrad Consulting) to the development of muses. culture of Uzbekistan; taught at advanced training courses for artists of t-dv and music teachers in Tashkent. Returning to Leningrad, B. continued to teach in the cons; among the students - L.V. Myasnikova, Z.I. Emelyanova. Honored. art. RSFSR (1938).

brichany
has abstract: BRICHANI, see Briceni.

brichenj
has abstract: BRICHENI (until 1990 - Briceni), urban-type settlement (since 1940), regional center (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Khotinsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1847, 602 Jewish families lived in Byelorussia; in 1897, 7184 Jews (96.5%), in 1930 - 5354 (95%), in 1989 - 315, in 1991 - 130 Jews. Jews lived in B. from the middle. 18th century In the end. 18th century the first synagogue was built, in 1827 the Talmud Torah was opened. In 1863 there were 5 synagogues in Byelorussia, a Jewish school, and in 1909 - a private wives' school. uch-shche. In the beginning. 20th century - 17 synagogues, a Jewish hospital, heder, talmud-torah, nursing home, library, societies. matzebakery, Jewish loan-savings. The first Zionist organization arose in Byelorussia in 1897. 1900s there were organizations “Kind Hebrew” and “Hovevei Zion”, from 1917 - “Ceirei Zion”. In 1906 the Jewish youth of Byelorussia organized resistance to the pogromists, and a policeman was killed. In the spring of 1917, a self-defense unit thwarted an attempted pogrom; in 1917 and 1920, attempts were made to open schools with Hebrew teaching. In 1920 founded. private gymnasium with teaching in Russian lang. In 1923, a "modernized" Talmud Torah was created. Rabbis in Byelorussia in the 1920s and 1930s. there were Gershl Steinhois, Yakov-Shimshon Efrati. The B. community in the 1930s. was headed by the local Zionist leader A. Trachtenbroit. In 1940 it was nationalized and turned into the Center of Culture. synagogue. 80 Jews of B. (including Trachtenbroit) were exiled to Siberia. On July 22, 1941, B. took over the room. troops. On July 28, 1941, Jews were expelled from Byelorussia to Transnistria. In 1944, approx. 1 thousand Jews, in addition, approx. 2 thousand Jews from Bukovina who survived in Transnistria. In 1945 Bukovinian Jews returned to their homeland. Some of the Jews of B. moved to Chernivtsi. The …

bricheva
has abstract: BRICHEVA, a village in Dondushensky district (Republic of Moldova). Main in 1836 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1897, 1,598 Jews (94.2%) lived in Byelorussia; in 1919, approx. 3000, in 1930 - 2431 Jews (88.9%). 19th century in B. there were 5 synagogues. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. In 1919 the Jews of Byelorussia organized a self-defense detachment. In the 1930s. economical the position of the Jews deteriorated; pl. families left, including to America. In 1936 the society of artisans of Byelorussia turned to the Jews of the USA and Brazil with a request for help. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations, a school of the Tarbut network and a Jewish library (463 readers) worked. In the first days of the occupation, in July 1941, a pogrom took place in Byelorussia, organized by residents of neighboring villages. The Jewish population of Bulgaria was destroyed during the Holocaust.

brik
has abstract: BRIK (Kagan) Lili Yurievna (1891, Moscow - 1978, ibid.), Writer. Sister E. Triole. In 1908–09 she studied mat. Faculty of Higher Courses for Women, in 1909–12 in Moscow. architect. in-those, then in Munich. From 1920 he was a writer and editor. Author of many articles and memoirs. Since the early 1920s - sotr. GPU. In 1930, 38 took part in the preparation of the first meeting. op. VV Mayakovsky, with whom she was tied by close friendship. She starred in the film "Chained by the Film" (1918, ballerina). Co-author of the script and cut. the film "Glass Eye" (1928, with V. Zhemchuzhny).

brik osip maksimovich
has abstract: BRIK Osip Maksimovich (1888, Moscow - 1945, ibid.), Writer, literary theorist, playwright. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that. Lit. and philol. B.'s interests were associated with the circle of OPOYAZ (Society for the Study of Poetic Language) and later - LEF (Left French Art). Filol. research B. 1910-20-ies. "Sound Repetitions" (1919), "Rhythm and Syntax" (1927), along with the works of VB Shklovsky, LP Yakubinsky, RO Yakobson, BM Eikhenbaum of this time represent a formal school in Russian. lit-knowledge, subjected to a harsh official. criticism at the turn of the 20-30s. B. and his wife L.Yu. Brik pl. years were friends with V.V. Mayakovsky. This means, the degree was determined by lit. Wednesday B. He participated in the editing of the gas. The Art of the Commune (1918), f. Lef, then New Lef (1923–28). One of the ideologues of "literature of fact" and "social. order ". He worked in the Cheka since June 1920. After the death of Mayakovsky, publ. Art. about his work: "Lenin in the Poems of Mayakovsky" (1934) and others. Author of screenplays, the play "Radio October" (1926, jointly with Mayakovsky), an opera libre: "Kamarinsky Man" (1933), "Name Day" (1935) , ist. tragedy "Ivan the Terrible" (1942).

brilj iekhielj
has abstract: BRILL Yehiel (1836, Tulchin, Podolsk province - 1886, London), journalist. In his youth he lived in Istanbul and Bucharest. From 1855 - in E.-I. He was a soyfer for Colel Pushim. In 1860 his first article in gas was published. "Ga-magid", thus he became the first journalist in E.-I. to write in Yiddish. In 1863 B., together with J.M. Salomon, created the first in E.-I. gas. in Hebrew "Ha-Levanon". After closing the gas. left for Paris, where he resumed its publication in 1865. Upon graduation, Franco-Prus. war moved to Mainz and started publishing his own gas there. as an appendix in Hebrew to the newspaper Israelite of Orthodox Jewry in Germany. Having conceived a plan to establish a settlement in E.-I., he did not receive the support of the rabbis of Mainz. Together with Rabbi Mogilever, he left for Paris, where they were able to get the support of Baron Rothschild. B. looked for potential settlers in Russia. In 1883, together with a group of enthusiasts, he arrived in E.-I., but the plan for the creation of settlements failed, and B. left E.-I. From 1884 - in London, resumed publishing gas. "Ha-levanon".

brilj igorj mikhaylovich
has abstract: BRIL Igor Mikhailovich (b. 1944, Moscow), jazz pianist, teacher, composer. In 1971 he graduated from Muz.-ped. in-t them. Gnesins (in the class of fp. TD Gutman). First performed at Moscow. festival "Jazz-65" in a trio with A.V. Isplatovsky (double bass) and V. Zhuravsky (drums) with his own performance. composition "Awakening". In 1966–69 he played orc. "VIO-66" ("Vok.-Instrument Orchestra") under the baton of Yu.S. Saulsky, with orchestra. created a jazz trio (in which he collaborated with A.S. Kozlov). The compositions of this period are marked by a tendency towards the synthesis of elements of jazz and academic. chamber music. 1969 - 82 hands. decomp. small ensembles (trio, septet, quintet); toured many cities of the USSR, Germany, Cuba, took part in the Warsaw festival "Jazz-Jamboree-71". Since the 80s. often performed as a soloist. Among B.'s constant partners is singer T. Oganesyan. In 1984 he organized a cycle of concerts "Jazz Plus Jazz", in which various took part. jazz ensembles. Since 1969 he taught at Moscow. experimental studio of pop and jazz music, since 1976 heads the pop department. Muz.-ped. uch-schA them. Gnesins; from 1992 - head. department of muses. Isk-va stage Ros. Academy of Music. Gnesins. Among the students there are jazz musicians N.L.Batkin, A.V.Oseichuk and others. The author of a number of uch. benefits, including withstood several. ed. "Practical course of jazz improvisation for FP." (M., 1979). Among the most famous gramophone records B .: "Morning of the earth", "The orchestra has arrived", "Our samba", "On the way". Honored. art. RSFSR (1987).

briljki
has abstract: DIAMONDS, see DIAMONDS.

brilliant-lerman varvara aleksandrovna
has abstract: BRILLIANT-LERMAN Varvara Alexandrovna (1888, Petersburg - 1954, ibid.), Plant physiologist. At the end of the Higher Wives. (Bestuzhev) courses (1912), in 1913–20 she worked in a lab. S.P. Kostycheva at the Department of Plant Physiology Petrograd. un-that, studying the respiration of plants and fermentation. At the same time, in 1913–26 she worked in a number of higher education institutions. uch. institutions of Petrograd. Since 1920 - in Ch. botanist. garden (from 1931 - Botanical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences), where in 1945–54 she headed the department. ecology and physiology of plants. Main scientific. work - physiological. specificity of photosynthesis. Discovered (1925) the phenomenon of stimulating it with a slight dehydration of plants ("the Brilliant phenomenon"). Noted the release of oxygen by plants in the dark. She showed that photosynthesis is a function of a living plant, and not an ordinary physical and chemical one. process. Studied the influence of acidity of the environment, oxygen in the air and other ecology. factors on the intensity of photosynthesis. Works: Coloring plants: Plant pigments, L., 1924 (with V.N. Lyubimenko); Photosynthesis as a process of plant life, L., 1949.

brisk
has abstract: BRISK, see Brest.

brodaty lev grigorjevich
has abstract: BRODATY Lev Grigorievich (1889, Warsaw - 1954, Moscow), graphic artist, poster artist, illustrator. He studied in Vienna: in the studio of D. Cohn (1905), in the school of rice. and painting (1906–09) and the Academy of Fine Arts (1909). Took part in the Polish roar. movement. After the 1st world. During the war, he came to Russia and lived in Leningrad until 1930. From 1917 to gas. "Pravda" there was a post. section polit. cartoons, where B. placed his work. In 1918 he organized one of the first owls. satirical. g. "Red Devil". In 1929 he joined the Society of Painters. In 1928–31 he was a pedagogue. work at dep. book-journal. fig. OH. From 1931 he lived in Moscow. He worked in the railway station. Crocodile and Polygraph. in-those that arose after the dissolution of VKHUTEIN. He worked a lot in easel graphics ("Serebryany Bor", aqu., 1933; "Bolshevo", aqu., 1952; "Lilac", aqu., 1954, etc.) and the book. ill. (“Germany” by G. Heine, “Prodigal Son” by G. Regler, collection of 19th century American short stories, “Grapes of Wrath” by J. Steinbeck). During the war, he created ser. ill. to ist. the novel by AN Stepanov "Port Arthur". Participant pl. exhibitions of aqu. and graphics.

broderzon moyshe
has abstract: BRODERSON Moishe (1890, Moscow - 1956, Warsaw), poet, playwright. R. in the merchant. family. After the expulsion of Jews from Moscow at the beginning. 90s the family settled in Lodz. I attended a trade school. He made his debut in the liter in 1913 Sat. verse. "Schwarze fliterlech" ("Black butterflies"). The author of the book. "Toy" ("Dew"), 1919; "Pearl oifn brook" ("Pearls on the pavement"), 1920, and others. B. created the first in Lodz. Heb. puppet tr, headed the expressionist gr. writers "Jung Yiddish", wrote a libretto for several. opera. In the end. 1948 repressed. In 1955, after his release, he returned to Poland. Peru B. belong to many. manuf. for kids. He was also engaged in the lane. in Yiddish manuf. world classics. liters.

brodetskiy zelig
has abstract: BRODETSKY Zelig (1888-1954, Israel), mathematician, polit. activist. As a child, he moved to London with his family. Studied at Cambridge and Leipzig University, prof. mathematics un-that Leeds (1920–49). One of the leaders of the Zionist movement in Great Britain. Since 1928 - Member. Directorate of the Dry in London and early. polit. dep. Since 1939 - prez. "Vaad schlikhey Ha-keilot" in England. In 1949–52 - prez. Heb. un-that in Jerusalem.

brodetskoe
has abstract: BRODETSKOE, a village in the Katerinopolsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Zvenigorodsky u. Kiev province. Since May 1942, a Jewish workers' camp was located in Byelorussia, whose prisoners (255 Jews from Shpola) were used on the construction and repair of the road. Dec 15. 1942 Jews were shot, Jews from the room were brought in their place. the zones of occupation of Ukraine, to-rye after a certain time were also shot.

brodki
has abstract: BRODKI, now part of the town of Priluki. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Priluksky u. Poltava province. In 1897, 233 Jews (39.6%) lived in Byelorussia.

brodkin boris semenovich
has abstract: BRODKIN Boris Semenovich (b. 1911, Borisov, Minsk province), navigator of the polar aviation. In the 20-30s. worker, climber, horn. instructor, participated in the winter ascent of Elbrus. At the end of the 30s he graduated from the courses of polar meteorologists, headed the weather service of the polar aviation of the Glavsevmorput. In 1941–45 he served in the air division of I.P. Mazuruk, which ferried combat aircraft from the United States to Soviet-German. front. In Nome, Alaska, Captain B. ensured the safety of these flights. At the same time. was trained in the Arctic profession. navigator. After the war, B. graduated from a flight training school, from 1947 he flew as a navigator in the Arctic for more than 20 years. Participated in the annual. high latitude air. exp., in ice reconnaissance, in disembarkation and evacuation drift, Art. "North Pole", flew on decomp. land vehicles and seaplanes, crews iz. polar pilots. In 1957-59 - Ch. navigator and early. headquarters of the air squadron of the 3rd Sov. antarctic exp. In the crew of VM Petrov, he made two ultra-long-range non-stop flights on Ila-12: to the Pole of Inaccessibility of Antarctica and the first in the history of owls. polar aviation flight to the South Pole. Dec. 1958 participated in the search and rescue of four white polar explorers in the depths of the Antarctic. mainland. Among other owls. rescuers B. awarded belg. ord. Leopold. Since 1991 - in Israel.

brodskaya dora voljkovna
has abstract: BRODSKAYA Dora Volkovna (1909, Warsaw - 1985, Moscow), graphic artist, muralist. In 1926–27 she studied at P.Ya. Pavlinov's studio in Moscow, in 1929 she entered the VKhUTEIN, after its disbandment she moved to Leningrad. Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture (1930-33), where she studied with MP Bobyshov, RF Franz. In 1933 she returned to Moscow, where in 1937 she graduated from the Institute of Fine Arts under L.A. Bruni, A.A. Deineka, K.N. Istomin. During her studies, she designed performances (together with T.M. Rein) in the studio of S. Serpinsky at the children's club in Moscow ("Les Miserables", 1935, "Imaginary Sick", 1936). In 1938–55 she worked in the studio of the monument, painting VAA. The result is creative. trip to Azerbaijan (together with Bruni) was the painting of the Azerb pavilion. SSR at the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (1938). Main works: painting of plafonds Art. metro station "Izmailovsky Park" (1946), interior paintings in the sanatoriums of the Ministry of Defense in Kislovodsk, Arkhangelsk (1952–54), a series of watercolors "Moscow" (1960s), "Around Old Russian Cities" (1970s) .), illustrations in f. Murzilka, Around the World. Works are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, the Museum of Nukus (Karakalpakia), Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

brodskaya lidiya isaakovna
has abstract: BRODSKAYA Lidia Isaakovna (1910, Petersburg - 1990, Moscow), painter. Ch.-c. Academy of Arts of the USSR (1970). Daughter of I.I.Brodsky. She studied at Petrograd. choreography uch-shche (1921-28), then as a volunteer she attended IZHSA named after IE Repin 1935-38, father's workshop). Since 1940 in Moscow. She worked in the genre of still life at hand. N.M. Krymov (series "Flowers"), then in the windows of TASS (1941). From 1947 she was engaged in Ch. arr. landscapes. Among the best works of B. "Native Lands" (1950), "Our Far East" (1970), "Rus. winter". Participant pl. swelling and nick. exhibitions. B.'s works are kept in museums on the territory. former USSR (including the State Tretyakov Gallery). Nar. thin USSR (1980).

brodskaya sarra akimovna
has abstract: BRODSKAYA Sarra Akimovna (1887, Uman, Kiev province. - 1967, Moscow), member of the revolutionary. movement, part. Communist. party since 1909. R. in the family of the inn keeper. She worked at a cartridge case and in a hat workshop, participated in workers' circles. Fleeing from arrest, she left Russia, lived in Paris, participated in the French. labor movement. Returning to Russia, she worked in the Odessa and Kiev organizations of the RSDLP, and soon left abroad again. After the Lena events of 1912 she returned to Russia, participated in preparations for the elections to the 4th State. thought. In the same year she was arrested and sentenced to 3 years of solitary confinement (she served in the prisons of Chernigov and Samara). After her release from 1915 she lived in Moscow, member. gr. to restore MK RSDLP, led the roar. and anti-war. propaganda among wounded soldiers in the infirmary, where she worked as a nurse. In 1916 she was again arrested and exiled to the village. Bratskoe, Irkutsk province. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Moscow, participated in the formation of the Kr. guard. In oct. - member VRK of Sokolniki district. In 1918-19 - secretary. Basmanny District Council, in 1919–21 - secretary. Basmanny RK RCP (b). In 1922–24 she was a student of the Communist. un-ta them. Ya.M. Sverdlov. From 1924 again to the desks. work. In 1930–34 - secretary. party board of the Krasnopresnensk control commission, from 1934 - in the apparatus of the MK VKP (b). In 1937 she was arrested and spent many years in prisons, camps and in exile. After liberation (1956) - persons. pensioner.

brodskie
has abstract: BRODSKIE, entrepreneurs, the largest sugar refiners, ancient Hebrew. family, in Europe izv. from the 16th century, in Russia - from the beginning. 18th century The founder is an entrepreneur. dynasty B. Meir Shor moved from Brody (Galicia) to the metro station Zlatopol, Kiev province, taking the surname "Brodsky". His sons - Abram Markovich (1816-1884) - from 1858 in Odessa, vowel mountains. thoughts, member. mountains. council, philanthropist, financed the creation of two Hebrews. s.-kh. settlements, and Israel Markovich (1823-1888), to-ry in the 1840s. engaged in the production of sugar in the South-West. edge, became cr. manufacturer, donated a lot for Heb. needs (at his expense in Zlatopol were built Hebrew b-tsa and a charity house, a b-tsa in Kiev, etc.). The sons of the latter, Lazar (Eliezer) Izrailevich and Lev (Arie-Leibush) Izrailevich in the beginning. 20th century directly or indirectly controlled 17 sugar factories, one of the organizers of the first sugar syndicate in Russia (1887) and the refiner syndicate (1903). Lazar B. was a shareholder and before. boards of the Aleksandrovsky and Koryukovsky associations of sugar beet plants. Lev, who headed the family business after his death, was Comrade. (deputy) prev. Kiev Exchange Committee, before. To-that agreement of refiners, comrade prev. Vseros. about-va sugar refiners, Ch. boards of a number of sugar companies, members. advice Rus. for ext. trade and Petersburg. int. banks, dir. Kiev private commerce bank. The Bolsheviks also operated in the brewing, flour-milling, distillery, and paper-making industries. The Bolshevik family is also known for wide philanthropy. Polytechnic buildings were built at their expense. and bacteriological. institutes, a real school for Jews, a synagogue in Kiev, and others. B. provided support to the victims of the pogroms. For donated by Leo B. 2 million rubles. in Kiev built commercial. school, outpatient clinic, 2-class Heb. uch-shche and others. For philanthropy, activi…

brodskiy adoljf davidovich
has abstract: BRODSKY Adolf Davidovich (1851, Taganrog - 1929, Manchester, Great Britain), violinist, teacher. He began to study the violin at an early age; at the age of 9 he performed in a public concert in Odessa. In 1860–66 he studied at the Vienna cons. from prof. J. Helmesberger. In 1873 he returned to Russia. He has toured as a violinist and conductor. In 1874 he taught at Moscow. cons. In 1881 he went abroad, continued concert and performance and ped. activities in pl. European countries, as well as the United States. He toured Russia several times (most recently in 1903). In 1883-91 prof. Leipzig cons., Led the world-renowned Leipzig String Quartet. In 1891–95 he was concertmaster of the New York Symphony. orc. From 1895 he lived in England, prof. (as well as director) Royal muses. College, accompanist symph. Halle Orchestra in Manchester; he founded a string quartet there. B. was the first performer of the Concerto for Violin and Orc. PI Tchaikovsky (1882, Vienna), which the composer dedicated to him. Among the students of B. - N.S. Blinder, O. Novachek, F. Barber.

brodskiy aleksandr iljich
has abstract: BRODSKY Alexander Ilyich (1895, Ekaterinoslav - 1969, Kiev), physicist and chemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1925), acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1939), Che. USSR Academy of Sciences (1943), Hero of Socialist. Labor (1969). He graduated in 1922 Moscow. un-t, since 1921 taught at the universities of Dnepropetrovsk (assistant, associate professor, prof. since 1925, head of the department since 1930) - mining, medical and chemical engineering. In 1943-49 prof. Ying-that steel. In 1927 he was one of the organizers of the Institute of Physics. Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (jointly with Academician L.V. Pisarzhevsky), in 1927–39 head. department, since 1939 director of Osn. scientific. tr. associated with thermodynamics and electrochemistry of solutions. Studied the mechanism of chemical. reactions, the possibility of using isotopes in decomp. region science, the influence of the solvent on chem. equilibrium, electrode potentials, optical and other properties of solutions, structure and transformation of free radicals. Investigated the regularities of isotopic exchange of hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. Created scientific. school nat. chemistry in Ukraine. One of the founders of Vses. chem. about-va them. D.I. Mendeleev. Member editorial boards: "Journal of physical. chemistry ", w. "Radiochemistry", "Theoretical. and experiment. chemistry". Poch. h. Polish chem. about-va. Author approx. 300 scientific. printed works and monographs. Became. pr. (1946). Etc. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR them. Pisarzhevsky, Works: Research. on thermodynamics and electrochemistry r-ditch, Kharkov, 1930; Modern theory of electrolytes, L., 1934; Phys. chemistry, M., 1954; Isotope chemistry. 2nd ed., M., 1957; Fav. works, Kiev, 1974.

brodskiy arkadiy efimovich
has abstract: BRODSKY Arkady Efimovich (1862, Yekaterinoslav - |), lawyer. From 1905 p. party of cadets. On Sept. 1909 elected dep. 3rd State Duma from Odessa instead of the deceased O.Ya. Pergament, but under pressure from local authorities refused the mandate.

brodskiy eljya
has abstract: Elya Brodsky (1865, Yanushpol, Volyn province - 1924, Kalinovka, Podolsk province), rabbi. (Son of the famous rabbi Yaakov-Shmuel B., author of the 10-volume collection of responses "Tiferes Shmuel", who died in 1919 at the hands of the Petliurites.) Heb. religious education. In 1890-1924 - Rabbi of Kalinovka. An active participant in the movement of religions. Zionism. Son B. - Yehoshua-Joseph (1882, Kalinovka - 1929, Vinnitsa), rabbi in the metro Zozov (Kiev province) and Pinov (Podolsk province). Since 1924 - in Kalinovka.

brodskiy iosif aleksandrovich
has abstract: BRODSKY Joseph Alexandrovich (b. 1940, Leningrad), poet. Left school after grade 8, worked as a laborer in geology. parties, etc. Since 1961 - in lit. gr. t. n. “Akhmatov's orphans” (EB Rein, DV Bobyshev and others); marked by A.A. Akhmatova as naib. a talented poet of the younger generation. In 1963–64 he was persecuted, convicted and exiled to the Arkhangelsk region. “For parasitism”. Through the efforts of J.P. Sartre, K.I. Chukovsky, F.A. Vigdorova and other cultural figures in 1965 he was amnestied. Until 1972 at home publ. only a few verse. and per. (from English, Spanish, Serb., Polish). Abroad at the same time published collections "Poems and Poems" (1965) and "Stop in the Desert" (1970). Since 1972 in the USA. Here B. publ. poetic. collection "The End of a Beautiful Epoch", "Part of Speech" (both in 1977), "New Stanzas to August" (1983), "Urania" (1987), etc. In 1992 he was chosen as a poet laureate of the USA. In Russia publ. from 1987, first. book "Autumn cry of a hawk" (1990, compiled by O. Abramovich). 1992–93 ed. collection op. B. in Minsk and St. Petersburg. B. made important achievements in all areas of poetry. art: philosophizing lyrics (based on almost lost in the 20th century the tradition of E.A. Baratynsky, D.V. Venevitinov, F.I. Tyutchev), grafting Russian. lit. consciousness of a similar English language. traditions (from J. Donn to T. Eliot), a change in the formal and contain, the structure of metaphor, innovative reforms of a number of poetic. genres (elegy, ode) and forms (sonnet), the formation of a peculiar. poetic. lang., based on the conjugation of various, including polar in style, linguistic means, a new interpretation of the ratio of rhythmic. and syntax. articulation poetic. text. Several early (before 1964) creativity stands apart, restoring certain principles of Russian to a new level. poetry of the "Silver Age"; the poems The Procession (1961) and Zofia (1962) are distinguished by their original composition and exceptional expre…

brodskiy isaak izrailevich
has abstract: BRODSKY Isaak Izrailevich (1884, Sofievka, Tavricheskaya province - 1939, Leningrad), painter, graphic artist, teacher. He studied at the Odessa Art. school (1896-1902) at G. Aladyzhensky, K. K. Kostandi, L. D. Iorini and Vysh. thin school of the Academy of Arts (1902–08) in the studio of IE Repin. In 1905–07 academic. in ed. satyr. g. "Daylight" and "Leshy", in 1915 - literary-artistic. g. "Tops". In 1915-19 the members. board and participant of exhibitions Evr. Society of Encouragement of Artists, as well as a participant in exhibitions of paintings and sculptures by Jewish artists in Petrograd and Moscow. In 1912-17 he participated in exhibitions of the Academy of Arts, the Union of Rus. artists, "The World of Isk-va", etc. Belongs to the later generation of the Itinerants. He is the continuer of Russian traditions. landscape painting con. 19th century, early landscapes contain elements of modernist stylization. But basically. worked as a portrait painter. Among naib, significant productions. B. ser. portraits of art and culture figures: I.E. Repin, K.I. Chukovsky, N.L. Aronson, A.A. Rylov, M.Gorky and others, as well as a number of portraits of polit. figures: V. I. Lenin, K. E. Voroshilov, M. V. Frunze, S. M. Budyonny and others. In 1929 for the painting "Speech by V. I. Lenin at a meeting of workers . " B. received a large prospect for Mezhdunar. exhibition of technology and art in Paris. In 1930 he was elected before. About them. A.I. Kuindzhi. In 1934, the director was appointed. Vseros. OH. Honored. figure in the lawsuit in the RSFSR (1938). Collected a large collection of works. Russian and Western Europe. lawsuit. Prod. B. were often exhibited at the Fatherland. and nick. exhibitions. They are kept in many museums on the territory. ex. THE USSR.

brodskiy khaim
has abstract: BRODSKY Chaim (1852, Bialystok, Grodno Province - 1937, Newark, USA), rabbi. Since 1889 in the United States. He was a rabbi in New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, and in 1899 became a rabbi of the Community of Russian immigrants in Newark. On his initiative, a number of cultural and educational institutions were created. and philanthropists, organizations and institutions (schools, libraries, orphanages), a society for supporting Jews in Newark and a dozen others in the province. After the 1st world. war helped Jews - victims of the war in Bialystok.

brodskiy roman mikhaylovich
has abstract: BRODSKY Roman Mikhailovich (1907, Nikolaev - 1992, Lvov), orientalist, specialist in China, historian. Dr. East Sciences (1965), prof. (1967). Graduated from the LVI (1938). He served in the army (1930–37), a member of the Soviet-Finl. wars and wars 1941–45. Since 1945 he worked in the Lviv state. un-those. Main directions of scientific. activities: international. relations in the Far East. In the 1970s-80s. published a number of works "exposing" Zionism: "Zionism is a weapon of reaction" (1976, co-authored with Yu.A. Shulmeister), The True Face of Zionism (1983, co-authored with O.Ya. Krasivsky), etc. Cit .: The first stage of the Chinese New Democratic. revolution (1917-1927), Lvov, 1959; Amer. expansion to the north-east. China. 1898 1905, Lviv, 1965; Far East. US policy on the eve of the first world. war, Lviv, 1982.

brody
has abstract: Brody, a city (since 1584), a regional center in the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1094. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Lviv land of the Russian Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was located in the Tarnopol Voivodeship, a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1648, approx. 400 Jewish families, in 1765 - 7627 Jews, in 1783 - 11,137 (81.9%), in 1799 - 14,105 (86%), in 1820 - 16,392 (88.1%), in 1830 - approx. 16,000 (86%), in 1880 - 15,316 (76.6%), in 1890 - 12,751 (72.9%), in 1900 - 11,912 (68.5%), in 1910 - 12,188 (67 , 7%), in 1921 - 7202 (66.7%), in 1931 - 8288 Jews. Jews lived in Byelorussia from the end. 16th century During the "Khmelnytsky" times, the community suffered from pogroms. In 1599, B. had a synagogue, a Jewish cemetery, and a Jewish community. bath. In the 1680s. Hevra Kaddish was created. A Jewish hospital was built in 1762. By the rabbis of Byelorussia in the 17th and 19th centuries were izv. rabbis Vost. Europe. From the end. 18th century B. - the center of activity of the Gaskala in Vost. Europe. Many lived in B. the most prominent representatives of this movement. Throughout the 19th century. B. - one of the centers of Galician Hasidism and at the same time. one of the centers of the struggle against Hasidism. In the 19th century. B. was one of the CD. bargain. cities of Galicia. The fame of Jewish merchants contributed to what B. called "Jewish Amsterdam". In the end. 19th century a nursing home and an orphanage were opened in B. From the end. 19th century Zionist organizations were active. In the 1880-1910s. B. became a transit point for Jews leaving Russia. Aug 1914 B. was occupied by Russian. troops. Cossack units staged a pogrom. Mn. B. Jews were exiled to the int. districts of Russia. After returning in July 1915, Austr. parts in the city revived Jewish societies. a life. Anti-Semitic d…

brok
has abstract: BROK, a city in Ostrow Mazowieckie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Ostrovsky u. Plock, from 1867 - Lomzhin province. In 1897, 1,296 Jews (48.8%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1939 - 837 Jews (33%). Jews lived in Byelorussia from the 17th century. They were engaged in small trade, crafts, rented orchards. Matzo was baked on a large scale in Byelorussia. Several families were engaged in baking and selling matzo in Lodz, Warsaw and others. Cr. city ​​[[Kingdom of Poland. There were 3 synagogues in B. Centre. the synagogue was built in the late 19th century. 19th century The rabbis of B. were: from 1890 - the Kotsk Hasid Rabbi Avrum-Leib, from 1908 - Rabbi Nakhman-Shmuel-Yakov, and from 1924 - Shmuel-Itskhok Maidser, Yakov-Meir Pomerants. philanthropist. org-tions, credit offices, etc. In the 1920s and 30s. departments worked different. Jewish parties and org-tions. There were cheders and a Beis Ya'akov school. 1939 germ. troops entered B. on September 9. 1939 a big fire broke out, in which b. h. der. houses; 40 Jews were killed. Mn. Jews fled from B. Most of the Jews of B. died in 1941–42. Approx. 300 people, to-eye managed to go to the east. regions of the USSR In B. N. Stuchkov.

brokh avraam
has abstract: BROCH Abraham (1881, Warsaw - 1950, Tel Aviv), teacher. Studied at high fur boots in Warsaw and Vienna, Doctor of Philosophy. Member editorial boards of Heb. gas. in Warsaw. Headed by Heb. student organization "Ga-tkhiya" in Vienna. From 1909 - in E.-I. One of the first teachers of Mrs. "Herzliya", during the 1st world. war - dir. this g-zii. Since 1920 members directorate of the gymnasium. Member mountains. Council of Tel Aviv. He was engaged in meteorology, first as an amateur, later - as a meteorol inspector. service. Author of textbooks on physics and mathematics, conducted research in the field of meteorology.

brokhes rokhl
has abstract: BROKHES Rokhl (1880, Minsk - 1942, ibid.), Prose writer. She worked as a dressmaker, then as a needlework teacher in Minsk Heb. crafts. uch-shche. At the age of 16 she wrote her first story. She made her debut in 1899 as a weekly story. Der Yud. Published in different. Heb. periodic. ed. B. was especially popular. for children, to-rye in the 30s. appeared in Heb. children periodic. ed., as well as in the lane. in Belarusian, lang. Author of the book: "Zamlung derceilungen" ("Collection of stories"), 1922; In pioneer lager (In the pioneer camp), 1936; "Nelka", 1937, etc. B. wrote and published more than 200 stories, fairy tales and small plays for children. She died in the Minsk ghetto.

bromberg david semenovich
has abstract: BROMBERG David Semenovich (b. 1915, Gaisin, Podolsk province), poet. He graduated from Heb. Wed school. In 1932 he arrived in Moscow, where he entered to study at the workers' faculty at Ped. in-those them. A.S. Bubnova. He worked as a gas corrector. "Der emes", then a graphic designer. Member of the 1941–45 war. Demobilized, he returned to Moscow and worked as an engraver. He made his poetry debut in 1932. Published in the center. children Heb. gas. "Zay Great" (Kharkov) and other Heb. period, ed. In 1977 his first came out. Sat. verse. Elter af a yor (One Year Older). Author of the book: "Groe Steiner" ("Gray Stones"), 1978, "Threads of the Year", 1982, etc.

bron osip borisovich
has abstract: BRON Osip Borisovich (1896, Klintsy Surazhsky u. Chernigov province. - |), electrical engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1940), prof. from 1930. Graduated in 1920 from Kharkov University and in 1924 from Kharkov Technol. in-t. In 1922-41 the beginning. lab. electric devices at the Kharkov Electrotechnical. s-de. At the same time. until 1930 worked at the Kharkov Technol. in-those, in 1930-41 he taught at the Kharkov electrical engineering. in-those (prof. and head of the department of electrical devices). In 1941–45 he served in the Navy, together with IV Kurchatov he was engaged in demagnetizing the military. ships. Since 1945 at the plant "Electrosila" in Leningrad and at the same time. head department of theoretical. foundations of electrical engineering in Leningrad. in-those aviats. instrumentation and until 1971 head. department in Leningrad. correspondence polytechnic. in-those, until 1980 - prof. of the same department. One of the founders of the fatherlands. low-voltage apparatus and electrical engineering. prom-sti. Main work related to the study of electric. arc and ways to extinguish it. Conducted a number of original studies. conditions for the occurrence and spread of all-round fire through the collector electric. post machines. current. He proposed a theory and a fundamental solution to the design of high-current devices. Author of scientific. printed tr., monographs. Honored. worker of science and technology (1967). Works: Electric movement. arc in magn. field, M.-L., 1944; Electric. arc in control devices, M.-L., 1954; Automatic extinguishers magn. fields, M.-L., 1961; Electromagnet. field as a kind of matter, M.-L., 1962; Electric. devices with water cooling, M., 1967; Plasma flows in electric. arc switching devices, L., 1975 (in co-authorship).

bron vladimir akimovich
has abstract: BRON Vladimir Akimovich (1909, Nikolaev - 1985, Sverdlovsk), chess. composer; int. grandmaster (1975) and international. Arbiter (1956) in chess. compositions. Dr. Tech. sciences, professor. Participant pl. championships of the USSR and many others. contests, where he was awarded 80 first prizes. From 1924 he published St. 1000 compositions of various genres. Cit .: Fav. etudes and problems, M., 1969.

brondes yosef
has abstract: BRONDES Yosef (1867, Kamenets-Podolsky, Podolsk province - 1927, New York), Jewish activist. labor movement in the United States, one of the founders of the union of Heb. textile workers. prom-sti. Organized the first cr. garment workers strike (1890), for which he was arrested and sentenced to imprisonment, but thanks to public protests and workers' demands, he was soon released. Belonged to the right wing of the Socialist. US party. After the Kishinev pogrom of 1903, he joined the Zionist. movement and soon became one of its leaders in the United States. One of the founders of Amer. Heb. Congr. Participated in the work of the Paris Peace Conf. (1919). In the last years of his life, Deputy. prez. Zionist. federation of America.

brondz boris davidovich
has abstract: BRONDZ Boris Davidovich (b. 1934, Yaroslavl), immunologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1973). At the end of the 1st Moscow. honey. Institute (1957) worked as an infectious disease doctor in Elektrogorsk (Moscow region). Since 1959 in the Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after I. NF Gamalei (post-graduate student, since 1961 - researcher). In 1977 as a part of the laboratory of immunochemistry he was transferred to Vses. oncologist scientific. center of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (since 1989 - professor and head of the laboratory of mechanisms of regulation of immunity). Has developed a method that allows to induce in cells and identify in culture specific cytotoxic. T-lymphocytes (so-called killers), to-rye kill norms. and tumor cells carrying histocompatibility molecules on their surface. Found that killer cells have antigen-binding receptors capable of recognizing different histocompatibility molecules. Showed that the existing subclasses of T-cells (suppressors, killers, cells of their memory) differ in the set and fine specificity of their receptors, to-rye recognize non-identical epitopes in the same molecule of histocompatibility, etc. Opened genetic. conditions and mechanisms of genetic. restrictions on the interaction between T-suppressors and proliferating cells suppressed by them, which opens up the possibility of directed regulation of the immune response in the body (including inhibition of tumor growth). Deals with practical issues. use of achievements foundation, research. in immunotherapy for tissue transplantation and for HIV infection during the period of tumor growth. Member New York Academy of Sciences (1986), hon. h. Amer. associations of immunologists.

broneshty
has abstract: ARMORs, see Butesti.

bronevoy leonid sergeevich
has abstract: BRONEVOY Leonid Sergeevich (b. 1928, Kiev), actor. Before the war B. studied music. school at the Kiev cons. by class violins. Graduated from the Tashkent Theater, Institute (1950). B. worked in Magnitogorsk, Orenburg, in 1953 he left the university and went to Moscow to study. He was admitted to the Moscow Art Theater School immediately in the 3rd year. Upon graduation (1955) he worked in Grozny. In 1955-58 in Irkutsk (played mostly episodic roles). From 1958 in the troupe of the Voronezh Theater, where he immediately became a leading actor. Here he played the roles: Lenin ("The Third Pathetic" by N.F. Pogodin, 1958), Sorin ("The Seagull" by A.P. Chekhov, 1960), Fedor ("Drummer" by A.D. Salynsky, 1960) and others. In 1962–88, the artist Moscow. t-ra on Malaya Bronnaya. Performed the roles of: Capulet ("Romeo and Juliet" by W. Shakespeare, 1970), Blokhin ("Tales of the Old Arbat" by A.N. Arbuzov, 1971), etc. Since 1988 B. in the theater "Lenkom" (Krutitsky, "Sage" based on the play by AN Ostrovsky "Enough for every wise man," 1989). Filmed on TV: Shuisky ("Boris Godunov", 1972), Muller ("Seventeen Moments of Spring", 1973), The Frequent ("Wedding as a Wedding", 1974), Velurov ("Pokrovskie Vorota", 1983) and in the cinema. - in B. is marked by subtle humor, careful development of characters. Playing characters from different eras, he endows them with originality, originality, knows how to create a complete and lively image. Nar. art. USSR (1987).

bronfman itsik ljvovich
has abstract: BRONFMAN Itzik Lvovich (1913, Khashchevatoye, Podolsk province - 1978, Khabarovsk), poet. Left an orphan early, he was brought up in an orphanage in Gaisin. After the end of the industry. technical school in 1931 came to Birobidzhan, worked as a tractor driver. Debuted verse. into gas. "Birobidzhaner Stern". Member of the 1941–45 war. After demobilization, he returned to Birobidzhan, where he worked as a editor. region gas. He published poems, essays, reports. In 1948, the first came out. Sat. verse. B. "Aflikhtike vegn" ("On bright roads"), which included production. on front-line topics and about Birobidzhan.

bronitskaya guta
has abstract: BRONITSKAYA GUTA, a village in the Novograd-Volynsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Main in 1938. In 1938-97 - an urban-type settlement. In 1939 in B.G. 166 Jews lived (12%).

bronner mikhail borisovich
has abstract: BRONNER Mikhail Borisovich (b. 1952, Moscow), composer. Graduated from Moscow. cons. (1976) and her postgraduate studies (1980). B. - author of op. "Cold Heart" (1990, based on the tale of V. Gauf) and "Golden Island" (Children's Music Theater, 1993, Moscow), the ballet "Optimistic Tragedy" (1985, Moscow Academic Music Theater named after K.S. Stanislavsky and V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko). In the work of B. refers to lit. sources of different times, peoples and religions. In op. English verses are used. poets - a concert for the choir "Heather Honey" (words by R. Stevenson, W. Blake, A. Milne); symph. songs (words by R. Burns), vocal cycle "I asked the heart ..." (J. Keats). Comp. refers to him. lit-re, as well as to the poems of French. the poet P. Verlaine - cantata "The Shadow of Trees". Among the Op. B. - cantata on verses from Pakistan. poet Faiz Akhmat Faiz for bass and chamber orc. Mn. op. written in Russian poetry. poets - cantata "Peasant songs" (lyrics by A.V. Koltsov), cantata "From Russian poetry" (words by A.S. Pushkin, A.A. Delvig, E.A. Baratynsky), vok. cycles on verses by A.A. Akhmatova, M.I. Tsvetaeva, O.E. Mandelstam. In some op. B. used texts in lang. the original - "Ave Maria" (1990) and "Stabat Mater" (1992) in lat .; "Humane Mass" on verses by him. poets of the 17th century - On him. lang .; music for E. Rostan's play "Cyrano de Bergerac" - in French; "Jewish Requiem" (1993) in Yiddish and Hebrew. Among other op. B. concerts, chamber productions, music for children.

bronner voljf moiseevich
has abstract: BRONNER Wolf Moiseevich (1876, Verkhneudinsk, Transbaikal region - 1937), doctor, health care organizer, rev. activist. Hero of Labor. In 1894 he entered honey. Faculty of Tomsk University, from where he was expelled in 1899 for participating in the student. riots and sent to Irkutsk. In the same year he left for Berlin, where he completed his honey. education (1900). In Germany, he actively participated in the roar. activities; was a member of the RSDLP (from 1904 - a Bolshevik). In 1902 he returned to Tomsk. In 1906 he emigrated to Paris. Here he specialized under the hands. one of the founders of urology F. Guyon, in 1910-11 - in biochemistry and bacteriology at the Pasteur Institute, in 1911-13 passed a course in nature. Faculty at the Sorbonne. In 1913 he returned to Russia, where he was convicted of roar. activity and spent a year and a half in solitary confinement in a Tomsk prison. From 1915 he worked in the Moscow clinic. un-that; from 1918 - in the People's Commissariat of Health, where he led the organization of the fight against venereal. diseases in the RSFSR (the vendispensaries in Moscow, Smolensk, Omsk were named after B.). In 1921, on his initiative, founded. 1st in the country State. venereologic. Institute in Moscow (since 1926 bore the name of B.), where he headed the department. social venereology. From 1924 - ed. main they are. "Venereology and Dermatology". In 1931-35 the head. Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases. diseases Center, in-that improvement of doctors and at the same time (1932–37) Dir. State venereologic. in-that. In 1937 he was repressed; date and place of death are unknown. According to unconfirmed reports, he died of a heart attack during the first interrogation. tr. B. has eaten. ch. arr. the problems of combating venereal. diseases. He developed a system of medical examination for venereal diseases. sick, participated in the fight against prostitution, as well as in the reorganization of higher honey. education; was one of…

bronnitsy
has abstract: BRONNITSY, a city in the Ramensky district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Izv. Since 1453. Since 1781 it has been a district town of Moscow province. In 1897 49 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1910 - 30, in 1926 - 37 Jews (1%). In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia. G.I. Mankovsky.

bronshten vitaliy aleksandrovich
has abstract: BRONSHTEN Vitaly Alexandrovich (b. 1918, Moscow), astronomer. Graduated from mechanics and mathematics. Faculty of Moscow State University (1947). In 1942–43 he worked at the Astronomer. observatory them. VP Engelhardt (near Kazan), in 1945–48 he taught at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. VI Lenin, in 1945–52 in Moscow. correspondence ped. in-those, in 1955-56 in the Ryazan ped. in-those. In 1952-57 lecturer, in 1957-64 scientific. consultant Mosk. planetarium. Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1963), in 1964–83 scientific secretary. Vses. astronomical-geodetic. Society of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1985 Art. scientific. sotr. Astronomer, Council of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1983 -ch. Committee on meteorites of the USSR Academy of Sciences. work in the region. physics of meteoric phenomena, study of the nature of noctilucent (mesospheric) clouds, physics of planets. He investigated the structure of the solar corona of the type of maximum up to 10 solar radii. In 1950, he put forward a hypothesis (later confirmed) that the nuclei of condensation of particles of noctilucent clouds at altitudes of approx. 80 km are meteoric particles. Explained the seasonal nature of appearances and latitudinal limitation of noctilucent clouds. The results are summarized in the monograph "Noctilucent Clouds" (with NI Grishin, 1970; English translation published in Israel in 1973). He applied the principles of gas dynamics in the physics of meteor phenomena. Calculated the kinetics of ionization in strong shock waves behind large meteoric bodies (with A.N. Chigorin). The results of these works are presented in the monographs "Problems of motion in the atmosphere of large meteorite bodies" (1963, two editions in the USA in English, 1965) and "Physics of meteoric phenomena" (1981, English translation in Holland, 1983). Author of popular science books: "Planets and their observation" (1957, 1979), "Claudius Ptolemy" (1988), etc. Poch. h. Amer. Society of Astronomy A…

bronshteyn david ionovich
has abstract: BRONSHTEIN David Ionovich (b. 1924, Belaya Tserkov, Kiev province), chess player; int. grandmaster (1950). A contender for peace. championship in the 1950s. Champion of Ukraine (1939), Moscow (1946), USSR (1948 and 1949). Winner of the 1st Interzonal Tournament (1948) and the 1st Candidates Tournament (1950). Drawn the World Championship match with M.M. Botvinnik (1951; 12:12). As part of the USSR team, the winner of a number of Olympiads (1952–58) and the European Championship (1957). 1st prize-winner of the CD. int. tournaments in Belgrade (1954), Berlin (1968), San Jose (1974), Jurmala (1978). Winner of the 1st USSR Cup (1970). Chess player of bright combinations. style, characterized by deep original ideas. Chess analyst and researcher; enriched the theory and practice of a number of openings. Chess author. bestsellers "Intern. tournament of grandmasters: Neuhausen-Zurich, 1953 "(3rd ed., Moscow, 1983)," 200 open games "(Moscow, 1970)," Self-instruction manual of chess. games "(2nd ed., M., 1987).

bronshteyn matvey petrovich
has abstract: BRONSHTEIN Matvey Petrovich (1906, Vinnitsa, Podolsk province - 1938), theoretical physicist. In youth, under the arm. prof. P.S. Tartakovsky has completed and published works on quantum theory and physics of X-ray radiation. Having entered Leningrad. state un-t (1926), became a member. informal circle, which included such well-known physicists in the future as G.A. Gamov, D. D. Ivanenko, L. D. Landau, astrophysicist V. A. Ambartsumyan. At the end of physical. Faculty of Leningrad state un-that (1930) went to work in theoretical. dep. Physics and technology Institute (FTI). At the same time. started teaching. activity in un-those and at Physico-mechanical. f-those Leningrad. polytechnic in-that. For sharp criticism of philosophy. views of one of the mosk. physicists (who defended the concept of ether) was removed from teaching. work. In aug. Arrested in 1937, shot in 1938. He was posthumously rehabilitated. In less than 8 years of work at the Physicotechnical Institute, B. proved himself as one of the most talented owls. theoretical physicists. Important results were obtained in the region. physics of semiconductors, as well as nuclear physics and physics of stellar atmospheres. In the joint with Ya.I. Frenkel, the work predicted resonant absorption of radiation in a semiconductor placed in a magnetic field. In the joint with Landau, the paper considered the possibility of applying the general principles of thermodynamics to the Universe. The candidate's degree was awarded in June 1935 without the dissertation defense. Doctor's dis. (end Nov. 1935) is devoted to the problems of quantization of gravitats. waves. The outstanding result obtained in it is now generally recognized (and was immediately noted in the brilliant reviews of the official opponents for the dissertation - I.E. Tamm and V.A.Fok). - Author of popular science books: "The structure of matter", L., 1935; "Atoms, Electrons, Nuclei", LM., 1935; "Solnechnoe Matter", Moscow, 1936. The last two were reprin…

bronshteyn nataljya shaevna
has abstract: BRONSHTEIN Natalya Shaevna (b. 1942, Chirchik, Tashkent region), graphic artist. Daughter of Sh.I. Bronstein. In 1969 she graduated from Moscow. polygraph. Institute, where she studied with A.P. Zhurov, M.P. Miturich, Yu.K. Burdzhelyan. Author ser .: "Central Asia" (1972, color monotype), "Pereyaslavl-Zalessky" (1971, 1975 , color pencil), "Spring on Old Ladoga" (1974, color monotype), etc. Works in the Comb-those graphic. lawsuit, performs col. linogr., landscapes, still lifes, genre, scenes. Participant pl. exhibitions, including in Italy and Sweden.

bronshteyn semen yuljevich
has abstract: BRONSHTEIN Semyon Yulievich (ps. S. Semkovsky) (1882-1937), polit. activist, sociologist. From the bourgeoisie. In the S.-D. movement from the beginning. 1890s After the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903) - Menshevik, during the years of reaction - liquidator, sotr. liquidation publishing houses "Luch" and "Nashe Slovo". In the years of the 1st world. war centrist, participated (Sept. 1914 - Jan. 1915) in the publication of the Social-Democrats. gas. "The Voice" (Paris). After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Menshevik-internationalist. Delegate to Unite, Congress of the RSDLP (August 1917), elected to the Central Committee from the Menshevik internationalists. Member of the All-Russian. democrat. meeting (Sept. 1917), introduced by him in Time. Council Ros. Republic (Pre-Parliament). On the eve of Oct. coup signed, together with Yu.O. Martov, N.N. Sukhanov, A.S. Martynov, V.V. Mandelberg, I.S. Astrov and O.A. Yermansky, a statement directed against the Bolsheviks. performances. The author of agitats. brochures for the elections to the Constituent Assembly, the meeting: "What the Bolsheviks promised and what they gave", "Soviets in Bolshevik captivity" (both P., 1917). Delegate Excessive Congress of the RSDLP (December 1917), elected a member. Central Committee. Dep. Vseros. Will establish. meeting, member. Menshevik. faction and its commissions for external. politics, nat. question. In March 1918, at a city-wide conference of the Mensheviks of Petrograd, elected member. Petrogr. to-that RSDLP and its bureau. After moving the capital of the RSFSR to Moscow and moving there the Central Committee of the RSDLP (March 1918) was temporarily left in Petrograd as a member. Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. Affairs. school desks. Meetings of the RSDLP in Moscow (12/27/1918 01/01/1919). In 1919 he left for Ukraine. In March 1920, together with gr. prominent Social-Democrats brought to the court in Kiev Chrezvych. roar. tribunal on charges of collaboration with the White Gua…

bronshteyn shaya iosifovich
has abstract: BRONSHTEIN Shaya Iosifovich (1910 - 1987, Moscow), graphic artist. Graduated from Kiev art. school. In 1929 he entered the Academy of Arts (Leningrad) in the workshop of K.S. Petrov-Vodkin. From 1931 - in Moscow, where he worked in publishing houses and decorated the city for the holidays together with V.E. Meyerhold and B.F. Malkin (panel sketches and complex design of Kuibyshev street). From 1935 he studied at Moscow. polygraph. in-those at dep. advanced training with A.N.Usachev, M.H. Gorshman and G.V. Fedorov, as well as in the studio of V.A.Favorsky, where he mastered the art of woodcuts, and in the studio of K.F.Yuon. In 1940–41 created. ser. fig. and lithograph. about the performances and actors of GOSET (S.M. Mikhoels as King Lear and V.L. Zuskin as the Jester - "King Lear", scenes from the play "Tsvey Kunelemel", "The Spaniards", etc.). In the end. 40s - early. 50s creative mastered the images of the nature of the Moscow region, in the 50s - 60s. worked in the technique of color. linocut ("Noon", "Birch Grove", "Frosty Day", etc.). In production Bolivia combines monumentality and decorativeness; they are major, optimistic, and full of light and air. B. participant of 57 exhibitions, including 9 personal. OK. 300 manuf. B. are kept in museums and maps. gal. on ter. b. USSR (State Tretyakov Gallery, Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, etc.), as well as abroad.

bronshteyn yakov anatoljevich
has abstract: BRONSHTEIN Yakov Anatolyevich (1897, Belsk, Grodno province - 1938, Minsk), lit. critic, publicist. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the BSSR (1936). Member Central Executive Committee of the BSSR. In 1918 he volunteered for the Kr. Army. After demobilization he worked as a editor. gas. "Orlovskaya Pravda". In 1922-26 he studied at the 1st Moscow State University, then at the Communist. academy in Moscow, at BSU - PhD. in Semitology. Since 1930 - scientific. sotr. Institute of Linguistics, Literature and Arts of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR. Gave lectures on the history of Russian, Belarusian. and Heb. literature in Minsk ped. in-those. The department was in charge of it. Heb. lit-ry and language. Since the mid-20s. actively participated in lit. life, was one of the theorists of the RAPP. The author of the book. critical Art. "Attack", 1930, "Farfestikte positions" ("Anchored positions"), 1934, "Creative problems of the Hebrews. owls. poetry ", 1936. In 1937 he was repressed.

bronston semyuel
has abstract: BRONSTON Samuel (Bronstein Samuel) (b. 1908, Chisinau), film producer. Studied at the Sorbonne (Paris). He was engaged in trade, rental f. Before the 2nd world. war became the representative of the Amer. firm "Metro-Goldwin-Meyer" in France. In the beginning. 40s moved to the USA, where he worked. a producer at Columbia. In 1943 he founded his own company, "Bronston Productions", which existed until the end of the 50s. Then he moved to Spain, where he filmed East. tapes, which were in demand in the market, and built a huge studio near Madrid. However, in mid. 60's the company was on the verge of bankruptcy, and B. switched to purely commercial products. Naib. Izv. f .: "King of Kings" and "El Sid" (both 1961), "55 days in Beijing" (1962), "The Fall of the Roman Empire" and "World of the Circus" (both 1964).

broshnev-osada
has abstract: BROSHNEV-OSADA, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Rozhnyatovskiy district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Stanislav Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, in B.-O. 226 Jews (13.8%) lived in the 1920s and 1930s. in B.-O. a school of the "Tarbut" network operated; Jewish parties and org-tions. In the beginning. 1930s a synagogue was built during the Holocaust in B.-O. a Jewish labor camp was created, in which December 31. 1942 contained approx. 100 Jews. On July 13, 1943, a workers' camp in B.-O. In 1954 the building of the synagogue in B.-O. was transferred to the club.

broude vladimir ljvovich
has abstract: BROUDE Vladimir Lvovich (1924, Moscow - 1978, ibid.), Physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. sciences. After graduating from Moscow. in-that chem. mechanical engineering (1947) worked at the Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, where he created a department. Quantum Electronics (1963). Since 1966 in the Institute of Physics TV. body of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Chernogolovka, Moscow region), head. lab. optics and spectroscopy. Field of scientific. interests - TV spectroscopy. body (predominantly mol. crystals). His first work was research. exciton multiplet in benzene - has become classical. Invented a microprojector for photographing the spectra of small single crystals at low pax temperatures. Received and researched. a large number of exciton spectra of crystals, developed new spectrum, methods. Discovered impurity exciton bands. Discovered a giant change in the intensity of the impurity bands. Developed dynamic. approach to the study of vibronic interactions in crystals, worked on the creation of tunable lasers based on molecular crystals. He worked in the field of spectroscopy of molecular excitons at high excitation levels. Author of several dozen scientific papers. Linen. etc. (1966).

brovaljskiy anatoliy iosifovich
has abstract: BROVALSKY Anatoly Iosifovich (1897, Ekaterinoslav - 1985, Moscow), military leader. Major General Engineer Art. service. (1949). Graduated from art. school (1923) and Military-tech. academy (1930). In 1919–20 he was a participant in civil. war. Since 1930 - in Art. management of the Red Army. In 1942–52 - early. anti-aircraft artillery management Ch. art. management Sov. Army. From 1952 - retired. He was awarded the 6th order.

brovary
has abstract: Brovary, a city (since 1956), a regional center in the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1628.Since 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ostersky u. In 1897, there were 888 Jews (23.26%) in Byelorussia, 646 in 1923, 526 (10.0%) in 1926, 485 (5%) in 1939, and 360 Jews in 1989. By law of May 14, 1840, Jews could not live in B. Later the law was repealed. On Feb. 1919 a pogrom broke out in Byelorussia, organized by parts of the Directory, in August. 1919 - by units of the troops of A.I. Denikin. In the beginning. In 1920 the detachments of Ataman Romashka staged a pogrom. In 1928, the Jewish community of Byelorussia turned to J.-I. Schneerson with a request to provide material assistance in the amount of 400 rubles. for the repair of the mikvah. During the 2nd world. During the war, there was a prisoner of war camp in B. at the end. 1941 in Byelorussia, St. 2 thousand Jews. In 1999 there were 110 Jews living in B. B. genus: L.E. Motskin; Pavel Lvovich Lazarev (b. 1923), major general honey. service (1982).

broverman yakov mikhaylovich
has abstract: BROVERMAN Yakov Mikhailovich (1908, Odessa - |), employee of state bodies. security. From 1937 to the beginning. secretariat of the Special Department of the NKVD Kiev VO. In 1941–42 deputy. early secretariat of the NKVD of the USSR, from 1942 beginning. Secretariat of the Office of the Special Department of the NKVD of the USSR. In 1949 he was transferred to the Directorate of the Ministry of State Security of the USSR in Moscow and Moscow. region In nov. 1951 dismissed from the MGB. In 1953 he was arrested in the case of V.S. Abakumov and others, in December. 1954 sentenced by visiting session Military. Collegium Verkh, USSR court in Leningrad to 25 years in prison. Released in 1976. Further fate unknown.

broyde efraim
has abstract: BROYDE Efraim (b. 1912, Bialystok, Grodno province), societies. activist, translator, journalist. From 1925 - in E.-I. Graduated from the Herzliya State University. Studied at Berlin University (1931–33). Was a member. center "Ge-Halutz" in Berlin (1933–34). In 1935 he returned to E.-I. and began working in the red. gas. "Davar". He was a correspondent for Davar in London (1939–45). In 1948 he founded J. Molad. Translator of W. Shakespeare into Hebrew. Lit. Sh.Chernikhovsky avenue.

broyde isaak
has abstract: BROYDE Isaac (1867, Zelva of Volkovysk district. Grodno province - 1922, New York), Arabist, bibliographer. He graduated from the Paris Higher Practical Training. school (1883), later studied at f-those east. lang. at the Sorbonne, where he received uch. Doctor of Philosophy (1894). He studied the history of the Middle-century. philosophy and per. with arab. lang. In 1900 he was invited to New York to work on compiling and publishing. "Encyclopedias of Judaic". From 1900 he worked at the New York Publishing House. b-ke as compiler of the catalog and assistant in Heb. division. Published regularly in Heb. US stamp.

broydes avraam
has abstract: BROYDES Abraham (1907, Vilna - 1979, Tel Aviv), poet, societies. activist. He studied at the cheder, and then in Heb. (Hebrew) g-zii. Since 1923 - in E.-I. He was a worker. One of the founders of "Ga-moar Ha-oved" (1924) and the organ of the Ba-maala movement. In 1942-64 - secretary. Israel Writers' Union. The first poems were published in the city of Vilna. Poems translated into decomp. languages. Fifteen collections have been published. Etc. Barash.

broydo
has abstract: BROYDO (nee Gordon) Eva Lvovna (Khava Leibovna) (1876, Sventsiany, Vilna province - 1941, Oryol), polit. activist, wife of M.I.Broydo. Into the roar. movement since 1899. In 1901 she was arrested and exiled to the adm. order for 5 years in Vost. Siberia. In the winter of 1904, she escaped from exile and emigrated. In 1905–07 she worked for a Menshevik. org-tions of Baku and St. Petersburg. During the years of reaction "liquidator", secretary ed. gas. "Ray". In aug. 1912 on the Vienna s.-d. conference elected member. Organizer to-ta (OK) RSDLP and its secretaries. In 1912-14 in St. Petersburg, she combined work in the OK with activities in the Mensheviks. "Initiative group". In 1915 - early. 1917 in exile in Minusinsk, chl. groups of Menshevik internationalists. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd, at the United, Congress of the RSDLP (Aug.) elected a member. Central Committee of the RSDLP. Oct she condemned the revolution. In 1918 sec. Central Committee of the RSDLP. In 1920 she emigrated, from 1921 - secretary. ed. g. "Socialist. messenger ". In nov. 1927 as a member. Overseas. delegation of the RSDLP illegally arrived in the USSR. In apr. 1928 was arrested in Baku, sentenced to 3 years in prison, then from 1931 - in exile in Tashkent, from 1935 - in Oyrot-Tour. In July 1937 she was arrested, in March 1939 War. Tribunal Mosk. VO was sentenced to 20 years in prison. She served her sentence in the Oryol prison. 09/15/1941 shot by the sentence of the Military. College Top. USSR ships.

broydo grigoriy isakovich
has abstract: BROYDO Grigory Isakovich (1885-1956), state. activist. Member Communist. parties from 1903. In 1921–23 - deputy. Commissar for Nationalities. In the 1920s and 30s. member board of Gosizdat, rector Kommunisticich. University of workers of the East. In 1934–41 - deputy. People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR. The author of the book. on nat. question.

broydo irina georgievna
has abstract: BROYDO Irina Georgievna (b. 1931, Leningrad), painter, sculptor. She studied at the Middle thin. school (1944–51) and at the painting faculty of the Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. IE Repin in Leningrad with BV Ioganson (1951–57). Since 1957 he has been taking part in art. exhibitions. Works in the genre of landscape, portrait, small plastic. Main works: series "Suite about Tuva" (1961-63), "Around Armenia" (1965), paintings "Pereplyas", "Son" (both 1958), "At the cutting area" (1960), "At dawn" (1965) , "It Is Done" (1965), "Towards Freedom, Towards the Light!" (1969), Immortality (1968–80); portraits "The Pianist in Pink" (1972), "Self-Portrait in an Oval" (1974); sculptures: "Young Musician" (1972), "Portrait of the artist S.M. Gershov" (1972), "Portrait of the artist V.V. Vatenin" (1972).

broydo mark isaevich
has abstract: BROYDO Mark Isaevich (Mordukh Mendelievich) (1877, Sventsyany, Vilna province - 1937), polit. activist, husband of E.L. Broido. The son of a private attorney. Studied at Petersburg. technol. in-those (graduated only in 1918), from the end of the 1890s. Social-Democratic participant movement. In 1902 he was exiled for 8 years to Vost. Siberia. In 1904 for participation in the armament. speech watered. exiled in Yakutsk sentenced to 12 years in hard labor, but escaped in the same year. In 1904–05 he led a party, work in Baku, then in St. Petersburg. Affairs. 4th (United) Congress of the RSDLP (1906). In 1907–08, members. Central Committee of the RSDLP from the Mensheviks. During the reaction period he worked in cooperation, a participant of the 1st Ros. co-op. Congress (1908), author of articles on cooperation in the Mensheviks. publications. In the years of the 1st world. defensive war, in Dec. 1915 entered the "working group" Center. military-prom. to-that. In Jan. 1917 arrested, released on February 27. insurgent workers and soldiers, participated in organizing their demonstration to the State. thought. After Feb. rev-tion of the member. Petrogr. Council and its Executive Committee, head. the secretariat of the Council. From May 1 before. Menshevik faction of the Soviet. In June cases. 1st All-Russia. Congress of Soviets, then managing director of the Central Executive Committee of the 1st convocation. Since June 22 - member of the Bureau of the Executive Committee of Petrograd. Council. Participant Democr. conference (Sept.), advocated the preservation of the coalition with the bourgeoisie, against the course of creating the Sov. authorities. In oct. - member Pre-parliament, before. his household order. commission. 12 oct. at a meeting of the Executive Committee of Petrograd. The council opposed the creation of the MRC, warning of the possibility of its transformation into an organ of seizure of power. Oct did not accept the roar. In 1919 he left for Vilno, in the…

brozgolj nikolay izrailevich
has abstract: BROZGOL Nikolay Izrailevich (1912, Zatishnoe of Mariupol u. Yekaterinoslavskaya guberniya - 1974, Leningrad), Hero of Owls. Union (1944). In Kr. Army since 1932. In 1936 he graduated from the Military. uch-shche them. All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR. From June 1941 - at the front. Com. art. brigade, Colonel B. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for battles when crossing the Dnieper. Since 1956 - in stock.

brozgolj zelik rakhmilovich
has abstract: BROZGOL Zelik Rakhmilovich (1910, | - 1942), painter, landscape painter. In 1929 he graduated from the Kiev art-production. workshop. Studied at the Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture of the Academy of Arts in Leningrad (1930–37) under AI Savinov. From 1929 he took part in the art. exhibitions. His diploma painting "Jewish settlers" was presented at an exhibition of works by graduates of the Academy of Arts of the USSR in 1937 in Leningrad. In 1941 he took part in the exhibition "Young Artists of the RSFSR" in the hall of the Association of Artists in Moscow. Main works: "Yard", "Morning", "Early Morning", "Rainy Day" (all - 1930s). Killed at the front.

bruder nakhman gdaljyagu
has abstract: BRUDER Nachman Gdalyagu (1857, Vasilkov Sokolsky u. Grodno province - 1940), societies. activist. Received a traditional Heb. education. He studied at the Volozhin yeshiva. From 1885 - in Jerusalem, a year later he moved to Jaffa, was a private melamed. He became famous as a specialist in the cultivation and verification of etrog. He was one of the founders of the Kneset Israel quarter in Jerusalem and a confidant of Rabbi Salant. He died in E.-I.

brudzev
has abstract: BRUDZEV, a village in the Koninsky Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Kola posad. Kalisz province. 105 Jews (11.8%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897, and 132 Jews in 1921. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was exterminated during the Holocaust.

bruk grigoriy
has abstract: BRUK Grigory (Zvi Hirsch) Yakovlevich (1869, Chernigov - 1922, Berlin), society. and polit. activist. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kiev un-that (1893), worked as a doctor in Gomel. In his youth he joined Hovevei Zion. At the 3rd Zionist Congress (1899) he was elected to the General. Council of the World Zionist Organization. In 1901–06 societies, rabbi in Vitebsk, hands. preparation and participant of the 1st All-Russia. Zionist Congress in Minsk (1902). At the 6th Zionist Congress (1903) he spoke out against the so-called. "Uganda Plan". One of the founders of the Union to achieve the full rights of Heb. people in Russia (1905), a participant in its congresses. From 1905 p. Party of the Cadets, ed. gas. "Vitebsk Life". In 1906, dep. 1st State thoughts from Vitebsk, chl. Duma Cadet faction. After the dissolution of the Duma, he signed the so-called. Vyborg appeal with an appeal to protest against the arbitrariness of the government, was arrested, removed from the post of societies, rabbi and deprived of the elect. right. After the 2nd All-Russia. conference of the Zionists (Helsingfors, Nov. 1906) opposed its decisions on the participation of Zionists in polit. life of their countries of residence, withdrew from the leadership of the Zionist movement. In 1917 he protested against the participation of the Zionists in the roar. events in Russia. From 1920 in E.-I. In 1922 he went to Berlin for treatment, where he died.

bruk isaak semenovich
has abstract: BRUK Isaak Semenovich (Simkhovich) (1902, Minsk - 1974, Moscow), specialist in the region. energy and calculate. technology. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1939). He graduated from the local real school, then MVTU (1925). He worked in Vses. energetic in-those in Moscow. In 1930-34 - at the Kharkov electrical-mechanical. s-de, took part in the design of the first turbine generators in the USSR. In 1935-56 - in Energetich. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1956–58 he headed the Lab. control machines and systems of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1958 - at the Institute of Electronic Control Machines of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (in 1958–63 - director). tr. dedicated electric power systems, electric. and mat. machines. The first scientific. works - theory of induction motors with massive rotor and modeling of power systems. In 1938 he invented a device for integrating Laplace's equations, then he proposed an electronic differential. analyzer. In the years of the 2nd world. war worked on anti-aircraft fire control systems, invented the aviation synchronizer. guns. In the postwar years, he supervised work on static. stability of power systems (the criteria for a cut were developed by him together with I.M. Markovich even before the war), as well as the installation of frequency control equipment created by him at a number of power plants. From 1948 he worked on computers and control with the use of means of calculating, technology. Under his arms. a number of computers have been developed, the principles of machine calculation of the input-output balance, optimal transportation have been formulated, the place will be calculated. technology in pricing. In the late 50s, he put forward the idea of ​​creating a multi-panel and multi-program machine. Works: Machine for integrating differential. equations, M.-L., 1941; Prospects for the use of control machines in automation, M., 1956; Long-distance transmission of alternating current, M.…

bruk khaim-shaulj
has abstract: BRUK Chaim-Shaul (1894, Snovsk, Chernigov province - 1965, Rishon Le-Zion, Israel), rabbi. Studied at the Tomkhei-Tmimim yeshiva (Lubavichi). From 1928 to 1929, he led the underground Lubavitch yeshiva in Novograd-Volynsky. He was arrested and sentenced to forced labor. From 1931 to 1936 he was engaged in underground religion. education in Berdichev. Since 1936 - in E.-I. He taught at the Lubavitch yeshivas in Tel Aviv and Rishon LeZion.

bruk solomon iljich
has abstract: BRUK Solomon Ilyich (b. 1920, Rogachev, Mogilev province), geographer, ethnographer, orientalist. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1965), prof. (1971). Graduated from Geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University (1947). Member of the 1941–45 war. Since 1953 scientific. sotr., since 1963 deputy. dir. in science, later adviser to the Directorate of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Ch. directions of scientific. research: ethnic. geography, methodology for determining ethnicity. composition of the population and the principles of ethnicity. mapping; tr., dedicated to ethnic. composition decomp. regions of Asia. Member editorial board ser. “Countries and peoples. Popular scientific geography and ethnographic ed., v. 1–20 ”(Moscow, 1978–85). Honored. scientist of the Russian Federation. State pr. USSR (1987), pr. im. N.N. Miklukho-Maclay of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1963). Cit .: Population of Indochina, Moscow, 1959; The population of China, Mongolia and Korea, M., 1959; The population of Indonesia, Malaya and the Philippines, M., 1960; The number and settlement of the peoples of the world, M., 1962 (ed. Et al.); Atlas of the peoples of the world, M., 1964; The population of the globe, M., 1965 (et al.); Cartography, a method in geography. research population, in collection: Scientific. problems of population geography, M., 1967 (et al.); Maps of the peoples of Asia, M., 1968; Map of the peoples of Eurasia, M., 1972; World Population: (Ethno-Demographic Reference Book), 2nd ed., M., 1986.

brukman mark borisovich
has abstract: BRUKMAN Mark Borisovich (Mordukh Berkovich) (1884, Beshenkovichi of Lepelsky u. Vitebsk province. - 1929, Poltava), portrait painter. He studied at the Odessa Art. uch-shche, in 1915–17 - at the Academy of Arts (Petrograd). He became famous as a portrait and poster artist.

brumberg evgeniy mikhaylovich
has abstract: BRUMBERG Evgeny Mikhailovich (1907, Moscow - 1977, Leningrad), engineer, specialist in the region. optical instrumentation. In 1928 he worked in Moscow. cooperative technical school. Since 1932 - in the State. optical in-those (GOI) in Leningrad. Sci. works related to decomp. questions nat. optics, the development of which was carried out at hand. and cum. with S.I. Vavilov. These include observations and research. Brownian motion, visual observations of fluctuations of the luminous flux and statistical. structures of interference. fields, research. interference of diverging light beams, development of photometric. the quenching method, with the help of which P.A. Cherenkov discovered in 1934 a new type of radiation (Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation). He offered a number of originals. optical devices (dispersive light filters, polariscopes, polarimeters). He invented ultrachemiscop - a device for the "manifestation" of chromograms in UV rays, widely used in biochemistry. research Since 1939, he was one of the first in the country to begin work in the region. UV luminescence spectroscopy. In 1939–46 he proposed a new method of UV microscopy and created the UV microscope. He developed a method of "color transformation" of an image in UV rays, which made it possible to create the first mirror and mirror-lens lenses at GOI. He developed a method of contact luminescence microscopy, used in the study of the microstructure of histological. sections of organs and tissues of humans and animals. Author of 30 inventions, printed scientific. works. Poch. h. Brit, Royal Society of Microscopists (since 1970). Became. etc. (1942).

brunava
has abstract: BRUNAVA, a rural settlement in the Bauska region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire, Bauska manor u. Kurland province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1921-40 - in the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 - in the Latvian SSR. 14 Jews (16%) lived in B. Jews lived in B. from the 1860s. Since the 1910s. there was a synagogue. In 1925, the local authorities seized the synagogue building and turned it over as a school; the community was destroyed in July 1941.

brunov platon
has abstract: BRUNOV Platon (1863, Elisavetgrad, Kherson province - 1924, New York), composer, teacher, art critic. Studied at the Warsaw muses. in-those. Later he was a student of A.G. Rubinstein and N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov in Petersburg. cons. After graduating from it (1891) he left for the USA. After a year of touring the country, he settled in New York, taught Russian history. music for senior students (including in other cities), taught an opera class at the Institute of muses. lawsuit; lectured on litigation as a presenter at the Forum sovr. lawsuit; was the conductor of Sovr. symph. orchestra "(New York), later muses. critic for New York Gas. "Juish Daily Foreword". Among his famous publications - "Ten Commandments of the Pianist" (New York, 1913), "From the archive of business correspondence of muses. celebrities "(New York, 1901) under ps. V.A. Sharp. The author of 4 program symphony. "Rus. revolution ”,“ Return of Jews to Palestine ”,“ Roman Carnival ”,“ Titanic ”, overtures“ Russia ”, op. "Ramona", oratorio, man. for violin, fp., wok. music (including "Songs of Freedom", 1904). B. - the first arranger of the Hebrews. songs, author of collection treatments "Evr. bunk bed songs ”(New York, 1911) for php.

brushteyn aleksandra yakovlevna
has abstract: BRUSHTEIN Alexandra Yakovlevna (1884, Vilna - 1968, Moscow), playwright, prose writer. R. in the family of a doctor. Graduated from History-Philology. Faculty of Higher Women's (Bestuzhev) Courses in St. Petersburg. While still a schoolgirl, she taught free evening courses for workers. In 1907-17, he was an employee of the underground organization Polit. Cr. aid cross watered. to prisoners and exiled revolutionaries "in St. Petersburg. After 1917 she led an active cultural and educational activity. work - organized 173 literacy schools. In the years of civil. war was a lecturer at the front-line t-ra. Lit. began its activity in 1901-1902. She published poems, essays, translations in provinces. newspapers. In 1922, in the Petrograd theater of a new drama post. her play May, in 1925 in Leningrad. t-re young viewer - the play "Gavroche". Among the popular plays for children and youth are "Blue and Pink", "United Combat", "Day of the Living". Total post. St. 60 AMD, manuf. B. and original performances of the classics. Among them - "Don Quixote" (after M. Servantes, 1928), "Uncle Tom's Cabin" (after G. Beecher Stowe, 1948), "Cruel World" (after Charles Dickens, 1954) and other Plays B . were placed in the center. and in provincial. t-rah, were published in the publishing house "Art" and in Detgiz in Moscow. Collection of plays was published in 1956 in Moscow. Autobiogr. the trilogy is: "The road goes into the distance" (1956), in which the society is described in detail. life of the era of the end. 19 - early. 20th century, including B.'s impression of the Dreyfus case; At Dawn (1958) and Spring. In the book. "Pages of the Past" (1952) reflects theatrical impressions and memories. His work is characterized by attention to moral problems, psychologism, lyricism, and simplicity of presentation.

brushteyn sergey aleksandrovich
has abstract: BRUSHTEIN Sergey Alexandrovich (1873, Usolye, Perm province - 1947, Moscow), physiotherapist. In 1897 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Kazan University. In 1897-1904 he worked in the clinic of nervous and mental diseases of St. Petersburg. military honey. academy. In 1910 he defended his doctorate. dis. "On the influence of general electric light baths on the combination-motor reflex in humans." During the 1st world. war B. organized and headed specialized physiotherapy hospitals. In 1916 he created Petrograd. (Leningrad) physiotherapeutic institute and until 1931 was led by prof. (1917). In 1918 he created and headed the Department of Physiotherapy in Petrograd. in-those advanced training of doctors, in 1920-31 - Dir. this in-that. In 1931–38 - scientific. hands. Center, Institute of Labor of Disabled People (Moscow) and Mine. region in-that physiotherapy. In 1941–45 - head. Department of Physiotherapy, Novosibirsk Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors. B. - one of the founders of physiotherapy in Russia, Ch. leningr. schools of physiotherapists. Developed methods of treatment for physical. factors of internal and nervous diseases. Was before. Vses. Associations of Physiotherapists, Vol. methods of treatment, t. 1-4, L., 1928-30; Diathermy, M.-L., 1929; Physiotherapy children. age, M.-L., 1930; Phys. methods of treating nervous diseases, M., 1931.

brusilov
has abstract: BRUSILOV, urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from ser. 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Kiev povet and voivodship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Radomysl u. Kiev province. In 1775, 412 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1778 - 483, in 1787 - 523, in 1847 - 2884, in 1863 - 3800, in 1897 - 3575, in 1926 - 379 (7.4%), in 1939 - 171 Jews (3.5%) Jews lived in Byelorussia from 1622. In the middle. 19th century OK. 200 Jews B. were engaged in decomp. crafts. Jews owned 82 shops and stores. In 1863 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia, and in 1900 there were three synagogues. From 1873, Yehuda-Leib Wetstein (1856—?) Was a rabbi, from 1893 - Shmuel-Yitzhok Perlyuk (1865—?), From 1899 - Joseph Treasurer (1876—?). In the 1910s. a local Bund organization operated in B. In March 1917 an attempt was made in Byelorussia to pogrom. In 1918 a Jewish pogrom took place in Byelorussia, organized by the troops of the Center. happy. In the beginning. June 1919 pogroms took place by the Sokolovsky gang. All the Jews who did not have time to leave Bulgaria were exterminated. occupation in B. 10 October. 1941 25 Jews were shot, October 15. - 12, 20 Oct. 1941 - 10 Jews in B. D. Ignatov, I. Lyubomirsky, B. N. Nord, I.-Kh. Pomerants.

brusilovskiy evgeniy grigorjevich
has abstract: BRUSILOVSKY Evgeny Grigorievich (1905, Rostov-on-Don - 1981, Moscow), composer, teacher. After leaving school in 1920 he served in Kr. Army. In 1922–24 he studied at Moscow. cons. (classes of php. and composition), in 1926–31 - in Leningrad. cons. In 1933 he was sent by the Union of Composers to Alma-Ata. He worked as a scientist. employee n.-i. cabinet of music at muz.-dram. technical school (1933–34), music. and thin. hands. Kazakh. muses. t-ra (1934–38, 1949–51) and the Philharmonic (1949–51). Was before. organizing committee (1939–48) and board (1948–53) of the Kazakh Composers' Union. SSR. Since 1944 teacher (since 1955 - prof.) And head. Department of Composition (1945-68) in the Alma-Ata Cons. B. played a huge role in the formation and development of the Kazakh. prof. muses. lawsuit. The author of the first Kazakh. operas - "Kyz-Zhibek" (1934), "Zhalbyr" (1935), "Er-Targyn" (1937), "Guard, forward!" (1942), "Dudarai" (1953, all - Alma-Ata); ballets - "Gulyandom" (1940), "Kozy-Korpesh and Bayan-slu" (1966); 8 symph. (6th - "Kurmangazy", 1965), 3 concerts (for piano, for cello, for trumpet) with orc., Cantata "Sov. Kazakhstan "(1947), 2 string quartets; manuf. for orc. bunk bed instr-tov. Recorded and processed by St. 250 beds Kazakh, songs and kyuis (traditional instructor of plays). B. - the author (with M.T.Tulebaev and L.A. Khamidi) of the music of the Kazakh anthem. SSR. In some op. ("Choreographic Dances", "Humoresque" for fp., Romance "Two Swallows") used the intonations of Heb. bunk bed music. B. educated more than 30 composers, having founded a Kazakh. prof. composer school. Among the students - B.B.Baikadamov, A.V. Bychkov, L.V. Afanasiev, K.Kh. Kuzham'yarov, K.Kumysbekov, S.M. Mukhamedzhanov, N. Mendygaliev, E. Rakhmadiev, M.T. Tulebaev ... Nar. art. Kazakh. SSR (1936). Became. etc. (1948). State ave. Kazakh. SSR (1967).

brusilovskiy lev yakovlevich
has abstract: BRUSILOVSKY Lev Yakovlevich (1890 - 1962, Moscow), neuropathologist and psychoneurologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1935), prof. (1933). After finishing honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University (1919) served in the military. a doctor in Kr. Army. In 1921-29 he worked in the clinic of nervous diseases of the 1st Moscow State University and at the same time. in the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR as a "doctor at the People's Commissar". In 1930–37 head. psychoneurological. department Center, in-that organization of labor of disabled people, and then until 1941 headed the same department in the State. in-those physiotherapy. In 1941–43 deputy. early military hospital. tr. B. dedicated diagnostics, treatment and prevention of various neuropsychic. diseases, employment of people with disabilities, as well as an encyclopedic. creativity (was the scientific secretary and deputy chief editor in the 1st edition of the "Great medical encyclopedia", participated in the preparation of other medical encyclopedic publications). Member Academic Council of the People's Commissariat for Health of the RSFSR, member. board Mosk., Vseros. and Vses. about-in neuropathologists and psychiatrists. Works: Compensatory mechanisms and industrial motility in neuropsychic contingents with residual working capacity (doctoral dissertation), M., 1935; How the Great Medical Encyclopedia was created, M. - L., 1936.

brusilovskiy misha shaevich
has abstract: BRUSILOVSKY Misha Shaevich (b. 1931, Kiev), painter. In 1959 he graduated from the Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. I.E. Repin in Leningrad. In the 1960s, he collaborated with the painter G.S. Mosin, with whom he painted the painting "1918" (1963–65), which became a phenomenon of the Sov. painting and exhibited in Moscow and Italy. Revision of traditional ideas about citizens. war et al. continued in the film “Red commanders of the times of civil. wars in the Urals "(1969), but later completely moved away from the historical-roar. genre. B. belong to ser. paintings, in which visions of strange situations are inventively varied, touching and terrible, unprecedented and familiar, reliable and fantastic are combined. Favorite story "Abduction of Europa".

bruskin aleksandr davydovich
has abstract: BRUSKIN Alexander Davydovich (1897, Berislav of the Kherson district and province - 1938), the organizer of the production. Member RSDLP (1917–20). Graduated in 1922 from Kharkov Technol. Institute, after which he worked at the Kharkov steam locomotive building. s-de (foreman of the site, head of the shop). From 1929 he headed the construction of the Kharkov Tractor Plant, in 1931 he was appointed chief. engineer s-yes. In the same year he was sent to the USA to place orders for equipment and tooling for the plant. Supervised the adjustment and start-up of the production of the wheeled tractor KhTZ and the caterpillar tractor KhTZ-NATI. In 1934–36, the director. Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant. In 1936-38 the deputy. People's Commissar for Heavy Industry and People's Commissar for Machinery of the USSR. Delegate to the 17th Congress of the CPSU (b). Repressed.

brusnitsa
has abstract: BRUSNITSA (until 1947 - Barbovtsy), a village in the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 78 Jews lived in Byelorussia. In 1941, all of the Jews of Byelorussia were deported to Transnistria.

brusovanka
has abstract: Brusovanka, does not exist now. At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Velizhsky u. Vitebsk province. In 1898 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

brutskus boris
has abstract: BRUTSKUS Boris (Ber) Davidovich (1874, Polangen Grobinsky u. Kurland province. - 1938, Jerusalem), economist, historian People's Commissars. x-va. Brother of Yu.D. Brutskus. In Russia, he was a representative of the liberal economy. schools. Received an agronomist. education in Poland. In 1899 he examined Heb. s.-kh. colonies of Poland, Belarus, Ukraine. In 1902–08 he headed the department. Heb. colonialist. about-va. In 1907-22, teacher of St. Petersburg. s.-kh. in-that. Then he left for Germany, where until 1932 was prof. Rus. Research Institute in Berlin. After the Nazis came to power in Germany, he moved to Paris, and in 1936 - to Jerusalem, where he became prof. Heb. un-that specializing in economics and with. x-in. Main directions of scientific and practical. activities: the development of Heb. s.-kh. settlements, the problem of resettlement of Jews in E.-I. In Art. "Socialist. x-in. Theoretical thoughts about rus. experience "(early 1922, published again in" Novy mir ", 1990, no. 8) was one of the first to give criticism. analysis of econ. politicians owls. power, proved the insolubility of the econ. problems within the framework of socialism and the inevitability of its death. In other works of the 20-30s. showed the reason for the failure of the NEP. In Art. "Econ. planning in Sov. Russia ”(1935, published again in the journal“ ECO ”, 1989, No. 10) analyzed the socialist. centralized. planning. B. came to the conclusion that the present. demo state cannot be characterized as purely capitalistic. or bourgeois, it is a "social" society of the market economy. Cit .: Prof. composition of Heb. us. in Russia, St. Petersburg., 1908; Land management and settlement abroad and in Russia, St. Petersburg, 1909, 2nd ed., 1933; Agr. question and agr. politics, Pg., 1922; Economy with. x-va: nar.-household. Foundations, Berlin, 1923; Socialist. from. x-in: theoretical. thoughts about rus. experience, Berlin, 1923; Nar. h-in Sov. Russia, its nature and its destiny, Paris, …

brutskus david-anatolj
has abstract: BRUTSKUS David-Anatol (b. 1910, Petersburg), architect. The son of B.D. Brutskus. In 1930–35 he studied architecture in Berlin. In 1949-50 he headed the planning department of the Jerusalem district. The author of the project for the reconstruction and development of the liberated in 1967 evr. quarter of the Old Town. Main works: Khan theater, Mashbir department store, Shaare Zedek hospital, etc.

brutskus yuliy
has abstract: Brutskus Julius (Julius) Davidovich (1870, Polangen Grobinsky u. Kurland province. - 1951, Tel Aviv), polit. activist, historian, publicist, one of the leaders of the Zionist movement in Russia. Brother of B.D. Brutskus. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1894), student. years participant mosk. Palestinophile circles, one of the compilers of the "Index of Rus. literature about Jews ”(1892). Since 1894 in St. Petersburg, member. Society for the spread of education among Jews in Russia (OPE), sotr. g. "Sunrise" (in 1899-1902 - one of his editors). From the beginning. 1900s one of the leaders of petersburg. Zionists, in 1903 together with gr. journalists and societies. leaders met with T. Herzl, who came to St. Petersburg. In 1905, members. Zionist edition. g. “Heb. life ", a participant in the congress of the Union for the achievement of the full rights of Jews in Russia, member. his Central Committee. In 1906 cases. 3rd All-Russia. conf. Zionists in Helsingfors, participated in the development of the so-called. Helsingfors program. Was an elector from Minsk in the elections to the 2nd State. thought. In the future, tl. watching. Council of Heb. colonialist. bank, member. The Central Committee was growing. the Zionist organization. In 1917, dep. Will establish, meetings from the Minsk province. Oct he met the coup with sharp hostility. In the sept. 1919 arrested by the Cheka, soon released. One of the organizers of Moscow. conf. Zionists (April 1920), member. her presidium, was arrested among other delegates. After his release he emigrated to Lithuania. In 1921 min. in Heb. affairs in Lithuania, since 1922 member. litas. parliament. In the 1920s. settled in Berlin, one of the founders of the Zionist revisionist party. After the Nazis came to power in Germany (1933), he left for France, after its occupation by German-fasc. troops - in the United States. Later he moved to E.-I. As a historian B. studied the history of Jews in Russia and Lithuania, as well …

bryanka
has abstract: BRYANKA (until 1932 - the Bryansk mine, from 1932 - the area of ​​the city of Kadievka, renamed in 1978 in the city of Stakhanov), a city (from 1962) in the Lugansk region. (Ukraine). Vozn. in 1889. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Slavyanoserbsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1939, 545 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

bryansk
has abstract: BRYANSK, see Bransk.

bryanskiy rudnik
has abstract: BRYANSKIY MINER, see Bryanka.

bryanskiy shloyme
has abstract: BRYANSKY Shloyme (1899, Malin of Radomyslsky u. Kiev province - |), playwright, literary critic. After the revolution, he was a teacher in Heb. schools. In 1922-24 he studied at the Kiev Heb. ped. technical school. Lit. activity began with small plays for Hebrews. t-ra: "NEP and the Steppe" (1921), "Yankel Britvin" (1927) and others. In 1929 he entered the drama. Faculty of Kiev Theater. in-that. B. created the first. Heb. for children, wrote for him the plays "The Chinese General", "Light Cavalry", "The Crisis of Capitalism", "The Messiah in America", processed the plays of Heb. and Russian. classics. Published ped. and lit.-critical. Art., as well as comments and bibliography. research to ed. manuf. O. Shvartsman, D. Edelyntadt. Together with other authors, he compiled a number of textbooks on the liter for Hebrews. schools.

brylj girsh
has abstract: BRYL Hirsch (1901, Galicia - 1938, Khabarovsk), publicist. Graduated from Communist. un-t in Moscow. All R. 20s worked as a journalist, was a member. editorial board of the first moscow. youth Heb. g. "Jungwald", and also ed. Heb. children g. "Pioneer". He traveled a lot around the country, met with young people, published essays and reports, which are a vivid document of that time. In the beginning. 1930s moved to D. Vostok, wrote correspondence and essays about Birobidzhan, then headed the region. union of industrial cooperation. In 1937 he was arrested in Khabarovsk on charges of belonging to the “anti-Soviet”. right-Trotskyist organization ". Sentenced to be shot.

bryljki
has abstract: BRILKI, a village in the Volozhin district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Brilki Oshmyanskiy u. Vilna province. In 1942, several were shot in Byelorussia. dozens of Jews.

bryukhovetskaya
has abstract: BRYUKHOVETSKAYA, village, a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Yekaterinodar environs. Kuban Region. In 1939, 8 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

bryukhovichi
has abstract: BRYUKHOVICHI, urban-type settlement (since 1940) of the Shevchenko district council of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Bryukhovitsy, Lviv district of the province of Galicia, as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 26 Aug. 1942 to Belzec, approx. 250 Jews B., approx. 20 were shot in the village.

bryukhovitsy
has abstract: BRYUKHOVITSY, see Bryukhovichi.

bryukhovo
has abstract: BRYUKHOVO, a village in the Orsha district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Orsha district Mogilev province. 1941 in B. 7 Jewish men were shot, in April. 1942 - 40 women and children.

bryulin iosif girshevich
has abstract: BRULIN Iosif Girshevich (1910, Moscow - 1976, ibid.), Graphic artist. He studied at the Center. courses of Glavprofobra (studio AHR) (1920–30) with BV Ioganson, II Mashkov, then at the Moscow Institute of Institute (1939–42) with PV Miturich, NE Radlov. In 1941–43 he lived in Samarkand, where he created a number of graphic works ("Samarkand. Tree", "Before the teahouse", etc.), as well as landscapes and portraits in oil. Taught at MVHPU (formerly the Stroganov School) (1947–54) at the department of rice. Since the 1950s. began to work in the technique of etching and lithography, pastels and gouache (series of etchings "Riga", aqu. "Moscow and Muscovites", etc.). He also designed ill. book for a number of mosk. publishing house

brzhesko
has abstract: BRZHESKO, see Brzesko.

brzhestovitsa
has abstract: BRZHESTOVITSA, see [[Bolshaya Berestovitsa.

brzhezitskaya
has abstract: BRZHEZITSKAYA (Goldstein) Asta Davydovna (b. 1912, Moscow), sculptor. Hood. Educated at MHPU them. MI Kalinin (1935–37) with prof. B.B. Lange, then at the Moscow State Institute of Art. VI Surikov (1938–45), class. prof. A.T. Matveev and G.I. Motovilov. She worked thin. at the Dulevo Porcelain Factory (1945–87). The main themes of B.'s chamber sculpture are t-r (for example, "The Vakhtangovites. Princess Turandot", "Hamlet", "The Inspector General"), circus subjects ("New Attraction", "Circus novel", "Trumpeters" and others), images of lit. heroes (Pushkin's, Chekhov's, Gogol's cycles, including The Young Peasant Woman, The Queen of Spades, etc.), music (Madrigal, Chorus, Mozart). Since the 1980s. worked on the series "Signs of the Zodiac" ("Year of the Monkey", "Year of the Dragon", etc.). In search of new methods of sculpting, B. repeatedly turned to terracotta (mid. Sculptures on mythological and biblical subjects: "Leda and the Swan", "Hagar in the Desert", "Flight from Egypt", etc.). B.'s creativity is characterized by confident mastery of the spatial environment, the ultimate disclosure and use of material properties, creative improvisation, and command of the conventional language of decorative art.

brzheznitsa
has abstract: BRZEZNICA, see Brzeznica.

bubaynder dzhek
has abstract: BUBINDER Jack (b. 1911, Odessa), artist. Since 1922 in the USA. Master of Fine Arts (1946). Lecturer in aesthetics, history of art at the University of Pennsylvania (1937-59), history of art (Academy of Fine Arts in Pennsylvania, 1949-61). Works in permanent collections: Library of the Congress, art. Philadelphia Museum, Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, hood. gallery of Yale University.

buber leonid iljich
has abstract: BUBER Leonid Ilyich (b. 1916, Nikolaev), Hero of Owls. Union (1940). Since 1935 in Kr. Army. Com. companies, leith. B. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for fighting in Finland. From March 1942 - at the front. Com. battalion, regiment. Colonel. He took part in the work of Heb. antifash. to-that. Since 1958 - in stock. Military teacher cases on Wed school.

bublik gedalje
has abstract: BUBLIC Gedalie (1875, Grodno - 1948, New York), publicist. Received a tradition. Heb. education. He wrote in Yiddish and Hebrew. In 1900 he organized the resettlement of 50 euros. families from Bialystok to Argentina, worked as a teacher in the schools of the Association of Jews. settlements in Meiseville. In 1904 he came to New York, collaborated in Heb. gaz., one of the founders of the Mizrahi organization in the USA and Amer. Heb. Congr. (since 1918 - his vice-president). Member Execute, to-that Intern. Zionist. org-tion of America, in 1928–32 - Pres. "Mizrahi" USA. Author of travel notes "My journey to Eretz Yisrael" (New York, 1920). His views are religious. Zionist set out in the book. Min Gametser (New York, 1923). B. - post. corr. Juish Mor-ning Journal. He died speaking with a report on the situation in E.-I. before the leaders of "Mizrahi" USA.

bublyalyay
has abstract: BUBLIAI, a village in the Shakyai region (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the town of Vladislavovsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–1991 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923 there were 29 Jews living in Byelorussia. In 1931 the Jews of Byelorussia owned a soda water factory, a wool processing workshop, and 2 mills. In 1941, all Jews B. were destroyed.

bubnov mark petrovich
has abstract: BUBNOV Mark Petrovich (b. 1923, Odessa), architect, specialist in the design of theater and entertainment buildings. Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1949 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Head of the workshop TsNIIEP them. B.S. Mezentseva. Main works: theaters in Lipetsk (1968) and Kyzyl (1979), development of the center of Arkhangelsk (1986). State pr. RSFSR (1974), pr. SM USSR (1972, 1984), ch.-k. MAA (1992).

bubnovskiy samuil markovich
has abstract: BUBNOVSKY Samuil Markovich (party ps. Aurel, Frank, Oscar) (1902, Chisinau - 1937), participant of the roar. movement, state. activist. From the family of a baker-worker, trade union activist. He studied at the Chisinau city. In 1919 he headed the left wing of the Socialist Union. youth of the region, and soon - Bessarabian region. to the Komsomol. Since March 1921, members. Time. Central Committee of the Communist Party of Romania. In apr. 1921 arrested, tortured. As a result of public protests, he was released and expelled from Romania. In 1924 - 25 sec. Time. Revolutionary Committee Mold. ASSR. From Apr. 1925 sec. CEC Mold. ASSR. Since May 1926 - Deputy. prev. Council of People's Commissars and before. State Planning Commission, and since April. 1927 simultaneously. People's Commissar of Trade Mold. ASSR. Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (1932), during his studies he was elected a member. Vyborg RK VKP (b) and dep. Vyborg District Council of Leningrad. From 1932 to the beginning. Zap.-Sib. construction and installation department in Sverdlovsk. Repressed.

bubny
has abstract: BUBNY, a village in the Rossony district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1858 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Polotsk u. Vitebsk province. 19th century in B. lived 43 people. by 60 dec. land.

bubrka
has abstract: BUBRKA, see Bobrka.

buchach
has abstract: BUCHACH, a city (since 1515), a regional center in the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1397. In the 16th and 18th centuries. - in the Russian Voivodeship of the Galich land as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - the center of the district of the Zaleshchytsky env. as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1552 14 Jewish families lived in Byelorussia, in 1765 - 1286 Jews, in 1812 - 1464, in 1870 - 6077 (67.9%), in 1900 - 6730 (57.3%), in 1910 - 7777 (54.4%), in 1921 - 3858 (51.4%), in 1931 - 4439 Jews. Jews have lived in Byelorussia since the city was founded. In the 1st floor. 18th century Rabbi B. was Arie-Leib Oyerbach (1710-1749), in 1770-1813 - Tsvi-Hirsh Kara, in 1813-41 - Avrom-Dovid Varman (1771-1841), founded. Buchach Hasidic dynasty. After the death of Avrom-Dovid, the dynasty was headed by his son Yisroel-Leib and son-in-law Yosef-Yehoshua. All R. 19th century There were 12 synagogues in Byelorussia (including the Chortkov and Gusyatin Hasidims). Trade in Byelorussia in the 19th century. was exclusively in the hands of the Jews. In 1879-1921 mountains. B.'s head was Bernard-Berisch Stern, who headed the community of B. Since 1890 in B. Since 1892 there was a school in B., supported by the funds of the Baron Hirsch foundation. In 1906, immigrants from Russia founded. in B. yeshiva, which was headed by Rafoil Kitaygorodsky. In 1907 it was founded. school with teaching in Hebrew. From the end. 19th century in B. acted different. Zionist organizations. During the 1st world. During the war, the Jewish population of Byelorussia suffered from the atrocities of the Cossack units of the Rus. army. In 1920, the Jews of Byelorussia were subjected to a pogrom by the troops of the Directory. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Since 1927, the rabbi of B. has been Faive-Shraga Wilig. In 1939, after the annexation of Byelorussia to the …

buda-koshelevo
has abstract: BUDA-KOSHELEVO, city (since 1971), regional center in the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province. In 1939 in B.-K. 496 Jews lived. occupation in B.-K. a ghetto was created. 26 oct. 1941 in B.-K. 485 Jews were shot (all prisoners of the ghetto). genus. S.N. Ardashnikov.

buda-ryzhanskaya
has abstract: BUDA-RYZHANSKAYA, see Budo-Ryzhany.

budaeshty
has abstract: BUDAYESHTY, see Budayevtsy.

budaevka
has abstract: BUDAYEVKA, now part of Boyarka (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kievsky u. In 1897, 239 Jews (13.9%) lived in Byelorussia.

budaevtsy
has abstract: BUDAYEVTSY, a village in the Krasnooknyansky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the farm of Budaeshty Ananievsky u. Kherson province. 18 Sept. 1941, 38 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.

budanov
has abstract: BUDANOV, a village in the Terebovlya region of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was located in the Tarnopil Voivodeship, a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, approx. 1200 Jews. 19 - early. 20th century means. some of the Jews of Byelorussia left for the USA and other countries. In 1895 in the United States, Jews from Burma created a fellowship that provided financial assistance to the Talmud Torah in Burma. During the Holocaust, the Jewish population of Burma was destroyed.

budavechyay
has abstract: BUDAVECHIAI, a village in Vilkaviski district (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the town of Budovitsy Volkovyshsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was a Lithuanian SSR. in B. lived several. dozens of Jewish families, in 1923 - 20 Jews. June 1941 the Jews of Byelorussia were shot.

budcha
has abstract: BUDCHA, a village in the Gantsevichi district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Slutsk district. Minsk province. 20th century in B. lived several. Jewish families. During the 1st world. During the war, all Jews were evicted from B.

budenets
has abstract: BUDENETS, a village in the Storozhinets district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Storozhinetsky headman of the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, 30 Jews were shot in Byelorussia, the rest were deported to Transnistria.

budennovsk
has abstract: BUDENNOVSK (in 1920–35 and 1957–73 - Prikumsk), a city in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1799. From 1826 - the provincial town of St. Cross of Novogrigorievsky, from 1900 - Blagodarny u. In 1910, 2 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1926 - 21, in 1939 - 41 Jews. 18 Aug. 1942 B. was occupied by the Germans. troops. In aug. - Sept. 1942 in Byelorussia several. hundreds of evacuated Jews.

budilov
has abstract: BUDILOV, a village in Snyatyn district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1942, the Jews of Byelorussia (23 people) were taken to Snyatyn and subsequently exterminated.

budishcha
has abstract: BUDISCH, see BUDISHA.

budishche
has abstract: BUDISHCHE (in 1963-65 - Budische Vtoroye), a village in the Lysyansky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Budischa Zvenigorodsky u. Kiev province. In 1942–43 there was a Jewish workers' camp in Byelorussia, whose prisoners were used in the construction and repair of the road.

budishche vtoroe
has abstract: FUTURE SECOND, see Budische.

budker gersh itskovich
has abstract: BUDKER Gersh Itskovich (1918, Murafa, Podolsk province. - 1977, Novosibirsk), physicist, D.Sc. USSR Academy of Sciences (1964). After graduation (1941) Moscow. un-that went to fr. After demobilization (1945) he worked at the Institute of Atomic Energy. In 1958 he moved to Novosibirsk, where he headed the Institute of Nuclear Research. SB AS USSR. At the same time. prof. Novosib. un-ta. scientific. works on the theory of nuclear reactors, theory of accelerators, plasma physics and the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion. The author of the theory of cyclical. accelerators. He proposed a method of plasma confinement using a magnet. traps. He created a new direction in high-energy physics - the colliding beams method. Under the arm. B. built first. fatherlands. accelerators on colliding electron-electron and electron-positron beams (VEPP-1, VEPP-2, VEPP-2M, VEPP-3), a proton-antiproton storage ring was built. He proposed a method for damping incoherent vibrations in bundle beams. particles (electron cooling method) and injection recharge method. He proposed a new method of plasma thermal insulation. Became. pr. (1949), Len. pr. (1967). Works: Collected. tr., M., 1982.

budko yosef
has abstract: BUDKO Yosef (1888, Plonsk, Warsaw province - 1940), painter, graphic artist. He studied at the Academy of Arts in Vilna, from 1910 - in Berlin under the engraver G. Struck. In addition to engraving on copper, he paid much attention to painting and design, wood engraving (a series of engravings-illustrations for the Easter Gagada, 1916; ser. Engravings "Months of the Hebrew Years", 1917, etc.). B. portrayed Heb. characters in accordance with the traditions of Heb. symbolism. From 1933 - in E.-I., where in 1935 he headed the Bezalel Academy. I studied a lot ill. Heb. kn., improved the skill of decor, painting in miniature, especially in the field of ex-libris, initiator. inscriptions, etc. Illustrated works. I.-L. Peretz, H.-N. Bialik, Sholem Aleichem. He died in Jerusalem.

budo-ryzhany
has abstract: BUDO-RYZHANY, a village in Volodarsk-Volynsky district, Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Buda-Ryzhanskaya Zhytomyr district Volyn province. 1941 in B.-R. 3 Jews were shot.

budovitsy
has abstract: BUDOVITS, see Budavechai.

budslav
has abstract: BUDSLAV (Jewish name - Boyd), a village in the Myadel district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vileisky u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilenskaya province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. 121 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1931. Nehemiyagu Zaichik (1872–?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia since 1908. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was destroyed during the Holocaust.

budy
has abstract: BUDY, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Kharkov region of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kharkovsky u. In 1926, 21 Jews lived in Byelorussia, and in 1939 - 79 Jews.

budzon iegusha
has abstract: BUDZON Yegusha (1858, Ganushishki, Vilna province - 1929, Vilno), prose writer. He was engaged in self-education, worked as a teacher in private homes. He emigrated to England. Subsequently he returned to Lithuania. First. rum. The Faithful Wife came out in 1880. His rum was popular. "Haman and Mordechai", "African groom", "The story with the rabbi and his wife", book. fairy tales.

bugaevka
has abstract: BUGAEVKA, a village in the Izyum district of the Kharkiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Izyumsky u. Kharkiv province. In 1926, 5 Jews did not live in the Bugaevsky district. In 1942, one Jew was killed in Byelorussia.

bugakov
has abstract: BUGAKOV, a village in the Nemirovsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Bratslavsky u. Podolsk province. During the German period. After occupation, a workers' camp was established in B. 3-5 Feb 1943 sick and disabled Jews who were kept in the camp were shot.

bugas
has abstract: BUGAS, see Volnovakha.

bugova liya isakovna
has abstract: BUGOVA Lia Isakovna (1900, Nemirov, Podolsk province. - 1981, Odessa), actress. I played Heb. and Russian. t-rakh Vinnitsa, Kiev, Odessa. In 1945–81 - in the Odessa Russian. dram, t-re im. A.V. Ivanova. Among the dozens of roles played by B. - Zeitl in the play "Tevye the Milkman" by Sholem Aleichem. Nar. art. Ukrainian SSR (1946).

bugovoe
has abstract: BUGOVOE, a village in the Gaivoronsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Jozefpol-Ludwinka Baltsky u. Podolsk province. In 1887, Jews accounted for 22.5% of the population in Byelorussia; in 1897, 872 Jews (30.3%) lived in Byelorussia. the occupation of the Jews of B. was crafts. In 1889 there was a synagogue in Byelorussia. Since 1895 Shmuel Markovich Shapira (1865—?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia. In 1910 there was a Talmud-Torah in Byelorussia, a private wives. Jewish school. In B. genus. P. Rudoy.

bugskie
has abstract: BUGSKY, see BUGSKY.

bugskoe
has abstract: BUGSKOE, a village in the Voznesensky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - farm Bugskie Elizavetgradsky u. Kherson province. In 1897, 440 Jews (33.3%) lived in Byelorussia.

buguljma
has abstract: BUGULMA, city, regional center in the Republic of Tatarstan (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1736. From 1781 it was a district town of the Ufa governorship, then - Orenburg province, and from 1851 - Samara province. 7 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1910, and 29 Jews in 1939.

buguruslan
has abstract: BUGURUSLAN, city, regional center in the Orenburg region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1748 as a settlement. From 1781 it was a district town of the Ufa governorship, from 1797 it was a supernumerary town, from 1802 it was a district town of Orenburg, from 1851 - Samara province. In 1910, 69 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1926 - 155 (0.8%), in 1939 - 137 Jews. 1870-80s. V.O. Portugalov worked as a zemstvo doctor in B. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in B. B. genus: M. Olmert, A. G. Yusfin; Yakov Mikhailovich Kagan (b. 1933), Doctor of Technical Sciences Sciences (1974), prof. (1978), corr. RANS (1993), vice-president. JSC "Sidanko", gen. dir. NPO Gidroprovod, Ministry of Fuel and Energy of the Russian Federation, Hon. active science and technology (1991), State. ave. USSR, ave. CM USSR.

buinsk
has abstract: BUINSK, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Ibresinsky district of the Chuvash Republic (Russian Federation). Since 1780 - the district town of the Simbirsk governorship, then - the province. After 1917 - a rural settlement. In 1924-25 - as part of the Chuvash Autonomous Okrug, in 1925-90 - in the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1863 in Buinsky u. 11 Jews lived, in 1939 in B. - 3 Jews. E. Walc.

bukachevtsy
has abstract: BUKACHEVTSY, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Rogatinsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1438. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of the Rogatyn district of the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39, it was in the Stanislavsk Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 289 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1859 - 1059 (57.6%), in 1880 - 1115 (53.5% ), in 1900 - 1216 (49.5%), in 1921 - 649 (28.8%), in 1931 - approx. 1,000 Jews. Jews have lived in Bulgaria since the 18th century. Main lesson in the 19th century - trade, some were engaged with. x-vom and a cab. The rabbis in Byelorussia were Moishe-Zvi Geler (? —1770), in the 1830s. - Benjamin Elenberg (? -1855, Lvov), before 1843 - Shloyme Ashkenazi, in the 1840s-60s. - his son Yoel-Itskhok (? -1867, Kolomyia), at the end. 19th century - 1929 - Efroim Hamides, from 1929 - Zvi Schwartz. In the beginning. 20th century a school was opened in B. with teaching in Hebrew. In 1915 the Jewish population of Byelorussia suffered during the Russian occupation. troops. In aug. 1920 in Byelorussia was perpetrated by a pogrom by units of the Directory, several were killed. Jews. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1923 the school of the Tarbut network was opened. After the occupation of Byelorussia, the Germans. the troops created the Judenrat and the Jewish police. In the spring of 1942, Jews from neighboring villages began to be resettled in Byelorussia. 21 Sep 1942 (on Yom Kippur) 200 Jews were deported from B. to Belzec. Several dozens of people who tried to escape were killed. 26 oct. 1942 exported several more. hundreds of Jews. Dec 1 1942 a ghetto was created in Byelorussia, liquidated in January. 1943. After the liberation of B. in July 1944, apprx. 20 Jews.

bukantsy
has abstract: BUKANTSI, see Bukonis.

bukcha
has abstract: BUKCHA, a village in the Lelchitsky district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. 123 Jews (19.3%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897. 1915 all Jews were evicted from B. After the 1st World. During the war, the Jews returned to B. In 1920, a pogrom broke out in B. by bandit detachments. Miron Klementyevich Chechik (1891-1938), politician. activist, member. Bund since 1907, member. the Menshevik party in the 1920s, repeatedly. was arrested.

bukh aron froimovich
has abstract: BUKH Aron Froimovich (b. 1923, Berdichev, Kiev province), painter. Since 1926 - in Moscow. He was engaged in the House of thin. raising children of Sov. district of Moscow (1937-41), in the art studio of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, where he taught KF Yuon (1944-45). In 1947 he graduated from Moscow. region thin memory school of 1905, where he studied under V.N.Baksheev. Since 1948 participates in Moscow, Republic, All-Union. thin exhibitions. In its stylistic. B.'s affiliation is close to "mosk. school of painting ”and, in particular, to her impressionist. varieties. Genre, artist's range - from thematic. paintings (in the 50s) to landscape (60s - 70s), portrait and still life (80s and 90s). Fast. interest in the landscape is partly due to the years of apprenticeship with Izvestia. Russian landscape painter Baksheev.

bukhara
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БУХАРА, город, центр Бухарской обл. (Республика Узбекистан). Возн. в 4—3 вв. до н. э., со 2-й пол. 16 в. — столица Бухарского ханства (с 1868 в вассальной зависимости от России). В 1920—24 — столица Бухарской нар. сов. республики, в 1924 — Бухарской ССР, в 1924—30 — центр Зеравшанского окр., в 1938—91 — обл. центр УзССР.В 1897 в Б. проживало 4—5 тыс. евреев, в 1926 — 3776 (8,1%), в 1939 — 3452, в 1959 — 2990 бухарских евреев (4,3%), в 1970 — 6126 евреев (6,8%), в 1979 — 5294 (2,9%), в 1989 — 4226 евреев.Евреи, к-рые поселились в Б. в 1-й пол. 13 в., позднее стали наз. бухарскими. На рубеже 16—17 вв. (по др. данным, в 16 в.) в Б. возн. еврейский квартал («старая махалла»), в 1598 в Б. переселились евреи из Самарканда. В сер. 18 в. произошло первое насильственное обращение евреев Б. в ислам, в городе возн. община «чала». В кон. 18 в. в Б. проживало неск. сотен еврейских семей. В 1-й пол. 19 в. численность «чала» составила до 13% еврейского населения Б. (к кон. 19 в. в Б. в 5 кварталах проживало до 1 тыс. евреев-мусульман). Отрыв от осн. центров еврейской культуры, отсутствие в общине знатоков еврейских религ. законов, меры властей по насильственному обращению в ислам привели к резкому снижению уровня образования бухарских евреев. В 1793 в Б. прибыл выходец из Марокко Иосеф бен Моше Мамон Магриби, к-рый возродил религ. и культурную жизнь общины, ввел сефардский ритуал, основал сеть религ. школ типа хедеров и иешиву. К нач. 19 в. в Б. возн. 2-й еврейский квартал («новая махалла»); в сер. 19 в. для поселения евреев отведен также квартал Амирабад («третья махалла»). Лейб-медиком эмира Б. в сер. 19 в. был еврей Иброхим.С кон. 19 в. (после постройки Закасп. ж. д.) евреи Б. сосредоточили в своих руках торговлю хлопком. С 1888 в Б. действовала контора фирмы «Бр. Шлосберг»; осн. масса еврейского населения занималась крашением пряжи и тканей, торговлей шелком. Не позднее сер. 19 в. в Б. возн. еврейское кладбище. В 1860-х гг. иешиву возглавил Йос…

bukhbinder iosif shmulevich
has abstract: BUKHBINDER Iosif Shmulevich (1908, Chernyakhov, Volyn province - 1993, Kiev), poet, prose writer. From a carpenter's family. He worked for different. works, served in the army. After graduating in 1930 from the Odessa Heb. ped. the technical school taught. In 1933–35 he studied at the Kiev ped. in-those. First. poems publ. in 1927 in the Kharkov railway. "Di dig Velt" ("Red World"). Published in Heb. periodic. press. First. book verse. B. came out in 1930. The author of the book. "Commander Sizov", 1936; Lyriche motivin (Lyric motives), 1940; "Mit likhtike oign" ("With bright eyes"), 1975, etc.

bukhbinder naum abramovich
has abstract: BUKHBINDER Naum Abramovich (1895, Odessa - after 1940), historian. From 1916 he studied at the Higher. courses in oriental studies (Petrograd). After Oct. 1917 worked at the Commissariat for Hebrews. cases, was ed. a number of periodic. ed. in Yiddish in Moscow and Minsk. From the beginning. 1920s studied the history of Hebrews. labor movement in Russia, collected and published materials for biogr. the dictionary of its participants (in his book: "Materials for the history of the Jewish labor movement in Russia", v.1, M.-P., 1923). Collaborated in the train. "Krasnaya Chronicle", "Proletarian Revolution", "Hard labor and exile", "Heb. antiquity "and others, introduced in the scientific. turnover means. complex of materials on the history of Heb. working movement, extracted from the archives of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. cases, etc. In the beginning. 1930s scientific. sotr. Istp-rofa at Leningrad. region Trade union council. In the end. 1930s worked in the Karelian-Finnish state. ped. Institute (Petrozavodsk). The further fate is unknown. Cit .: History of Heb. the labor movement in Russia, M.-L., 1925; Heb. the labor movement in Gomel in 1896-1905, in the book: 1905 in Gomel and Polesskiy district, Gomel, 1925; Zubatovshchina and the Labor Movement in Russia, M., 1926; The Epoch of "Iskra", Moscow, 1927; Sci. work for ist. f-those of the Karelian-Finnish state. ped. Institute, "Historian-Marxist", 1940, No. 7.

bukhny arkadiy froimovich
has abstract: BUKHNY Arkady Froimovich (b. 1932, Odessa), pediatrician, surgeon-oncologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1974). Graduated from the pediatric faculty of the 2nd Moscow. honey. Institute (1956) and graduate school at the Center. Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (1963). Since 1966 he has been working in the region. pediatric oncology (including many years in the clinic of Prof. L.A. Durnov); since 1991 prof., hands. dep. solid tumors Research Institute of Pediatric Hematology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. One of the organizers of pediatric oncological care in the country. Created the first moscow in the country. "Cancer register", to-ry was the basis of the research. in the region. statistics and epidemiology of malignancies. neoplasms in children. In 1970-92 chap. pediatric oncologist of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR. In 1976-91 scientific secretary, before. problem commission on pediatric oncology at the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Sci. tr. B. dedicated issues of traumatism in children, extrarenal retroperitoneal tumors in children (doct. dis), organization of pediatric oncological care. Cit .: Tumors of the retroperitoneal space and abdominal cavity in children, M., 1972; Damage to the epiphyseal zones of bones in children, M., 1973; Metastatic bone tumors in children, Dushanbe, 1986 (et al.); Pediatric Oncology. Study guide, Dushanbe, 1986.

bukhshtab aleksandr adoljfovich
has abstract: BUKHSTAB Alexander Adolfovich (1905, Stavropol - 1990, Moscow), mathematician. Graduated from Moscow State University (1930). Prof. (1938). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1944). He worked in Moscow. state ped. in-those them. V.I. Lenin (since 1939). Main results in number theory, where he developed the sieve method, Works: Theory of numbers, 2nd ed., Moscow, 1966.

bukhshtab boris yakovlevich
has abstract: BUKHSTAB Boris Yakovlevich (1904, Petersburg - 1985, Leningrad), literary critic, teacher. Dr. philol. Sciences, prof. Graduated from Leningrad. un-t (1924). He worked as a bibliographer in the State. publ. b-ke of the USSR them. M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin (1926-1946). For almost 40 years (1946-1985) he taught at Leningrad. state in-those cultures; creator of scientific-ped. schools of literary scholars - bibliographers and textual critics. Participated in the preparation of ed. op. pl. Russian writers (mainly in the "B-ke of the poet"). Author of works about Russian. classic writers of the 19th century: M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin (1947, 1958, 1962), F.I. Tyutchev, A.A. Fete, N.A. Dobrolyubov, Kozma Prutkov (1970). Main author and ed. high school textbook "Bibliography of art. literature and literature ”(1960 and 1971).

bukhshtab lazarj borisovich
has abstract: BUKHSTAB Lazar Borisovich (1868, Odessa - 1934, ibid.), Clinician. Prof. (1925). Graduated from natural sciences. dep. phys.-math. Faculty of Novoros. un-that (Odessa, 1891), in 1895 - honey. Faculty of Kiev University. He improved his therapy in the clinics of famous Berlin professors. Hoffmann and Loyden, in microbiology - at the Pasteur Institute in Paris. B. was the first in Russia to diagnose a rare disease in his lifetime - myelomatosis of the ribs and spine. In 1903 he returned to Odessa and was elected an intern, then head. therapeutic department Heb. hospitals where he worked for 18 years. B. studied the clinic and developed the treatment of typhoid fever, inf. hepatitis, tuberculosis. He organized the first X-ray room in Odessa, a microbiological laboratory, and outpatient clinics at hospitals for incoming patients. From 1921 until the end of his life - head. faculty clinic of Odessa University. B. studied the pathogenesis and treatment of angina pectoris, the clinic of myocardial infarction, the pathology of the glands inside. secretion, oncology, balneology, dietology. He proposed a classification of rheumatism. B. was a member. reign of Vses. and before. Odessa region scientific. therapeutic. Society, the initiator of the creation in the country and one of the leaders of the league against rheumatism. Honored. Scientist Ukr. SSR. Cit .: Diseases of the adrenal glands, Kharkov, 1926; Materials for the clinic and classification of acute endocarditis, Kharkov, 1927.

bukhvaljd naftole
has abstract: BUCHWALD Naftole (1890, Leipuny Seinsky u. Suwalki province. - 1936, New York), publicist, literary critic. In the beginning. 1900s emigrated to the United States with his parents. In 1918 he graduated from New York University. He was engaged in journalism, published art. on issues of language and literature, lectured on theater. claim-ve. His research "Theater" (New York, 1943) on the history of Hebrews is of great value. t-ra. B. was also known as a translator into Yiddish.

buki
has abstract: BUKI, urban-type settlement (since 1965) in Mankovsky district, Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Umansky u. Kiev gubernia, in 1923-54 - a regional center in the Kiev okr., Then - oblast. In 1847, 1182 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 2298 (59%), in 1923 - 281, in 1939 - 546 Jews (18 %).In the beginning. 18th century a synagogue was built in B. 19th century two more. In 1893, Jews were forbidden to pray in new synagogues, since they were at a shorter distance from the Orthodox Church than permitted by law. In 1909 there were a Talmud-Torah and a private Jewish wife in Byelorussia. uch-shche, in 1912 - a Jewish handicraft loan-save. m-in. In the summer of 1919, units of the Volunteer Army organized a pogrom in Byelorussia. During the pogrom organized by Tsvetkovsky's gang in October. 1920, killed ca. 200 Jews. All R. 1920s immigrants from B. organized in the Kherson env. Jewish agriculturalist colony them. Rakovsky (27 people). In the fall of 1941 - in the spring of 1942, almost the entire Jewish population of B. was exterminated. In 1942, able-bodied Jews from Mankovka and Pyatigor were transferred to the labor camp of B., liquidated in May 1942. In 1998, two Jewish families lived in B.., born in B. Olgin; Moses Khashchevatsky (1897-1943), poet (in Yiddish), translated into Yiddish works. M.Yu. Lermontov, J.G. Byron and others, died at the front.

bukinik isaak evseevich
has abstract: BUKINIK Isaak Evseevich (1867, Kharkov - 1942, ibid.), Violinist, teacher. Brother of M.E. Bukinik. In 1887 he graduated from the Kharkov music. uch-shche in the violin class. He taught in the Sumy city, later - in Baku. He worked as a concertmaster in an orc. Odessa Opera House. Organized in Kharkov a private music. school (existed until 1917). Member of the quartet (viola) of the Kharkov branch of Rus. muses. about-va. After the revolution of 1917 he taught at the music. school, gave concerts as a soloist and ensemble player. Peru B., who personally knew PI Tchaikovsky and played in the Kharkov orc. under his direction (1893), includes the essay "Concerts of P. Tchaikovsky in Kharkov" (in the collection "Memories of P. Tchaikovsky", Moscow, 1962), biographer. essay "I. Slatin" (St. Petersburg, 1896).

bukinik mikhail evseevich
has abstract: BUKINIK Mikhail Evseevich (1872, Dubno, Volyn province - 1947, USA), cellist, musician. critic. He received his primary education in the city bunk. school. In 1885 he entered the Kharkov muses. school in the cello class of A.E. Glen, to-ry during the transition in 1890 to Moscow. cons. took B. with him (among his two best students). In 1895 he graduated from cons. with a silver medal (as a reward he was presented with a cello and a subsidy for traveling abroad). He began giving concerts as a soloist and ensemble player as a student. In 1898 he left for Berlin for a year, where he also gave concerts. In 1899-1904 he taught in the music. uch-shche Saratov branch of the RMO (Rus. muses. Society), arranged concerts, literary-muses. evenings, lectured, collaborated in the local gas. In 1904–06 he lived in Germany, France, Switzerland. He was the soloist of symphony. orc. in Görlitz, gave concerts, performing Russian music. composers. In 1906 in Moscow he performed in ensembles with major musicians - S.I. Taneev, A.B. Goldenveiser, B.O.Sibor, K.S. Saradzhev (the fp. Taneev trio was first performed by the author, Saradzhev and B. in 1908 ). Occasionally he gave recitals. Participated in the work of Nar. cons. (1907–18), in the organization of the Orc Society. musicians, Society for the distribution of chamber music. Goldenweiser testified that B. spoke to Leo Tolstoy. In 1915 he was mobilized for military service. In 1919-22 - prof. Kharkov cons. He took part in the work of Nar. Commissariat of Education. In 1922, by permission of the Ukrainian. government left for the USA. Good method. of interest are 4 concert etudes by B. (one of them was included in the compulsory program of cellists at the International Tchaikovsky Competition, Moscow, 1962). Author of 10 preludes, the Storytelling piece for solo cello, transcriptions of Russian pieces. composers. B. wrote memoirs about S.V. Rachmaninov (in the collection "In memory of Rachmaninoff", New York, 1946).

bukonis
has abstract: BUKONIS, a village in the Kedain region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bukantsy Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. Jewish families lived in B. before the 1st World. war.

bukovets
has abstract: BUKOVETS, a village in the Svalyava district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was Hungary, in 1945–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. 17 Jews (3.4%) lived in Byelorussia in 1830, 36 in 1880, and 52 in 1930 (6 , 7%) The Jews of Byelorussia were exterminated during the Holocaust.

bukovina severnaya
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=БУКОВИНА СЕВЕРНАЯ, историческое название (с 15 в.) осн. части территории совр. Черновицкой обл. (Украина). В 1359—1774 — в составе Молдавского кн-ва, находившегося с нач. 16 в. под властью Османской империи, в 1775—1918 — в составе Австрии (с 1867 — Австро-Венгрии), в 1918—40 — Румынии, в 1940—91 —УССР.Первое упом. о евреях на терр. Б. С. относится к 4 в. н. э. В 12—14 вв. в Б. С. селились евреи, бежавшие от религ. преследований из разл. стран Европы и Византии, а также от монголо-татар. нашествия. В сер. 17 в. еврейское население Б. С. пострадало от набегов отрядов Б.М.Хмельницкого. К сер. 18 в. с притоком евреев из Польши и Украины в Черновицах (совр. Черновцы) окончательно оформилась еврейская община, появились еврейские цеховые объединения, функционировали хедеры. В 1848 евреи Б. С., как и всей Австр. империи, получили равноправие. Это способствовало улучшению их положения, росту еврейского населения за счет иммигрантов. В1846 евреи составляли 3% населения Б. С., в 1857 — 8% (25 тыс.), в 1880 в Вижнице — 91%, в Черновицах и Сторожинце — 32%, в Садагоре — 80%. Возросла роль евреев в экономике края. Им принадлежало большинство мельниц, лесопильных, цемент., кирпич. з-дов, почти все пивоваренные и ликеро-водочные з-ды. Евреи доминировали в ж.-д. стр-ве, торговле и банковском деле. Среди них было немало квалифицированных ремесленников — портных, сапожников, жестянщиков, кузнецов и др. Преобладали евреи и в среде интеллигенции — врачей, адвокатов, преподавателей единственного в Б. С. Черновицкого ун-та, где в 1891—1914 было 5 ректоров-евреев.Евреи активно участвовали в политич. жизни. В сер. 1880-х гг. в Черновицах был создан «Еврейский политич. союз Буковины». В кон. 19 в. его пред. Б.Штраухер стал депутатом рейхстага в Вене, чл. союза Э.Рейс — бургомистром Черновиц. В нач. 20 в. в Б. С. действовали разл. еврейские политич. партии и орг-ции, в т. ч. Еврейская партия Буковины.В 1890 австр. пр-во утвердило уставы 7 еврейских общин Б. С…

bukshpan yakov markovich
has abstract: BUKSHPAN Yakov Markovich (1887, Lodz - 1939), economist. After graduating from the Polytechnic. Institute (Petersburg) studied at Berlin University. In the years of the 1st world. war taught at the Polytechnic. in-those. In 1919 he compiled (with B.L. Kafenhaus) a program of economics. revival of Russia for the "National Center" constitutional-democratic. party. In 1919-21 the head. statistical dep. gas. "Econ. a life". From 1921 to 1928 he headed the Mir bureau. farms of the Supreme Council of the National Economy, simultaneously. - ed. bull. "Nar. economy ". At 19.28-30 - head. econom. dep. Vses. bargain. chambers, simultaneously taught at Moscow State University and Military. academy. In 1930 he was arrested in the case of the "Labor Peasant Party". After his release (1932) - worked in the People's Commissariat of Education, head. Department of Moscow. in-that meat industry. The author of the book. on economic issues. In 1938 he was arrested. Shot.

bukta
has abstract: BUKTA, a village in the Marijampole region (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in Mariampolskiy u. A Jewish cemetery has been preserved in B.

bulaeshty
has abstract: BULAESTI, see Bulesti.

bulavenay
has abstract: BULAVENAI, a village in the Rasein region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - village Bulaviany Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–1991 - in the Lithuanian SSR. in B. lived several. Jewish families. All Jews of Byelorussia were shot on 15-16 August. 1941 together with the Jews from Padubisis and Liduvenai. In the beginning. 1990s a memorial sign with an inscription in Yiddish is installed on the mass grave.

bulavjyany
has abstract: BULAVYANA, see Bulavenai.

buleeshtj
has abstract: BULEESTI (until 1991 - Bulaesti), a village in Orheevsky district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - beginning. 20th century - the village of Orhei u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918-40 - a part of Romania, in 1940-91 - the MSSR. 1941, 42 Jews were shot in Byelorussia (the first grave is 1 km south of the village in the Fund forest, the second - 1.5 km in the Kotelnik forest, the third - 1 km in the Red forest).

bulgakovka
has abstract: BULGAKOVKA, see Ivy.

bumagin iosif romanovich
has abstract: BUMAGIN Joseph Romanovich (1907, Vitebsk - 1945, Breslau), Hero of the Sov. Union (1945). Com. machine gun platoon, leith. B. was awarded the title for the courage shown in the capture of Breslau.

bunfeljd tsvi
has abstract: BUNFELD Zvi (1888, Uman, Kiev province - 1953, Tel Aviv), societies. activist. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. While still in the city he joined the Zionist movement. Employee weekly "Dawn". In the years of the 1st world. War actively participated in the movement to help refugees. In 1917 - one of the leaders of the Zionist movement in Ukraine (Yekaterinoslav) and in the Crimea. Member of the All-Russian. the Zionist Congress in Petrograd (1917) and the All-Ukrainian Congress in Kiev (1918). In 1921-22 he assisted the Jews. refugees in the region of the Romanian border. Since 1922 - in Romania. One of the leaders of the Bessarabian Zionists. In 1925 he joined the revisionist movement. Member of the Paris Congress of Zionist Revisionists (1926). Since 1927 - in E.-I. In 1928–33 he worked on behalf of Keren-Kaemet in Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Finland. Member Central Committee of the Zionist revisionist party.

bunich pavel grigorjevich
has abstract: BUNICH Pavel Grigorievich (b. 1929, Moscow), economist, society., Polit. and state. activist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1962), prof. (1963). Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1970). Graduated from econom. Faculty of Moscow State University (1952). From 1955 to scientific ped. to work: in 1955–66 in N.-I. finance. in-those of the Ministry of Finance of the USSR, in 1966–70 - at the Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1971–75 members. of the Far East Presidium. scientific. Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Dir. Khabarovsk Regional Research Institute. Since 1971, members Bureau Dept. Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1975-90 the head. Department of Moscow. Institute of Management, since 1990 First Vice-Rector of the Academy of Nar. x-va, prez. Union of Tenants and Entrepreneurs of Russia. Nar. dep. USSR, deputy. prev. to-that Top. Of the Economic Council reforms (1989–91). Tr. on the problems of economic management, DOS. funds and production facilities, industrial capacities, state. finance. An active supporter of the immediate. introduction into households. practice of the latest achievements of econ. thoughts, initiator of voucher privatization. funds in the industry, M., 1957; Ways to improve the use of DOS. funds, M., 1962; Econ. reform: its implementation and problems, M., 1969; Problems of stabilizing the market economy in the USSR, M., 1991.

bunimovich evgeniy abramovich
has abstract: BUNIMOVICH Evgeny Abramovich (b. 1954, Moscow), teacher of mathematics, poet. Graduated from mechanics and mathematics. Faculty of Moscow State University (1975). Vice President Grew up. Association of teachers of mathematics, member. Federal Expert Council for Education, one of the authors of the textbook. a set of mathematics for grades 5-6. First. poetic. published in 1974. In the 80s. published in the West (ch. arr., in trans.). The author of the book. poems (Moscow, 1992), book. essay about Moscow "Because I love" (1994). The poetry of B. is characterized by harsh irony as a means of transforming social problems into existential ones, an emphasized polemic in relation to its arrangement Rus. classics. Lyrics B. originally interprets infrequent in Russian. poetry of the 70's and 90's motives (Moscow, teacher's work).

bunimovich yuriy emmanuilovich
has abstract: BUNIMOVICH Yuri Emmanuilovich (1919, Vladikavkaz - 1944), Hero of the Sov. Union (1944). Com. link naval. aviation, art. leith. B. fought in the Baltic. Sank several. ships, shot down 3 enemy aircraft. Killed in battle.

bunina basya zakharovna
has abstract: BUNINA Basya Zakharovna (1898, Novgorod-Seversky, Chernigov province - 1960, Kharkov), phthisiatrician. Dr. med. Sciences (1946). Graduated from Kharkov honey. Institute (1924). In 1924-29 she worked as a district doctor and phthisiatrician in the Chernihiv region. In 1929 31 specialized in phthisiology at the Kharkov Institute of tuberculosis, in which she then worked as a scientific researcher. sotr. and head. pathophysiological. department; from 1953 until the end of his life prof., head. Department of Tuberculosis Ukr. in-that improvement of doctors in Kharkov. tr. dedicated various problems of phthisiology: indications and methods are specific. therapy of tuberculosis (doctoral dis.), metabolic disorders in tuberculosis, early forms of tuberculosis, diagnosis of primary tuberculosis, methods of treating tuberculosis with low doses of tuberculin and other drugs. Cit .: Tuberculinotherapy: (Indications and methods), Kiev, 1953.

bunov
has abstract: BUNOV, a village in the Yavoriv district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 1942 the Jews of Byelorussia were resettled to Yavorov and subsequently exterminated.

buntsevo
has abstract: BUNTSEVO, a village in the Derazhnyansky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Butsnevtsy, Letichevsky u. Podolsk Gubernia. 182 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1863, and 304 Jews in 1897. In 1863, Byelorussia had a synagogue. Main occupation of the Jews of B. in 19 - early. 20th century - trad. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was exterminated during the Holocaust.

burbishki
has abstract: BURBISHKI, see Burbiskiai.

burbishkyay
has abstract: BURBISHKIAI, a village in Lazdija region (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the village of Burbishki Mariampolsky u. Suwalki province. 19th century in B. lived several. Jewish families.

burdyanskiy iosif mendelevich
has abstract: BURDYANSKY Iosif Mendelevich (1895, Belaya Tserkov, Kiev province - 1938), engineer, economist, specialist in scientific research. org-tion of production and labor. Studied on mat. branch of the Warsaw University, in the Warsaw Polytechnic, in-those, on the econ. branch of Commercial. in-that and in the polytechnic. in-those in Kiev. From 1920 he taught at the universities of Tatarstan, in 1922–30 he headed the Institute for Scientific Research. org-tion tr. in Kazan. Since 1930 in the Communist. academy in Moscow. Was a member. Pres. Sovnot - state. structure, engaged in the research. and the introduction of scientific. org-tion tr. in USSR. B. belongs to the first definition of the science of labor organization and the allocation of its principles: rational division of labor, economy of movements, rhythm, continuity, standardization, specialization, complete preparation of production. In ch. group of "communist-rationalizers" criticized OA Yermansky, NF Charnovsky, AK Gastev, EF Rozmirovich, VM Ioffe and other colleagues, with whom he argued about "Physiological. optimum ". Repressed, works: Scientific. org-tion tr., L., 1925; Basics of rationalization of production, M.-L., 1934; Methodological. foundations of the theory of socialist. org-tion of production: Lectures 1–3, M., 1936.

bureya
has abstract: BUREYA, urban-type settlement (since 1929), a regional center in the Amur Region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Malinovka, Amur Region. In 1939, 24 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

burg iosif kunovich
has abstract: BURG Joseph Kunovich (b. 1912, Vizhnitsa, Austria-Hungary), prose writer. All R. 30s studied at the Faculty of Germanic Studies at Vienna University. He made his debut in literature in 1934 with the short story "On a timber floating". After the evacuation he lived in Chernivtsi. Worked as a teacher. In Heb. lit-re is known as an inspirational singer of the Carpathians. Lyric. B.'s prose is fanned by romance and rich in language. B. actively collaborated in the railway. "Sovetish gameland" from the first. years of its publication. Author of the book: "Oifn Cheremosh" ("On the Cheremosh"), 1939; "Sam" ("Poison"), 1940; “Dos Lebn Gate Weiter” (“Life Goes On”), 1980, etc.

burgenay
has abstract: BURGENAI, a village in the Pasval region (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Burgiyany in Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. 19th century Jews lived in B. B. Yakov-Mordechai Sherman (1885-1958, Johannesburg), writer (in Yiddish), from 1903 - in the South. Africa.

burgiyany
has abstract: BURGIANS, see Burgenay.

burkanov
has abstract: BURKANOV, a village in the Terebovlya district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 110 Jews lived in Byelorussia. The Jews of Byelorussia were exterminated in the fall of 1942.

burkser evgeniy samoylovich
has abstract: BURKSER Evgeniy Samoilovich (Samuilovich) (1887, Odessa, Kherson province - 1963, Kiev), geochemist. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (1923), Dr. Sciences (1943). He graduated in 1909 from the department. natures. Sciences Phys.-Math. Faculty of Novoros. University (Odessa), where he began to study the chemistry of radioactive elements (in 1909 he published the work "Essays on the Phenomena of Radioactivity"). In 1910, on behalf of chem. section of the Odessa branch of Rus. tech. about-va organized and headed the first radiologist in Russia. lab. He worked in the radium expedition Ros. Academy of Sciences, edges from 1917 conducted research related to the extraction of radium from waste of Fergana uranium ore. In 1926 he became the head of Chem. radiology, Institute of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. In 1938 he created and headed the department of geochemistry at the Kiev Institute of Geology. sciences. In 1941–45 in evacuation in Bashkiria. Osn. research associated with the study of the chemistry of radioactive elements (including on business trips to Belgium, France, Germany), with research. radioactivity of bottom sediments of Odessa estuaries, miner, springs and salt reservoirs of the Kuban and Ukraine, the properties of therapeutic mud and the establishment of the constancy of their chemical. composition. Has achieved, therefore, success in research. geochemistry of rare alkali metals, in determining the amount of rubidium and cesium in the sea. water and plant ash; studied the presence of radioactive elements in living matter. Supervised the study of the processes of hypergene migration chem. elements, developed a direction in the research. absolute age geological. formations. At the same time. from 1922 he taught at universities in Ukraine. From 1939 he headed the Committee for Meteorites of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. He made a great contribution to the creation of scientific. schools of geochemists in Ukraine. Author of over 260 p…

burlaneshty
has abstract: BURLANESTI, see Burlanesti.

burleneshtj
has abstract: BURLENESTI (until 1991 - Burlanesti), a village in Edinet district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Khotinsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the MSSR. On July 10, 1941, 14 Jews were killed in Byelorussia.

burluk boljshoy
has abstract: BURLUK LARGE, see [[Great Burluk.

burshteyn revekka khaymovna
has abstract: BURSHTEIN Rebekka Khaimovna (1904, Smorgon, Oshmyansky u. Vilna province. - 1992, Moscow), electrochemist. Dr. chem. Sciences, prof. from 1942. In 1926 she graduated from Leningrad State University. un-t. In 1927–47 she worked at the Phys.-Chem. in-those them. L.Ya. Karpova. In 1946–58 at Ying-those physical. Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1958–92 head. lab. Institute of Electrochemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Sci. works related to the study of adsorption, heterogeneous catalysis, problems of electrochemistry. Completed the first work in the USSR on the adsorption of hydrogen on coal. Developed a vacuum electrochemical method. research surface condition metallic. electrodes and matching electrochem. properties decomp. metals (platinum, iron, etc.). Proposed a new chem. a current source built without the use of scarce metals - an iron-coal cell. She was engaged in the development of fuel hydrogen-oxygen cells. Author approx. 200 scientific. printed works. Honored. worker of science and technology (1965). Became. pr. (1943, 1952).

burshtin mikhail
has abstract: BURSHTIN Mikhail (1897, Blonie, Warsaw Province - 1945, Dachau), prose writer. From 1912 he lived in Warsaw, passed the external exam for grade 8. zii, graduated from the teacher. courses, worked as a teacher of history and literature. In 1931 he published the first. rum. Iber di Hourves Fun Ploine (On the Ruins of Plonsk). His rum. Bai di teichn fun Mazovie (On the Rivers of Mazovia), published in Warsaw, Oirl (Destiny, 1936), Broit mit zalts (Bread and Salt, 1939), and others were highly appreciated criticism. After the occupation of Warsaw in 1939 he moved to Bialystok. Published stories in owls. Heb. press. In June 1941 in Kaunas, B. ended up in a ghetto. He made calls for resistance. In the ghetto he began to write rum. "Di ghele late" ("Yellow patch"). In the summer of 1944, B. attempted to escape from the ghetto. Died in Dachau.

burshtyn
has abstract: BURSHTYN, an urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Galich region of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1554. At 19 - early. 20th century - the city of the Rogatyn povet in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Stanislavsk voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. 582 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1765, 413 in 1813, in 1880 - 2017 (51%), in 1890 - 2179 (51 , 7%), in 1900 - 2005 (45.2%), in 1910 - 2245 (45.8%), in 1921 - 1431 (40%), in 1931 - 1802 Jews. Jews lived in Byelorussia from the beginning. 17th century In the beginning. 18th century there was a Jewish cemetery. All R. 18th century a synagogue was built. Rabbi in Bulgaria in the 18th century. was Zvi Ashkenazi. In the 1840s. In B. there was a Jewish doctor, in 1850 - 2 Jewish doctors. Main occupation of Jews in the 19th century - trade. In the beginning. 20th century in B. there were 2 Jewish banks, united in the Credit Bank. In the beginning. 20th century there were 10 synagogues, mainly. Hasidic, school for boys with the rights of common people. school, founded in 1898 at the expense of the Baron Hirsch Foundation (in 1908 - 160 students), prof. uch-shche for girls and reading room. A Hebrew school was opened in 1909. From 1865 to 1914, Bulgaria was the residence of the Hasidic tzaddik Nohum Brandwein (1847-1915, Stanislav). His son Eliezer (1869-1943) was a tzaddik in Stanislav (present-day Ivano-Frankivsk), and his grandson Moishe (? -1942) lived in B. Since 1935, the majority of the Jews of B. were Belzevsky and Chortkovsky Hasids. Rabbis in Byelorussia in the 18th and 20th centuries were Yosef Teumim, Yosef Schwartz, until 1898 - Meir Landa (? -1907), in 1898-1907 - his son Moishe (? -1907), the son of Moishe - Hertz was a rabbi until the beginning. 1940s From the beginning. 20th century in B. acted different. Zionist organizations. In 1914, Cossack units of the Rus. army. In the synagogue, a 70-year-old Jew was killed whi…

bursten tselestin leonovich
has abstract: BURSTEN Celestin Leonovich (1888, Ternopil, Galicia - 1938, |), mathematician. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the BSSR (1931). Graduated from Vienna University (1911). Doctor of Philosophy (1912). He worked in Austria, in 1925 he joined the ranks of the Austrian Communist Party; soon came to the USSR. From 1929 - in Minsk, at the invitation of the Belarusian. state un-that headed the department of mathematics; prof. BSU. Deer. Physics and technology Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR. scientific. tr. by differential and Riemannian geometry, differenti. ur-niyam (Pfaf aggregates), algebra (theory of distributive groups, etc.). Wrote in Belarusian, language. scientific reference manual for differenti. geometry. Repressed. Works: Mathematical Works, Minsk, 1932; Differential geometry course, Minsk, 1933; Physical Methods of Mathematics, Minsk, 1933.

burtin yuriy grigorjevich
has abstract: BURTIN Yuri Grigorievich (Girshevich) (b. 1932, Leningrad), lit. critic, publicist, historian of societies. thoughts. From the family sat down. doctor. Graduated from fi-lol. Faculty of Leningrad un-that (1954). He worked as a school teacher at the station. Buoy North g. (1954–62), then a postgraduate student of the Institute of World Literature and Literature (1962–65), from 1967 to 1970 ed. dep. journalism in f. "New World" by AT Tvardovsky, from 1974 to 1988 at the publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia". Ch. ed. gas. "Demokr. Russia ”(1991, jointly with IM Klyamkin), gas. "Citizen. thought "(1993). He began to publish in 1959. Published in decomp. periodic. ed. Wide societies, resonance received the work of B. in the railway. "New World" and "October" "About ditties" (1968), "To you, from another generation ..." (1987), "Real criticism yesterday and today" (1987), "Achilles heel ist. theory of Marx "(1989). Auth. book "The opportunity to object" (M., 1988).

burty
has abstract: BURTS, a village in the Shpolyansky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Cherkassky u. Kiev province. Since 1899, Yakov-Tsvi Maskalensky (1875—?) Was the rabbi in Byelorussia.

burynj
has abstract: BURYN, a city (since 1964), a regional center in the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1688. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Putivl u. Kursk province. In 1897, approx. 100 Jews, in 1926 - 33, in 1939 - 113 Jews.

burzhenin
has abstract: BURZHENIN, a city in Sieradz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - settlement of Sieradz u. Kalisz province. In 1793, 10 Jews (2%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1808 - 58 (16%), in 1827 - 130 (25%), in 1857 - 241 (31%), in 1884 - 329 (30%). ), in 1921 - 228 (20%), in 1939 - approx. 180 Jews. Jews made their living by small trade and crafts. There was a synagogue and a cemetery. Since 1850, the rabbi of B. was Wolf Botke, in 1884 - Abram Bulka, at the end. 19 - early. 20th century - Zvi Perelmuter, from 1903 - Avrom Kolbe (1876—?), From 1914 - Boruch Lednovsky. During the 2nd world. During the war, all the Jews of B. were deported to the ghetto in Zdunska Wola.

bushtyna
has abstract: Bushtyna, see Bushtyno.

bushtyno
has abstract: BUSHTYNO (until 1995 - Bushtyna), an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Tyachiv region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, and in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1848, approx. 90 Jews (8%), in 1872 - 98, in 1880 - 142, in 1930 - 1,042 Jews (30%). Jews lived in Byelorussia from the beginning. 18th century In the 2nd floor. 19th century B. lived the head of the Hasidic dynasty, Mordechai Leifer (1835-1894). Most of the Jews of Byelorussia were Spink and Syget Hasidim. OK. 30% of the Jews of Byelorussia were engaged in timber trade, felling, and timber floating. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In 1938, during the battle between the retreating Czechoslovak army and the Ukrainian. nationalists, the synagogue was burned down. In aug. 1941 several. dozens of Jewish families of B. were exiled to occupied Germany. army territory. In the spring of 1944 the Jews of Byelorussia were sent to Auschwitz. Dozens of Jews in Byelorussia fought in the Czechoslovak brigade under the command of L. Svoboda and in the Czechoslovak units of the allied forces. The Jews of B. also served in labor. battalions of the Hungarian army, some of them ended up in the Sov. In 1945, approx. 30 Jewish families. The synagogue was closed in 1947. In the 1950s and 70s. periodically going illegal. minyan. In the beginning. 1980s 6 Jews lived in B. The Jewish cemetery of B. was destroyed.

busk
has abstract: BUSK, see Busko-Zdroj.

busko-zdruy
has abstract: BUSKO-ZDRUJ, a city (from 1287) in the Kieleck Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Busk Stopnitsky u. Keletskaya province. In 1897 in B.-Z. lived 895 Jews (41%), in 1921 - approx. 2000 Jews. Until 1862 Jews were forbidden to settle in B.-Z. In the beginning. 20th century means. part of the Jewish population left for the United States and other countries. In 1911 there was a foundation in the USA. the community of immigrants from BZ, a cut provided financial assistance to the Jews of BZ. 1941 in B.-Z. a ghetto was created, liquidated in October. 1942, when c. 2 thousand Jews were sent to Treblinka.

butenki
has abstract: BUTENKI, a village in the Kobelyaksky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Butenkov Kobelyaksky u. Poltava province. The law of May 10, 1903, Jews were allowed to settle in Byelorussia, as exemption from the provisional rules of 1882. 20th century the rabbi in B. was Joseph Fischer (1870 -?). I.V. Dubinsky.

butenkova
has abstract: Butenkova, see Butenki.

buteshtj
has abstract: BUTESHT (until 1991 - Buteshty), a village in the Glodensky district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Buteshty-Stavro (other name. Bronshty) Beletsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the MSSR. In 1897, 108 Jews (16.0%) lived in Byelorussia.

buteshty
has abstract: BOTHES, see Butesti.

butkunay
has abstract: BUTKUNAI, a village in the Kaisiadorys region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Butskuny Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century in B. lived several. dozens of Jews, there was a synagogue. In the 1930s. all Jews left B.

butlya
has abstract: BOOTLE, see Beatle.

butor
has abstract: BUTOR (until 1974 - Butory), a village in the Tiraspol region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Tiraspol u. Kherson Province. In 1926, 85 Jews lived in Byelorussia.

butory
has abstract: BUTOR, see Butor.

butrimantsy
has abstract: BUTRIMANIS, see Butrimonis.

butrimonis
has abstract: BUTRIMONIS, a town in the Alytus region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1699.From 1795 - as part of Ros. empire, the town of Butrimantsy Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918-40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1760, 282 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1847 - 666, in 1897 - 1919 (80%), in 1923 - 943 (58%), in 1941 - 750 Jews. Jews of Byelorussia were engaged in handicrafts, trade, p. h-vom, truck farming, gardening, carriage. In the 1880s. followers of the Haskala appeared in B. There was a yeshiva in B., headed by Yosif Yankelevich. Eliezer Strashun served as the rabbi in B. In 1885, the Bikur Hoylim Society invited a doctor to the service, in 1886 a mutual assistance fund was created with a capital of 500 rubles, which was donated by Nohum Leibovich. The construction of the Great Synagogue was completed in 1894. In 1897 a library was opened at the private school of Dr. Schneider. At school with teaching in Russian. lang. studied 50 children. In 1898, a Zionist organization headed by Strashun began to operate. In 1909 there was a Jewish school for boys. Wed school of the "Tarbut" network, headed by Dir. Vinitsky, there was a cheder, a Jewish library worked. Rabbi in Bulgaria in the 1920s and 1930s. was Avrum-Moishe Vitkind. In 1931 the Jews of Byelorussia owned 24 shops, 2 wool-combing shops, a shoe factory, a soda water factory, a mill, a bakery, and a power station. In 1937, there were 47 Jewish artisans, a Jewish dentist, a branch of the Jewish People's Bank (320 depositors) functioned, a mutual assistance fund, a voluntary fire brigade, most of the members of the cut were Jews. Most of the Zionist parties, youth Zionist movements, including Gordonia (70-80 members), Beitar (60 members), Maccabi (30 members), Agudas Yisroel. There was an underground communist. org-tion, most of the members of the cut were Jews. On July 1941, the local population staged a pogrom in Byelorussia, as a result of which the Torah scrolls w…

butskuny
has abstract: BUTKUNAI, see Butkunai.

butsnevtsy
has abstract: BUTSNEVTSY, see Buntsevo.

buturlinovka
has abstract: BUTURLINOVKA, city (since 1917), regional center in the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in the 1st floor. 18th century like a settlement. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Bobrovsky u. Voronezh Gubernia. 14 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1926, and 23 Jews in 1939.

buy
has abstract: BUY, city, regional center in the Kostroma region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1536. From 1719 it was a part of the Kostroma province, in 1778–96 and from 1802 it was the district town of Kostroma province. 25 Jews lived in Byelorussia in 1910, 38 Jews in 1926, and 34 Jews in 1939. S.S.Samodur.

buyalyk
has abstract: BUYALYK, see Blagoevo.

buynak
has abstract: BUINAK, see Boynak.

buynaksk
has abstract: BUYNAKSK (in 1866-1922 - Temir-Khan-Shura), a city (since 1866), a regional center in the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). According to legend, the founding of Bolivia is associated with the name of Timur (Tamerlane, Temir Khan), who in 1396 stopped with his army in the region of the future city. Soon an aul appeared here. In 1834, a Russian was built nearby. military. strengthening. Since 1860, B. has been the center of the Dagestan Region. In 1866, 290 Jews lived in B. (of them 170 mountain), in 1873 - 406, in 1886 - 334, in 1897 - 1199 (13%), in 1899 - 1950, in 1910 - 1317, in 1926 - 1471 (15.5%) (of which 980 are mountain), in 1939 - 196 Jews. The law of 1859 on classifying Jews as merchants did not apply to B. In 1866 there were 2 synagogues in B. (Mountain and Ashkenazi ). All R. 19th century the community of Mountain Jews was headed by Sholom-Melekh Mizrahi. In the 1860s. the rabbi was Mordechai-Leib Rassentsov. From 1875 Hezekiyaku Mushailov was the rabbi of the Mountain Jews. In the 1890s. the Ashkenazi rabbi was Toviy Naumovich Gorodetsky. In 1910 there were 2 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery, a Jewish beginning. societies. uch-shche. In 1915, in the Temirkhan-Shurinsky environs. (excluding B.) there were 3 synagogues. During the war, 150 Jewish families moved to B. By 1932, the mountain-Jewish collective farm "Novy Byt" (170 people) was created in the Buinaksk region. During the 2nd peace. During the war in Burma, the number of Ashkenazi increased at the expense of the evacuees, and in 1945 a synagogue was reopened in Burma. Rabbi B. was Meir Khanukaevich Rafailov (? -1951). Up to 120 Jews gathered for the festive services. Aug 9 1960 in Buynaksk gas. "Kommunist" published an article accusing Jews of using the blood of Muslims. there was a synagogue in B., where the rabbi also performed the duties of a shohet; the minyan met regularly; there was a Jewish cemetery. 1990s Jewish religion. the community of B. was headed by Naftali Naftaliev; a Jewish …

buynichi
has abstract: BUINICHI, a village in the Mogilev district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 15th century. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, the town of Mogilev u. In 1798 205 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1842 - 145, in 1846 - 124 (60%), in 1863 - 282 (56%), in 1869 - 230, in 1908 - 93 (22%), in 1923 - 42 Jews. In 1798 there were 2 synagogues in Byelorussia, and in 1841 a synagogue, a heder. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was exterminated during the Holocaust.

buynovichi
has abstract: BUINOVICHI, a village in the Lelchitsky district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Mozyr u. Minsk province. In 1897, 85 Jews (9.1%) lived in Byelorussia.

buyvidy
has abstract: BUYVIDY, see Buividziai.

buyvidzhyay
has abstract: BUYVIDZHIAI, a village in the Vilnius region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Buyydy Vilensky u. In an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882, the law of May 10, 1903, Jews were granted the right to free settlement in B.

buzhor iosif aronovich
has abstract: BUZHOR Iosif Aronovich (party ps. Trandafir) (1902, Koban Beltsky u. Bessarabian province. - 1941), member of the roar. movement in Bessarabia in the 1920s. He graduated from a 4-class school in Balti. In 1924 I crossed the river illegally. Dniester on the territory. Ukraine, served in the Kr. Army. From May 1925 it was. bunk bed judge in Balta, Kamenka, Ananiev and Birzul, then worked as an instructor for Nar. Commissariat of Justice Mold. ASSR, judicial investigator of the North Caucasus. prosecutors. In 1931-32 he studied at the newspaper department of the North Caucasus. Communist. un-that. In 1932 he was sent to work underground in Bessarabia, where he headed the underground regional committee of the Communist Party of Romania, and was soon arrested. 02/04/1934 sentenced to 10 years in prison, a cut he served in Suceava, Tirgu-Ocna and Doftana (Romania). After the annexation of Bessarabia to the USSR (1940), he was released; Top. Ships Mold. SSR. In the fall of 1941 sent from special. mission to the rear of the enemy, where he died.

buzovarovo
has abstract: BUZOVAROVO, a village in the Veselinovsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Aleksandrovka (other name. Bezuarov) Ananievsky u. Kherson province. On March 4, 1942, 140 Jews were shot in Byelorussia, deported from Odessa in January. 1942.

buzul-montanay
has abstract: BUZUL-MONTANAI, see Vinogradovo.

buzuluk
has abstract: BUZULUK, city, regional center in the Orenburg region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1736. From 1781 - the district town of the Ufa governorship, from 1804 - in the Orenburg province, from 1851 - in the Samara province. 19th century in Buzuluk u. 854 Jews lived, in 1863 in B. - 35 Jews, in 1897 - 130 (0.9%), in 1910 - 187, in 1926 - 132 (0.5%), in 1939 - 135 Jews. there was a synagogue, in 1910 - a Jewish cemetery. L.P. Pressman.

byadulya zmitrok
has abstract: BYADULIA Zmitrok (real name and surname Samuil Efimovich Plavnik) (1886, Posadets of Vilna province - 1941, Minsk), prose writer, poet. Author of rum. "Yazep Krushinsky" (1929-1932), East. pov. "Nightingale" (1927), poems "Yarila" (1922), numerous. stories, autobiographical. book "In the dense forests" (1939). Main theme of manuf. B. - the life of peasants in the pre-Revolutionary period. Belarus. The Belarusian laid the foundations. children liters. B. and Heb. motives, although they do not occupy any significant place in his works.

byala-podlyaska
has abstract: BYALA-PODLASKA, city, center of the province (Republic of Poland). Main in the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of the Brest povet and voivodship in the Commonwealth. From 1795 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the county town of Bela, Sedletskaya province. In 1841 in B.-P. 2220 Jews lived, in 1856 - 2561, in 1897 - 6549, in the 1930s. - OK. 8,500 Jews. According to the privilege of 1 Aug. 1621, Jews were allowed to have in B.-P. 30 houses. In 1841 in B.-P. there were 2 stone synagogues. From the end. 19th century rabbi in B.-P. was Shmuel-Leib Zak. Main occupations of Jews B.-P. at 19 - early. 20th century - trade and manufacture of clothing. In the end. 19th century pl. Jews left for the United States, where in 1888 a fellowship was organized. In the beginning. 20th century in B.-P. the organization of the Bund operated, in the 1920s and 1930s. - parts decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. In 1941 in B.-P. a ghetto was created, liquidated in December. 1942. In Oct. 1941 the population of the ghetto was 7 thousand people. On Sept. 1942 in B.-P. it was shot approx. 3,500 Jews. On the territory. In the Jewish cemetery, a monument to the perished Jews B.-P., Avgustov, Suvalkov was erected. genus: M.M.A. Gartglas; Yosef Birshtein (b. 1920), poet, writer, writes in Hebrew and Yiddish, since the 1950s. - in Israel, laureate of a number of lit. prizes; Moishe-Joseph Feigenboim (b. 1908), historian, publicist, specialist in the history of the Holocaust period.

byala-ravska
has abstract: BYALA-RAVSKA, a city (since 1498) in the Skierniewice Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1867 - Posad Byalo Ravsky u. Petrokovskaya province. In 1764 in B.-R. 31 Jews lived, in 1808 - 299 (63%), in 1827 - 529 (61%), in 1857 - 1028 (72%), in 1897 - 1469 (71.6%), in 1921 - 1429 (61%) , in 1939 - c. 1250 Jews Jews began to settle in B.R. at the end. 18th century A community existed from 1822. At the same time, a synagogue and a mikvah were built, and a cheder was opened. Several later, another synagogue was built. In the 1840s. Jews belonged to b. including real estate in B.-R. In 1853 in B.-R. there were 40 merchants, an innkeeper, a cab, 9 day laborers, 48 ​​Jewish artisans (18 tailors, 3 hatters, 4 shoemakers, 2 carpenters, a glazier, a bricklayer, a tiler, etc.). from 1807 there was Naftali Frenkel, from 1838 - Note Sarbanitsky (? -1856), in 1856-60 - Osher Okonovsky, in 1860-65 - Hirsh Bizhonsky, in 1874-93 - Noah Sarbanitsky, until the 1920s. - Mendel Price, then - Yitzhok-Nosen Stark. 8 Sept. 1939 germ. troops occupied B.-R. By May 1941 in B.-R. there were 2,328 Jews, including 928 refugees. In July 1941, the number of Jews reached approx. 4700. In the fall of 1941 a ghetto was created. 26 oct. 1942 all Jews (about 4 thousand) were sent to the ghetto in Rava Mazowiecka, and from there to Treblinka. genus. B. Friedman.

byalachev
has abstract: Byalachev, see Byalachuv.

byalachuv
has abstract: BYALACHUV, a city in the Piotrkow Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Byalachev of Opochensky u. Radom province. In 1860, 12 Jews (1.4%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1897 - 189 (15.4%), in 1921 - 166 (13%), in 1939 - approx. 100 Jews. Jews began to settle in B. in the middle. 19th century They earned their living by small trade and handicrafts, rented forest plots and traded in timber. In B. there was a synagogue and a mikvah. The children studied at the cheder. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. Jews B. and refugees in October. 1942 were sent to the ghetto in Opoczno, and from there to Treblinka.

byalik boris aronovich
has abstract: Byalik Boris Aronovich (1911, Kiev - 1988, Moscow), critic, literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1947), prof. Graduated from Samara ped. Institute (1932). Member of the 1941–45 war. Since 1938 in the system of the Academy of Sciences, head. department in IRLI (Pushkin House), since 1946 in IMLI, head. department of creativity M. Gorky. He began to publish in 1931. Participated in the preparation of the meeting. op. M. Gorky in 30 volumes, responsible. ed. a number of collective tr. and ser. publications about Gorky, about owls. and Russian. lit-re. B.'s works about Gorky are characterized by problematic and publicistic nature. Member Europe. about-va of culture, och. h. Writers' Association of Colombia. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR. Works: Gorky in the fight against theatrical reaction, L.-M., 1938; M. Gorky - literary critic, M., 1960; M. Gorky - playwright, 2nd ed., 1977; The fate of Maxim Gorky, 3rd ed., 1986.

byalik khaim-nakhman
has abstract: Byalik Chaim-Nakhman (1873, Rada of Volyn province - 1934, Vienna), poet, prose writer, publicist. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. He studied at the cheder, and after the death of his father he was given to be raised by a Talmud grandfather. At the age of 13 he switched to base ga-midrash. Here B. meets the mystic. teachings of Kabbalah. The image of a hermit disciple was created in one of B.'s early poems "Ga-matmid". I was also engaged in self-education. From Heb. literature a strong impression on B.'s worldview had Art. Ahad Ha-Ama. In 1891 he made his debut poems. in Hebrew. For some time he lived in Sosnovitsy, taught at school, devoting his leisure time to literature. At the invitation of the most prominent figures in Heb. culture B. moved to Odessa in 1899, where he taught at the cheder. Joint. with I. Ravnitsky and S. Ben-Zion founded the publishing house "Moria", in which he edited the book. for kids. At the same time. took an active part in the railway. Ahad Ha-Ama "Ha-Shilloah", where publ. row. verse. and household pov. "Arye baal guf" ("Arye kulak"). On a weekly. Der Yud in 1899 published the first collection of poems in Yiddish. In 1902, Sat. poems B. Impressions of childhood surrounded by nature are clearly expressed in many. verses and poems of B. In 1903 the Odessa society, to-t sent B. to Chisinau to collect documentary material about the atrocities committed there during the pogrom. Written under the impression of what he saw, B.'s poem "In shkhite-shtot" ("In the city of massacres", 1904; in Russian translation - "The Legend of the Pogrom"), gained worldwide fame. From 1904 B. ed. dep. thin lit-ry in f. Ha-Shilloach. In 1908–09, together with Ravnitsky, he published the major work "Sefer ha-agada" - an anthology of legends, parables, stories, sayings extracted from the Talmud and Midrash. Translated from Yiddish to Nar. songs, putting the beginning. modern bunk bed song in Hebrew. Some of their products. B. himself translated into…

byalik petr moiseevich
has abstract: Byalik Petr Moiseevich (1893, Smila, Kiev province - 1986, Kiev), military. doctor, major general med. service (1943). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kiev un-that (1919), from 1919 in Kr. Army, citizen war. Since 1924 Art. doctor of the regiment, division, early. Kiev env. school dignity. instructors, early. Medical improvement courses. composition. In 1941 the beginning. dignity management of the Kiev VO, in 1941–42 - South-West. fr., in 1943–45 - the 3rd Ukr. fr. In 1946–49 the beginning. dignity Department of the Army, in 1949–55 - early. honey. courses of Kiev VO. Retired from 1955. He was awarded 5 orders.

byalik vladimir lazarevich
has abstract: Byalik Vladimir Lazarevich (1908, Belaya Tserkov, Kiev province - 1972, Kiev), pathologist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. In 1930 he graduated from Kiev honey. in-t and worked as a pathologist and forensic medical expert in the city of Belaya Tserkov, and since 1933 in Zhitomir. Since 1935 assistant, and then Assoc. Department of pathological. Anatomy of Kiev honey. in-that. During the war years 1941–45 early. army pathologist. laboratories, and then Ch. pathologist Ukrainian fr. For the first time organized and conducted a massive pathologist. research of the dead on the battlefield. Until 1960, he headed a pathologist. service in the Kiev VO. At the same time. Assoc. Department of pathological anatomy of Kiev Institute of advanced training of doctors. In 1966 he organized a lab. pathomorphology and histochemistry at the Kiev Research Institute of Urology and Nephrology; led her until the last days of his life. B. published by St. 120 works, dedicated. morphology of combat trauma, oncology, nephrology and urology. They et al. 4 monographs and a manual have been published. B. was before. Kiev scientific. about-va of pathologists, chl. reign of Vses. scientific. about-va of pathologists.

byalo
has abstract: BYALO, see Byala-Rawska.

byaloblotskiy shmuelj shraga
has abstract: BYALOBLOTSKY Shmuel Shraga (1888, Pilvishki, Marijampole district, Suwalk province - 1960, Tel Aviv), teacher, researcher in the field of Hebrews. philosophy. He studied at the Lithuanian yeshivas in Telshi, Slobodka and Ponevezha. After the 1st world. war studied at the Higher Religion. school in Berlin, then graduated from the University of Hesse. In 1928–34 he was one of the authors of articles on the Talmud in the German Encyclopedia of Judaica and taught Hebrew. From 1933 in E.-I., he taught first at the Pedagogical College in Jerusalem, and then, after the opening in 1955 of Bar-Ilan high fur boots - head. Chair of the Talmud.

byalobrzhegi
has abstract: Byalobrzegi, see Bialobrzegi.

byalobzhegi
has abstract: BYALOBRZHEGI, a city in the Radom Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1844 - Posad Bialobrzegi of Radomsky u. In 1897, 1,534 Jews (48%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1921 - approx. 2,200 Jews. 19th century in B. there were 2 synagogues, built in 1865 and in the 1870s. (Hasidic), Jewish cemetery and Khevra Kaddish (from 1853). In the 1890s. Zelman-Hirsch Shlomovich Firshtenberg was the rabbi in Byelorussia; in the 1910s. - Shaya Rayovsky. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. In 1941 a ghetto was created in Byelorussia, liquidated in October. 1942. The ghetto housed approx. 4 thousand people.

byalogon
has abstract: BYALOGON, now part of the city of Kielce (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the village of Keletsky u. 348 Jews (29%) lived in Byelorussia in 1897, and 252 Jews in 1921. The Jewish population of Byelorussia was exterminated during the Holocaust.

byalovezhe
has abstract: BYALOVEZHE, a village in the Bialystok Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Brest Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Pruzhansky u. Grodno province. In 1920-39 - as part of Poland, in 1939-45 - BSSR. 2 Aug. 1941 in B., 6 Jews were shot. 10 Aug 1941 all Jews who were in the assembly camp (77 people) were liquidated, Jewish women with children were sent to Kobrin.

byalyy grigoriy abramovich
has abstract: BYALY Grigory Abramovich (1905, St. Petersburg Gubernia - 1987, Leningrad), literary critic, teacher. Dr. philol. Sciences, prof. Graduated from Leningrad. un-t (1925). In 1925-30 he taught at general education courses in Leningrad. Since 1936, for almost half a century, he worked for Philology. f-those Leningrad. un-that, in 1939-52 he was also a scientific. sotr. Institute of Russian literature (Pushkin House). His lectures and scientific. seminars have attracted many people for decades. listeners. Research creativity of writers 2nd half. 19th century, author of a number of monographs: “V.M. Garshin and lit. the struggle of the eighties "(1937)," Turgenev and Russian. realism "(1962)," Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" "(1963 and 1968)," Vsevolod Mikhailovich Garshin ". (1969), “Rus. realism of the late 19th century "(1973)," Chekhov and Russian. realism "(1981).

byarzhay
has abstract: BYARZHAI, a village in the Kedain region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - village Berzhi Kovensky u. Vilenskaya, since 1842 - Kovenskaya province. Before the 1st world. During the war, B. had a Jewish population.

byatigala
has abstract: BYATIGALA, a place in the Rasein region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 13th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Betigole Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 85 Jews (25%) lived in Byelorussia. Jews in B. owned several. shops, sawmill and mill; some families were engaged with. x-vom. In the end. 1930s the number of Jews in Byelorussia decreased (by 1941 - 11 families). 1941 all Jews were collected litas. policemen on a farm near B. and shot (2 girls were saved, hidden by Lithuanian peasants). After the war, the remains of those executed were reburied in a mass grave, on which a monument was erected.

bychkovtsy
has abstract: BYCHKOVTSY, a village in the Chortkiv region of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in the Chortkovsky district of the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, 11 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.

byk shaulj-iskhar
has abstract: BULL Shaul-Iskhar (1883, Yampol, Podolsk province - 1971, Bnei-Brak, Israel), rabbi. R. in a hereditary rabbinical family. Received a traditional Heb. religious education. In 1904–16 he was rabbi of Medzhibozh (Podolsk province), in 1916–21 - in Komarin (Minsk province), in 1921–27 - in Mogilev-Podolsk. Since 1927 - in the USA, rabbi in Brooklyn, New York. Since 1949 - in Israel.

bykhava
has abstract: BYKHAWA, a village in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town in the Lubelsk Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. From 1795 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Bykhov posad of Lublin u. In 1765, 413 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1787 - 193, in 1856 - 638 (65.1%), in 1897 - 1507 (74.1%), in 1921 - 1876 Jews. ... Rakhmil Greenbaum was the rabbi in B. In 1912, a savings and loan system operated in Burma. company for Jewish artisans and small industrialists. After the occupation of Germany. In 1939, troops created a ghetto in Byelorussia. In 1942, there were approx. 2700 people The ghetto was liquidated on October 11. 1942.

bykhov
has abstract: BYKHOV, city (since 1773), regional center in the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 14th century In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Orsha district of the Troki voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. Since 1802 it has been the district town of Stary Bykhov, Mogilev province. In 1654, approx. 1000 Jews, in 1766 - 887, in 1810 - 2947 (48.1%), in 1836 - 2470, in 1842 - 3205, in 1847 - 3046, in 1856 - 4241, in 1860 - 3294 (51.7%), in 1873 - 3207, in 1910 - 3817, in 1926 - 2575 (33.6%), in 1939 - 2295 Jews (20.8%). The Jewish community existed in Byelorussia since the 1620s, there was a stone synagogue. The Jewish population suffered during the "Khmelnytsky" era. In 1659, during the capture of Byelorussia, Rus. troops were killed approx. 300 Jews. In 1747 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in Byelorussia. In 1816 Abel Sluchkin rented a woolen cloth manufactory (18 looms, 84 workers). In 1834 there were 6 synagogues in Byelorussia, and in 1860 there were 11 synagogues. From 1868, Girsha Zalmanovich Batalin was rabbi of B., from 1872 - Chaim Bogin. In 1890 there was a Jewish almshouse. occupation of Jews in the 19th century in B. - trade (mainly agricultural products) and the manufacture of clothing. In 1906 Mendel Slavin was allowed to open a private husband in Byelorussia. 1-class Jewish school. Between 1911 and 1913 a private wives worked in Byelorussia. Jewish 1-class with cook class, school Baranov. In 1910, B. had a Jewish cemetery and eight synagogues. In 1913, Jews owned a printing house, photography, and 3 bookstores. There was a Jewish library-reading room, about-in aid to poor Jews (before I.F. Schneider). In 1925 she worked in B. Jewish school (closed at the end of the 1930s). In 1928 there were 6 synagogues in Byelorussia, including 3 Hasidic (2 Lubavitch and 1 Staroselskaya), there were 2 rabbis, including one Hasidic. In 1941 a ghetto was created in Byelorussia. On Sept. 1941, …

bykhova
has abstract: BYKHOV, see Bykhava.

bykhovskiy abram isaevich
has abstract: BYKHOVSKY Abram Isaevich (1895, Dubrovny Goretsky u. Mogilev province. - 1973, Moscow), organizer of industrial production, major general engineer-art. service (1944), Hero of the Socialist. Labor (1942). Graduated from Kharkov Technol. in-t. In 1939–55, the director. artillery plant in Izhevsk. From 1955 he occupied the dec. hands. positions in the defense industry. During the 1941–45 war, he headed the development of large-caliber artillery guns.

bykhovskiy aleksandr yakovlevich
has abstract: BYKHOVSKY Alexander Yakovlevich (1888, Mogilev - 1978, Moscow), painter, graphic artist, theater and cinema artist, teacher. Studied at school encouraging. thin in St. Petersburg (1910-12) under the direction of. N.K. Roerich. Since 1913 academic. in exhibitions. In 1918 the head. poster workshop in Gomel. Since 1922 - in Moscow. Lecturer in the art studio. M.A. Vrubel. In 1923 he had a person. exhibition in the studio of Habima, where presented. graphical works - 1910–20s. In 1926, the design. screenplay by IE Babel "Wandering Stars" (drop, in the USA in 1972, publishing house "Ardis") and collection of works. to the 10th anniversary of the GOSET “Revoluts. tr "(in Yiddish). In the 1920s. created cycle "Polit. poster ", which includes the best posters of the first revol. years ("Red alarm", "Funeral banner", etc.). In 1929–31 he taught at the theater, dep. butt courses. claim to them. N.K. Krupskaya. In 1936, no. posters, sketches decor. and costumes for spect. A. Vevierke "Der step brent" ("The steppe is burning") in the "Red torch" shopping center (Mariupol). In 1938 races. as a monumentalist on the project of the Irkutsk pavilion for the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition. In 1942–45 he was decorated. spectrum. in the Omsk puppet theater. In the 1970s. slave. over the composition "Messengers of Glory" (collage).

bykhovskiy anatoliy avraamovich
has abstract: BYKHOVSKY Anatoly Avraamovich (b. 1934, Izhevsk), chess player, international. master (1982), honored. trainer of the USSR (1975). Champion of Moscow (1963). Prizewinner of a number of international tournaments, including in Reggio-nel-Emilia (1978–79 - 2nd place, 1981–82 - 3rd place). In 1967-91 Art. USSR youth team coach. The author of a number of books. on the theory of openings.

bykhovskiy avigdor iosifovich
has abstract: BYKHOVSKY Avigdor Iosifovich (b. 1955. Moscow), chess player, international. grandmaster (1991). Champion of Spartak (1983) and USSR (1968–88) by correspondence in the Moscow team. Winner and medalist of a number of international tournaments.

bykhovskiy bernard emmanuilovich
has abstract: BYKHOVSKY Bernard Emmanuilovich (1901, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1980, Moscow), historian of philosophy, prof. (1929), Doctor of Philosophy. Sciences (1941), studied at the Faculty of Societies, Sciences of Belarus, un-that. From 1923 he was engaged in scientific and teaching work. Became. pr. (1944) for authorship and ed. v. 1–2 “History of Philosophy” (Moscow, 1940–43). The main work on dialectic. materialism, history of Western-European. and modern earub. Philosophy, Vol .: Descartes' Philosophy, ML., 1940; Hegel's method and system, M., 1941; Philosophy of neopragmatism, M., 1959; Ludwig Feuerbach, M., 1967; George Berkeley, M., 1970; Kierkegaard, M., 1972; Erosion of "eternal" philosophy, M, 1973; Gassendi, M., 1974; Schopenhauer, M., 1975; Seeger Brabant, M., 1979.

bykhovskiy boris evseevich
has abstract: BYKHOVSKY Boris Evseevich (1908, Petersburg - 1974, Moscow), parasitologist. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1964). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1930). He worked at Ying-those fish farm (1929–32) and at Zoologich. Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1935–40 and from 1942; from 1962 - director) in Leningrad. At the same time. in 1940–44 - deputy. prev. Of the Taj Presidium. branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1963 - academician-secretary. Department of General Biology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Main tr. on the problems of parasitology. Developed a monogenetic taxonomy. flukes and singled them out into an independent class, established their phylogenetic. relationship with other flatworms. He made a number of important generalizations regarding geogr. distribution and ecology, factors that determine the formation of the parasite fauna of fish in many reservoirs of the USSR. These studies. formed the basis of a number of prophylactic. measures to combat acc. diseases of fish. Vol .: Parasites of fish of the Caspian Sea, M.-L., 1939 (with V.L.Dogel); Monogenetic flukes, their system and phylogeny, M. - L., 1957.

bykov
has abstract: BYKOV, a village in the Sambir district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Sambir district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1941–42, 22 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.

bykov roland anatoljevich
has abstract: BYKOV Roland Anatolyevich (b. 1929, Kiev), film actor, film director. Graduated from Moscow. theater, school them. M.S. Shchepkina (1951). In 1951–58 - actor Mosk. Youth Theater. In 1957-59, the organizer and Ch. dir. Moscow student t-ra MSU. In 1958-60, Ch. dir. t-ra them. Linen. Komsomol in Leningrad. Since 1960 actor and dir. to / st. Mosfilm. He played more than 80 roles in films and on TV: "The Overcoat" (1960, Bashmachkin), "Andrei Rublev" (1966, Skomorokh), "They Call, Open the Door" (1965, Pavel Vasilyevich), "Dead Season" (1968, Savushkin ), "Commissar" (1967, Magazanik), "Two Comrades Served" (1968, Ivan Karjakin, an honorary diploma for the best work), "Walking in agony" (1977, Kuzma Kuzmich), "Checking on the Roads" (1962, Lokotkov ), "The Nose" (Major Kovalev, 1977), etc. He made his debut as dir. f. Seven Nurses (1962). Then he staged the f , turtle!" (1970, Golden Prize at the 7th International Convention Festival in Moscow, Grand Prix at the IX International Convention Festival in Gijon, Spain, 1971), "Telegram" (1972), "Car, Violin and Dog Blot" (1975), "Wedding Gift" (1983, jointly with A.S. Igishev and R.P. Esadze), "Scarecrow" (1984, Grand Prix IV ICF in Lannes, France, 1986). Hands. Int. center of cinema and TV for children and youth. State pr. RSFSR them. br. Vasilievs (1987). Nar. art. USSR (1990). Dep. USSR Armed Forces (1989–91).

bykovka
has abstract: BYKOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Dzerzhinsk district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Zhitomir u. Volyn province. In 1897 92 Jews (14.8%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1939 - 151 (8%), in 1989 - 8 Jews.

bykovo
has abstract: BYKOVO, an urban-type settlement (since 1926) in the Ramensky district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Bronnitsky district Moscow province. In 1926, 93 Jews (2.8%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1939 - 122 (1.6%), in 1970 - 223 (1.8%), in 1989 - 77 Jews (0.8%). ).In the beginning. 1950s in B. on Saturdays and weekdays a minyan gathered (about 25 people).

byrlovka
has abstract: BYRLOVKA, a village in the Drabovsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - farm Byrlovsky Piryatinsky u. Poltava province. In the 1920s. In 1926, 36 Jews did not live in Byrlovskiy district, in 1939 there were 2 Jews in B. In 1942, 2 Jews were killed in B.

byrlovskiy
has abstract: BYRLOVSKY, see Byrlovka, Cherkasy region.

byshev
has abstract: BYSHEV, a village in Radekhiv district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Sokal povet in the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39, it was part of Poland; in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1941–42, 28 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.

bystritsa
has abstract: BYSTRITSA, a village in the Drohobych district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Drohobych district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, in the Lvov Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, in the Ukrainian SSR. On July 18, 1941, 18 Jews were shot in Byelorussia.

bystritskaya elina avraamovna
has abstract: BYSTRITSKAYA Elina Avraamovna (b. 1928, Kiev), actress. After graduating from medical courses. sisters, until the end of the war 1941–45 she worked in front-line hospitals. In 1947 she graduated from the Nezhinsky medical center. technical school, later - a student of philology. Faculty of Nezhinsky ped. in-that, from where she soon left for the acting department of the Institute of Theater. lawsuit in Kiev. After graduating from the Institute (1953), the actress of the Vilnius Theater Rus. dramas; played the roles: Tanya, Olga ("Tanya" and "Years of Wanderings" by A.N. Arbuzov) and others. Since 1958 in the troupe of Moscow. Maly Theater. Among the roles: Lady Windermere ("Lady Windermere's Fan" by O. Wilde, 1958), Glafira, Lydia, Kruchinina ("Wolves and Sheep", 1966, "Mad Money", 1969, "Guilty Without Guilt", 1981 A.N. Ostrovsky), Panov ("Love Yarovaya" by K. Trenev, 1977), Moskalev ("Uncle's Dream" after F. M. Dostoevsky, 1992). She made her film debut in 1951 (Lena Alekseenko, "In Peaceful Days"). Fame brought her f. "An unfinished story" (1955), where she played the role of the local doctor Elizaveta Maksimovna. The best work of B. - the role of Aksinya in a 3-part f. based on the novel by MA Sholokhov "Quiet Don". She starred in f. "Volunteers" (1958), "Everything remains for the people" (1963), etc. On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of victory in the war of 1941–45, B. prepared for the Variety Theater the play "Accidental Waltz" (after the book of S. A. Aleksievich "U war is not a woman's face "), where she played 7 roles. 1979–90 - prof. GITIS, since 1991 teaches at the Uch-shch im. MS Schepkina at the Maly Theater. In 1973 she headed the Federation of Art. gymnastics of the USSR, was a member. Nat. Olympic to-that. Nar. art. USSR (1978).

bytenj
has abstract: BYTEN, a village in the Ivatsevichi district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of the Slonim district of the Vilna voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Slonimsky u. Grodno province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1766, 273 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1847 - 573, in 1897 - 1614 (60%), in 1921 - approx. 1,200 Jews. Since 1866, Mordechai Weizel (1839–?) Has been the rabbi in Byelorussia. In 1909, Burma had a Talmud-Torah, and a ghetto was created after the occupation of Burma by Wehrmacht units. In the summer of 1942, 2-3 thousand Jews of Byelorussia and surrounding villages were exterminated in Byelorussia. Ts. Lyubetkin, I. Rabinovich.

bytkov
has abstract: BYTKOV, a village in the Nadvornyansky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Bitkuv Nadvornyansky powiat of the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1941–42 the Jews of Byelorussia (20 people) were resettled to Nadvirna, where they were subsequently exterminated.

bytoshevskiy zavod
has abstract: BYTOSHEVSKY PLANT, see Bytosh.

bytoshj
has abstract: BYTOSH, an urban-type settlement (since 1929) in the Dyatkovo district of the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement Bytoshevsky plant, Bryansk u. Oryol Gubernia. In 1926 there were 3 Jews living in Byelorussia, and in 1939 - 15 Jews.

bytovoy semen mikhaylovich
has abstract: BYTOVOY Semyon Mikhailovich (real family member Kagan) (1909, Zhlobin Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province - 1985, Petrozavodsk), prose writer, poet. From 1925 he lived in Leningrad. Until 1929 - builder, locksmith, electrician. Began to publish in 1927. In 1929–32 - otv. sec. ed. g. Zvezda, in 1933–40 - corr. gas. Tikhookeansky Komsomolets, otv. sec. Dal-non-tail. branch of the joint venture. During the war years 1941–45 - military correspondent. to Leningrad. fr. Repeatedly traveled to D. Vostok. Since the 30s. became closely acquainted with the life of Hebrews. immigrants from Crimea and Birobidzhan, wrote about them in essays (Roads, 1931; From Snow to Snow, 1972, etc.) Works: Street Strike: Poems, Moscow-Leningrad, 1931; Birthday: Poems, Khabarovsk, 1934; Far East: Poems, M., 1937; Wind from Khingan: Poems, Khabarovsk, 1940; Land of the Fathers: Poems, L., 1944; Ten thousand years, L., 1953; Swans are flying over the taiga. Pov .: L., 1964; Wind from mountain peaks: Dalnevost. pov., L., 1978.

bzhesko
has abstract: BZHESKO, a city in the Tarnow Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Brezhsko Mekhovsky u. Keletskaya province. In 1897, 213 Jews (17%) lived in Byelorussia, in 1921 - 457 Jews. In 1846 a Jewish cemetery was opened in Byelorussia. Until 1862 B. was closed for Jews as a border area. paragraph During the occupation of Germany. In 1940, troops in Byelorussia created a ghetto, which was destroyed in October. 1943. When the ghetto was liquidated, approx. 500 people At the Jewish cemetery of B., where approx. 100 tombstones, a monument to the executed Jews B. was erected. In the building of the synagogue, mountains were opened. library.

bzhestsj-kuyavski
has abstract: BRZESC-KUJAWSKI, a city (since 1596) in the Wloclaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 13th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - as part of the Great. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Brest-Kuyavsk Wloclaw u. Warsaw province. In 1765 in B.-K. 175 Jews lived, in 1797 - 161 (20.6%), in 1860 - 629 (31%), in 1897 - 676 ​​(23.6%), in 1921 - 794 (21%), in 1931 - approx. 600 Jews. Jews settled in B.-K. in the beginning. 15th century The community existed from the beginning. 16th century In 1656 B.-K. a wave of brutal pogroms, organized by the detachments of Hetman Stefan Chernetsky, swept. On the seventh day of Passover, over 100 Jews were killed and many Jewish homes burned down. In 1822-62 the place of residence of Jews in B.-K. was limited to specials. quarter. Until 1880, the rabbi in B.-K. was Yehoshua-Falik Auerbach, in the 1920s and 30s. - Iekutiel-Natan Rabinovich (died during the Holocaust). In the 1920s and 30s. Jews continued to make a living by small trade and handicrafts. Several people traded in grain. In 1928 a mutual aid fund was created. In 1930, with the assistance of the Joint, a branch of the Cooperative Bank was opened. Departments of Zionist parties, youth and settlers worked. movements, as well as the Bund and "Agudas-Yisroel". There was a cheder, 2 libraries, a Jewish volunteer fire brigade. Sep 1939 germ. troops entered B.-K. 399 Jews B.-K. 28 Sep 1941 were taken to the Lodz ghetto, where most of them died. The surviving Jews in May 1942 were sent to the Chelmno extermination camp.

bzheziny
has abstract: Brzeziny, a town in Skierniewice Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the district town of Brezina, Petrokovskaya province. In 1765, 243 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1860 - 2443, in 1897 - 3917, in 1921 - 6850 Jews. In 1656, Hetman Stefan Chernetsky killed approx. 40 Jewish families of B. In the 19th century. the most common occupation among Jews was making clothes. In nov. 1914 in B. Rus. the army took seven Jews hostage. In May 1940 a ghetto was created in Byelorussia, liquidated on May 19-21, 1942. May 1942 the ghetto contained approx. 6 thousand people from B., Strykow, Lodz and others. us. points In B. genus. M. Magyar.

bzhezjnitsa
has abstract: BRZEZNICA, a city in the Czestochowa Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Březnitsa Novoradomskogo u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1793, 10 Jews lived in Byelorussia, in 1808 - 32 (3.8%), in 1827 - 172 (18%), in 1857 - 299 (23%), in 1897 - 460, in 1921 - 406 (21.5%), in 1939 - approx. 150 Jewish families In 1769 Jews were forbidden to build houses on city land. In 1839 there were 8 merchants, 14 artisans, and 3 Jewish day laborers in Byelorussia. A community existed in Byelorussia in 1825. At the same time, a synagogue was built and a Jewish cemetery was opened. All R. 19th century Rabbi B. was Meir-Wolf Yanovsky, from 1865 - Avrom-Ber Rabinovich, then - Eliyahu Zinger (later Rabbi Kalisha), Yakov-Yosef Rabinovich (? -1902), the son of the Radom rabbi. Last Rabbi B. was Ichiel Urbach. In the 1920s and 30s. in B. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Agudas Israel worked actively. After the beginning. 2nd world. During the war, most of the Jews of Byelorussia fled the city. 3 Sep 1939 B. was occupied by the Germans. troops. In the spring of 1942 the Jews who remained in Byelorussia were sent to the ghetto in Pianchino.

chakovskiy aleksandr borisovich
has abstract: CHAKOVSKY Alexander Borisovich (1913, Petersburg - 1994, Moscow), writer, journalist. Hero of Socialist Labor (1973). Graduated from Lit. in-t them. A.M. Gorky (1938). He was engaged in lit. criticism, the author of the book. about A. Barbusse, M. Andersen-Nex (both - M., 1940), G. Heine (M., 1941). 1941–45 military. corr. Events 2nd world. war dedicated. trilogy It Was in Leningrad (1944–47), rom. "It's already morning for us" (1949, Stal. Pr., 1950), the story "Light of a Distant Star" (1962), rom. Blockade (1968–75, Leningrad Ave., 1978), Victory (1978–81, State Ave. USSR, 1983) and Nuremberg Ghosts (1988–93). Author of publicistic. book "Blessed are the poor in spirit?" (M., 1970) and others. In 1950–55 members. of the editorial board of the journal. "Banner", in 1955–63, ch. ed. zhurn. "Foreign. liter ". In 1962–88, Ch. ed. "Lit. gas.". He took an active part in the anti-Zionist campaign of the Sov. authorities. Member Central Committee of the CPSU (1986–90). Dep. USSR Armed Forces (1966–89).

chalisov iosif aleksandrovich
has abstract: CHALISOV Iosif Alexandrovich (1906, Taganrog Region of the Don Army - 1995, Petersburg), pathologist. Cand. honey. Sciences (1938). Colonel honey. service. In 1928 he graduated from honey. f-t un-that in Rostov-on-Don. In 1928–32 the dissector of mountains hospitals and env. court.-honey. expert (Shakhty), in 1932–33 dissector, assistant to Vseukr. neuropsychiatrist. academy in Kharkov. From 1934 - in the army, in 1934–53 beginning. closed pathologist. dep. on the study of infectious diseases. diseases. In 1941–45 he carried out special assignments of Chief. military-honey. management of the Red Army. In 1953–55 Art. scientific. sotr. Department of pathological anatomy Leningrad. VMA, in 1955–76 beginning. dep. pathological anatomy N.-I. lab. VMA, in 1976–95 head. pathohistological. lab. at the Department of Hospital Surgery of the Military Medical Academy. He was one of the first in the USSR to study the effect of live vaccines on humans and the effect of antibiotics on body tissues. Developed by a pathologist. diagnosis of acute infections. diseases. Prev board of Leningrad. and Chl. Vses. scientific. about-in pathologists. Became. etc. (1943). Cit .: Handbook of pathological diagnostics of acute infections. M. - L., 1938; Guidelines for the pathological diagnostics of the most important human infectious diseases. L., 1968; 1980 (et al.).

chapichev yakov iegudovich
has abstract: CHAPICHEV Yakov Yehudovich (1909, Novorossiysk - 1945, Breslau), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). In the Red Army - since 1931. He graduated from the courses ml. political instructors. Participant in battles on the river. Khalkhin-Gol. In 1939 he was expelled from the VKP (b) and dismissed from the army. Through several. month restored. Author Sat. poems, published in 1939 in Simferopol. From June 1941 - at the front. Deputy com. battalion watered. part Major Ch. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for courage and heroism shown in the street battle during the capture of Breslau. Killed in this battle. Decorated with 3 orders.

chapkevich evgeniy iosifovich
has abstract: CHAPKEVICH Evgeny Iosifovich (b. 1936, Gomel), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1988), prof. (1989). Graduated from East. Faculty of Voronezh University (1960). In 1960-64 he taught at school as a slave. youth in Orel. From 1967 - to East. f-those of the Oryol state. ped. in-that. Main research dedicated history grew. ist. science, polit. parties and societies.-polit. movements of Russia early. 20th century Author of comments. and after. in the book. E.V. Tarle "Napoleon" (M., 1992). Cit .: Evgeny Viktorovich Tarle. M., 1977; Bolsheviks and bourgeois revolutions in Asia early. XX century M., 1985.

chapskiy adoljf sigizmundovich
has abstract: CHAPSKY Adolf Sigismundovich (Gelman Yakov Solomonovich, Shuster Anton Vatslavovich) (1892, Lodz, Petrokovskaya province - 1937, Moscow), an employee of the special services. Since 1924 - in the organs of the GPU. In 1924–27, he was not. reconnaissance. work in China, in 1928-30 - in the United States. In 1931–34 he was in the leadership position in the center. apparatus of the OGPU-NKVD. In 1934–37 he was a resident of the NKVD (2nd secretary of the USSR embassy) in Great Britain and Austria. In 1937 he was arrested and shot.

charna sholom-yona
has abstract: CHARNA Sholom-Yona (1878, Vilna - 1932, ibid.), Teacher. Graduated from Vilna Jewish ped. in-t. He taught at the Grodno ped. seminaries. In 1920–22 he headed the Jewish gymnasium and the Jewish Teacher's Institute in Kaunas. From 1922 - in Poland, headed the Jewish Teachers' Institute in Vilna. He wrote in Hebrew, Yiddish, in Russian. and it. lang. Author tr. on pedagogy, history of Jewish education.

charni daniil voljfovich
has abstract: CHARNI Daniil Volfovich (1888, Dukor of Igumensky district, Minsk province - 1959, Boston, USA), writer. Brother of S.V. Niger and B. Vladek. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. First verse. publ. in 1907, the first story - in 1908. In 1909-14 - in Austria-Hungary and Switzerland. In 1914 he returned to Russia. In 1915 he organized the first Jewish children in Moscow. house, worked at OPE. In Petrograd he worked at EKOPO. In 1916-17 - in the army. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 - in the publishing house of the Jewish Commissariat, ed. gas. "Der emes", journal. "Di communistishe velt", "Kultur un bildung". In 1924–34 - in Germany, corr. decomp. Jewish gas. In 1934–36 - in Poland, in 1936–41 - in France. Since 1941 - in the USA. Among the book. Ch. - "Laichte Feren" ("Light Poems". Riga, 1925), "Di mishpohe-Chronicle" ("Family Chronicle". Vilno, 1927), "Untervegs" ("Passing". Berlin, 1929), "Barg -roife "(" Up the hill ". Warsaw, 1935)," A yortzendlik aza "(" Such a decade ". New York, 1943)," Dukor "(Toronto, 1951).

charnyy isaak abramovich
has abstract: CHARNY Isaak Abramovich (1909, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1967, Moscow), specialist in the field of oil and gas hydromechanics and hydrodynamics. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1939), prof. (1941). In 1931 he graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Moscow State University. He worked in the State. research oil institute, since 1930 lecturer. in Moscow. oil institute them. I.M. Gubkin, since 1943 head. department of theoretical. mechanics and hydraulics. In 1946 he created and then headed the Department of General and Underground Hydromechanics. In 1938–64 he also worked at the Institute of Mechanics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main scientific. work is associated with the creation of a theory of unsteady movement of a viscous fluid in pipelines, with the solution of problems of underground hydraulics, with the development of oil fields, with research. phenomena in multiphase and gravity filtration (suggested a rigorous conclusion of f-ly Dupuis). Ch .'s work contributed to the introduction of rational development of oil fields in the Volga-Ural oil basin ("Second Baku"). From 1957 he was engaged in the problems of underground gas storage. Hands. creation of the world's first experimental industrial. underground gas storage facility in Gatchina (Leningrad region). Author of scientific. works, including monographs. Became pr. (1949). Works: Scientific. fundamentals of oil field development. M., 1948; Gas storage in horizontal and shallow aquifers. M., 1968; Unsteady motion of a real liquid in pipes. 2nd ed. M., 1975.

charnyy markus borisovich
has abstract: CHARNY Markus Borisovich (b. 1901, Bobruisk, Minsk province), writer. In 1922 he graduated from Moscow. Institute of Journalism. He began to publish in 1917. Published several. books of essays: "Only in passing" (1928), "The road and people. Sketch of Turksib "(1931) and others. As a critic, he began to speak from the end. 1930s Author of monograph. about Artem Vesel (1960), Alexei Tolstoy (1961), lit. memoirs "Gone Years" (Moscow, 1970, 2nd ed.), in which included rec. about M.Gorky, V.P.Kin (husband of Ts.I.Kin), V.V. Mayakovsky, Yu.K. Olesha and others. collections of articles and essays, as well as historical documents. pov. "Lieutenant Schmidt" (Moscow, 1960).

charskiy yuzef davidovich
has abstract: CHARSKY Yuzef Davidovich (1897, Tiflis - 1948, Baku), actor. Born into the family of an actor. From 1914 he worked in a theater, studied at a private theater. uch-shche in Tiflis. He performed in t-ts Tiflis, Batumi, Krasnodar, Rostov-on-Don, Moscow. In 1921–48 - in the troupe of dramas. t-ra them. S. Vurgun (Baku). A sharp-witted actor, Ch. Played Ch. arr. comedy roles: Abram ("The Square of the Circle" by V.P. Kataev), Yampolsky ("The Fire Bridge" by BS Romashov), Mendel-water carrier ("Earth" by PD Markish), Shapiro ("The Banker" by A. E. Korneychuk), Bunny ("Unequal marriage" brother. Tour), Watchmaker ("Kremlin chimes" by NF Pogodin) and others. Nar. art. AzSSR (1940).

chashnik iljya grigorjevich
has abstract: CHASHNIK Ilya Grigorievich (1902, Lyutsin, Vitebsk province - 1929, Leningrad), graphic artist, painter, designer. Studied painting with I.M. Pen (1917), M.Z. Chagala (1918), L.M. Lisitsky (1919). Since 1919, after K.S. Malevich's arrival in Vitebsk, Ch. Became one of his most active followers and associates. From 1922 - in Petrograd, worked on projects of painting porcelain. In 1924–26 sotr. State in-that artist. culture, led by Malevich. In 1927-29 - in the State. in-those history of claims. Ch. Created a kind of geometric. pointless art, suprematism. Prod. Ch. Are stored in the State Tretyakov Gallery, the State Russian Museum, in many museums in Europe and the USA, private collections in Russia and other countries.

chatskina sofiya isaakovna
has abstract: CHATSKINA Sofia Isaakovna (1878 - 1931), publisher, mistress of the literary salon. In 1913–17 she published a magazine in St. Petersburg (Petrograd). "Northern Notes", attracted many people to participate in it. writers and poets. The apartment of Ch. And her husband Ya.L. Saker was one of the centers of the city's cultural life in the 1910s, many people visited it. prominent representatives of the Russian. literature of the "Silver Age". In the 1920s. Ch. Lived in Moscow and later left for the Caucasus.

chausskaya klavdiya evgenjevna
has abstract: CHAUSKAYA Klavdia Evgenievna (1900, Kherson - 1981, Moscow), announcer, director of music broadcasting. In 1915 she graduated from a private school of acting, worked in the ts of Kherson, Simferopol, Odessa and other cities. Since 1927 - in the Moscow troupe. Mobile t-ra. Since 1930 radio announcer in Vses. radio committee, the first short-line television announcer of the USSR. In 1941–42, the announcer of the Kazakh Radio Committee, from December. 1942 again the announcer Vses. radio (Moscow). In May 1945 she was removed from the work of the announcer because of J.V. Stalin's dissatisfaction with the way the latest news was read; was transferred to the post of Art. assistant dir. muses. edition. In 1953-59 dir. muses. radio broadcasting.

chaykov iosif moiseevich
has abstract: CHAIKOV Iosif Moiseevich (1888, Kiev - 1979, Moscow), sculptor, graphic artist. Prof. (1924). He worked in an engraving workshop. Having received, thanks to the assistance of N.L. Aronson, a scholarship, he studied at the School of decor. lawsuit in Paris (1910–12), then at the School of Fine Arts in the same place (1912–13). Since 1912 he participated in exhibitions (Russian group art exhibition, Salon d'Automne, Paris). In 1914 he returned to Russia. In 1916 he received the 1st pr. For rice. emblems of the Society of Nar. Jewish music. After 1917 he participated in the construction of monuments to the so-called. Linen. plan monum. propaganda. In 1923–32 he taught sculpture at VKHUTEMAS and VKHUTEIN. The author et al. numerous. monum. monuments and ans., machine tool. comp. and portraits. In the 1920s. created a loop fig. Song of Songs sung like a Torah scroll. Naib. Izv. works: "Bridge builder" (metal, 1921), "Walking" (metal, 1926), "Trumpeter" (bronze, 1928), "Football players" (bronze, 1928–38), "Portrait of V. Mayakovsky" (granite, 1940 ), comp. "Metallurgy" (bronze, 1974), etc. Participated in the 24th exhibition Moscow. t-va of artists, in 3 "Exhibitions of paintings and sculptures of Jewish artists" in Moscow (1917, 1918) and Petrograd (1916), later - in many. exhibitions in the USSR and other countries. Ch .'s works are kept in the State Tretyakov Gallery, the State Russian Museum and a number of other museums in Russia and the state in the CIS.

chaykovskiy anatoliy mikhaylovich
has abstract: TCHAIKOVSKY Anatoly Mikhailovich (b. 1931, Kiev), journalist. In 1953 he graduated from the Faculty of Journalism of Kiev University. He worked in gas. "Youth of Ukraine", "Sov. sport". In 1972–92, Ch. ed. zhurn. "Physical culture and sports". From 1993 to. ed. council zhurn. "Physical culture and sports". Author of 12 books.

chaykovskiy iosif efremovich
has abstract: TCHAIKOVSKY Joseph Efremovich (1923, Fastov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. - 1945), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). In the Red Army - since 1941. Graduated from Kiev art. uch-shche. Com. battery Captain Ch. in a battle in the Posen region knocked out 3 enemy tanks and 4 armored personnel carriers. Killed in this battle. Decorated with 3 orders.

chekhov mikhail aleksandrovich
has abstract: CHEKHOV Mikhail Alexandrovich (1891, Petersburg - 1955, Los Angeles), actor, director. Son of brother A.P. Chekhov. In 1910 he graduated from the St. Petersburg Theater School. A.V. Suvorin at the t-re Lit.-thin. about-va (aka Small, or Suvorinsky t-r). In 1910-12 the actor of this t-ra. In 1912 he was enrolled as an employee in the branch of the Moscow Art Theater, in 1915 he was transferred to the troupe of the t-ra. Played Epikhodov (The Cherry Orchard by Chekhov, 1913), Cat (Blue Bird by M. Meterlink). In the main. played in the performances of the 1st Moscow Art Theater Studio (from 1924 - the 2nd Moscow Art Theater), director. a cut was in 1922-28. Here Ch. Played: Fribe ("The Holiday of Peace" by G. Hauptmann, 1913), Malvolio ("Twelfth Night" by W. Shakespeare, 1920), Hamlet ("Hamlet" by Shakespeare, 1924), and others. the stage of the Moscow Art Theater - Khlestakov ("The Inspector General" by N.V. Gogol, 1921), Ezhevikin ("The Village of Stepanchikovo" after F.M.Dostoyevsky), Waffle ("Uncle Vanya" by Chekhov, both - 1919), etc. Staged in 1- 1st studio "Intermedia" S.M. Servantes (1921), "The Taming of the Shrew" by Shakespeare (with V.S.Smyshlyaev, 1923). Conducted by a teacher. work. In 1928 he published the book. "The way of the actor". Since 1928 - abroad. In 1928–30 he worked in M. Reinhardt's theaters, played Yuzik (Yuzik based on OI Dymov's pov. The Singer of His Sorrow, 1929), in the German Theater - Prince (Fea by F. von Unruh , 1930). Staged Twelfth Night in Habim. In 1930 he opened a theater school-studio in Paris, tried to create a Russian. tr in Prague, Paris. In 1934 he put it in the Riga National. op. "Persifal" by R. Wagner. In 1936 he created a t-r-studio in Great Britain (Dartington Hall), edges in 1939 under the name. Dr. Chekhova settled in Ridgefield (USA). From the end. 1940s taught acting courses, including in Hollywood, where M. Monroe studied with him. In 1944–45 he published in the "New Journal" vospom. "Life and Meetings", publishe…

chekhover vitaliy aleksandrovich
has abstract: CHEKHOVER Vitaly Alexandrovich (1908, Petersburg - 1965, ibid.), Chess player. Int. master of chess (1950) and chess. compositions (1961), international. chess arbiter. compositions (1956). Member of 5 championships of the USSR (1933–45, the best result in 1939, 4–5 th). Champion of Leningrad 1937 and 1949. Winner of the All. the tournament of young masters (1936, 1–2 nd) and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (1936). Author-comp. St. 100 etudes. Vol .: Chess etudes by different authors. L., 1950; Chess basics. L., 1950 (et al.); Chess studies and endings. M., 1959; Selected sketches by A.A. Troitsky. M., 1959 (et al.).

chemerinskiy khaim
has abstract: CHEMERINSKY Chaim (1862, Motele of Pinsky district of Minsk province - 1917), writer. From 1904 he published fables in decomp. ed. Yiddish. Member ed. gas. "Frand".

chemerinskiy leonid iosifovich
has abstract: CHEMERINSKY Leonid Iosifovich (1906, Cherkasy, Kiev province. - 1985, Kiev), military leader. Major General of Artillery (1949). From 1925 - in the Red Army. Graduated from the school of anti-aircraft artillery (1929), Military. Academy of the General Staff (1951). In 1936–38 the beginning. headquarters of anti-aircraft art. regiment, in 1938-42 beginning. air defense corps headquarters. In 1942–43 the beginning. anti-aircraft art. school, in 1943–45 and 1947–49 early. Air Defense Army Headquarters. In 1951–54 pom. teams. Ural Military District for Air Defense, in 1954–57 teams. air defense army in the Urals. In 1957-60 early. military. Department of Kiev Polytechnic. in-that. Since 1960 - retired. He was awarded 4 orders.

chemeris semen mikhaylovich
has abstract: CHEMERIS Semyon Mikhailovich (1902, Berdichevsky burial ground near Kiev province - 1980, Moscow), military leader. Lieutenant General Tech. troops (1962). Since 1920 - in the Red Army, member of the Civil. war, later on for dec. command positions. Member of the Soviet-Finl. wars 1939–40. In 1939–41 the beginning. road dep. army. In 1941–43 early. road service Zap. fr., in 1943–45 early. car management Zap. and 3rd Belarusian. fr. In 1945–68, in command positions in Ch. car (autotractor) management of the Sov. Army. From 1968 - retired. He was awarded 10 orders.

chemerisskiy aleksandr
has abstract: CHEMERISSKY Alexander (Solomon) (1880, Bar of Mogilev u. Podolsk province. - 1939), publicist, public figure. Member Bund with con. 1890s In 1901 one of the founders of the Independent Jewish Slave. party, after the liquidation of the swarm in 1903 again joined the Bund. Lived in Lodz. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07. In 1908-10 he served his exile in Siberia. Affairs. Lodz branch of the Bund at the 8th (Lvov, 1910), 9th (Vienna, 1912) conf. Bund, Jewish workers of Lodz - to Vseros. Congress of the proletariat in St. Petersburg (1911), was arrested. During the 1st world. wars - in Vienna, Geneva. Upon his return to Russia, he was arrested again, released after Feb. Revolution of 1917. He held leading positions in the Bund. He joined the Bolsheviks. Participated in the creation of the Komfarbund. In the 1920s. - one of the hands. Evsection. Collaborated in gas. "Der emes", other periodicals. ed. The author of the book. (in Yiddish): “All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the Jewish Masses” (Moscow, 1926), “On Stilts” (about the Poalei Zion movement). In 1934, 1939 he was arrested.

chemnyy
has abstract: CHEMNY (Chemnov) Meilekh (b. 1910, Warsaw), writer, publicist. Received. trad. Jewish religion education. In the 1930s. was printed in gas. Folks Zeitung, Unzer Express, Dos Wort and others in Warsaw. In 1939 he fled to Bialystok. In 1941–45 he worked in the collective farms of Uzbekistan. From 1946 - in Poland, then in Germany. There was a secretary in Munich. Refugee Writers' Union, simultaneously. collaborated with the Jewish press in New York. Since 1952 - in Argentina. In 1957–58 one of the editors. gas. Yiddish Zeitung in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Since 1958 - in Israel. From 1966 he published a journal. Blitz. Author of the book: "Di mishpohe Finster" ("The Finster Family". Warsaw, 1939); Teg azelhe (In those days. Munich, 1948); Poilishe Idn (Polish Jews. Buenos Aires, 1952); "Oysgevortslte" ("Eradicated". Ibid., 1966) and others.

cherednyak maks
has abstract: CHEREDNYAK Max (1883, Grodna - after 1930), a member of the revolutionary movement. Since 1904 - in the anarchist movement. In 1907-17 - in the USA and in France. In 1917 he returned to Russia, organized a Red Guard detachment in Makeyevka. He joined the Makhnovist movement - com. regiment, brigades. In 1930 he left the USSR.

cherikover eliezer
has abstract: CHERIKOVER Eliezer (1868, Poltava - 1928, Jerusalem), public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied at Petersburg. un-those, participated in the Palestinian, then in the Zionist movement. In 1917 he was elected. Moscow Zionist org-tion, headed by Ch. Keren-Kaemet le-Israel bureau in Russia. In 1920 he supervised the work of an illegal. Centre. Zionist Bureau (Moscow), which coordinated the underground Zionist movement in Russia, was arrested. In 1921 he left Russia, from 1925 - in E.-I.

cherikover esfirj zinovjevna
has abstract: CHERIKOVER Esfir Zinovievna (1904, Poltava - 1978, Moscow), architect. Sister L.Z. Cherikover. In 1930 she graduated from the Faculty of Architecture MVTU. She worked as an architect in the State. in-those constructions, on Dneprostroy, in Sredvolgostroy. From 1936 she designed stadiums and other sports. structures for Moscow and Novosibirsk. She has received a number of awards in architectural competitions. After 1945 she supervised the scientific-method. sector of the Institute of mass constructions of the AA USSR. Author of scientific. design work det. institutions and foreign housing construction. Main work: children. about a town in Yaroslavl (1932–34), lived. house on B. Devyatinsky per. in Moscow (with K. Knyazev (1934–35), the Flame stadium in Moscow, the stadium in Novosibirsk (1937–38), a factory building and a residential building in Kirov (1941–42), projects of "residential cells of increased type "(1945).

cherikover iljya
has abstract: CHERIKOVER Ilya (Elias) Khaimovich (1881, Poltava - 1943, New York), historian. He graduated from a drawing school in Odessa (1904), was a member of the circle of socialists-Zionists. As a student of St. Petersburg. un-ta, joined the Social-Democrats, was arrested, spent approx. years in prison. From 1905 he was published in the journal. "Jewish Life" (the first article - about the work of Mendele Moikher-Sforim), later collaborated in the Russian-Jewish press, participated in the creation of the Jewish Encyclopedia, in 1910–14 one of the editors. OPE Vestnik. In 1914–15 - in E.-I. and Egypt. From 1915 - in the USA, participated in the work of the Jewish Congress, under the influence of B. Borokhov wrote poetry in Yiddish. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, headed by gr. Jewish intellectuals in Kiev, who were collecting materials about pogroms and other events of Jewish life in Ukraine. In 1921–33 - in Germany, participated in the creation of "East. archive east. Jewry ”, prepared by doc. publications "Anti-Semitism and pogroms in Ukraine in 1917-1918." (under the editorship of SM Dubnov, 1923, in Yiddish and Russian, vol. 2 - "Pogroms in Ukraine in 1919" - published in 1965). Creator ist. dep. Institute IVO, published 3 volumes. "East. notes "(1929–39). Together with his wife Rebekah (1884-1963) in 1926-27 he prepared the defense of Sh. Schwarzbard (Paris), participated in the court. process in the case of the so-called. "Protocols of the Elders of Zion" (Bern, 1934–35) and in the defense of D. Frankfurter (1936). In 1933–40 in France, together with I. Efroykin, he published a journal. Oyfn Scheidweg. Since 1940 - in the USA. Author of monograph. "Jews in France" (1942), "Jewish Labor Movement in the United States" (vols. 1–2, 1943–45), etc. Vol .: History of the Society for the Spread of Education among Jews in Russia (Cultural and Social Trends in Russian Jewry 1863-1913). T. 1.SPb., 1913.

cherikover lazarj zinovjevich
has abstract: CHERIKOVER Lazar Zinovievich (1895, Poltava - 1964, Moscow), architect. Cand. architecture (1943). Brother E.Z. Cherikover. Graduated from arch. faculty MVTU (1927). He worked in Moscow. In 1928–38 - in the building department of the OGPU-NKVD, in 1940–42 head. workshop experiment. equipment AA USSR, since 1944 - deputy. dir. Research Institute of Art and Decor. products and equipment of buildings of the AA USSR. Main works: the complex of the Bolshevsk Labor Commune (near Moscow), the Dynamo stadium (jointly with A.Ya. Langman, 1927–28, Moscow), stadiums in Kharkov, Voronezh, Smolensk, Minsk (1933–35), a residential building at Pokrovsky b-re (1936, Moscow), adm. building on B. Ordynka (jointly with P.P. Zinoviev, 1957, Moscow). Author of articles and book., Dedicated. equipment of apartments. Son Ch. - Mikhail (b. 1924, Moscow), architect. Laureate of the competition for the best film project (1955). Main work in Moscow: residential building on the street. Gorky (1957), Palace of Water Sports on Varshavskoe Highway (1979), adm. building on Varshavskoe highway (1985).

cherkasskiy abram markovich
has abstract: CHERKASSKY Abram Markovich (1886, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. - 1968, Alma-Ata), painter, graphic artist. Prof. (1935). Graduated from Kiev art. school (1909), in 1909-17 he studied in St. Petersburg. (Petrograd.) AH (teachers N.N.Dubovskaya, N.S. Samokish, Ya.F. Tsionglinsky). In 1926–37 he taught at the Kiev artist. uch-shche, in 1941–58 - in the Alma-Ata artist. uch-shche. He worked in a variety of genres: landscape, still life, portrait. Main production: "Rest. At the Tractor "(1927)," Nastya "(1934)," Carpet Makers "(1937)," Tragedy on the Dnieper "(1942)," Moonlight Sonata "(1944)," Peonies "(1946)," Celina "(1953 ), "Lilac" (1955), "Near the Mountain Stream" (1964), "Portrait of M. Dzhumabaev" (1965), "Early Spring" (1968). Exhibitions: "Community of Artists", Competitive Exhibition in the Academy of Arts (both in Petrograd, 1917), Reporting Exhibition of Kiev Artists (1925), exhibitions in Kiev, Kharkov, Khabarovsk, Moscow, Alma-Ata. Nar. artist KazSSR (1963).

cherkasskiy beniyamin lazarevich
has abstract: CHERKASSKY Beniyamin Lazarevich (b. 1934, Kiev), doctor-epidemiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1970), prof. (1978), bp. RAMS (1994). In 1957 he graduated from Kiev honey. in-t. In 1957–62, Ch. doctor of the district sanitary and epidemiological station, doctor-epidemiologist of the Kiev region. sanitary and epidemiological stations. Since 1963 - at the Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Head. lab. zoonoses; dir. Center for Zoonoses, member. Committee of WHO experts on zoonoses, before. Federal Interdepartmental Commission on Zoonoses. Author of more than 240 works, including 12 monographs. Ch. Formulated: fund. social and ecological epidemiological concept. process, interpreting it as an organized hierarchical integral system; the doctrine of the prerequisites and precursors of complications epidemiological. situations serving theoretical. the basis for rationalizing epidemiological. surveillance of infectious diseases. diseases; the concept of epizootological and epidemiological was developed. Zoonoses Surveillance, Cit .: Anthrax. Alma-Ata, 1980; Epidemiological aspects of international population migration. M., 1984; Epidemiological surveillance of zoonoses. Alma-Ata, 1988; Epidemiological diagnosis. L., 1990; Salmonellosis. M., 1995.

cherkasskiy leonid evseevich
has abstract: CHERKASSKY Leonid Evseevich (1925, Cherkassy, ​​Kiev province. - 2003, Raanana, Israel), orientalist, translator. Dr. philol. Sciences (1971). Graduated from VIIYa (1951). Since 1960 - at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The author of St. 250 scientific. issled., art., per. with whale. in Russian lang. Compiled by translator, author of foreword pl. collection of poems by the whale. poets. Responsible ed. collection of articles “From Afro-Asians. poetry ". Fav. translations by M.A.Kurgantsev (M., 1981) and "Poets of the East" (trans. Kurgancev. M., 1988). Since 1992 - in Israel. Cit .: Poetry of Cao Zhi. M., 1963; New Chinese poetry (20-30s). M., 1972; Mayakovsky in China. M., 1976; Chinese poetry of the war years 1937-1949. M., 1980; Russian literature in the East. Translation theory and practice. M., 1987.

cherkasskiy leonid yakovlevich
has abstract: CHERKASSKY Leonid Yakovlevich (1927, Kharkov - 1999, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1974), acad. RANS (1993). In 1944–45 - at the front. Graduated from the International Law Faculty of Kharkov Law. Institute (1960). In 1964–65 he worked in the journal. “World economy and international. life ", in 1967–72 head. dep. zhurn. "New and Contemporary History" and "Societies. science and modernity ". Since 1972 scientific. sotr., head. sector of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now - RAS). Honored. Cultural Worker of the RSFSR (1985). Works: Strategy of Peace. The struggle of the USSR against the threat of nuclear war and for disarmament in the present. stage. M., 1972; The struggle of the USSR for ensuring a lasting and just peace in Bl. East (1967-1980). M., 1980 (in co-authorship with O.M. Gorbatov); Asia: security issues. M., 1981.

cherkasskiy shura
has abstract: CHERKASSKY Shura (1911, Odessa - 1995, London), pianist. Since 1922 - in the USA. In 1923 Ch. Made his debut in New York. From 1925 he studied with I. Hoffmann in Muz in-those Curtis (Philadelphia). In 1925–26 he gave several. solo concerts at Carnegie Hall (New York). In 1929–31 he made his first concert tour in Europe. In 1933, 1935, 1936 and 1940 he performed in Austria, Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, the USSR, China, Japan, Australia and South Africa. He performed annually in the USA (performed at the White House). Since 1947 - in France; collaborated with the Deutsche Gramophone company. Since 1961 - in Great Britain. In 1991 he performed at Carnegie Hall to celebrate his 80th birthday, in 1991 and 1995 - in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

cherkes aleksandr iljich
has abstract: CHERKES Alexander Ilyich (1894, Kharkov - 1974, Kiev), pharmacologist, toxicologist. Acad. USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1960). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (1917), worked there at the Department of General Pathology; in 1930–44 head. Department of Pharmacology (since 1940 prof.) Kharkov honey. in-that and simultaneously. head dep. toxicology of the Ukrainian Institute of Occupational Hygiene and Occupational Diseases (1925–36). In 1934–46 deputy. dir. on science of the Kiev Research Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Since 1944 he headed the Department of Pharmacology of Kiev honey. in-that and simultaneously. since 1947 head. dep. Kiev Research Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Main scientific. tr. dedicated ch. arr. biochem. pharmacology of cardiovascular drugs and biochem. toxicology. Supervised and participated in the research. in the region. experimental therapy for salt poisoning metals, carbon monoxide, benzene, its nitro- and amide derivatives. Based on the analysis of toxicodynamics, hypoxic. poisons created a classification of toxic. hypoxia (1935). Proposed new cardiovascular drugs. Deputy prev. Vses. and before. Ukrainian Society of Physiologists, Biochemists and Pharmacologists (since 1961). Honored. Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1946). Vol .: On the body's reaction to drugs and poisons. Kharkov, 1938; Pharmacotherapy. Kiev, 1955; Pharmacotherapy manual. 3rd ed. Kiev, 1972 (et al.); Guidelines for the toxicology of toxic substances. Kiev, 1964 (et al.).

cherkes leon abramovich
has abstract: CHERKES Leon Abramovich (1889, Odessa - 1968, Moscow), pathophysiologist, vitaminologist, nutritionist. Prof. (1927), Dr. med. Sciences (1937). After finishing honey. Faculty of Novorossiysk un-that in Odessa (1914) served until 1917 in the army as a doctor. In 1917–27 he was an assistant, assistant professor. Department of General Pathology, Head. department (1927–28) pathological. physiology of Odessa honey. in-that; at the same time. (1924–41) dir. organized by him the first in the USSR Ying-that food in Odessa; in 1941–44 he was a consultant to lay down. food of the Department of evacuation hospitals of the Uzbek SSR. In 1944-68 the head. the lab he created. experimental pathology Ying-that nutrition of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Ch. Headed a group on vitaminology at Novorossiysk un-those in Odessa, where in 1917 he began the first research. by experiment. avitaminosis. Author of the first monograph in the USSR, dedicated to vitamins ("Vitamins and avitaminosis". M., 1929), and works on protein deficiency in the body, on the role of choline in the body in health and disease, the mechanisms of metabolic disorders in certain vitamin deficiencies, on the importance of excess protein in food for the development of proteinogenic toxicosis, about the role of food factors (selenium, etc.) in oncogenesis, about the dynamics of the development of alimentary cirrhosis of the liver, etc. He actively participated in the study and elimination of pellagra in the USSR. Works: The problem of avitaminosis and hypovitaminosis. M., 1935; Sensitivity to adrenaline with pellagra. Kharkov, 1935; Choline as a food factor and pathology of choline metabolism. M., 1953.

cherkinskiy samuil naumovich
has abstract: CHERKINSKY Samuil Naumovich (1897 - 1980, Moscow), hygienist. Dr. med. Sciences (1939), prof. (1940), ch. AMN (1945). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow State University (1922) and MISI (1933). In 1922-29 he worked as a district sanitary doctor. In 1930–33 - at the Institute for the Study of Occupational Diseases. VA Obukh, in 1933–56 - at the Sanitary Institute named after V.A. F.F. Erisman in Moscow. At the same time. Assoc. (since 1936), head. Department (since 1938) of communal hygiene of the 1st MMI. During the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism" he was criticized; in 1953 he was dismissed, in the same year reinstated. Sci. tr. Ch. Dedicated. problems dignity. protection of reservoirs, hygiene of water and water supply. One of the founders of hygiene. rationing from the possession of chemical. substances in the aquatic environment. Participated in the drafting of the first documents in the USSR on the standardization of the quality of drinking water and water supply sources. Member reign of Vses. and Vseros. scientific. about-in hygienists. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1968). Etc. them. F.F. Erisman of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1963). Cit .: Sanitary-technical supervision and housing construction. M., 1924; Restoration of well water supply in the liberated regions. Sverdlovsk, 1943; Sanitary conditions for the discharge of wastewater into water bodies. M. - L., 1947; Sanitary protection of reservoirs. M., 1961.

chernavin lev davydovich
has abstract: CHERNAVIN Lev Davydovich (b. 1928, Elokovo Rybinsk u. Yaroslavl province.), Military leader. Rear Admiral (1975). In 1951 he graduated from the Caspian Higher. military-mor. uch-shche. In 1951–56 - on the base minesweeper Sev. fleet, in 1956-57 com. company Leningrad. higher. pestilence Ing. uch-schA them. Makarov, in 1958–66 - on the basement. boat North. fleet (from 1961 com.). In 1966-68 the beginning. headquarters, in 1968–72 com. brigades sub. boats. In 1969, for the first time in the Navy, he entered combat service for 8 months as part of 8 sub. boats. In 1972–74 the beginning. headquarters, in 1974–79 com. squadrons of sub. boats North. fleet, in 1979–88 early. command faculty Higher. officer classes. In 1988–94 scientific. sotr., from 1994 beginning. Museum "Cruiser Aurora". He was awarded 2 orders.

chernaya lyudmila borisovna
has abstract: CHERNAYA Lyudmila Borisovna (b. 1917, Moscow), publicist, translator. In 1940 she graduated from MIFLI. In 1941–45 she worked at TASS. She began to publish in 1945. She translated from him. in Russian lang. manuf. G. Bell, E.-M. Remark, K. Geisler, L. Frank, W. Becher and others. The author of the book. on the history of germ. Fascism, Vol .: Literary Struggle in the Federal Republic of Germany. M., 1978 (co-authored with V.I.Stezhensky); Empire of Death. Apparatus of violence in Nazi Germany, 1933-1945. M., 1988 (in co-authorship with D.E. Melnikov); Brown dictators. M., 1992.

chernenko miron markovich
has abstract: CHERNENKO Miron Markovich (1931, Kharkov - 2004), film critic, film historian. Cand. lawsuit (1978). Graduated from Kharkov law. Institute (1952) and script department of VGIK (1964). He worked as an economist, legal adviser, journalist. He began publishing in 1956. In 1962–65 scientific. sotr. Gosfilmofond of the USSR, 1965–75 lit. sotr. zhurn. "Soviet screen", since 1976 scientific. sotr., head. dep. Research Institute of Cinematography. Author of monographs and brochures. Prev Organizing Committee of Jewish Film Festivals in Moscow (1991, 1992, 1997). Author and consultant of the Russian Jewish Encyclopedia, author of research. "Judaica on the Soviet Screen". 1994 prez. Guild of Historians of Cinema and Film Critics of Russia. Prize-winner in film criticism of the USSR Cinematographers' Unions (1976), Poland (1981), SFRY (1986). Honored. Cultural Worker of the People's Republic of Poland (1972), works by Andrzej Wajda. M., 1965; Fernandel. M., 1968; Cinema of Mongolia. M., 1976; Julius Raizman. M., 1983; Cinema of Yugoslavia. M., 1986; Marlen Khutsiev. M., 1988; Sergey Parajanov. M., 1989; Los Angeles, 1990; Judaica on the screen. M., 1997.

chernetskiy semen aleksandrovich
has abstract: Chernetsky Semyon Alexandrovich (1881, Odessa - 1950, Moscow), military conductor, composer, teacher. Prof. (1946). Major General (1943). Violinist's son. Studied at the Odessa muses. uch-shche by class. trombone From 1903 military. Kapellmeister. In 1917 he graduated from Petrograd. cons. by class conducting by N.N. Cherepnin, compositions - by Y. Vitola. In 1918–24, a military inspector. orc. Petrogr. IN, in 1924–49 - military. orc. RKKA (Soviet Army). On the initiative of Ch., Military-bandmaster classes were opened. and schools in Leningrad, Moscow, Tashkent, including at the Military. academy named after MV Frunze, military conductor faculty at Moscow cons. He taught at the Kapellmeister class. (1921–35), from 1936 - to the military. f-those Mosk. cons. (conducting and service-drill repertoire). Organizer and artist hands. first owls. military. orc., including the exemplary brass orc. Moscow VO (1932) and the 1st separate demonstration orc. USSR People's Commissariat for Defense (1935). In 1928–33 he conducted the symphony. orc. Centre. at home Kr. Army them. M.V. Frunze. Conductor of a number of kr. military. orc. In tech. 25 years of hands. Consolidated Orc. (1000-pipe) Mosk. garrison, to-ry constantly participated in all military. parades on Red Square in Moscow. Author approx. 100 marching marches and songs: "Red Army", "Industrial", "Birobidzhan", "March of Tankmen", as well as fantasies and waltzes. Comp. and ed. collection of service-drill and conc. repertoire. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1936). Became. pr. (1946). He was awarded 4 orders.

chernikhov mikhail
has abstract: CHERNIKHOV Mikhail (b. 1916, Kharkov), publicist, historian. In 1921–24 - in Lithuania, from 1924 - in Poland, then in France. In 1937 he graduated from the Faculty of Humanities at the Sorbonne, where he studied Jewish history. Later he studied at the village. school (Paris). He made his debut as a publicist in 1933 Art. "Marx on the Jews and Jews on Marx" in gas. "Wilner tog", later collaborated in dec. Jewish periodicals ed. in Yiddish, translated into Yiddish the poems of A.S. Pushkin, V.V. Mayakovsky, W. Whitman and other poets. In 1939 he was arrested and sentenced to 5 years of imprisonment. "Nationalistic. counterrev. youth org-tions ". In 1942 he was released as Polish. citizen, arrested again while trying to illegally travel to Iran. In 1943-50 he was imprisoned. After his release he worked as an engineer. In 1956–58 - in Poland, in the Jewish East. Institute (Warsaw), taught Jewish history at teacher's courses (lectures published in Yiddish: “History of Jews in Antiquity.” Warsaw, 1958). In 1958–59 - in France, from 1959 - in the USA. Rev. Yiddish at the university.

chernikhov yuliy abelevich
has abstract: CHERNIKHOV Julius Abelevich (1892 –1965, Moscow), chemical analyst. Dr. chem. Sciences, prof. He graduated in 1921 chem. Faculty of Moscow State University. Until 1931 he worked at the Research Institute of Chemical Pharmaceuticals. industry in Moscow. In 1931 he organized a lab. analytic chemistry in the State. n.-i. and design institute of rare metals. prom-sti; hands. lab. before 1965. Main. tr. in the region. analytic chemistry of rare elements. Proposed by the joint. with sotr. lab. a number of new methods of analysis and research. rare elements - extraction, int. electrolysis, amperometry, differenti. spectrophotometry, etc. Developed theoretical. and practical. basis for the determination of small amounts of substances. Carried out the research. by definition of trace impurities, which contributed to the organization of the production of rare metals of high purity. Became. etc. (1947).

chernikhovskiy shaul
has abstract: CHERNIKHOVSKY Shaul (Saul Gutmanovich) (1875, Mikhailovka, Tauride Gubernia - 1943, Jerusalem), poet. In the 1880s. - in Odessa. He made his debut in 1892 verse. in Hebrew at Ha-Sharon (Krakow). First Sat poems came out in 1898. In 1899 he entered Heidelberg University. In 1905 he graduated from honey. f-t un-that in Lausanne. In 1906 he returned to Russia, worked as a doctor, from 1910 - in St. Petersburg. In 1914-18 - in the army. In the 1910s – 1920s, while continuing to study poetry, he wrote prose, translated into Hebrew from Russian, German, English, Old Greek. lang. Ch .'s poetry of this period was of a narrative lyrical character. In 1922–31 - in Germany. He worked as a doctor, ed. dep. natures. Sciences and Medicine in the Hebrew Encyclopedia "Eshkol", ed. lit. dep. quarterly. "Ha-Tkufa". In Germany he translated into Hebrew by J.-W. Goethe, plays by W. Shakespeare, Moliere, Sophocles, Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, Finnish. epic "Kalevala". Since 1931 - in E.-I. In 1931–34 he was in charge of the publication of the "Book of Medical and Scientific Terms" (Latin - English - Hebrew). During the 2nd world. war returned to the genre of "nostalgic" ballads. Prod. Ch., Who became a classic of Hebrew poetry during his lifetime, was reprinted several times in Israel. The name of Ch. Is one of the most prestigious litas. pr. Israel.

chernin vladimir yurjevich
has abstract: CHERNIN Vladimir Yurievich (b. 1958, Moscow), public figure. Doctor of Philosophy (1997). In 1981 he graduated from the East. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1983–87 he studied at gr. Yiddish Lit. in-that. He worked in the magazine. "Sovetish gameland". From ser. 1980s - Member of the Jewish cultural movement in the USSR. Studied the ethnography of the Krymchaks. He taught Hebrew. Participated in the production of Mendele Moicher-Sforim's play "Benjamin III's Journey to the Holy Land" in Moscow. t-re "Hermitage" and the Jewish t-re in Kiev. Auth. book poems in Yiddish "Dialogues on Jewish Culture" (Moscow, 1986). Since 1990 - in Israel. Comp. gas. "News of the week". Lecturer literature in Yiddish in the Negev University (Beer Sheva) and in the Bar-Ilan University (Ramat Gan).

chernis yakov iljich
has abstract: CHERNIS Yakov Ilyich (1909, Novograd-Volynsk, Volyn province - 1977, Moscow), writer, publicist. He studied at the Odessa Institute of Nar. education. The first lit. manuf. typed into gas. "Odesar Arbeter", zhurn. "Spilled" in Kharkov. Studied in Odessa in lit. studios. Since 1932 - in Birobidzhan. Since 1974 he was published in the journal. "Sovetish gameland", in the edition of which he worked with ser. 1970s

chernoma3ov miron efimovich
has abstract: CHERNOMA3OV Miron Efimovich (Meyer Haimovich) (1882, Novomirgorod, Elizavetgradsky district, Kherson province - 1917, Petrograd), a participant in the revolutionary movement. From the beginning. 1900s member RSDLP, emigrated in 1903, joined the Bolsheviks, from 1913 member. Rus. Bureau of the Central Committee, ed. gas. Pravda, Feb. 1914 removed from editing for failing to accommodate censorship demands. Introduced into the governing bodies for managing the sickness (insurance) funds, came into conflict with the editors of the journal. Insurance Issues, accusing its publishers of unwillingness to revolutionize the insurance movement. After the arrest in July 1916 of 30 Social-Democrats close to the journal, the Central Committee of the RSDLP blamed Ch. For this failure, deciding that his actions had attracted the attention of the police. March 11, 1917 gas. Birzhevye Vedomosti accused Ch. Of provocation by publishing classified materials from the Police Department; The Ministry of Justice also listed Ch .'s surname in the list of secret officers. secret police; On March 20, Ch. Was arrested, on March 27, he committed suicide under unclear circumstances.

chernomordik david iosifovich
has abstract: CHERNOMORDIK David Iosifovich (1888 - 1969, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1944). Graduated from econom. branch of jurid. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1911). He served at the Azov-Don Bank (1913–17), then graduated from the Institute of Red Professors (1922). Since 1926 head. econom. dep. gas. Izvestia (in 1928–31 he was a member of the editorial board). From 1935 to scientific. work in the Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, simultaneously. prof. MGPI them. Lenin, Moscow State University, MIIT. Tr. on problems of reproduction, nat. income, efficiency of capital investments, cost accounting, railroad economy Transport, Cit .: Economic policy of the USSR. M., 1936; National income of the USSR. His education and accounting. M. - L., 1939 (ed. And ed.); Household. settlement on the railways of the USSR. Some questions of theory and practice. M., 1958.

chernomordik solomon isaevich
has abstract: CHERNOMORDIK Solomon Isaevich (party ps. P. Larionov) (1880, Smolensk - 1943, Moscow), participant in the revolutionary movement, historian. In the 1890s. studied at honey. f-those Mosk. un-that, in 1901 he was expelled and expelled from Moscow for participation in the student. unrest. From 1902 to illegal. position, worked in Moscow. org-tion of the RSDLP. In the summer of 1903 he was arrested, released in 1904, worked in the Nikolaev and Yekaterinoslavsk departments of the RSDLP. In 1905, members. MK RSDLP. Participant Dec. armed uprising of 1905 in Moscow, ed. gas. "Russian alarm" in St. Petersburg. Affairs. 5th Congress of the RSDLP (1907). In 1914 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that. In 1914-18 - at the front. In 1919–20 - one of the hands. dignity service Kr. Army. In 1921-26 he headed the Istpartskolu under the MK VKP (b), one of the founders and director. Museum of the Revolution in Moscow. Since 1938 head. sector of the history of owls. period in Ying-those history of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1941 the commissar of the evacuation hospital. Author of works on the history of the Revolution of 1905–07, rev. and slave. movement in Russia early. 20th century, memoir sketches, works: Socialist Revolutionaries (Socialist Revolutionary Party). Kharkov, 1929; Group "Emancipation of Labor". M., 1935.

chernomordikov david aronovich
has abstract: CHERNOMORDIKOV David Aronovich (1869, Baku - 1947, Moscow), musical figure. In 1887–90 he studied in Paris at the Muses. in-those Sh.Guno by class. php. from J. O'Kelly and in harmony - from P. Vidal, from 1888 in cons. by class harmony at Tod. In 1890 he returned to Russia. In 1901 he graduated from St. Petersburg. cons. (class composition N.F. Soloviev). From 1905 p. RSDLP. On instructions from the party he published a collection of articles. revolutionary songs (1906), in which for the first time in Russia publ. arrangement of the "Internationale" for voice with php. From 1908 before. About-va Jewish Nar. music. In 1911-13 ed. lit.-artist zhurn. "In seven days", "For everyone." In 1912–13 the owner and editor. daily gas. "Theater". In 1912-13 ed. muses. parts of the Jewish Encyclopedia. Since 1914 - in Baku; in 1915 he founded muses there. school, in which he taught the game on php. Deer. and Rev. muses. courses, hands. choir of workers of Baku printing houses, pre. music-dram. section of bunk beds. houses. In 1917 he organized the Baku Union of Musicians. In 1920-21 he taught at the cons. in Vladikavkaz (prof. in composition and history of music). In 1922–23 he was the political commissar of the OGIZ in Moscow. In 1923, the initiator of the creation of the journal. “Muses. new ”, prev. Grew up. Association of Proletarian Musicians (RAPM). In 1926–30 he became a diplomat. work in Greece. In 1930–34, dir. Moscow t-ra op-you, head. muses. dep. State associations of muses. stage and circus, director. management of philharmonic societies, dir. Moscow Philharmonic. In 1934–35 he was responsible. ed. zhurn. “Muses. amateur performance ". Has appeared in print with musical critic. Art., collaborated in several. zhurn. Author of symphony, overture, cantata-poem "Northern Legend", strings. quartet, fp. plays, choirs.

chernovits khaim
has abstract: CHERNOVITS Chaim (ps. Rabbi Tsair) (1871, Sebezh, Vitebsk province - 1949, New York), rabbi. Doctor of Philosophy (1914). In 1896 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. Since 1897 - Rabbi of Odessa, where he founded the "reformed" yeshiva. Since 1923 - in the USA, taught the Talmud. The first study, dedicated. problems of Jewish religious justice, was published. in 1898 in "Ha-Shiloakh". First book. Ch. "Shiurim ba-Talmud" ("Lessons of the Talmud") was published in 1903. The author of many others. works, including on the history of Jewish religious legislation. He was actively involved in journalism. In 1940 he founded every month. in Hebrew, in to-rum publ. autobiogr series. Articles Brother Ch. - Shmuel (1880, Sebezh - 1929), journalist. Act. member of the Zionist movement. In 1899-1902 - comp. "Gamelitz", from 1902 secret. ed. "Tushiya" and zhurn. Olam Katan. The author is a publicist. articles in decomp. ed. in Hebrew.

chernyak aron yakovlevich
has abstract: CHERNYAK Aron Yakovlevich (b. 1921, Smolensk), bibliographer. Dr. philol. Sciences (1978), prof. (1979). Graduated from the Moscow State Polytechnic Institute (1949), taught at school, worked in the State. library of the USSR named after V.I. Lenin. Since 1962 Assoc., Since 1972 Head. department in Moscow. in-those cultures. Author of works on the theory and history of books, bibliography and library science. Since 1991 - in Israel. Cit .: History of a technical book. Part 1–2. M., 1969–73; Scientific and technical book. 2nd ed. M., 1982 (in co-authorship with B.I.Kossov); Scientific and technical revolution and Soviet technical book. M., 1986.

chernyak iosif
has abstract: CHERNYAK Joseph (1895, Khotimsk of Klimovichsky u. Mogilev province. - 1975, Netanya, Israel), linguist, folklorist. He graduated from graduate school at the Institute of Jewish Culture VUAN. Until 1928 - in Khotimsk, he studied the language of Jewish workers. Since 1934 inspector of schools in Jewish settlements in Crimea. He lived in Moscow, Birobidzhan, Tashkent. In 1927–32 he was published in the Kiev magazine. Di Yiddishe Sprah, where he published the work Di sprach fun folkslid in fargleich mit der geredter sprah (The language of folk songs versus oral speech). Participated in the ed. lingual. and folklore collections, including "Folklorlider" (in 2 volumes. M., 1933, 1936). From the end. 1960s - in Israel. Author of works: "Shprakhfolklorischer Atlas" ("Atlas of the Folk Language"), "Sholem Aleichem un shrakhfolklor" ("Sholem Aleichem and the National Language", weekly "Yiddish Font". Warsaw, 1959-60). Sister Ch. - Lyuba (1902, Khotimsk Klimovichsky u. Mogilev province. - 1970, Moscow), poet, literary critic. Studied at Ped. in-those in Kamenets-Podolsk, in graduate school at the Institute of Jewish culture VUAN. After 1945 - in Moscow. It was printed in gas. Einikite. One of the comp. "Anthology of Jewish Poetry" in trans. in Russian lang. (not published). In the journal. "Sovetish Gameland" published poetry, Art. about the works of S.Sh. Rosin, Ya.Zeldin, L.Sh. Wasserman, B. Miller.

chernyak mikhail yakovlevich
has abstract: CHERNYAK Mikhail Yakovlevich (1900, Kharkov - 1976, Moscow), lawyer. Graduated from law. Faculty of Kharkov Institute of Nar. x-va (1923). He worked as a legal adviser, Art. legal counsel and Ch. an arbiter in the consumer cooperation system in Ukraine. From 1941 to the beginning. 1960s - in the aviation system. prom-sti, simultaneously. consisted of Art. consultant on issues. capital construction of the State Arbitration at the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Founder and hands. legal section at the Center. board of the NTO construction industry. Author of works on issues. legal regulation of the capital building, comp. Sat. "Legislation on capital construction" (issue 1-7, v. 1-9, 1969-76).

chernyak moshe
has abstract: CHERNYAK Moshe (1910, Warsaw - 1984, Tel Aviv), chess player. Int. master (1952). Champion of Palestine (1936, 1938). As part of the Palestinian team, a member of the World. chess. Olympiads (1935, 1939). In 1939–52 - in Argentina, from 1952 - in Israel. Champion of Israel (1955), nat. national team participant pl. chess. Olympiads (1952–68). Winner and medalist of a number of international tournaments: Buenos Aires (1941, 2nd; 1944, 1948, 1st), Vienna and Reggio Nel-Emilia (1951, 1st), Catania (1961, 1-3- eat.). The author of the book. about the USA-USSR radio match (1945), about the work of MM Botvinnik (1946), about the French defense (1954).

chernyak sofjya afroimovna
has abstract: CHERNYAK Sofya Afroimovna (b. 1933, Moscow), art critic. In 1956 she graduated from Leningrad. AH (history and theory of art), in 1965 - Moscow. polygraph. in-t (artistic editing). In 1962-68 - in the Union of Artists. USSR, otv. sec. expert advice on purchasing. In 1968–85 artist. editor, in 1985–88 chap. artist zhurn. "Sovetish gameland". Since 1988 expert-art critic of the Moscow Palette association. Ch. Created on the pages of journals. "Sovetish Heimland" will depict the Jewish gallery. claims of the 20th century: M. Kats, I.B. Rybak, H. Sutin, O. A. Tsatkin, M.Z. Shagal and others; organized in the editorial office of the exhibition: A.M.Gluzkin, M.H. Gorshman, V.M. Midler, A.M. Nuremberg, A.G. Tyshler, etc. In 1986-90 she participated in the work of the Jewish Cultural Association, designed the magazine ... Shalom (1987–88). In 1994, one of the organizers in Moscow of the exhibition of A.Ya.Bykhovsky and L.Ya. Zevin. Author and consultant for REE on portray. art.

chernyak yan petrovich
has abstract: CHERNYAK Yan Petrovich (1909, Bukovina, Austria-Hungary - 1995, Moscow), an employee of the special services. Hero of Russia (1994). In 1927 he entered the Higher. tech. school in Prague, after graduation he worked in electrical engineering. s-de. Intelligence. activities in the GRU General Staff Kr. He began to engage in the army in 1930. By 1934 he became the head of reconnaissance. org-tion producing military. and military-technical. information on Germany and its allies. In 1935 he was recalled to Moscow for a short period. special training (under the direction of A.Kh. Artuzov). Then for more than 10 years he headed the intelligence agency he created abroad. org-tion, which transmitted to the Center data on military-economic. potential of Germany, USA and UK. Ch .'s station collected information on the development of nuclear weapons. In 1950-60 he was a translator at TASS.

chernyakhivskiy mark isaevich
has abstract: CHERNYAKHIVSKY Mark Isaevich (1860, Zhitomir - 1936, Baku), violinist, conductor. He studied violin with his father. In the end. 1870s organized by an orc., with which he performed in decomp. cities of the South-West. the edges. Since 1883 conductor and conductor. troupe M.P. Staritsky. Before the beginning. 1900s led an active performing and conducting activity in Kiev. Since 1903 conductor and prof. cons. in Baku.

chernyakhovskiy david abramovich
has abstract: CHERNYAKHOVSKY David Abramovich (1939, Pereyaslavl, Poltava region - 2000), psychiatrist, psychotherapist. Cand. honey. Sciences (1972). In 1965 he graduated from the 1st MMI. He worked at the Research Institute for Biol. chemical tests connections, then in psychoneurology, dispensaries in Moscow. Since the 1980s. - to the Center. clinic of the Literary Fund. Since the 1990s. specializes in resistant depression and heroinism. Author of 18 scientific. works.

chernyakov adam
has abstract: CHERNYAKOV Adam (1880, Warsaw - 1942, ibid.), Public figure. In 1908 he graduated from the Warsaw Polytechnic, in 1912 - un-t in Dresden. In 1909 he was arrested. One of the organizers of the trade unions of Jewish artisans in Poland, member. Union of Jewish Engineers. In 1927–34 members. Warsaw munits. council, in the 2nd half. 1930s member Executive Committee of the Warsaw Jewish Community. Published in Jewish Gaz. and zhurn. Warsaw to Polish. lang. and Yiddish. The author of the book. and textbooks on chemistry. After the occupation of Warsaw in 1939, by order of the Germans. authorities appointed head of the Warsaw Judenrat. Unsuccessfully opposed the creation of the Warsaw ghetto. I tried to get my bed down. and illegal. contacts with Poles in order to obtain food and raw materials for the artisans who worked in the ghetto. Encouraged secret educational and cultural work in the ghetto. Having received from germ. occupier. authorities ordered the "deportation" of children from the ghetto, committed suicide. Throughout the entire period of the occupation, Ch. Kept a diary, in which he recorded the most important events in the life of the ghetto (published in Israel in Hebrew in 1968, in the USA in 1979, 1981, in Poland in 1983).

chernyakov naum semenovich
has abstract: CHERNYAKOV Naum Semenovich (1915, Klimov Novozybkovsky u. Chernigov province. - 1998, Moscow), aircraft designer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1960), prof. (1972). In 1939 he graduated from the Moscow Aviation Institute. In 1941–46 early. design department at aviation plants. In 1939–41 and 1946–60, at plant 301 (headed by S. A. Lavochkin), from 1946 he was deputy. ch. construct., from 1957 ch. construct In 1960–61, deputy. Gene. const. V.N. Chelomey. From 1961 to Moscow. machine-building plant "Kulon" (now Machine-building plant named after P.S. Sukhoi), in 1961–95 deputy. Gene. Konstr., since 1995 - consultant, at the same time. from 1969 lecturer in MAI. Ch. - one of the leaders in the creation of the La-9, La-11 aircraft (2nd half of the 1940s), the first anti-aircraft guided missile in the USSR (S-25, early 1950s). He supervised the creation of supersonic cruise missiles: the world's first surface-to-surface missiles (Tempest, 1950s) and air-to-surface missiles (1st half of the 1960s); aircraft: supersonic strategic bomber ("100", 2nd half of the 1960s - 1st half of the 1970s) and other types of aircraft (1980s - 1st half of the 1990s. ); the first remotely piloted aircraft in the USSR (2nd half of the 1970s).

chernyavskiy elya
has abstract: ELA CHERNYAVSKY (? - after 1935), historian. In the 1920s and 30s. - in Minsk, since 1929 sec. ist. Commission of the Jewish Sector Inbelkult. In 1930–34 he taught the history of the labor movement in Minsk ped. in-those. Collaborated in the journal. "Stern", gas. "October", scientific. Sat. Zeitshrift (1930), zh. Afn Visnschaftlench Front (1932–35). Author of monograph. research "Der Yidischer Arbeter in Weisrusland" ("Jewish Worker in Belarus", 1932), "Di antshteung fun der arbeter-bavegung in Weisrusland" ("The Emergence of the Labor Movement in Belarus", 1934), etc., in which he put under questioned the role of the Bund as Ch. organizer roar. movement among the Jews at the end. 19 - early. 20th century All R. 1930s subjected to sharp criticism "for the apology of the class enemy" and for the "Jewish bourgeois. nationalism". The further fate is unknown.

chernyavskiy iljya zinovjevich
has abstract: CHERNYAVSKY Ilya Zinovievich (b. 1917, Odessa - 1994), architect. Ch.-c. MMA. Graduated from the Odessa Institute of Civil and Communal Construction (1941). Main Works: residential building at Goncharnaya emb. in Moscow (1950–57, jointly with P.V. Rudnev), the Voronovo rest house (1974), a boarding house in Otradnoye near Moscow (1982), a youth center in Uzhgorod (1989), a boarding house in Sochi (1990), sanatorium of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1991). Honored. RF architect.

chernyavskiy mikhail ljvovich
has abstract: CHERNYAVSKY Mikhail Lvovich (1899, Kiev - 1983, Moscow), military leader. Lieutenant General Tank. troops (1943). Since 1917 - in Kr. guard. Since 1918 - in the Red Army, member of the Civil. war. In 1925 he graduated from the armored course, in 1928 - the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze. In 1931–32 he commanded a tank. regiment, in 1932–37 - dep. tank. brigade. In 1937–40 the beginning. Orlovsky tank. school, in 1940–41 early. Armored tank. schools in Leningrad. In 1941–42 he was in command of the mech. hull, in 1942–43 - a tank. army, in 1943 deputy. teams. armored vehicle. and fur. troops of the Red Army. In 1944–45 teams. armored vehicle. troops of the 2nd Balt. and 2nd Belarusian. fr. 1945–50 early. Office of the military-academic. institutions armored. and fur. troops of the Red Army (Soviet Army). From 1950 - retired. The name of Ch. Was noted 19 times in the Orders of the Top. Commander-in-Chief. Decorated with 9 orders.

chernyavskiy shloyme borisovich
has abstract: CHERNYAVSKY Shloyme Borisovich (1909, Kovel, Volyn province - 1974, Kiev), poet. Ch .'s parents died during the pogrom. Was brought up in children. home. The first poems were published in Kharkov in gas. "Zai Great" and "Junge Guard". Was printed in gas. Der Stern, zhurn. "Farmest", "Soviet Literature". The first collection of verses. published in Kiev: "Flamike Jungt" ("Flaming Youth", 1935), "Lyrics" (1940). After 1945 he was published in Kiev in the alm. "Stern", since 1961 - in the journal. "Sovetish gameland" Op .: Moscow time. M., 1975.

chernyy iosif yakovlevich
has abstract: BLACK Iosif Yakovlevich (Joseph-Yehuda) (1835, Minsk - 1880, Odessa), ethnographer. In his youth he lived in the Caucasus, was interested in the life and customs of Mountain Jews, as well as the life of the Jewish communities of the Caucasus, Persia and Bukhara, the results of his observations were published in Art. in the journal. "Ha-Magid", "Gamelitz", "Ha-Carmel". In 1864 Ch. On the recommendation of the OPE received from the governor in the Caucasus led. book Mikhail Nikolaevich open sheets for the right to conduct research. works and St. For 10 years he traveled across the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, studying the life of Jewish communities. Study results partially publ. into gas. "Terskie vedomosti" and "Caucasus", as well as in the "Collection of information about the Caucasian mountaineers" (issue 3, 1870). After his death, Ch .'s archive was taken over by the OPE. Part of Ch .'s notes about the Jews of the Dagestan region. publ. ed. A.Ya.Garkavi ("Sefer ha-Masaot", parts 1–2, 1884).

chernyy rafail
has abstract: BLACK Raphael (party ps. Michael) (1889, Kiev - 1919, Kharkov), party leader. Into the roar. movement since 1903. In 1911 he was arrested on charges of involvement in the murder of PA Stolypin. Sentenced to 20 years in hard labor. Released Feb. the roar of 1917. He joined the Bund, secretary. Council of the slave. and a soldier. dep., vowel of mountains. Duma in Uman, headed by the Committee for the protection of the city. During the occupation of Ukraine, Austro-German. troops - for illegal. position. On Feb. 1919 members Kiev City Committee, Provincial Committee of KP (b) U. At the 3rd All-Ukrainian. Congress of Soviets elected member. Vseukr. CEC, member. Organizational Bureau of the Central Committee of the CP (b) U, led by a communist. underground in the Left-Bank Ukraine. Arrested by Denikin's counterintelligence, shot.

chernyy sasha
has abstract: BLACK Sasha (Glikberg Alexander Mikhailovich) (1880, Odessa - 1932, La Faviere, France), poet. He began publishing in 1904 in Zhytomyr gas. "Volynsky Vestnik" under ps. By himself and the Dreamer. Since 1905 - in satirical. zhurn. "Spectator" in St. Petersburg under ps. Sasha Black. For publ. verse. "Nonsense", in which the royal surname was satirically depicted, zhurn. was closed. After that Ch. Was published in a number of oppositions. satirical. ed .: "Hammer", "Almanac", "Masks", "Skomorokh" and others, as well as in the rev. Sat. "Freeman", "In the fight", "Songs of the fight". In 1906, the 1st Sat. verse. "Various motives", which included satirical. poems and autobiography. manuf. Sat. was arrested, and Ch. was brought to trial for polit. satire. In 1906–07 he attended lectures at Heidelberg University, wrote poems. cycle "At the Germans". In 1908 he returned to Russia, became one of the comp. zhurn. "Satyricon" (together with A.T.Averchenko, N.A.Teffi, A. Bukhov). From 1911 it was printed in gas. "New Day", zhurn. "Modern World", alm. "Rosehip". In the same year, Sat. "Satires and Lyrics". In 1912–14 he translated works. G. Heine, wrote a production. for children, took part in the alm. "The Firebird" (under the direction of KI Chukovsky), released the book. verse. "Knock-knock" (Moscow, 1913) and "Living Alphabet" (St. Petersburg, 1914). In 1914 - in the army. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Deputy. Commissioner of the North. fr. (Pskov). Oct the Revolution of 1917 was not accepted. In 1918–20 - in Vilna and Kaunas. In 1920–24 - in Germany. In a number of verses. Included in Sat. "Thirst" (Berlin, 1923), sounds nostalgic. motives for idealizing old Russia. The theme of the stories is the fate of Russian. emigrants ("Soldier's Tales", "Frivolous Stories"). From 1924 - in France. Cit .: Satires. SPb., 1910; Poems. L., 1960; Coll. op. M., 1965; Fav. prose. M., 1991.

cherpakov boris iljich
has abstract: CHERPAKOV Boris Ilyich (b. 1935, Kharkov), a specialist in the field of metal-working machines and automatic lines. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1981), prof. (1985). Graduated in 1958 Moscow. machine tool in-t. In 1958–60, the SKB designer was automatic. lines and modular machines. From 1960 to the beginning. KB z-da "Stankolinia". Since 1967 - in Experimental. Research Institute of Machine Tools (Head of Lab., Dept., Branch). Since 1988 deputy. dir. in-that on scientific. work. At the same time. from 1963 to teach. work at MVTU. Developed by scientific. operating basics automatic lines in conditions of mass production, created the theory of flexible computerized plants. Author of 16 inventions, more than 300 scientific. print works, including 20 kn. (monograph., textbooks, reference books). State pr. USSR (1988). Honored. worker of science and technology of the Russian Federation (1995) .Cit .: Programmed control of machine tools. M., 1981 (et al.); Design, adjustment and operation of modular machine tools and automatic lines. 4th ed. M., 1985 (et al.); Operation of automatic lines. 2nd ed. M., 1990.

chertkov dmitriy konstantinovich
has abstract: CHERTKOV Dmitry Konstantinovich (1885, Vitebsk - 1958, Leningrad), party leader. From 1903 p. Bund, from 1904 to illegal. position. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07, he was seriously wounded in clashes with the police. From 1909 sotr., Then ed. gas. "Polesie" (Gomel), where it was published under the ps. Sonin, later organized the Social-Democrats in Saratov. Publishing house "Horizons", published collection of articles. "Beginning", in which publ. Art. Ch. "From the area of ​​the nat. problems. (Jews) ". He was repeatedly arrested and exiled. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Saratov, chl. local to-tos of Bund and RSDLP (Mensheviks), vowel, then before. Saratov mountains. thoughts. Participated in the work of the State. meetings in Moscow and Demokr. meetings in Petrograd, affairs. 8th Congress of the Bund. Nominated by Cand. from Samara and Orenburg to Vseros. Jewish Congress. In oct. 1917 opposed the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks. Dec. 1917 on the Bund list, elected to the Council of the Jewish Community. Further from polit. activity has moved away. In the 1920s. lived in Petrograd - Leningrad, participated in the publication of journals. "Jewish Bulletin". In 1926 he was arrested and released at the beginning. 1930s Arrested again in 1937, released in 1957.

chertkov iosif ljvovich
has abstract: CHERTKOV Joseph Lvovich (b. 1927, Odessa - 2009), hematologist, immunologist. Prof. (1956), Dr. med. Sciences (1961). He graduated from the 1st MMI (1947) and postgraduate studies in pharmacology in the same place (1950). In 1951–53 he was an assistant at the Department of Pharmacology, Minsk Medical Center. in-that, in 1953-66 Art. scientific. sotr. Centre. in-that blood transfusion; head lab. myelotherapy of radiation sickness and cell engineering (1966–83), physiology of hematopoiesis Hematologich. Center of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (since 1983). Sci. tr. Ch. Dedicated. question experimental hematology, radiobiology, transplantology, clonal research methods. potential properties of hematopoietic cells. He developed (co-authorship) a scheme of hematopoiesis and identified anti-Rh antibodies, which made it possible to prevent Rh-conflict in newborns. Since 1995 chap. ed. zhurn. "Hematology and transfusiology." Cit .: Artificial blood substitutes. M., 1958; Materials for the study of the properdin system of the body. M., 1961; Pathogenetic substantiation of hemo- and myelotherapy of acute radiation sickness. M., 1965 (et al.); Cellular bases of immunity. M., 1969 (et al.); Cellular basis of hematopoiesis. M., 1977 (et al.); Hematopoietic stem cell and its microenvironment. M., 1984 (et al.).

chertok boris evseevich
has abstract: CHERTOK Boris Evseevich (b. 1912, Lodz, Petrokovskaya province), specialist in the field of control systems for rocket and space complexes. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1958), prof. (1966), bp. USSR Academy of Sciences (1968). Hero of Socialist Labor (1961). In 1940 he graduated from the Moscow Power Engineering Institute. In 1934–37 - in the design bureau of VF Bolkhovitinov (at plant No. 22), in 1939–44 - in the same place. (plant number 293), in 1945–47 - in the Commission of Special. appointments in rocketry (major). In 1947–56 - at NII-88, early. dep. - deputy. ch. Ing. in-that; from 1950 - in OKB-1 at the Institute (from 1952 - the beginning of the department). Since 1956 in OKB-1 (later - NPO Energia, now - RSC Energia), deputy. ch. construct (until 1966 - S.P. Koroleva), from 1993 - Ch. scientific. consultant. At the same time. lecturer at the Moscow Higher Technical School (since 1947) and at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (since 1980). Supervised fundamental research and development of large structurally complex systems: motion control, navigation, power supply, information, rocket and space. complexes of the USSR, etc. Flax. pr. (1957). State etc. (1976) Vol .: Rockets and people. M., 1995–97.

chertok leon
has abstract: DASH Leon (1910 - 1991), psychotherapist, psychologist. Doctor of Medicine, prof. A student of J. Lacan - a psychiatrist, founder of the Parisian school of neo-Freudianism, creator of "structural psychoanalysis". He worked as a psychotherapist, practicing psychoanalysis. In 1940–44 he was a member of the Resistance movement. After 1944 he taught at the Sorbonne, led a psychosomatic. department in Ying-those psychiatry them. Fr. de La Rochefoucauld in Paris, as well as the Center for Psychosomatic. medicine them. J. Dejerine. Practical activity and scientific. tr. Ch. Dedicated. in the main. the use of psychotherapy (hl. arr. hypnosis) with neuropsychic. and somatic. diseases and the development of theoretical. problems of psychotherapy, as well as sleep treatment (1954), psychosomatic. method of labor pain relief (1958), theory, practice and technique of hypnosis (1959), transfer factor in hypnosis, etc. The author of a number of popul. book, including "Unknown in the human psyche" (1976, Russian translation. 1982), "Memoirs of a Heretic" (1990). In Russian. per. published the book: "Hypnosis (problems of theory and practice; technique)" (M., 1972), "The birth of the psychoanalyst: from Messmer to Freud" (M., 1991, et al.).

chertok shimon
has abstract: CHERTOK Shimon (Semyon Markovich) (1931, Moscow - 2006), publicist, art critic. Graduated from Moscow law. Institute (1953). He began to publish in 1957 in the journal. "Ogonyok", "Youth", "Change", "Banner", "Questions of Literature", "Soviet Photo", etc. Author of articles about literature, artist. photographs, etc. In 1964–75 sotr. zhurn. "Soviet Screen", in 1976–79 - at the Research Institute of Theory and History of Cinema. Compiled, author and ed. yearly. "Screen" (1964–73, with the participation of MZ Dolinsky). The author of the book. "Artist Boris Shalyapin" (L., 1972), "There-there XX century" (M., 1975), "Festival of three continents" (Tashkent, 1978), etc. Published articles on Jewish culture in the journal. "Star", "October", "Theater", "Theater. life ”,“ Sovetish Heimland ”and others, as well as in Polish, French, Amer. and Argentina. gas. Yiddish. Since 1979 - in Israel. Commentator rus. the editorial staff of the Voice of Israel radio station (1979–96); since 1996 Israeli corr. Russian BBC service. Corr. gas. "New Russian Word" (New York) and "Rus. thought ”(Paris). Author of articles on polit., Societies. and the cultural life of Israel. The author of the book. Mayakovsky's Last Love (Ann Arbor, 1983) and Freeze Frame. Essays on Soviet Cinema "(London, 1988).

chervinskiy mikhail abramovich
has abstract: CHERVINSKY Mikhail Abramovich (1911, Odessa - 1965, Moscow), playwright. An engineer by training. In the 1930s. - the author of feuilletons and monologues for AI Raikin, VY Khenkin and others. In 1941–44 - at the front. After being seriously wounded, he was in Moscow, where in 1944 he met V. 3. Mass, who became his co-author. The first joint work was a comedy review for Moscow. t-ra miniatures "Somewhere in Moscow" (1944). For Leningrad. t-ra miniatures, in particular for Raikin, programs were written "In Your Own Words" (1945), "Come, let's talk!" (1946), "Love and Three Oranges" (1959), a number of interludes were written for LB Mirov and MV Novitsky, scenes - for MV Mironova and AS Menaker, script - for the play Mosk ... t-ra stage "Welcome" (1955). Joint. manuf. Ch. And Massa were included in the collection “Welcome” (Moscow, 1959), “Comedy” (Moscow, 1968), “Moscow from the Point of View” (Moscow, 1991).

chervonenkis meylakh rakhmilievich
has abstract: CHERVONENKIS Meilakh Rakhmilievich (1876 -?), Public figure. Graduated from honey. f-t un-that in Kiev (1901). In 1906, dep. 1st State thoughts from the Kiev province. In the Duma he was a member of a labor group. The further fate is unknown.

cheskis avrom
has abstract: CHESKIS Avrom (1879, Vladimir-Volynsky, Volyn province - 1935, Moscow), publicist. Prof. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. The first art. about lit-re in Hebrew from the standpoint of Marxism publ. in 1902 in gas. "Ga-Dor". From 1903 p. Bund. Affairs. 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (London, 1903). From 1903 - in France. In 1912-14 he collaborated with the French. socialist ed., gas. "Di socialist tribune." After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia. He worked actively in the Bund. One of the founders of Nar. un-that in Kiev (1918). Was printed in gas. "Der komunisische veg" (Gomel, 1919), "Komunisische fon" (Kiev, 1919–20). From 1920 he taught history. materialism at the Jewish branch of the Communist. un-that in Moscow. Was printed in gas. "Der emes", center. press. The author of the book. (in Yiddish): “Jean Jaures. Life and Work "(Ekaterinoslav, 1918)," Ludwig Feuerbach "(Moscow, 1922)," Lectures on Historical Materialism "(ibid., 1924).

chicheljnitskiy ikhil moiseevich
has abstract: CHICHELNITSKY Ichil Moiseevich (1909, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1980, Moscow), journalist. Graduated in Kiev part. school (in the 1930s). The secretary worked. ed. gas. "Jung Guard" in Kharkov, in gas. Der Stern in Kiev. 1941–45 - at the front. After 1945 - in Chernivtsi, he worked at the production cooperatives. Published in gas. Einikite. 1975–76 - in Moscow, deputy. ch. ed. zhurn. "Sovetish gameland". Author of reports, travel notes, essays.

chikvashvili boris meirovich
has abstract: CHIKVASHVILI Boris Meirovich (b. 1926, Kutais, GSSR), hydraulic engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1970), ch. Cargo. Ing. academy (1984). Graduated from Tbilisi Polytechnic. Institute (1949). Since 1976 head. Department of Cargo. s.-kh. in-that. Author approx. 200 scientific. tr., including 15 kn. and textbooks. Since 1994 - in Israel. Honored. Scientist of the Georgian SSR (1984).

chikvashvili shalva danielovich
has abstract: CHIKVASHVILI Shalva Danielovich (b. 1931, Kutais, Georgian SSR), lawyer. Dr. jurid. Sciences (1966), prof. (1970), ch. Academy of Sciences of Georgia (1995). In 1952 he graduated from Kharkov law. in-t. Referent of the Council of Ministers of the Georgian SSR (1960-1967). Consultant to the Parliament of Georgia, Member. scientific. advisory council at the top. court of Georgia. Author approx. 250 scientific. tr., including 25 kn., including: "Housing and construction cooperation in the USSR" (1965), "Property relations in the family" (1976), "Marriage, family, court" (1977). Honored. Scientist of the Georgian SSR (1985).

chinskiy yan
has abstract: CHINSKY Jan (1801, Warsaw - 1867, London), a leader of the Polish national liberation movement. Member secret societies in the end. 1820s With the beginning of the Polish uprising of 1830–31 early. headquarters at the general. Sheptytsky, participated in the military. actions against growing. troops, was able to prevent the pogrom in Lublin, to-rum the Polish population of the city threatened the Jews, accusing them of evading military service and betrayal. After the suppression of the uprising, he emigrated. Author of the brochure The Problem of Polish Jews (Paris, 1833). Comprehending the experience of the events of 1830–31, he came to the conclusion that the insurgent. the leadership of his policy towards the Jewish population pushed him away from the movement, as a result the Jews "remained only passive witnesses of the struggle." Later he published in French. printing an article on the Jewish question, demanded that Jews be given equal rights. Polish problems Jewry dedicated to the book. "Israel's Awakening" (Paris, 1848) and "Israel in Poland" (Paris, 1861). The author of the foreword to the book. L. Goddenderskogo "Jews and Poland", biographies of Sh. Fourier, N. Copernicus, survey works on the history of Russia and Poland, East. rum. "The Peasant King", stories and plays.

chizhik leonid arkadjevich
has abstract: CHIZHIK Leonid Arkadievich (b. 1947, Chisinau), jazz pianist, composer. In 1965–68 he studied with T.D. Gutman at ph. f-those Muz.-ped. in-ta them. Gnesins in Moscow. In 1970 he graduated from the Gorky cons. In 1965–67 he played in a trio with G.K. Lukyanov and others. In 1969–71 - in the State. pop orc. RSFSR under control. L.O. Utesova. In 1972 the soloist of the Mosconcert, in 1973–74 and 1976–78 hands. jazz trio. In the 1970s. was the first in the USSR to begin performing with solo php. improvisations, continuing to play in a trio. Since 1978 he has performed as a soloist. He toured a lot in European countries. Participant pl. jazz. festivals, including Jazz. festival in India (1986). From the beginning. 1990s - in Germany. Author thematic. programs dedicated. dep. styles of jazz and its performers. Ch .'s playing style is characterized by bright individuality, innovative approaches to the form of improvisation, refined virtuosity, and coverage of almost all styles of jazz. Among the Op. - fp. plays, music for radio and television plays, ball. Night City (1979). Honored. art. RSFSR (1990).

chizhik semen petrovich
has abstract: CHIZHIK Semyon Petrovich (b. 1923, Borisov, Minsk province), physicist. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1972), prof. (1972). In 1942–45 at the front in intelligence. In 1951 he graduated from an engineer-physicist. Faculty of Moscow mechanical in-that. In 1951–61 he worked at an enterprise of the Ministry of Medium Machine Building in the Urals. In 1961–64 in the Podolsk scientific research. technological in-those, in 1964–73 and in 1978–92 at the All-Union Research Institute of Current Sources. 1973–78 at MATI (Head of the Department of Solid State Physics). Main tr. in the region. physicochemistry of ultradispersed media and technology for their manufacture. State pr. USSR (1954), Len. pr. (1958) Vol .: Ultrafine metallic media. M., 1977 (et al.).

chizhikov david mikhaylovich
has abstract: CHIZHIKOV David Mikhailovich (1895, Novaya Priluka, Berdichevsky u. Kiev province. - 1974, Moscow), specialist in the field of metallurgy of non-ferrous metals. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). At the end of Moscow. forge. academy (1924) worked for leading engineer. positions, was the first deer. Gintsvetmet (1930). In 1933–41 on scientific. and ped. work in Moscow. in-those tsv. metals and gold, head. Department of Metallurgy of Lead, Zinc and Small Metals. In 1939–74 he was in charge of the lab. color and rare metals in Ying-those metallurgy them. A.A. Baykov of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main tr. associated with the theory and technology of obtaining color. and rare metals by electrothermal methods, with the development of methods for chlorination of polymetallic. and tin ores, with questions. electrolysis of sulfide materials. Created a theory to restore. processes of metals depending on the characteristics of physical and chemical. parameters of initial oxides and temperature conditions. Introduced into the industry a rectification method for obtaining high purity zinc, electrothermal. a method for producing tin, a sulfide distillation method for extracting germanium from coal ash. Author of over 300 scientific. works, including 14 monographs. Became. pr. (1942, 1951). Works: Zinc metallurgy. M. - L., 1938; Lead metallurgy. M., 1944; Metallurgy of heavy non-ferrous metals. M. - L., 1948; Chloride tin metallurgy. M., 1962 (et al.).

chlenov iekhielj
has abstract: CHLENOV Iekhiel (Efim Vladimirovich) (1863, Kremenchug, Poltava province - 1918, London), public figure. Born into a Hasidic family. In 1888 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that. In student. years was in the Palestinophile gr. "Bnei Zion". Since emerged. Zionism joined the movement. Prev Vseros. Zionist Conf. in Minsk (1902). Opponent of the Uganda Plan. In 1908 he headed the Zionist movement in Moscow. Supported the activities of the "Odessa Committee". Since 1911, vice-president. Executable to-that World. the Zionist organization. In 1912 - one of the founders of the Technion (Haifa). In 1917 he became the head of All-Russia. the Zionist organization. Affairs. Zionist Congresses. The author of the book. on the theory and history of Zionism. Died during negotiations leading up to the Balfour Declaration.

chlenov iekhielj vuljfovich
has abstract: CHLENOV Iekhiel Vulfovich (Efim Vladimirovich) (1863, Kremenchug, Poltava province - 1918, London), public figure. Born into a Hasidic family. In 1888 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that. In student. years was in the Palestinophile gr. "Bnei Zion". Since emerged. Zionism joined the movement. Prev Vseros. Zionist Conf. in Minsk (1902). Opponent of the Uganda Plan. In 1908 he headed the Zionist movement in Moscow. Supported the activities of the "Odessa Committee". Since 1911, vice-president. Executable to-that World. the Zionist organization. In 1912 - one of the founders of the Technion (Haifa). In 1917 he became the head of All-Russia. the Zionist organization. Affairs. Zionist Congresses. The author of the book. on the theory and history of Zionism. Died during negotiations leading up to the Balfour Declaration.

chlenov mikhail anatoljevich
has abstract: CHLENOV Mikhail Anatolyevich (b. 1940, Moscow), public figure, ethnographer. Graduated from IVYa at Moscow State University (1965). Since 1969 - at the Institute of Ethnography. N.N. Miklukho-Maclay of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The author et al. OK. 100 publ. scientific. tr. on ethnography, history, language knowledge. Member of exp. to the extreme north-east of Ros. Asia to study the life of the Eskimos. From the beginning. 1970s active participant in Jewish communities. and the human rights movement in the USSR. Was subjected to extrajudicial persecution. Co-ed. Confederation of Jewish organizations and communities of the USSR (since 1989), President. Federation of Jewish Organizations and Communities - VAAD of Russia (since 1991), before. Eurasia. section of the World Jewish Congress (since 1991). Cit .: Numerical symbols and secret alliances in the Moluccas. Mythology of the peoples of the East. and Yuzh. Asia. M., 1973; The population of the Moluccas. M., 1976; Experience in the study of Malay kinship systems. Small-Indonesian. research. M., 1977.

chornitskiy yosef
has abstract: CHORNITSKY Yosef (b. 1909, Ostrino Lida u. Vilna province), public figure. In 1927–30 he studied at the Teachers' Institute in Vilno, in 1931–32 - at Boston University (USA). Since 1932 - in Mexico, where he created a network of Jewish schools, founder and hands. Zionist Organization of Mexico, ed. gas. Yiddish Tribune (Mexico City). In 1938–49, on behalf of Keren ha-Yesod, he taught. work in the countries of Lat. America. Since 1949 - in Israel, director. Latinoamer. Department of Keren ha-Yesod.

chubays anatoliy borisovich
has abstract: CHUBAIS Anatoly Borisovich (b. 1955, Borisov, Minsk region), statesman. Cand. econom. sciences. Graduated from Leningrad. economical engineer in-t. In 1977–90 he taught at the same institute. In 1990–91, deputy. prev. Leningrad City Executive Committee, Ch. econom. advisor to the mayor of St. Petersburg. In 1991–92 before. State to-that management of the state. property, in 1992–93 deputy. Prev Government of the Russian Federation, in 1994–95, since 1997 First Deputy Prime Minister of the Prospect Island of the Russian Federation (simultaneously in 1997 min. Of finance). 1996–97 head of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation. 1993–95 dep. State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation Brother Ch. - Igor (b. 1947, Berlin), a public figure. Cand. Philos. sciences. In 1972 he graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Leningrad State University. He taught philosophy at art. uch. them. V.M. Mukhina, since 1980 - at GITIS. One of the organizers of the clubs "Perestroika" (1987) and "Perestroika-88". Participated in the creation of the Democratic Platform within the CPSU. The author of the book. "A course of lectures on dialectics" (in English. M., 1991), "From the Russian idea to the idea of ​​a new Russia" (Moscow, 1995).

chubin yakov abramovich
has abstract: CHUBIN Yakov Abramovich (1893 - 1956, Moscow), party leader. Since 1915, member. RSDLP, Bolshevik. In 1917 he joined the Kr. guard. Participant of Civil. war. In 1921–26 sec. Chernigov and Akmola provincial committees, Shakhtinsky district committee of the party. In 1927–37, deputy. head organizational department MK VKP (b), before. Moscow env., Crimean region. control commissions, empowered. Party commissions. control over the Kursk region. In 1937 he was commissioned. Party commissions. control over the Turkmen SSR. In 1937–39 1st secretary. Central Committee of the CP (b) of Turkmenistan. In 1934–39 members. Party commissions. control under the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), in 1939–41 members. CC VKP (b). Was repressed. Dep. USSR Armed Forces of the 1st convocation.

chudetskiy yuriy viktorovich
has abstract: CHUDETSKY Yuri Viktorovich (b. 1932, Moscow), a specialist in the field of rocket and space technology. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1988), prof. (1990). In 1956 he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School. In 1956–74 - at the Research Institute-1, in 1974–90 - at the Central Research Institute of Machining (head of the department), since 1990 - at the MAI. From the 2nd floor. 1950s participated in the creation of experiments. bases for studying heat and mass transfer during the movement of bodies at high speeds and methods of thermal protection of the warheads of ballistic missiles (ground and underwater) and reentry spacecraft. In the 1970s-80s. supervised design studies. and testing the warheads of ballistic missiles. From the beginning. 1990s region scientific. research - ways to protect the Earth from asteroid hazard and issues. eco-friendly safety during testing of launch vehicles. Author approx. 100 scientific. works. Linen. etc. (1961). State pr. USSR (1980). Cit .: Thermal protection. M., 1976 (et al.).

chudnovskiy grigoriy isaakovich
has abstract: CHUDNOVSKY Grigory Isaakovich (1890, Yekaterinoslav - 1918), a member of the revolutionary movement. Rod. in the family of a lawyer, a member of the populist. movements of the 1870s. The nephew of S.L. Chudnovsky. In 1908 he entered law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that, joined the Mensheviks, entered Petersburg. to-t RSDLP, led the roar. propaganda among the workers, was under police surveillance. In 1910 he was arrested, after a year and a half of solitary confinement he was exiled to Vost. Siberia. In 1913 he fled, from 1914 - to Austria-Hungary, studied at Vienna University, from 1915 - in Switzerland, from 1916 - in the USA, where he collaborated in the Social-Democrats. gas. "New world". In May 1917 he returned to Russia, joined the Social-Democrats. - "Mezhraiontsy". Autumn 1917 - in Petrograd: member. Vseros. bureau of military. org-tions at the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b), member. Petrogr. VRK, participated in the seizure of the Winter Palace and the arrest of members of Vrem. pr-va (saved them from mob lynching). At the 2nd All-Russia. Congress of Soviets elected member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee. When suppressing weapons. performances at hand. A.F.Kerensky - P.N. Krasnov was wounded. From nov. 1917 Extraordinary Commissioner of the South-West. fr., in dec. 1917 Ukrainian arrested. authorities and sentenced to death. In Jan. 1918 liberated in Kiev owls. troops; Kiev Commissioner for Civil business. From Feb 1918 commanded the troops of the Kr. guards, killed in battle under Art. Lyubotin.

chudnovskiy solomon lazarevich
has abstract: CHUDNOVSKY Solomon Lazarevich (Leizerovich) (1852, Kherson - 1912, Odessa), a populist revolutionary. In 1868 he entered the law. Faculty of Novorossiysk University (Odessa), soon transferred to St. Petersburg. medical and surgical academy, active student student. movement 1868–69. In 1869 he was arrested, expelled from the academy and sent under the public supervision of the police to Kherson, where he organized a series of roars. circles. In 1871-73 he studied at Novorossiysk un-those, one of the hands. Odessa branch of petersburg. circle "Tchaikovsky". In the beginning. 1873 went abroad, continued his studies in honey. f-those of Vienna University, kept in touch with Austr. s.-d. and the editors of the journal. PL Lavrov "Forward". In the end. 1873 returned to Russia. In 1874 he was arrested in Odessa. OK. I spent 4 years in advance. conclusion. In Jan. 1878 under the "193 trial" sentenced to 5 years of hard labor (replaced by exile to Siberia). In the 1880s. lived in Tomsk, Omsk, Irkutsk, collaborated in a magazine, wrote Art. on economics, statistics, ethnography of Siberia. In 1893 he returned to Europe. Russia, lived in Odessa, studied literature. labor. From 1905 p. Party of the Cadets, op.: From ancient times. Memories. M., 1934.

chukhray grigoriy naumovich
has abstract: CHUKHRAY Grigory Naumovich (1921, Melitopol, Tauride province - 2001, Moscow), film director. In 1939–45 - in the army. Studied at dir. Faculty of VGIK (1946–53, workshop of S. Yutkevich, then M. I. Romm). Since 1952 assistant director. at Kievskaya k / st ("Admiral Ushakov", "Ships storm the bastions", "Ship commander"), then the second dir. ("Nazar Stodolya", 1954). Since 1955 - at the Mosfilm cinema. He made his debut in 1956. "Forty-first" (special pr. MKF in Cannes, 1957). Subsequent works: "The Ballad of the Soldier" (1959; St. Mkf in Cannes; Golden Gate Prize, pr. For directing the Mkf in San Francisco; honorary diploma and other Italian film critics at the Mkf in Milan, 1960; Grand - for directing the Moscow Art Festival in London, 1960; the silver medal of the Moscow Art Festival in Tehran, "Golden Laurel", pr. American producer D. Selznik, 1962); "Clear Sky" (1961; Grand Prize of the Moscow Art Festival in Moscow, 1961; Prize "Golden Gate", St. Mkf in San Francisco). In 1964–76 artist. hands. Let's experiment. creative associations at Mosfilm. Among the f. this period: "Once upon a time there was an old man with an old woman" (1965), doc. f. "Memory" (1971), "Bog" (1978), "Life is beautiful" (1980), "I will teach you to dream" (1985, with Yu.A. Shvyrev), etc. In 1966-70 he taught at VGIK ... Nar. art. USSR (1981). Linen. pr. (1961). Son of Ch. - Pavel (b. 1946), film director. Graduated from cinematography (1970) and dir. (1974) Faculty of VGIK. He made his debut as dir. f. "You Remember Sometimes" (1978). Staged "People in the Ocean" (1980, A.P. Dovzhenko Ave.), "Cage for a canary" (1983), "Zina-Zinulya" (1985), "Remember me like this" (1988, FTF Grand Prix in Czechoslovakia, pr. for directing at the Moscow Art Festival in Tokyo), "Key" (1992), "Thief" (1997, Ave Mkf in Venice). Etc. Linen. Komsomol (1981).

chukovskaya lidiya korneevna
has abstract: CHUKOVSKAYA Lidia Korneevna (1907, Helsingfors - 1996, Moscow), writer, human rights activist. Daughter of K.I. Chukovsky, sister of N.K. Chukovsky. Graduated from philol. Faculty of Leningrad un-that, worked in publishing houses for children. lit-ry. In 1928 she published it under ps. A. Uglov the first story "Leningrad-Odessa", later published a literary critic. prose. In 1939–40 she wrote pov. “Sofya Petrovna” - about repressions in 1937. In 1966 she addressed an open letter to MA Sholokhov after his speech at the 23rd Congress of the CPSU, in which he sharply criticized the convicted writers AD Sinyavsky and Yu.M. Daniel. Since that time, Ch. Actively advocated for human rights, in particular, in defense of A.I.Solzhenitsyn and A.D. Sakharov. Exclusion from the USSR joint venture in 1974 was reflected in the book. The Process of Exclusion (1979). In 1938–41 and 1952–62, Ch. Kept a detailed diary of her conversations with Akhmatova, which she published in Paris (1976–80) and in Moscow (1989). Poems written in 1936–76 were included in the book. “On the other side of death” (M., 1978). Etc. them. A.D. Sakharova (1990). State pr. RF (1995). Cit .: The Story of T. Shevchenko. 1930; The story of one uprising. M. - L., 1940; Empty house. Paris, 1965; Herzen's past and thoughts. M., 1966; Letters about Sholokhov and Solzhenitsyn. Munich, 1970; The price of a metaphor, or the Crime and Punishment of Sinyavsky and Daniel. M., 1989; Childhood memory. Memories of K.I. Chukovsky. M., 1989; Open letter. M., 1991; Poems. 1992; Notes about Anna Akhmatova. M., 1996.

chukovskiy korney ivanovich
has abstract: CHUKOVSKY Korney Ivanovich (real name and surname Nikolai Vasilyevich Korneichukov) (1882, Petersburg - 1969, Moscow), writer, literary critic, literary critic, translator. Dr. philol. Sciences (1957). Published since 1901. Collaborated in gas. "Odessa News". Published in the journal. "Libra", "Niva", "Rech", "Russian Thought" Art. about modern writers who subsequently entered the collection "From Chekhov to the Present" (1908), "Critical Stories" (1911), "Faces and Masks" (1914), etc. Having gained fame, he entered the circle of iz. active culture, such as V.G.Korolenko, L.N. Andreev, A.I.Kuprin, I.E. Repin and others, he told about his meetings with them in his memoir-artist. book "From Memoirs" (1959), "Contemporaries" (1962), as well as in a look published diaries (1991), where lit. life of the era. Studied the creativity of N.A. Nekrasov, author of comments. in Full. collection poems of the poet, as well as a number of books. about him, DOS. of which "Nekrasov's Mastery" (1952). How children. the writer Ch. made his debut in 1916 poems. the fairy tale "Crocodile". Then appeared "Moidodyr", "Cockroach" (both - 1923), "Fly-Tsokotukha" (1924), "Barmaley" (1925) and others, who became children. classics. The result of many years of studying children. psychology and speech became the book. "From two to five" (1928, under the title "Little Children", total of St. 20 ed.). From 1907 he was engaged in translations. Translated from English. lang. W. Whitman, M. Twain, G.K. Chesterton and others, "retold" the works for children. D. Defoe, R. Raspe, J. Greenwood. Ch. Owns repeatedly published work on the skill of the artist. translation ("High Art", 1941). Poch. Doctor of Literature, Oxford University (1962). Linen. pr. (1962).

chukovskiy nikolay korneevich
has abstract: CHUKOVSKY Nikolay Korneevich (1904, Odessa - 1965, Moscow), writer, translator. Son of K.I. Chukovsky, brother of L.K. Chukovskaya. At the beginning of lit. activity wrote poetry (since 1922) and prose for children. In the 1930s. - rum. about Cit. war, of which naib. means. Yaroslavl (1938). In 1939–40 and 1941–45 military. corr. Author of rum. "Baltic Sky" (1954), dedicated. defenders of Leningrad. The story "Tramp" (alm. "Lit. Moscow", 1956) became the object of criticism. Translated manuf. J. London, M. Twain, R. L. Stevenson, E. Seton-Thompson and others. writers. Member of the editorial board of the journal. "Banner" (1955-62), part. of the Board of the USSR and RSFSR Joint Ventures, headed the translation section, works: Tantalena. L. - M., 1925; Princely corner. L., 1937; Frigate drivers. M., 1941; The fifth day. M., 1967; Fav. manuf. In 2 volumes. M., 1977.

chulak efim aronovich
has abstract: CHULAK Efim Aronovich (b. 1948, Ceadir-Lunga MSSR), athlete (volleyball). Master of Sports of the USSR Intern. class. An engineer by training. He played for SKA (Rostov-on-Don), since 1971 - in the CSKA team. Champ. USSR (1972–77), winner of the Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR (1971, 1975), winner of the European Champions Cup (1973–75, 1977). As part of Sat. USSR teams silver (1976, Montreal) and bronze. (1972, Munich) Olympus medalist. games. Winner Champ. the world (1974). European Champion (1971, 1975). Since 1990 - in Israel.

chuzhbinov
has abstract: CHUZHBINOV (real family member Grinstein) Timofei Alexandrovich (1852, Kerch, Tauride province - 1897, Kiev), actor. He studied at Novorossiysk (Odessa) and Moscow. un-takh, in Petersburg. medical and surgical academy, in Technol. in-those. In 1874 he began performing in Orel at the D.P. Lauhin's enterprise. He played in vaudeville and comedies, in op-those. He worked in various troupes. entrepreneurs. Most of his life he performed on the stages of Kiev and Kharkov. He performed comic and character roles. Among the best works: Osip ("The Inspector General" by N.V. Gogol), Akim ("The Power of Darkness" by L.N. Tolstoy), Furnachev ("Death of Pazukhin" by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin), Shmag ("Guilty Without Guilt "A. N. Ostrovsky). Created a bright stage. images in the main. in Russian classic repertoire.

chuzhoy
has abstract: ALIEN (real family. Liechtenstein) Anatoly (1894, Riga - 1969, USA), ballet critic, historian. In 1918 he graduated from Petrograd. un-t, since 1924 - in the USA. Periodically performed. press from art., dedicated. ballet. In 1936–41, editor-in-chief of the journal. "Dance Shop", since 1942 founder and editor. ed. Dance News. The author of a number of books. about bal .: "Ballet" (1936), "Symphonic Ballet" (1937), "New York City Ballet" (1953). Ed.-comp. Encyclopedia of Dance (1949), ed. Memoirs of M.M. Fokin (1961), author of the trans. from rus. in English. lang. Art. and book. about ballet.

d'aktilj
has abstract: D'AKTIL (real name and surname Anatoly Adolfovich Frenkel) (1890, Irkutsk - 1942, Perm), writer. Rod. in the family of a pharmacist. He studied at the Chita city. In 1903–07 he lived with relatives in the United States and attended college in New York. Returning to Russia, he studied law. Faculty of Tomsk and Petersburg. high fur boots. In 1909 he converted to Catholicism. He began publishing in 1911. Collaborated in gas. "Birzhevye vedomosti", in f. "Satyricon", "Dragonfly", "Beach" and others. He edited the weekly. Life and Judgment. In the end. 1917 moved to Rostov-on-Don, was published in a newspaper, worked in a variety theater, then in the Political Department of the 1st Cavalry Army (1919). Organized and edited the satirical. g. "Red Raven" (later "Behemoth"), "Laughter". The author of the texts "March of Budyonny's Cavalry" ("We are the Red Cavalry ..."), pl. songs by L.O. Utesov, libretto of several. operetta. In besieged Leningrad he worked on radio and in print. He was also engaged in the lane. (D. London, O'Henry, L. Carroll and others). Author of the book: "Bile on paper", P., 1917; "A bruise under the eye", L., 1926; "The first horse in battles: History in ditties", M.-L., 1930.

d'arabella
has abstract: D'ARABELLA (real name Amchislavsky) Itskhak (1835, Kremenchug, Poltava province. - 1910, Tunisia), doctor, traveler. Rod. in the family of the Lubavitcher Hasid. Got a trad. Heb. religious education. Graduated from the city. Studied for honey. f-takh high fur boots of Petersburg and Paris. While traveling, he ended up in Zanzibar, where he became the personal physician of the local monarch. From 1888 - in E.-I. Doctor S.-kh. Colony E. Rothschild Rishon LeZion. From 1889 - Ch. doctor, Rothschild's b-tsy in Jerusalem. Pres. Association "Safa brura", which fought for the spread of Hebrew in E.-I. Compiled by Hebrew-Spanish. dictionary. In the end. 1900s as a result of the conflict that arose in the hospital, D. left his post and left E.-I. He lived in Palermo (Italy), then in Tunisia.

dagda
has abstract: DAGDA, a city (since 1992) in Kraslava region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dinaburgsky, since 1893 - Dvinsky district. Vitebsk lips. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1847 there were 77 Jews living in Denmark, in 1897 - 1026 (68%), in 1920 - 727 (63%), in 1930 - 668 (53 %), in 1935 - 589 Jews (53%). The Jewish community arose in the 1820s. as a result of the resettlement of Jews from the neighboring village of Dishuvka. Main occupations of the Jewish population - trade and crafts (including in neighboring villages). The material well-being of the Jews of Denmark contributed to the revitalization of communal life in the 1880s and 1890s: there was a Khevra Kaddish, the Bikur Holim branch paid for the services of a doctor, and in 1910 a Jewish society of benefits to the poor was formed. The rabbis in Denmark were Yaakov Schmargon and Leizer Handel, and in 1910–41, D. Schmargon (? —1941). In 1904–07 a Bund cell (about 20 members) operated in Denmark. At the same time, the departure of Jews from D. abroad became more active. During the 1st world. wars pl. Jewish families in 1915-16 left for the east. districts of Russia. 1920s with the help of the Joint, the synagogue was renovated, and a mutual aid fund was created. In 1922–24, hundreds of Jewish refugees from the USSR passed through D. (several families settled in D.). From ser. 1920s main occupation of Jews becomes agricultural trade. products. In D. worked approx. 30 Jewish artisans, there were 2 Jewish pharmacists, a doctor and a dentist; Jews owned 85 out of 89 and 121 out of 209 houses. In 1920, a 6-class bunk was established. school (approx. 100 students), the language of instruction soon became Yiddish, from the beginning. 1930 - Hebrew. There were 3 synagogues, including 2 Hasidic ones, the “Ceirei Zion” cell, the “Tkhia” youth Zionist organization functioned, later the Beitar cells and …

dagestanskie ogni
has abstract: DAGESTAN LIGHTS, a city (since 1990) in the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). In 1939, 55 Jews lived in D.O.

daleshitse
has abstract: DALESZICE, a village in the Kieleckie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Keletsky u. In 1856 106 Jews (7.2%) lived in D., in 1897 - 270 (13.5%), in 1921 - approx. 300 Jews. Until 1862 Jews were forbidden to settle in D. The Jewish population of D. was exterminated during the Holocaust.

dalin
has abstract: DALIN (real name Levin) David Yulievich (1889, Rogachev, Mogilev province - 1962, USA), polit. activist, publicist, political scientist and Sovietologist. Studied at Rogachevskaya and Petersburg. g-ziyah, then to legal. f-those Petersburg. un-that. For participation in the student. movement arrested and expelled. He continued his education in high fur boots in Berlin and Heidelberg (1910–13), defended his doctorate. dis. on polit. savings (1913). In March 1917 he returned to Russia, joined the Mensheviks; dep. Moscow Council, ed. gas. "Printer". Oct the revolution did not take it for an anti-Bolshevist. activity was repeatedly arrested. To Vseros. conf. RSDLP (May 1918) elected member. Central Committee of the Mensheviks. In 1920 he left Russia; one of the creators, and after the death of Yu.O. Martov - ed. g. "Socialist. messenger ", chl. Overseas. delegation of the RSDLP. After the Nazis came to power in Germany (1933) he went to Poland, then to France, in 1940 to the USA. Moved away from polit. activities, was engaged in the study of internal. and ext. policy of the USSR (author of works: "Foreign policy of Soviet. Russia", "Russia and post-war. Europe", "Genuine Soviet. Russia", "Soviet. espionage", "Soviet. Russia and D. East", "Forced. Labor in the USSR "and others), together with gr. amer. scientists and publicists-Mensheviks collected and published materials on the history of the Social-Democrats. movement in Russia, collaborated in the Amer. press and the emigre "New Journal". Cit .: After the wars and revolutions, Berlin, 1922.

dalin mark aleksandrovich
has abstract: DALIN Mark Alexandrovich (1906, Baku - 1996, ibid.), Chemical technologist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan SSR (1959). Graduated from the Azerbaijan Industrialist. Institute (1930) and until 1934 worked in Azerbaijan science and technology. institute of the oil refining industry. Since 1934 - director. experimental plant "AzSK" in Baku, since 1963 - director. Vses. n.-i. Institute of olefins. At the same time. - in the Azerbaijan Institute of Oil and Chemistry (since 1953 - prof.). In 1960-63 academician-secretary. Dept. chem. Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR. Since 1963 - director. VNII tekhnol. Institute for the production and processing of low molecular weight olefins with an experimental plant. Sci. works are devoted to chemistry and technology of oil refining, petrochem. synthesis. Developed and implemented in the industry (1935-60) pyrolysis decomp. types of petroleum raw materials, separation of hydrocarbon gases, production of ethyl and isopropyl benzene, ethyl and isopropyl alcohols by direct and sulfuric acid hydration. Carried out (1960–70) the synthesis of acrylic acid nitrile, ethylene-propylene elastomers, p-tert-butyl-phenol and high-density polyethylene. Developed a technology for producing: benzene by hydrogenation processing of liquid pyrolysis products (1965), high-impact polystyrene (1972), alpha-olefins by high-temperature oligomerization of ethylene (1973), joint production of propylene oxide and styrene (1975). pr. (1946, 1952). Etc. Council of Ministers of the USSR (1981) for the creation of large-scale production of ethylbenzene (in: Ways of development of petrochemistry, Baku, 1989).

dalin viktor moiseevich
has abstract: DALIN Victor Moiseevich (1902, Odessa - 1985, Moscow), historian, Dr. Sciences (1962). He studied at the classic. g-zii. Participant citizen war. B, 1920–23 - on the responsible. Komsomol work in Moscow and Ukraine, in 1922 - member. Central Committee of the RKSM. From 1924 - in Moscow, graduated from the Institute of Red Professors (student of N.M. Lukin and V.P. Volgin). In 1929-30 - in scientific. business trip in France. From the beginning. 30s read a course on the history of the labor movement Zap. Europe in the Communist. academy named after Ya.M. Sverdlov and in Mezhdunar. Lenin's school, in 1934–36 at East. Faculty of Moscow State University (since 1936 - prof.), in the same years, member. editorial board "Historian-Marxist". In 1937 he was repressed and spent about 17 years in prison. From 1955 - Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History (since 1968 Institute of General History) of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1962 - deputy. ch. ed. “Franz. yearbook ", since 1976 - hands. gr. for the study of the history of France. Poch. prev. Commission on history led. Franz. rev-tion at Intern. ist. to-those (1980) Dr. Besancon University, member. adm. council of the Society of robespierist issl. and Ital. scientific. center for the study of the Napoleonic era. Author of works on history Vel. Franz. revolution, worker and socialist. movement in Zap. Europe, Cit .: Strikes and the Crisis of Syndicalism in the Pre-War. France, M., 1935; Gracchus Babeuf on the eve and during the Great. Franz. revolution (1785-1794), M., 1963 (in French - 1976, 1987); People and Ideas: From the History of the Rev. and socialist. movement in France, Moscow, 1970 (awarded by the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, pr. V.P. Volgin); Historians of France XIX-XX centuries, M., 1981.

daljnerechensk
has abstract: DALNERECHENSK (until 1973 - Iman), a city (from 1917), a regional center in the Primorsky Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1895. At the beginning. 20th century - a county town of Primorsky Region. In 1939, 37 Jews lived in D.

daljnich
has abstract: DALNYCH, a village in the Kamensko-Bugsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Zhovkva powiat of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In June 1942, all the Jews of Denmark were deported to Kamenka-Bugskaya and subsequently exterminated.

daljnik
has abstract: DALNIK, see [[Great Dalnik.

dambrova
has abstract: DAMBROVA, a village in the Shchuchinsky district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Dembrovo Lidsky u. Grodno, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1942, 8 Jews were shot in Denmark.

dameshek uiljyam
has abstract: DAMESHEK William (1900, Voronezh - 1969, New York), hematologist. Since 1902 in the USA. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Harvard University (1923). He worked as a therapist in the mountains. hospital (1923 25), assistant hematology. lab. (1925–28), head. hematological. lab. Hospital Bet Israel (1928-39), Art. doctor-hematologist, head. hematological. lab. Centre. New England hospitals (since 1939) in Boston; at the same time. (1925–67) assistant professor, prof. (since 1941) honey. Faculty of Tufts University (Medford, Massachusetts). Since 1966 prof. honey. Mount Sinai School and Consultant Hematologist at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York. In the years of the 2nd world. war 1939–45 was a consultant in hematology Ch. surgeon Amer. army (since 1942). tr. D. dedicated ch. arr. hematology, incl. immunohematology, as well as allergology (auto-allergic diseases). In 1933 he formulated the concept of "Essential iron deficiency anemia"; proposed (1951) the term "myeloproliferative diseases" to denote a number of tumor diseases of the hematopoietic system - hemoblastoses. Since 1959 he applied (together with R. Schwartz) a new method of creating. immunological tolerance (resistance) in animals by sequential injections of antigen and immunosuppressant. A significant contribution to the region. hematology were his works: "Leukopenia and agranulocytosis" (1944), "Hemolytic syndrome" (1945), "Chemotherapy of leukemia and lymphosarcoma" (1949), "Leukemia" (1958), etc. Founder and Ch. ed. (1945) f. "Blood" on problems of hematology, prez. Int. (1954–56) and Amer. (1964) about-in hematologists. In the 1950s. activist of the United Heb. call ".

damskiy abram isaakovich
has abstract: LAMSKY Abram Isaakovich (1906, Kovno, - 1988, Moscow), architect, designer. In 1929 he graduated from the faculty of wood and metal processing VKHUTEMAS - VKHUTEIN. Specialist in the design of interiors of public buildings and equipment. Supervised the design and production of lighting devices for naib, responsible government buildings, art. subway, theater buildings. He headed the design workshop of the Elektrosvet plant in Moscow (since 1930). Participant pl. contests, diploma of the exhibition "Paris-Moscow".

dan
has abstract: DAN (real family Gurvich) Fedor Ilyich (1871, Petersburg - 1947, New York), polit. activist, publicist. The son of a pharmacist. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Yuryevsky University (1895). From 1894 in the S.-D. movement. From the beginning. 1896 - one of the hands. Petersburg. "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class". He was arrested several times. In the summer of 1901 he emigrated; in Berlin joined the Iskra assistance group. Participated in the preparation of the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP, was arrested and exiled to Vost. Siberia. On Sept. 1903 fled abroad, joined the Mensheviks, members. their fractions. center and editorial office of Iskra. In 1904 - Member. delegation of the RSDLP at the 6th (Amsterdam) Congress of the 2nd International, in 1905 - a participant in the Geneva Conf. Mensheviks. After the amnesty (October 1905) he arrived in St. Petersburg, in December. 1905 co-opted into the Central Committee of the RSDLP. Affairs. 4th (unification) Congress of the RSDLP (1906), elected to the Central Committee. In 1907 he took part in the 5th Congress of the RSDLP. In 1906–07 he was a member of the editor. all Mensheviks. and general part. newspapers, one of the hands. s.-d. fractions of the 1st and 2nd State. doom. In Jan. 1908 emigrated. During the years of reaction "liquidator". One of the initiators of the Vienna Social-Democratic Party. conf. (Aug. 1912), with the goal of uniting all anti-Bolsheviks. gr. RSDLP. In 1913 he returned to St. Petersburg, became a member of Organizats. to-ta (OK) of the RSDLP, directed the activities of the Menshevik. faction in the 4th State. thought. After the start of the 1st world. war was arrested and exiled to Siberia. In May 1916 he was mobilized into the army; served as a military doctor in Irkutsk. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd, became part of the OK, member. Executive Committee Petrograd. Council and its Bureau. Together with IG Tsereteli, he headed the centrist movement “rev. defenci…

dan ieshayagu
has abstract: DAN Yeshayagu (Shaika) (1910, Lipkany of Khotinsky u. Bessarabian province. - 1994, Tel Aviv), societies. activist. All R. 1920s joined the Zionist. movement. Since 1935 in E.-I., member. kibbutz Nir-Am. In 1941 he volunteered for the British. army, served in art. parts. In 1944 as part of the special. group was abandoned on occupied German-fasc. troops of the territory. to establish contact with the surviving Jews of Vost. Europe. One of the organizers is illegal. transporting Jews to E.-I. During the War of Independence, he was involved in the delivery of weapons from Czechoslovakia to Israel. After the end of the war, he carried out communication between the Jews of East Europe and Israel.

danielj m.
has abstract: DANIEL M. (real name and surname - Mordechai Meerovich) (1900, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province - 1940, Moscow), writer. From a young age, he wandered around many. cities, was a worker, employee, teacher. Since 1921 in Moscow. Graduated from eurlit. dep. 2nd Moscow State University. One of the founders of Heb. owls. prose. In his production. reflected citizens. war ("At such a time", "Rakhmiel - the night watchman", "Yulis", etc.), the problems of the intelligentsia and the revolution ("On the Threshold"), the history of culture. The author of the plays "Zyamka Kopach", "Inventor and Comedian", "Four Days" and others, which were staged in many. Heb. t-pax in Russia and abroad.

danielj yuliy markovich
has abstract: DANIEL Yuliy Markovich (1925, Moscow - 1989, ibid.), Prose writer, poet. Son of M. Daniel. From school he went to the front. He was seriously wounded. He studied at Kharkov, un-those, graduated from Moscow. ped. in-t. He taught at school, published poems. per. His prose writer. manuf. "Moscow Says", "Hands", "Atonement", "The Man from MINAP" and others were published. abroad under ps. Nikolay Arzhak. The fact of "unauthorized" nick. publication was incriminated by D. by the authorities and became the reason for the arrest of him and his colleague A.D. Sinyavsky. In 1966, D. was convicted of Verkh. court of the RSFSR for five years in high security camps. In July 1969 he was transferred from the camp to the Vladimir prison for participating in protests against the arbitrary rule of the camp administration. He was released in 1970. Deprived of the right to live in Moscow, D. settled in Kaluga. Soon he returned to Moscow, earning a living poems. per., to-rye could not sign with his own name. In Russia manuf. D. began to be published only in 1988. D.'s son - Alexander (born 1951) graduated from mat. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute named after V.I. Lenin. In the 1970s. took part in vol. samizdat railways Hands. research programs of the Memorial Society “History of the dissident movement in the USSR”.

danielov moisey isaakovich
has abstract: DANIELOV Moisey Isaakovich (1909, Velistsikhe Signakhsky u. Tiflis province. - 1994, Jerusalem), director, society, activist. From 1920 he lived in Tiflis. Graduated from dir. Faculty of GITIS them. A.V. Lunacharsky in Moscow. On his return to Tiflis, he organized at the beginning. 30s Heb. dram, a circle that eventually turned into a Jewish drama. tr playing the load. lang. He staged plays by the young playwright G.Baazov and Heb. classics. In the 30s. Dr. visited S.M. Mikhoels. Later he worked as a director. in the State. t-re them. K.A. Mardzhanishvili, as well as more than 10 years in rep. t-re dolls. The play "The Deer", staged by him based on the story of the poet V. Pshavela, became a laureate of Vses. festival of children and youth t-ditch in the middle. 1950s Worked dir. and in other t-rakhs of Georgia. Per. for the cargo. lang. from the Hebrew play by S. An-sky "Dibuk". Before leaving for Israel (1973) he taught Hebrew underground. In Israel he published 2 books: the play by G. Robakidze "Lamara" with trans. in Hebrew (1986) and An-sky's "Dibuk" in the lane. for cargo lang.

danilevskiy aleksandr yakovlevich
has abstract: DANILEVSKY Alexander Yakovlevich (1838, Kharkov - 1923, Petrograd), biochemist. Ch.-c. Petersburg. AN (1898), one of the founders of Fatherland. biochemistry, founder of the first Rus. scientific. schools. Brother of V.Ya.Danilevsky. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (1860). Prof. (1863) Kazan University. In 1871, in protest against the persecution of the progressive scientist anatomist P.F. Lesgaft, he resigned and went abroad (worked in Germany and Switzerland). Since 1885 - prof. Kharkov University, since 1892 - head. kasredroy fiziol. chemistry Military honey. Academy in St. Petersburg (in 1906-10 - rector). tr. on chem. structure and metabolism of proteins, enzymology, nutritional biochemistry. Developed a method of selective adsorption on collodion particles, with the help of which he first separated the pancreatic enzymes - amylase and trypsin. Experimentally proved that under the action of pancreatic juice hydrolytic occurs. breakdown of proteins. Established the reversibility of this process. Research proteins of muscles (myosin), liver, kidneys and brain. He suggested the existence of alternations of -CH-H-bonds in protein molecules, later called. peptide. Formulated a theory of the structure of a protein molecule. He proposed to separate the cytoplasmic. proteins into 3 fractions: globulin, stromin and nucleic. Studied the nutritional value of protein grows. and animal origin. Joint. with brother DOS. 1st Fatherland fiziol. g. "Physiological Sat." (1888). Cit .: Fav. tr., M, 1960.

danilevskiy vasiliy yakovlevich
has abstract: DANILEVSKY Vasily Yakovlevich (1852, Kharkov - 1939, ibid.), Physiologist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1926). Brother of A.Ya.Danilevsky. Graduated (1874) honey. Faculty of Kharkov University. In 1883-1909 and in 1917-21 he worked there (prof., Head of the Department of Physiology). Organizer and first director. (from 1910) Kharkov women. honey. in-that (in 1921–26 head of the Department of Physiology), as well as Organotherapeutic. Institute (since 1927). tr. in physiology of the nervous system, electrophysiology, endocrinology and protistology. Established (1874) the presence in the cerebral cortex of centers that regulate the activity of the organs of blood circulation and respiration. One of the founders of encephalography was the first in Russia to conduct experiments on registration of bioelectric. phenomena in the cerebral cortex of a dog (1876). For the first time I started physiological. the study of hypnosis in women and humans, the essence of which I saw in the inhibition of voluntary reflexes. In 1884–96 he published a series of works on hemosporidia, incl. monograph on compare. parasitology of blood. Auth. "Textbook of Human Physiology" (1929). Joint. with brother DOS. journal "Physiological Sat." (1888). Prize of the Paris Academy of Sciences (1889). Honored. Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR. Vol .: On the summation of electrical stimuli of muscles and motor (vagus) nerves. SPb., 1879; Research on the physiological effect of electricity at a distance, hours 1-2, Kharkov, 1900-01.

danilov
has abstract: DANILOV, city, regional center in the Yaroslavl region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the end. 16th century like Danilovskaya Sloboda. From 1777 it was a district town of the Yaroslavl governorship, then a province. In 1897 there were 4 Jews living in D., 40 in the district (without D.), in 1910 in D. - 50, in 1926 - 23 (0.3%), in 1939 - 23 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in D.

danilovka
has abstract: DANILOVKA, see [[Malaya Danilovka.

danilovo
has abstract: DANILOVO, a village in the Khust district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was Hungary, in 1945–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1830, 39 Jews (5.3%) lived in Denmark, in 1880 - 173, in 1930 - 305 Jews (27 , 2%) Jews lived in D. from the middle. 18th century There was a synagogue and a mikvah. In the spring of 1944 the Jews of Denmark were sent to Auschwitz.

danilovskaya sloboda
has abstract: DANILOVSKAYA SLOBODA, see Danilov.

danin daniil semenovich
has abstract: Daniil Semenovich DANIN (1914, Vilna - 2000, Moscow), writer, screenwriter, critic. Member Pen-club of Russia. Ch.-c. Grew up. Academy of Natural Sciences. sciences. Since 1933 - student of Moscow State University (3 courses of chemistry faculty, then 5 courses of physics faculty). At the same time. from 1938 he studied at Lit. in-those (4 courses). Since 1938 it has been printed as lit. critic. In 1941 he left for Nar. Moscow militia volunteer. He ended the war as an artillery captain. After demobilization (1946) on lit. work. In 1949-53 he was deprived of the right to publish as a "cosmopolitan" and "enemy of the Sov. poetry ". Since 1955 he has been engaged in scientific-artistic. lit-swarm. The author of the book: "For a Man" (1957), "The Inevitability of a Strange World" (1961), which, therefore, became a cultural phenomenon of the 60s. (translated into 11 languages), "Rutherford" (1967), "Niels Bohr" (1975), "Crossroads. Writer and Science "(1974)," Still It Exists "(scientific-artistic cinema) (1982)," Probabilistic World "(1982)," Selected "(1984). In 1984, the book was published. "Burden of Shame: Pasternak and Us". Since 1960 - Ch. ed. collection of articles "Paths to the Unknown: Writers Talk about Science". Screenwriter f. "Into the depths of the living" - angry. medal at the exhibition in Montreal (1967). Since 1992 - prof. Grew up. State Humanitarian University. State pr. RSFSR (1967), Lomonosovskaya pr. (1968).

danishevskiy grigoriy mikhaylovich
has abstract: DANISHEVSKY Grigory Mikhailovich (1890, Moscow - 1971, ibid.), Balneologist, climatologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1934), prof. (1931). After finishing honey. Faculty of Warsaw University (1914) served as a military doctor. In 1918-21 before. Extraordinary Commission for the fight against typhus, deputy. Chief of the Glavsanupra of Ukraine, in 1921–22 a member of the Collegium of the People's Commissariat for Health of Ukraine, Dir. Odessa resorts. Since 1924 in Moscow - in Ch. the resort management of the RSFSR People's Commissariat for Health; organizer and first director. resort clinic of the People's Commissariat of Health, transformed in 1926 on his initiative into the Center, in-t balneology. Since 1930 the first director. Center, institute for advanced training of doctors, where he headed the country's first department of balneology (1931–37). In 1937 he was arrested, spent 15 years in camps and exile, worked as a doctor in the North. In the 1950s and 60s. supervised the development of issues of climatopathology of cardiovascular diseases in Ying-those therapy of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. tr. D. dedicated various problems of balneology, honey. climatology. Joint. with M.P. Konchalovsky was the initiator and organizer (1928) of the All. to-that for the study of rheumatism and diseases of the joints and the 4th Intern. conferences on rheumatism in Moscow (1934). His work on the acclimatization of man in the North was the first in the Fatherland. lit-re. D. was also early. management of higher honey. education of the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR, before. scientist honey. Council of the People's Commissariat of Health of the USSR. Cit .: Resort construction on the ways of self-financing, Moscow, 1925; Problems of mass recreation in the USSR, M., 1934; Human acclimatization in the North, M., 1955; Human health in the Far North, M., 1963; Human pathology and disease prevention in the North, M., 1968.

dankern
has abstract: DUNKERN, see Living.

dankoutsy
has abstract: DANKOUTS, see Dankovtsy.

dankov
has abstract: DANKOV, city, regional center in Lipetsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1571. From 1778 - the district town of the Ryazan governorship, then - the province. In 1796-1804 and 1924-59, D. did not have the status of a city. In 1860, there were 13 Jewish men living in D., in 1910 - 23 Jews, in 1926 - 3, and in 1939 - 9 Jews.

dankovtsy
has abstract: DANKOVTSY, a village in the Khotyn district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Dankouts of Khotinsky u. Bessarabian region, from 1873 - province. In July 1941, 11 Jews were killed in D.

dansker isaak moiseevich
has abstract: DANSKER Isaak Moiseevich (1896, Petersburg - 1965, Sverdlovsk), oboist, teacher. In 1918 he graduated from Petrograd. cons. in the class of F.A. Koukal (marked by F. Schubert Ave.). In 1918–41 he was a soloist orc. Leningrad. t-ra opera and ballet them. S.M. Kirov, in 1943–51 - orc. Sverdlovsk Philharmonic. He was the first performer of the sonata for oboe and fp. B.V. Asafiev, who dedicated this op. In parallel with performing activities in 1936–39 he taught in the music. ten-year school at Leningrad. cons .; also conducted muses. classes in leningr. Palace of Pioneers. In 1945–64 he taught at the Ural Cons. in Sverdlovsk (since 1958 Acting Prof.). D. summarized his many years of practical experience in his methodological work “Teaching oboists in children's muses. schools and schools "(L., 1968).

dantsig boris moiseevich
has abstract: DANTSIG Boris Moiseevich (1886, Nezhin, Chernigov province - 1973, Moscow), orientalist. Dr. East Sciences (1965). Graduated from law. Faculty of Kiev University (1919). Teacher Mosk. Institute of Oriental Studies (1926–36, 1951–54), Military. acad. specialist. schools of the General Staff (1936–45), Higher. Dipl. schools of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1945–51), Moscow. state in-that international. relations (1954–57). Sci. sotr. Ying-that world. x-va and the world. politics (1945–48), Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1955–73). Main research directions: econ. geography Bl. East; history of Russian oriental studies. Author approx. 140 scientific. tr. Works: Essays on economics. geography of Turkey, M., 1930; Iraq in the past and present, M., 1960; Rus. travelers to Bl. East, M., 1965; Study of Bl. East in Russia (XIX-early XX centuries), M., 1968; Bl. East in Russian Science and Literature (doct. Period), M., 1973.

dantsig may voljfovich
has abstract: DANZIG May Volfovich (b. 1930, Minsk), painter. Graduated from Minsk art. uch-shche and Moscow. thin in-t them. V.I.Surikov. Since 1958 he has been teaching at Belorus, theater. in-those. He worked in easel painting. Created paintings on the themes of the war 1941-45. Mn. paid attention to the architect. landscape, the theme of Minsk and new buildings. Author of a mosaic panel in the "Partizan" cinema (Minsk, 1966), mosaics in the "Yubileinaya" hotel (Minsk, 1969).

dantsis mordkhe
has abstract: DANTSIS Mordkhe (1885, Medzhibozh of Letichevsky u. Podolsk province - 1952, New York), publicist. He studied at the Talmud-Torah and at the teacher's courses in Odessa. Since 1905 in the USA. He published poems, stories, Art. in Heb. periodic. press, was ed. a number of gas. and f. In 1907 he released the first in New York. book "In strom fun revolutionary" ("In the stream of revolution"). Second book. "Geimland" "Rodina") was published in New York in 1936. At one time there was an ed. daily new york gas. "Tog", where he printed the weekly. essay titled. "Lekoved shabes" ("In honor of Saturday"), which were very popular with readers due to their excellent language and successful interweaving of Hasidic legends into the text. In 1954, a volume of travel sketches and rec. D. "Eign Licht" ("The Light of the Eyes").

danyushevskiy izrailj isaakovich
has abstract: DANYUSHEVSKY Israel Isaakovich (1890, Kobylnik of Sventsiansky u. Vilna province - 1950, Moscow), teacher, one of the founders of defectology in Russia. Ped. started his activity in 1909. In 1911 he graduated from the teacher's institute in Vilna. In 1923–30 he worked in the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR. Organizer and first director. (1930–43) Experiment. defectological Institute (since 1935 Scientific and practical institute of special schools and orphanages, on the basis of which the Research Institute of Defectology of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR was created in 1944, now the Institute of Correctional Pedagogy of the Russian Academy of Education), as well as Moscow. ped. defectological Institute (1939–42). In 1943–47, the director. Centre. scientific method. the cabinet of orphanages of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR; from 1947 he worked at the Research Institute of Defectology. Tr. D. dedicated org-tion of complex clinics. and psychol.-ped. study of abnormal children, scientific. the basics of their differentiated education and upbringing, as well as the problems of teaching and educational work in orphanages and institutions for juvenile offenders. Cit .: Educational and educational work in children's homes and special schools, Moscow, 1954.

dar
has abstract: DAR (present (frame. Rivkin) David Yakovlevich (1910, Petersburg - 1980, Jerusalem), writer. Published since 1925. The first collection of stories - "Happy Childhood" (1937). In 1931–41 he worked in Leningrad and Moscow gas Participant in the war of 1941-45. In the 60s - early 70s he studied at the Leningrad branch of the joint venture with novice writers, among whom were A.G. Bitov, S.D.Dovlatov and He contributed to the development of VF Panova's literary talent, who later became his wife. Published in Jewish samizdat (f. "Jews in the USSR") and in the Parisian Russian g. "Continent." 12 books by D. , the best of which he considered the collection of stories "Goddess Dunya" (1964). Since 1977 - in Israel. Published in foreign and Israeli Russian f. The last book. - collection of parables and stories "Confession of an irresponsible person" ( 1980).

daraganovo
has abstract: DARAGANOVO, see Doroganovo.

darakhov
has abstract: DARAKHOV, a village in the Terebovlya region of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1564. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921 109 Jews lived in D. In 1916 seven Jews from D. were expelled to Ternopil. 1942 Jews from D. were deported to Terebovlya.

daran
has abstract: DARAN (real name and surname Daniil Borisovich Raikhman) (1894, Voronezh - 1964, Moscow), artist. Studied at the Bogolyubov Drawing School (Saratov) under P. Utkin. He started as a t-ra artist and as a poster artist. Exhibited at the Saratov Artists. exhibitions. In 1921 he moved to Moscow. Collaborated in gas. and f. ("Beep", "Poor", "Lapot"). D. is one of the organizers, thin. Association "Group of Thirteen". Sharing creative position of the group, D. took his special place in it. He was fascinated by plots related to the circus and sports: the music of fast movement found consonance in his striving, improvisationally light drawing. The impressionistically moving line was matched by the dynamics of an intense flowing color spot. he worked exclusively from nature, which dictated a special pace and rhythm of work. Rhythm. the structure of D.'s natural drawings is unmistakably accurate. In 1946 and 64, the artist's personal exhibitions took place.

darasun
has abstract: DARASUN (until 1950 - Ulzutuevo), an urban-type settlement (since 1950) in the Karymsky district of the Chita region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Nerchinsky env. Transbaikal Region. In 1939, 37 Jews lived in D.

darbenay
has abstract: DARBENAI, a town in the Kretinga region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1591.From 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dorbyany Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940 - 91 - of the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897 there were 1,129 Jews (54.8%) in Denmark, in 1923 - 601 (59%), in 1940 - approx. 800 Jews (36%) Jews lived in Denmark from the 19th century. There was a synagogue in 1863. Rabbis of D. in the 19th century there were Eliyahu Margoliot (1816-1874), Israel-Isser Levin, Itskhok Kopilevich. In the 1920s and 30s. in D., there were 2 synagogues, 2 heders, a Talmud-Torah, and a school of the Tarbut network. Rabbi D. in the 1920s and 1930s. was Isser Weisbord (? —1941). Herm. units entered D. on June 22, 1941. Male Jews (144 people) were shot on June 29, 1941, women and children were killed. July (about 300 people) and 15-16 Aug. 1941 (510 people), at the beginning. Sep 1941 was shot ca. 100 people in D. D. Wolfson.

dardak ieguda
has abstract: DARDAK Yehuda (1898, Iliya Vilna province - |), publicist, teacher. The son of a rabbi. In 1911-14 he studied at the yeshiva, then for two years he lived in Minsk, where he was a teacher, organized the Hebrew. bunk bed schools in a number of cities and towns. After demobilization from the army he graduated from un-t, became one of the organizers of the Hebrews. school education in Belarus. D. was the author of the first. systematic. course of pedagogy in Yiddish, publ. a number of works in Heb. ped. well., together with Ya. Rubin. F. Golmshtok, G. Aleksandrov and Z. Khanutin published in 1928 in Minsk the textbook "Social Science" for the 5th grade. Heb. schools, and in 1931 - the textbook "Pedagogy" for students of Hebrews. ped. technical schools. In the same year, his book was published. "What a worker and a collective farmer should know about polytechnization." Then D.'s name disappeared from the press and was not mentioned anywhere else.

darg-kokh
has abstract: DARG-KOKH, a village in the Kirov region of the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Vladikavkaz env. Terek Region. In 1939 in D.-K. lived 2 Jews.

darjino-ermakovka
has abstract: DARINO-ERMAKOVKA, a village in the Sverdlovsk region of the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 19th century as a farm Darino-Ermakovsky Novocherkassky u. Lands of the Don Cossacks, since 1870 - Regions of the Don Cossacks. 19th century in D.-E. lived 12 Jews. During the Holocaust, two families of local residents hid several. Jews; they were subsequently shot together.

darjino-ermakovskiy
has abstract: DARINO-ERMAKOVSKY, see Darino-Ermakovka.

darnitsa
has abstract: DARNITSA, now part of Kiev (Ukraine). Izv. from 1509. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Osterskiy u. Chernigov province. occupation in D. was a prisoner of war camp. In oct. 1941 on the way from Yagotin to D., approx. 2 thousand Jewish prisoners of war. In March 1942, 443 Jewish prisoners of war were shot in D.

darsunishkis
has abstract: DARSUNISHKIS, a town in the Kaisiadorys region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dorsunishki Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847, 280 Jews lived in D., in 1923, 120 Jews (14.7%). Jews lived in D. from the end of the 19th century. 18th century Most were engaged in small trade and crafts. On the eve of the 1st world. wars pl. Jews moved to other places. In the beginning. 1920s a community council of 5 people was created in D. In 1931, Jews owned 3 manufactory shops, a wine and vodka shop, and a tavern; in 1937 there were 13 Jewish artisans in Denmark (6 tailors, 3 butchers, a glazier, a tinsmith, a shoemaker, and a hairdresser). The rabbis in Denmark were: Arie-Zvi Daikhes, Pinchas Pinper (1838-1913), from 1871 - Chaim-Irmiyahu ben Avrom, in 1887-88 - Chaim-Avrom Shas (1858—?), From 1891 - Shmuel-Yosef Shoham , Moishe-Arie Milevsky (? -1941). In the late. June 1941 D. was occupied by the Germans. troops. A ghetto was created, where Jews from D. and neighboring towns were placed. 15 Aug 1941 almost all Jewish men of D. were shot in the 4th fort (Kaunas), the remaining 99 people. destroyed on 28 Aug. - 2 Sept. at the Jewish cemetery in D. (only a few people survived). In 1991, a monument was erected at the site of the execution (in 1990, a monument was also erected in the grove, where Jewish women and children were shot in 1941).

dashava
has abstract: DASHAVA, urban-type settlement (since 1948) in the Stryisky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1448. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 86 Jews (6.6%) lived in Denmark, and in 1921 there were 14 Jews (0.6%).

dashev
has abstract: DASHEV, a village in the Ilyinets district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of Bratslav Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Old Dashev Lipovetsky u. Kiev province. From the end. 1920s - Dashevsky Jewish village council of the Ilyinets district of the Vinnitsa okr, then the oblast. In 1765, 406 Jews lived in D., in 1776 - approx. 270, in 1847 - 1837, in 1897 - c. 600 (approx. 10%), in 1923 - 2439, in 1939 - 967 Jews. In 1865 there were 3 synagogues in Denmark. Since 1885, Arie-Leibush Waxer (1860—?), The father of I. Waxer, was the rabbi in D. In 1909 a private husband worked. Jewish school, in 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings. m-in. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Denmark by units of the Volunteer Army. In the 1920s and 30s. there was a 7-year Jewish school in D. in 1937–39. school was Abram Borisovich Pak (1918 -?). 28 Oct. 1941, 814 Jews were shot in D. I. I. Vakser, A. Z. Yurovsky, Yu. N. Grigorieva

dashevskiy aron izrailevich
has abstract: DASHEVSKY Aron Izrailevich (b. 1904, Rzhishchev, Kiev district and lips.), Ophthalmologist. Graduated from Kharkov honey. Institute in 1927.Since 1949 - head. Department of Dnepropetrovsk honey. Institute D. developed research methods. of the optical system of the eye, early diagnosis of glaucoma and treatment of myopia, the development of eye refraction in ontogenesis, the age characteristics of the eye diopter were studied. Honored. scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1965).

dashevskiy pinkhas izrailevich
has abstract: DASHEVSKY Pinchas Izrailevich (1879, Korostyshev of Radomysl district, Kiev province - 1934), polit. activist. The son of a military doctor. Studied at the Kiev Polytechnic. in-those. In 1902 he joined the Poalei Zion circle. After the Kishinev pogrom of 1903, he attempted the life of the Black Hundred publicist P. Krushevan, inflicting a slight knife wound on him. At the trial of D. (1903), the judicial authorities tried to accuse Jews of ritual murders. D. was sentenced to 5 years in prison companies with disqualification. In 1906, at the request of O.O. Grusenberg, D. was released, but without restoration of his rights. After 1917, engineer. in Manchuria and in the oil fields in the Caucasus. In 1933 he was arrested as a Zionist. He died in prison.

dashevskiy tsvi-gersh
has abstract: DASHEVSKY Zvi-Gersh (1888, Ekaterinoslav - 1926, Vilno), playwright, translator. From a young age he became addicted to the stage, was an artist, played Hebrew. t-rakh from Odessa and Romania. In the beginning. 20s settled in Warsaw, where in the main. was engaged in the lane. plays and composition of insts. for Heb. t-ditch. In 1923 the Warsaw troupe "Central" put in his lane. and insts. "The Story of the Seven Hanged" by LN Andreev, and in 1924 "The Hero in Chains" by V. Hugo. In his insts. Heb. t-ry staged "Wandering Stars" by Sholem Aleichem and others. classics.

dashevskiy yakov sergeevich
has abstract: DASHEVSKY Yakov Sergeevich (1902, Kherson - 1972, Moscow), military leader, general-leith. (1944). He graduated from a four-year Heb. school, Leningrad. military. school of communication, Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1934), Military. Academy of Gen. headquarters (1941). In the army - from 1921. In 1934–39 - early. Department of Ch. reconnaissance. management General. headquarters. In 1941-42 - com. divisions. In 1942 - early. army headquarters, deputy. early front headquarters. In 1943 - deputy. teams, army. In 1943–45 - early. army headquarters. In 1946 - early. headquarters of VO. In 1947–65 - deputy. early Department of Operational Arts Military. Academy of Gen. headquarters. Author pl. work on the operational claim. Awarded the 7th order. 1

dashkhovuz
has abstract: DASHKHOVUZ (until 1992 - Tashauz), city (from 1924), the center of the Dashkhovuz velayat (Turkmenistan). Main in the beginning. 19th century as a fortress in the Khiva Khanate. In 1924–91, it was part of the TurkSSR. 64 Jews lived in D. in 1939, 60 Jews (0.07%) in 1979. In 1996, several Jews lived in D. in 1996. Ashkenazi families.

dashkovka
has abstract: DASHKOVKA, a village in the Mogilev district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the beginning. 18th century, the village of the Mogilev povet, Mstislavl Voivodeship, part of the Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, the town of Bykhovsky u. Mogilev Gubernia. In 1841 there were 240 Jews in Denmark, in 1844 - 231, in 1859 - 117, in 1865 - 287, in 1880 - 332 (34.9%), in 1897 - 392 (32%), in 1908 - 318 (29.6%), in 1923 - 221, in 1926 - 194 Jews (15.7%) In 1800 there was a synagogue in D., in 1841 - 3 heders. Until 1847, the rabbi of D. was Moishe-Itskhok Aizikovich Ioffe (? -1847), in 1854-57 - Movsha Margolin. In 1880, out of 153 houses, 47 belonged to Jews. In 1908 there were 3 synagogues in Denmark and a Jewish cemetery. In the beginning. 20th century The rabbis were Tsodik Gurvich and Isser-Zalman Melzer. In 1925 a Jewish agricultural existed in Denmark. artel "Palma". 29 sept. 1941 Jews of D. were shot in a forest 1.2 km from the village (in 1968 a memorial stele was installed at the site of the tragedy). The synagogue building was destroyed. A Jewish cemetery (11 gravestones of the 19th and 20th centuries) has survived. Z. A. Ioffe and V. N. Pervyshin

dashlagar
has abstract: DASHLAGAR, see Dashlykent.

dashlykent
has abstract: DASHLIKENT, has not existed since 1975. Est. in 1846 as a fortress, since 1860 - the Dashlagar settlement of the Dagestan Region. In 1867, 110 Jews (13.6%) lived in Denmark, in 1886 - 309, in 1897 - 450 (14.9%), in 1900 - 315 Jews. In 1860 there were 4 Ashkenazi families, 5 families of Mountain Jews, and 60 Jewish soldiers living in Denmark. There was a synagogue with 9 Torah scrolls. In 1880 there was a rabbi in D. In 1886 the Jews owned 3 grocery and 6 manufacturing shops, 2 gardens, 70 heads of cr. cattle. Jews left D. during the years of Civil. war.

datnovo
has abstract: DATNOVO, see Dotnuva.

dauenay
has abstract: DAUENAI, a village in the Pasval region (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Dovyany Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 25 Jews (6%) lived in D. 24 Aug. 1941, 4 Jewish families (11 people) were shot in D.

daugavpils
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ДАУГАВПИЛС (до 1893 — Динабург, до 1920 — Двинск), город (с 1582), районный центр (Латвийская Республика). Осн. в 1275. С 1772 — в составе Рос. империи. В 19 — нач. 20 в. — уездный город Витебской губ. В 1920—40 — в составе Латвийской Республики, в 1940—91 — ЛатвССР.В 1772 в Д. проживало 136 евреев (31,3%), в 1784 — 1540 (44%), в 1787 — 783 еврея, в 1800 — 748, в 1805 — 749, в 1815 — 1559 (57%), в 1847 — 2918, в 1857 — 7583, в 1865 — 7561, в 1885 — 17 538, в 1897 — 32 400 (46%), в 1910 — 31 210, в 1921 — 11 838 (40%), в 1935 — 11 106 (24,6%), в 1959 — 2235 (3,4%), в 1970 — 2101 (2,1%), в 1991 — 1373 еврея (1,1%).Евреи жили в Д. со 2-й пол. 18 в. Тогда же была создана община. В 1800 одним из двух бургомистров Д. был Шойлом Мовшович, в 1826 — Нафтоли Кобленц, в 1836 — Меир Малкиель. В 1857 в Д. имелось 17 синагог, в 1865 — 23 синагоги. В 1830-х гг. евреи Д. основали кож., пивоваренный з-ды, известковое произ-во. В кон. 19 в. осн. занятия евреев — изготовление одежды и торговля с.-х. продукцией. Евреи составляли большинство рабочих на спичечных, дубильной и 3 пуговичных ф-ках. Большие спичечные ф-ки принадлежали Ш.Заксу (осн. в 1868) и Б.Рубаненко (осн. в 1886). В 1876 среди еврейских рабочих Д. действовал первый в городе рев. кружок. В 1861 в Д. была открыта первая светская школа для девочек. В 1887 начало работать еврейское ремесл. уч-ще, в том же году Берта Меировна (Матвеевна) Гинзбург открыла частное еврейское жен. уч-ще. В 1902 она же открыла швейную школу для девушек.В сер. 19 в. до 1879 раввином Д. был Арон-Шауль-Зелиг Меиров (?—1879), затем Рувен Левин (?—1887), с 1886 — Меир-Симха Кальманович Кац-Каган (1845—1926). Раввином хасидской общины в 1870—80-х гг. был Иегуда-Лейб Залкинд, с 1889 — И.Розин, казенным раввином с 1898 был Гирш Довидович Ратнер (1863—?). В кон. 19 в. в Д. имелось 2 иешивы.С 1880 в Д. существовали палестинофильские кружки, с кон. 1890-х гг. — сионистские. С нач. 1900-х гг. Д. становится одним из центров евр…

daugay
has abstract: DAUGAY, a city (since 1956) in the Alytus region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Daugi Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940 it was 91 in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847 there were 389 Jews living in Denmark, in 1897 - 511 (39.7%), in 1923 - 363 (31%), in 1936 - 396 (33%), in 1959 - 3 (0.2%), in 1970 - 2 Jews. Jews lived in D. from the end. 16th century An organized community has existed since the end. 18th century In 1865 there was a synagogue in D. In the 2nd floor. 1910s in D., a school with teaching in Hebrew was opened. In the 1920s and 30s. most of the volunteer fire brigade and local football team were Jewish. Herm. The army occupied D. on June 22, 1941. On July 6, 1941, 30 Jews were shot by the Lithuanian police. All R. July 1941 another group of Jews was shot. Jews D. were shot in the late. Aug 1941 together with Jews from neighboring villages and towns. After 1945 a monument with an inscription in lit. lang. In 1993, a monument in the shape of a six-pointed star was erected. In 1991, a memorial sign was erected on the site of the Jewish cemetery.

daugaylyay
has abstract: DAUGAYLIAI, a town in the Utena region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 18th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dovgeli Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 73 Jews (19.8%) lived in Denmark. 20th century 10 Jewish families lived in D. During the 1st world. war Jews were evicted to the int. districts of Russia. In the beginning. 1920s they returned to D. By 1935 all Jews had left D.

daugi
has abstract: DAUGI, see Daugai.

daurskoe
has abstract: DAURSKOE, a village in the Balakhtinsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Achinsky u. Yenisei province. In 1915 there was a synagogue in D.

davarashvili gavrielj rakhamimovich
has abstract: DAVARASHVILI Gavriel Rakhamimovich (1896, Tskhinvali, Tiflis province - 1985, Jerusalem), rabbi. Brother of M.R. Davarashvili and Y.R. Davarashvili. Initial Rel. educated in Tskhinvali from Rabbi A. Khvoles. He studied at yeshivas in Lubavichy, Brest, Minsk. Returning to Georgia, he became a rabbi in Surami. He was subjected to constant persecution by the authorities, in 1924 he was arrested for his activities. Since 1973 - in Israel. He taught at the Kamenitz yeshiva in Jerusalem.

davarashvili moshe rakhamimovich
has abstract: DAVARASHVILI Moshe Rakhamimovich (Moshe Akatan) (1893, Tskhinvali, Tiflis province - 1980, Jerusalem), rabbi, societies, activist. Brother G.RDavarashvili]] and YR Davarashvili Educated under the guidance of Rabbi I. Radin. He lived in Kutaisi, where he was engaged in active religion. and societies, activities. In 1919–21, he was a member. Parliament of Georgia. In tech. pl. years was an active figure in Heb. communities. After moving to Israel, in the 1970s. one of the spiritual leaders of immigrants from Georgia. Lived in Jerusalem. Published in Israel the prayer book "Tefilat ahim" ("Prayer of the Brothers"), the text of which was printed in Georgian script.

davarashvili yakov rakhamimovich
has abstract: DAVARASHVILI Yakov Rakhamimovich (1902, Tskhinvali, Tiflis province - 1986, Jerusalem), rabbi. Brother of M.R. Davarashvili and G.R. Davarashvili. Initial Rel. received education from the Tskhinvali rabbi A. Khvoles. Since 1917, after the family moved to Kutais, he continued his studies with Rabbi R. Eluashvili. In the 1920s. studied at the Lubavitch yeshiva in Russia. Upon his return to Kutais (1927) he became a rabbi; from 1965 - Ch. rabbi of Georgia. He was subjected to constant persecution by the authorities, was repeatedly arrested on charges of Zionism. He was considered a great connoisseur of the Torah and Kabbalah. He brought up a whole galaxy of clergymen and Torah experts. Since 1971 - in Israel. Here was ch. Rabbi of the Jewish community of Georgia.

david-gorodok
has abstract: DAVID-GORODOK, a city (since 1940) in the Stolin district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. at the end. 11 - early. 12th century In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of Pinsk povet, Brest voivodeship, part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. In 1920–39, it was in the Polesie Voivodeship, a part of Poland; in 1939–91, it was a part of the BSSR. In 1847, in D.-G. 1572 Jews lived, in 1897 - 3087 (39.5%), in 1924 - 2879 (29.9%), in 1928 - 2986 (27.2%), in 1931 - approx. 3,500 Jews. Jews lived in D.-G. from ser. 17th century In 1865 there were 3 synagogues. All R. 19th century rabbi in D.-G. was Yosef Reizin, in 1890-1924 - Yakov-Ishia Rosenblum, in 1890-1936 - Dovid Berkovich (1849—?), in 1924-39 - Shneur-Zalman Shapiro, in 1936-41 - the son of Dovid Berkovich Yosef (died in the period Disasters). In the beginning. 20th century in D.-G. there were 6 synagogues, including one of the Karlin-Stolin Hasidim. From ser. 19th century D.-G. - the center of the Hasidic dynasty, the founder of the cut was Zeev-Wolf Ginzburg. After the death of Zeev-Wolf, his son Dovid took his place. After Dovid's death, the dynasty was headed by his son Yisroel-Yosef (? -1899). In 1899-1921, the dynasty was headed by the son of Israel-Yosef - Zeev-Wolf (? -1921), in 1921-1941 - the son of the last Moishe-Yoshua. In the end. 19th century in D.-G. there was a circle of supporters "Khibat Zion". In 1905, a Bund cell was organized. The group of socialist-territorialists created in 1905 in D.-G. self-defense detachment. In 1912 in D.-G. there was a Jewish loan and savings. m-in. From 1917 to 1920, a Hebrew-teaching school operated. Since 1917, the Poalei Zion branch functioned. In 1918, with the help of the Joint, a Jewish child was discovered. house. In 1921 in D.-G. detachments of S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich organized a pogrom, during which several were killed. Jews. In 1924 the school of the Tarbut networ…

david itskhak khaimovich
has abstract: DAVID Yitzhak Khaimovich (b. 1944, Tbilisi), orientalist, researcher of the history of the Jews of Georgia and the Caucasus. Student of I. Babalikashvili. After graduating from the Oriental Faculty of the Tbilisi State. un-that worked as a scientist. sotr. in Ying-those stories. Since 1972 in Israel. He worked at Ying-those them. I. Ben-Zvi, in Tel Aviv University. The author of several. book on the history of the Jews of Georgia and North. Caucasus, as well as a number of thin. manuf. and per. Naib. Izv. D.'s work - "History of the Jews of the Caucasus" (in 2 volumes).

david tatjyana nikolaevna
has abstract: DAVID Tatyana Nikolaevna (1907, Odessa - 1986, Leningrad), graphic artist. She studied at the Odessa Art. in-those (1923–28) in the workshop. V.H. Zauze. She mastered all engraving techniques in practice. In 1932 she moved to Leningrad, where she met with E.S. Kruglikova, who played an important role in prof. formation D. In the 1930s. created in the technique of color. linocuts and monotypes graphic. series "Peterhof", "Pushkin Places in St. Petersburg", etc., and in the post-war. years - the series "Petrodvorets" (1956-57), "Oranienbaum" (1957-59), "Pavlovsk" (1964-67). Naib. D.'s mastery was fully revealed in architect. landscapes. In her work, she developed a realistic. lyric. traditions of A.P. Ostroumova-Lebedeva, E.S. Kruglikova, V.D. Falileev. Works of art. stored in museums on the territory. former USSR (including the State Tretyakov Gallery, the State Russian Museum, the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts).

davidesti
has abstract: DAVIDESTI, see Davydovtsy.

davidov avgust yulievich
has abstract: DAVIDOV Avgust Yulievich (1823, Libava, Grobinsky u. Kurland province. - 1886, Moscow), mathematician, mechanic. Demidovskaya pr. AN (1848, 1850). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1845). Master (1848), Dr. (1851). From 1850 until the end of his life he worked in Moscow. un-those. Teacher N.E. Zhukovsky. One of the founders of Moscow. mat. about-va and its prez. (1866-86). Main the results relate to the theory of equilibrium of floating bodies, the theory of capillary phenomena, the integration of partial differential equations, the theory of probability with applications to demography and medicine, dec. analysis issues. Author of textbooks for cf. schools. Vol .: Theory of equilibrium of bodies immersed in a liquid, M., 1848; The theory of capillary phenomena, M., 1851; Application of the theory of probability to statistics, in the book: Uchebno-lit. articles by prof. and teachers of Moscow. un-that, M., 1855; On equations with partial differentials of some order, in: Mat. Sat, M., 1866, vol. 1.

davidovich bella mikhaylovna
has abstract: DAVIDOVICH Bella Mikhailovna (b. 1928, Baku), pianist, teacher. She studied under M.L. Bykova in a group of gifted children at the Azerbaijan Consulate. in Baku, in high school she studied under A.S. Baron. She made her debut in Baku at the age of 9, performing fp. part in L. Beethoven's 1st Concerto (accompanied by the orc. under the direction of N.P. Anosov). The war of 1941–45 interrupted a short study with Igumnov at the Center. muses. school at Moscow. cons. Upon returning to Baku, she continued her studies. In 1946-51 she studied at Moscow. horse, in the class of K.N. Igumnov, after his death (1948) - with Ya.V. Flier, in 1951–54 - with him in graduate school. In 1949 she participated in the Intern. competition them. Chopin in Warsaw (shared 1st avenue with Cherni-Stefanska). She gave concerts a lot. From 1962 she taught php. in Moscow. horse. In D.'s repertoire - Ch. arr. manuf. Chopin and other romantics, also performs Beethoven's sonatas, Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini by S.V. Rachmaninov and rarely performed fp. plays by C. Debussy. Her performance is distinguished by poetry, thin. tact, impeccable taste, artistry, romance, filigree finger technique, plasticity of phrasing. Honored. artist of the RSFSR (1972). Since 1978 - in the USA. Teaches at the Juilliard Muses. school in New York.

davidovich david samoylovich
has abstract: DAVIDOVICH David Samoilovich (1907, Kholm - 1990, Moscow), historian, Dr. Sciences (1966). From 1921 a laborer, then a typesetter in Poltava. In 1924 he was sent to study at the Communist. un-t nat. minorities of the West (graduated in 1927). In 1927-36 in the apparatus of the Executive Committee of the Comintern and in underground work abroad. In 1936–37 - in the People's Commissariat of Defense. In 1937-53 - head. edited the history of Uchpedgiz, in 1941-47 he served in the Kyrgyz Republic. Army (in 1941–45 in the front-line press and in political work among the troops). In 1953–58 Art. teacher Mosk. extramural ped. in-that, simultaneously. in 1954–56 deputy. responsible sec. g. "New and Contemporary History". Since 1964 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History (since 1968 Institute of General History) of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Member editorial boards "New and Contemporary History" and "Yearbook of German. history ", chl. Sci. councils on the problem "History of international. labor movement "of the USSR Academy of Sciences, deputy. prev. Commission of historians of the USSR and the GDR, since 1979 Art. scientific. associate-consultant. Author of works on the history of Germany. fascism and anti-fascism. struggle, history of germ. and int. labor movement, history of international. relations of modern times (many works have been translated in German.) Works: The Rapallo Treaty and the Problem of Peaceful Coexistence. M., 1963; Internationalists in the battles for the power of the Soviets, M., 1965 (co-authored); Germ, history in modern and modern times, t.1-2, M., 1970 (in co-authorship); A book for reading on recent history, M., 1976 (3rd ed. - M., 1989) (in co-authorship); The history of fascism in Zap. Europe, M., 1978 (et al.); Hamburg on the barricades, M, 1983.

davidovich elena abramovna
has abstract: DAVIDOVICH Elena Abramovna (b. 1922, Krasnoyarsk), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1965), prof. (1969). Graduated from East. Faculty of SAGU (1945). Teacher of SAGU (1946–52), Taj. GU (1966–72), scientific. sotr. Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences Taj. SSR, Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1972). Member of several. Int. congresses. Main direction of research. - numismatics Wed. Asia and Bl. Vostoka. Cit .: History of the coinage Cf. Asia XVII-XVIII centuries, Dushanbe, 1964; Cash-in Wed. Asia after the Mongol conquest and the reform of Mas'ud-bek, M., 1972; Hoards of ancient and medieval coins of Tajikistan, M., 1979; The history of medieval money circulation Cf. Asia, M., 1983; Corpus of Sheibanid gold and silver coins. XVIIB., M., 1992.

davidovka
has abstract: DAVIDOVKA, see Davydovka.

davidovskiy yakov ljvovich
has abstract: DAVIDOVSKY Yakov Lvovich (1897, Novogrudok, Minsk province - 1938, Moscow), military leader, division commander (1935). Member Communist. parties since 1917. He graduated from a 2-class real school (1909), worked as a forester. Member of the 1st world. war (private). In 1917 the commissar of the battery. In civil war commissar of the artillery battalion and artillery brigade. Since 1919, student of the Academy of Gen. headquarters (with breaks for service), graduated in 1922. In 1923-26 beginning. shooter headquarters. division, Kronstadt fortress, Baltic coastal defense. m. In 1926–28 sotr. Headquarters of the Red Army. In 1928-30 the beginning. weapons-tech. schools, in 1930–33 com. and the military commissar of the 81st rifleman. divisions, in 1933-34 beginning. military management. inventions of the Red Army. In 1934–36 pom. teams. troops of the Trans-Baikal group. Special Far East. army, deputy. teams, troops of the Trans-Baikal Military District. In 1936–37 com. and the military commissar of the 11th fur. housing. Repressed.

davidson apollon borisovich
has abstract: DAVIDSON Apollon Borisovich (b. 1929, Ermakovo, Taborinskaya vol., Ural region), historian, journalist, writer. Dr. East Sciences (1971), prof. (1973). Graduated from East. Faculty of Leningrad state un-that (1953). Sci. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of Africa (1960–71), Institute of General History of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1971). At the same time. lecturer, since 1962 Assoc. Institute east. lang. at Moscow State University. Participant of the international and vseros. scientific. forums. The author of St. 100 publications on the history of the anti-colonial struggle, the formation of nat. self-awareness, formation and development of nat. independence and culture of a number of Afr. peoples. He took part in the creation. collective tr. on "The recent history of the countries of Asia and Africa", "The recent history of Africa" ​​(1968). Cit .: Matabele and Mashona in the fight against the English. colonization 1888–97, M., 1958; Apartheid policy in South Africa, in the book: Against racism, M., 1966; South Africa. The emergence of the forces of protest. 1870-1924 M., 1972; The image of a distant country, M., 1975 (et al.); Ethnonaz. factor in the life of developing countries of Asia and Africa, M., 1982; South Africa. Cecile Rode and his time, M., 1984, 1987.

davidson yosef
has abstract: DAVIDSON Yosef (1880, Warsaw - 1947), physician, society. activist. In 1913, together with S. Mendelssohn, he founded the Heb. gas. in Poland "Daily Review". In 1917 he published Our Courier, and in 1931 - Our World. In 1908 he founded the Association "Health", which fought against tuberculosis among Jews, and until 1932 was its chairman. In 1928–31 dep. Diet. From 1932 in E.-J., where he worked in the Immigration Department of Heb. Agency inspector honey. service. The author of the book “Heb. community "(1931), dedicated. Heb. communities in Poland.

davidzon
has abstract: DAVIDZON (real family. Moshovich) Israel (1870, Yanovo Grodno province - 1939, New York), philologist. Studied at yeshivas in Grodno and Slobodka. In 1888 he came to America and became a Hebrew teacher. In 1895 he graduated from City College in New York, and in 1902 received his doctorate from Colombia University for his work "Parodies in Hebrew. lit-re ". There was prof. in different high fur boots and teacher of the Talmud in New York theological. seminar, as well as lecturer Heb. un-that in Jerusalem. Author of a 4-volume collection. Heb. poetry, which included 35 thousand works by 2843 authors, as well as works about Saadiya and Gaon, Shlomo ibn Gabirol and other poets. He wrote in Yiddish, Hebrew, English, German. languages.

davitashvili immanuilj
has abstract: DAVITASHVILI Immanuel (1908, Akhaltsykh, Akhaltsykh district, Tiflis province - 1985, Kiryat-Ata, Israel), rabbi. He was the rabbi of Tiflis. In 1932 he was arrested for religious Zionist activities and spent six months in prison. In 1942–44 at the front, after being wounded he returned to Tbilisi. In 1953 he was arrested in connection with the "Doctors' Plot" and released after 8 months. After the Six Day War, at a meeting of Sov. rabbis refused to sign an anti-Israel statement. Since 1973 - in Israel.

davitashvili mikhail
has abstract: DAVITASHVILI Mikhail (1914, Kutais - 1991, Tbilisi), journalist, writer, society, activist. From 1933 he worked in Telegram. agency, corr. gas. "Dawn of the East". Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1960–85 ed. rep. gas. “Soflis Tskhovreba” (“Sel. Life”), in 1985–88 ed. g. "Sakartvelos soflis meurneoba" ("Village of Georgia"). Dep. several convocations Top. Soviets of the Georgian SSR and the USSR. Author approx. 20 kn. Member of the anti-Zionist campaign of the 1970s.

davlekanovo
has abstract: DAVLEKANOVO, city (since 1942), regional center in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Ufa province. In 1926, 211 Jews (2.6%) lived in D., in 1939 - 73 Jews. 20th century the Jewish religion was active in D. community. By 1915 a sanatorium for Jewish teachers had been opened.

davydov boris iosifovich
has abstract: DAVYDOV Boris Iosifovich (1908, Petersburg - 1963, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. sciences. In 1924 he passed exams for a certificate of maturity. After graduating from Leningrad. polytechnic in-that worked in Leningrad. physical and technical in-those (in 1930–32 and 1937–47). In 1932–37 at the Research Institute of Television. In 1947-52 the head. sector in Lab. N2 of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Institute of Atomic Energy of the USSR Academy of Sciences). In 1952–63 the head. theoretical Department of the Institute of Physics of the Earth of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. interests - theory of ionized gases and gas discharge, theory of semiconductors, general questions of statistical. physics and quantum theory, thermodynamic. properties of islands at high temp-pax and pressures, history of science. Created the theory of the motion of electrons in gases and semiconductors in a strong electric. and magn. fields, edges allowed to calculate the coefficient. diffusion and electrical conductivity of an electron gas in strong fields taking into account elastic collisions. Considered the concept of thermodynamic. irreversibility and justification of statistical. mechanics. Considered the problem of Brownian motion as the accuracy limit of physical. measurements. He had a great influence on the study of the physics of the Earth in the USSR. Author approx. 40 scientific. works. Prepared for Russian. publication of the works of L. Boltzmann, A. Epstein and M. Smolukhovsky.

davydovichi
has abstract: DAVYDOVICH, see Davydovka.

davydovka
has abstract: DAVYDOVKA, a village in the Svetlogorsk district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1847 as a Jewish agriculturalist. settlement Davydovichi (other name. Davidovka) in Rechitsa u. Minsk province. 168 people lived in D. in 1898. by 57 dec. land. In 1926, six Jewish families (29 people) left D. for the Crimea for a settlement. 1942 74 Jews were shot in D.

davydovtsy
has abstract: DAVYDOVTSY, a village in the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Davidesti in the Kotsman eldership of the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. 48 Jews (3.9%) lived in D. in 1930. Jews settled in D. in the middle. 19th century They were engaged in agriculture and trade. There was a synagogue and a cheder in D. Between the two worlds. During the war, for some time a Jew was the deputy mayor. In July 1941, Jews of D. (16 people) were deported to Transnistria. When crossing the Dniester, in the Ataki region (modern Otaci), they were turned back. Romanian Jews passing through the bridge. the soldiers opened fire. Many drowned, the rest were sent back to Transnistria.

daynov tsvi
has abstract: DAYNOV Zvi (known under the nickname Glusker Maggid) (1832, Slutsk, Minsk province - 1877, London), preacher. Imbued with the ideas of enlightenment, D. in his sermons stood up for the benefits of education, for the need to engage in productive work, and for reforming the upbringing of youth, which aroused the discontent of Orthodox Jewry. The conflict with the leaders of the Orthodox communities forced him to leave Russia. Since 1874 - in England. Preacher in Heb. community in London.

dayts iosif abramovich
has abstract: DAYTS Joseph Abramovich (1897, m. Genichesk, Melitopol u., Tavricheskaya province. - 1954, Kharkov), artist, graphic artist, illustrator book. In 1912 he studied at the drawing school in Vilna, in 1921-29 at the Kharkov art. in-those at I. Padalka, A. Marenkov. From 1926 he collaborated in Ukrainian. g. "Bezvirnik", "Zhovten", "Chervoni Kviti" and others. He worked in the technique of pencil drawing, etching, lithography. He taught at the Kharkov Art. in-those (1935-54). Main works: ill. to the book: E. Zozuli "Exodus" (1925), A. Kopylenko "The city is born" (1934), A. Barbusse "Fire" (1938), M. Brook "Mirele" (1939), H. K. Andersen Fairy Tales (1947); easel sheets - "Death of Taras Shevchenko" (1935), "On the night of May 9" (1945), ser. lithographs "The people in the war" (1942 46), posters "Their house was burned by a horde of enemies" and other works are in the State. Kiev Museum Ukrainian art, the Kharkov Museum will depict. art-va, Pushkin Museum, State Tretyakov Gallery.

debaljtsevo
has abstract: DEBALTSEVO, city (since 1938) in Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1878. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Bakhmutskiy u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1920, 321 Jews lived in D., in 1923 - 326, in 1926 - 321 (2.4%), in 1939 - 455 Jews. 1942 in D., several were shot. dozens of Jews; the rest were shot in the anti-tank ditch approx. D.

deborin
has abstract: DEBORIN (real family member Ioffe) Abram Moiseevich (1881, Upino, Kovno province - 1963, Moscow), social scientist. D.ch. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1929, member of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences in 1935–45). Metalworker, early into the roar. ideas. From 1903 p. s.-d. party, in 1907-17 a Menshevik. After Oct. Revolution supported the Bolsheviks, members. VKP (b) since 1928. Graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Berne University (1908). From 1920 he was engaged in scientific-ed. and teach. activities. He worked in the Communist. un-those them. YM Sverdlov, Ying-those red professors, Ying-those K. Marx and F. Engels. Deer. Institute of Philosophy (1924–31). Since 1923, member. editorial board, in 1926–30 ed. ed. g. "Under the banner of Marxism" In 1931, by a resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), he was accused of "Menshevit idealism" for underestimating the revolutionary. the revolution accomplished by Marxism in philosophy and the Leninist stage in the development of Marxism; removed from all posts. From 1935 he worked at the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, wrote a number of tr. on the history of socialist-polit. teachings of modern times, the history of philosophy of Marxism. Cit .: Introduction to the philosophy of dialectical materialism, P., 1916; Ludwig Feuerbach. Personality and thinker M., 1923; Lenin as a thinker, M., 1926; Philosophy and Marxism. Sat. Art., M.-L., 1926; Dialectics and Natural Science, M.-L., 1928; Socio-political doctrines of new and modern times, vols. 1–2, M., 1958–1967; Philosophy and Politics, M., 1961.

dedkovichi
has abstract: DEDKOVICHI, a village in the Korosten district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Ovruch u. Volyn province. In 1897, 276 Jews (10.9%) lived in D.

dedovtsy
has abstract: GRANDFATHER, a village in the Priluksky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1629.Since 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Poltava province. Jews lived in D. from the 18th century. In the 19th century. main occupation - trade. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in D. Makhno's detachments.

degtyarj motya izrailevich
has abstract: DEGTYAR Motya Izrailevich (1909, Bird of Mozyr near Mogilev Province - 1939), prose writer. From his youth he worked with his father, a shoemaker. After graduating from building, the technical school worked in Minsk. He made his debut in literature in 1931, was a member. lit. mug at the club of builders. In a number of D.'s early stories, dedicated. friends by profession, portrayed the life and psychology of working youth. Author of four collection of stories and short stories: "Boer" ("Builders", 1936), "Trae vechter" ("Faithful guards", 1938), "Unzer Erd" ("Our Land", 1939) and "Breeder" ( "Brothers", 1940). In 1938, D. was drafted into the army. He died on the way to the front during the Soviet Finl. war.

degtyarka
has abstract: DEGTYARKA, see Degtyarsk.

degtyarsk
has abstract: DEGTYARSK, city (since 1954) in the Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Degtyarka of Yekaterinburg u. Perm province. In 1939, 28 Jews lived in D.

dekshna
has abstract: DEKSHNA, a village in Varenskiy district (Republic of Lithuania). Main in 1847 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39, it was a part of Poland; in 1940–91, it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1898, in Denmark, by 886 dess. lived 165 people. In the 1930s. in D. lived apprx. 200 Jews. The Jews of Denmark were engaged in gardening, beekeeping, and animal husbandry. In the beginning. 1900s aid to the Jews of D. was provided by the EKO. In the 1930s. there was a rehabilitator in D. center for mental sick. There was a synagogue in D. Shokhet acted as a melamed. Rabbi Valkininkaya performed the functions of rabbi D. The Jews of D. were shot by the Lithuanian police together with the Jews of the surrounding towns in Sept. 1941.

dekter aaron
has abstract: DECTER Aaron (b. 1913, Odessa), society. activist. In the USA since 1920; BA. He studied at Yeshiva University (New York) (from 1933; Master of Hebrew Literature) and in American Heb. theological. Seminary (1937; received his Ph.D. from Dropsy College). He continued his studies at Harvard University, Heb. un-ones, at the Sorbonne (Paris). Prev will fulfill, to-that Heb. nat. Foundation in Philadelphia (1938-43). He served in the American Army in Europe (1943–46). D. - an activist of the "Gagana" movement during the 2nd world. wars; made after the war 14 visits to the camps of settlers and to Israel on behalf of Heb. agency, Rehabilitation Zionist Labor Committee, "Joint". D. - cases. Worldwide Zionist Congr. (1939), official observer, member. Anglo-American Commission (1946) and Special. UN Commission on Palestine in Jerusalem (1947).

dektor feliks adoljfovich
has abstract: DECTOR Felix Adolfovich (b. 1930, Minsk), writer, translator, publisher. Rod. in a family of political emigrants from Lithuania. In 1933, the parents moved to Vitebsk, where they were repressed. Together with his mother he went to prison, and then was sent to one of the orphanages for the children of political prisoners in Ukraine, from where his mother took him after his release (1938). He studied at the Vilnius city state and secondary school in 1945–49. In 1947 he appeared in court for a fight with a street anti-Semite. I tried unsuccessfully to enter the Moscow State University and one of the Minsk institutes; worked as a weight foreman, clerk. In 1955 he graduated from the History of Philology. Faculty of Vilnius University. In 1951 he was removed from the Komsomol course bureau with a severe reprimand “for manifesting Hebrew. bourgeois. nationalism ". In 1955–56 he worked in gas. Then he entered Lit. in-t them. M.M. Gorky, where he attended L.A. Ozerov's seminar. In 1956, he received a new reprimand for a fight with another anti-Semite and applied to quit the Komsomol. In 1961-63 he worked as Art. ed. publishing house “Det. liter ". From ser. 50s per. poetry and prose of the Lithuanians. writers (A. Belyauskas, J. Martsinkevicius, J. Pozhera and others). Naib. fame brought him lane. Lithuanian Jewish writers M. Slutskis and especially I. Meras. Rus. per. rum. Merasa, passed from hand to hand in typewritten form, was one of the earliest forms of Hebrew. samizdat. In 1975, D. was expelled from the USSR JV for creating. and no. samizdat, f. Heb. culture "Tarbut" (restored in 1992). Under pressure from the KGB, he was forced to leave the USSR. Since 1976 in Israel. He founded the publishing house "Tarbut" in Jerusalem. He was the initiator and ch. ed. a number of periodic. ed. ("People and Land", "Israel Today"). Since 1990 ed. (jointly with R.Spektor) alm. Heb. culture "Kovcheg" Moscow.

deljson
has abstract: DELSON (real family. Idelson) Viktor Yulievich (1909, Petersburg - 1970, Moscow), musicologist, musician. critic. In 1924 he took lessons from php. games, in 1926–28 at VV Sofronitsky, then at LV Nikolaev in Leningrad. In 1937 he graduated from Moscow. conc. with a degree in history and theory of music. His teachers were L.N. Oborin (php.), V.E. Ferman (history of music), G.M. Kogan (history and theory of pianism). Since 1934 he published music-critical. articles in decomp. g. (under the pseud. D. Viktorov, V. Del). He was repressed, in 1938–56 he was in prisons, camps and exile. He resumed his creative activity in 1957. The main theme of D.'s work is questions of php. performing arts (gl. arr. A. N. Skryabin, S. S. Prokofiev, D. D. Shostakovich, the largest Soviet pianists). The author of the book. (all published in Moscow): "E. Gilels", "V. Sofronitsky" (both 1959), "S. Richter", "Fp. S. Prokofiev's concerts "," FP. Scriabin's sonatas "(all three - 1961)," G. Neuhaus "(1966)," Scriabin "(1971)," Fp. creativity DD Shostakovich "(1971)," Php. creativity and pianism of Prokofiev "(1973) and others.

delone
has abstract: DELONE (nee Terk) Sonya (1885, Gradizhsk, Kremenchug district, Poltava province - 1979, Paris), painter, theater designer, graphic artist. She was brought up in St. Petersburg. From 1906 she studied painting in Paris. In 1910 she married a French. thin R. Delone, together with whom she became one of the founders of abstract art. Together with her husband, she developed a system of abstract compositions based on the contrasts of color and light (so-called simultanism). Franz. the poet G. Apollinaire called this trend "Orphism", meaning the transformation of the world by the new Orpheus, the creator of structures not borrowed from reality. D. - the author of large-format compositions ("Rhythms of Colors"), imbued with light and optimistic. theater sound, scenery (including for the Russian bal. troupe of S.P. Diaghilev), lithographs. She had a great influence on the development of decorative and applied art both by the principles of decorativeness developed by Orphism, and by her designs of fabrics, models of clothing, etc. D.'s works are kept in the largest museums of the present. claims of the USA, France, Russia and other countries.

delovoe
has abstract: BUSINESS, a village in the Rakhiv region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1848, 89 Jews (18.5%) lived in D., in 1920 - approx. 120 Jews. In 1720 there were 4 Jewish houses in Denmark (out of 60). Main occupation of Jews in the 19th century - trade; they owned 3 trade shops, a tavern. After construction in the 1870s. In D. in a glass factory, Jews began to export its products to Rakhiv and Ungvar (present-day Uzhgorod). The Jewish population of D. was exterminated during the Holocaust.

delyanu liviu semenovich
has abstract: Liviu Semenovich DELIANU (real name and surname Lipa Samuilovich Kligman) (1911, Iasi, Romania - 1967, Chisinau), poet, playwright. He studied in the city, then moved to Bucharest, where he worked as a lithographer and proofreader in a printing house. Lit. labor (in Romanian, lang.) began to engage in adolescence. At the age of 15 he edited J. "Prospect" and "Lit. showcase ". D.'s early poetry, in particular Sat. poems "Magic Mirrors" (1927), written under the influence of modernist literature. Next Sat. "Beating Clock" (1937) appears civil. motives. Before the war. years D. wrote romances, including the famous "Sleigh with bells", whose words have long been considered folk. In 1940, D. moved to Chisinau, joined in lit. a life. During the war years 1941–45 he lived in Moscow. The theme of his poems of this period and the first. post-war. years preim. military-patriotic, anti-fascist. In 1950, a lyric-epic was created. the poem "Krasnodon". Dram. poem "Magic Mace", the cut is based on the motives of mold. folklore was successfully staged on stage. 1950-60 - the flowering of the poet's creativity: were published. collection "New Times" (1952) and "Poems and Poems" (1954). On Sat. "Selected Poems" (1958) collected all the best that was created by the poet for 30 years of creativity. D. is known as the author of the book. for children: Poems for Children (1947), Firefly (1961), and others. D. belong to the lane. from rus. lang. fables by I.A.Krylov, fairy tales and poems by A.S. Pushkin, poems by N.A.Nekrasov, poems by M.Yu. Lermontov, A.T. Tvardovsky, etc. In many ways contributed to the improvement of literature. mold. lang. In 1976 in Chisinau, a two-volume op. D.

delyatichi
has abstract: DELYATICHI, a village in the Novogrudok district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novogrudok u. Grodno, from 1842 - Minsk province. In 1920–39, it was in the Novogrudok Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1897, 461 Jews (32.0%) lived in D., in 1921 there were 104 Jews. In 1865, D. had a synagogue. In the 1st floor. 19th century Eliyahu Delyatich was the rabbi in D., from 1903 - Chaim-Zelig Polyak (1883–?), from 1905 - Meir Abovich (1876–?). In 1905 immigrants from Denmark created a community in the United States, and the Jewish population of Denmark was exterminated in 1942.

delyatin
has abstract: DELYATIN (until 1989 - Delyatino), an urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Nadvornyansky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 87 Jews lived in Denmark, in 1880 - 1577 (35%), in 1890 - 2096 (40.3%), in 1900 - 2397 ( 39.8%), in 1910 - 2997 (38.1%), in 1921 - 1576 Jews (26.4%) Jews lived in Denmark from the 18th century. Main occupations - crafts and trade. Rabbis of D. in the 19th century there were Naftoli-Hertz Teumim, Naftoli Erlich, Azriel Landau, in the 1910s. - Jacob Hurwitz. In 1895-1910 there was a Jewish school. A Hebrew school was opened in 1920. In the 1920s and 30s. in D. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. On July 1, 1941, D. was occupied by units of the Wehrmacht. In July 1941, the Judenrat was created. 16 oct. 1941 1950 people were shot in D. Of the remaining 250, most were sent to the Stanislav ghetto (present-day Ivano-Frankivsk). Several remained in D. dozens of Jews who were held in a labor camp and deported to Stanislav at the beginning. 1943.

delyatino
has abstract: DELYATINO, see Delyatin.

demblin
has abstract: DEMBLIN, a city in the Lublin Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Ivangorod Novoaleksandriysky u. Lublin province. In 1891-96, Jacob Orner (1867 -?) Was the rabbi in D. In January. 1942 3943 Jews lived in D. 1942 - 4060 Jews. May 6, 1942 approx. 2,500 Jews were deported to the Sobibur extermination camp; 1200 Jews remained in the city. On May 15, 1942, 2,042 Jews from Slovakia were deported to D. and, later, Jews from the surrounding area. points; as a result, the number of Jews on May 15, 1942 was 5800 people. May 15, 1942 b. h. Jews were deported to Treblinka. In D., there remained two Jewish workers' camps, which were liquidated in 1943–44 by transferring Jews to other camps.

dembo aleksandr grigorjevich
has abstract: DEMBO Alexander Grigorievich (1908, Petersburg - 1995), therapist, specialist in the region. sports medicine. Dr. med. Sciences (1954), prof. Son of G.I.Dembo In 1929 he graduated from the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. in-t. Osn. scientific. tr. in the region. respiratory failure, heart disease, kidney disease in athletes. Contributed to the study of internal pathology. organs during irrational sports activities, developed a classification of the causes of morbidity and sudden deaths in sports. During the 1941–45 war, Ch. therapist of the 42nd Army of Leningrad Fr. and the front-line evacuation point of the 2nd Ukr.Fr.Soch. Insufficiency of the function of external respiration L.–M., 1957; Diseases and injuries during sports, L., 1970, 1984, 1991; Medical control in sports, M., 1988; Sports, cardiology, L., 1989.

dembo grigoriy isaakovich
has abstract: DEMBO Grigory Isaakovich (1872, Balta, Podolsk province - 1939, Leningrad), doctor-hygienist. After finishing with silver. medal of St. Petersburg. zii entered honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that, to-ry graduated in 1896 with honors. He worked in Moscow. zemstvo, from 1898 in St. Petersburg, where from 1902 for 20 years he worked a dignity. a doctor. In 1902 he defended his doctoral dissertation. on the topic "On the issue of complications during preventive smallpox vaccination." Actively sotr. with the Society of Health of Jews. In 1917, before. Vseros. about-va doctors of the army and navy, then - hands. Petrogr. the union of doctors and the medical section Medsantruda. Since 1922 head. dignity-epidemiological. dep. People's Commissariat for Health of the Turkestan ASSR. From 1926 until the end of his life he taught at the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. in-those (since 1928 - prof., head of the department of social hygiene). He did a great job in public health. orgs - in commissions for the study of alcoholism, for the fight against tubercles, with child mortality. In 1897-1905 he was in charge of honey. gas department. "Novosti", then for 13 years edited "Medical newspaper", in 1925–38 - "Leningrad Medical Journal". Cit .: Alcoholism and the fight against it, Kiev, 1900; Sanitary and medical care in the Tudkrespublik and a plan for its development, Tashkent, 1924.

dembo isaak aleksandrovich
has abstract: DEMBO Isaak Alexandrovich (1848, Kovno - 1906, St. Petersburg), doctor and society. activist. Graduated from Medical-Surgical. Academy in St. Petersburg (1870). Volunteered as a military doctor during the Russian-Turkish War of 1877–78. From 1881 to 1883 he improved in the clinics of Paris, Vienna and Berlin. Naib. Izv. D.'s work in defense of Heb. ritual of slaughtering cattle from accusations of cruelty to animals. When discussing this issue at the Congress Ros. Society of patronage of animals (1891) D. insisted on carrying out a number of experiments in the slaughterhouse and in the lab. I.P. Pavlova, proving that other methods of slaughtering animals do not reduce their torment. For a commission created to find the most humane method of slaughter, D. carried out a number of studies. (in the slaughterhouse, in the lab.), who proved him right. Later D. issl. decomp. methods of slaughter and from the point of view of nutrition, working abroad (at E. Dubois-Reymond, G. Munch, E. Hoppe-Seiler) and at various slaughterhouses in Europe. D. also took an active part in the affairs of St. Petersburg. Heb. community (was the headman during the construction of the new synagogue).

dembova buda
has abstract: DEMBOVA BUDA, see Azuolu-Buda.

dembrovo
has abstract: DEMBROVO, see Dambrova.

demene
has abstract: DEMENE, a village in the Daugavpils region (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - estate of Demmen Illukskogo u. Kurland province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. In the summer of 1941, 6 Jews were killed in D.

dementievka
has abstract: DEMENTIEVKA, see Dominten.

demidchik vladimir pavlovich
has abstract: DEMIDCHIK Vladimir Pavlovich (1930, Borisov, Minsk region - 1987, Dushanbe), orientalist, linguist and literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1981), prof. (1982). He graduated from the East. Faculty of Leningrad state un-that (1954). Teacher of History and Philology. f-ta Taj. state university (1954–58), head. department (1970–87). Sci. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences Taj. SSR (1958 70). Participant pl. int. Congr. and conf. Main direction of research: Arab. yaz-knowledge and literary knowledge). Vol .: Book. for reading on modern. Arab. language, Dushanbe, 1965; Sudanese poetry of the XX century, Dushanbe, 1972; "Geography" or "Monuments of antiquity and legends about people" Zakariya al-Kazvini, Dushanbe, 1977; Arab. literature of the Mamluk period: the genre of mirabilia, Dushanbe, 1982.

demidov
has abstract: DEMIDOV (until 1918 - Porechye), a city, a regional center in the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 15th century. In the beginning. 18th century - a palace village, from 1776 - a district town of the Smolensk governorship, then - a province. In 1910, 423 Jews lived in D., in 1924 - 383 (6.7%), in 1926 - 416 (6.5%), in 1939 - 206 Jews. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in D.

demidovka
has abstract: DEMIDOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1959) in the Mlinovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dubensky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1847 there were 377 Jews living in D., in 1897 - 679 (100%), in 1921 - 592, in 1931 - approx. 900 Jews. occupation of Jews D. in 19 - early. 20th century - small trade and crafts. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. Rabbi D. in the 1920s and 1930s. was David Alperson, who died during the Holocaust. Herm. troops occupied D. on June 22, 1941. A Judenrat was created, headed by Eliyahu Titelboim. In the end. 1941 ghetto is created. With the destruction of the ghetto in October. 1942 Jews in D. were shot. After liberation in March 1944, approx. 30 Jews in D. A. Lutsky.

demievka
has abstract: DEMIEVKA, now part of Kiev (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kievsky u. 4919 Jews (46.6%) lived in Denmark in 1897, and 6751 Jews (31.4%) in 1910. Zuckerman was the rabbi in D. In the end. 19th century Jews owned a soap-making plant and an azure factory. 20 oct. 1905 there was a pogrom in D., there were wounded. In the 1910s. in D. there were 3 synagogues, a school with teaching in Hebrew, a care for the poor children of Jews, a philanthropist. Society "Gmilus Hesed". Aug 31. 1919 Jews in Denmark were pogromous.

demin anatoliy sergeevich
has abstract: DEMIN Anatoly Sergeevich (b. 1935, Baku), literary critic, specialist in other Russian. lit-re. Graduated from Baku University (1957). Dr. philol. Sciences (1977). Prof. (1989). Responsible ed. the collective monograph “Hermeneutics of Dr.-Rus. literature ”(1989, collection 1-2). Author of books: “Rus. liter second floor. XVII - early. XVIII century: New art. ideas about the world, nature, man ", 1977; “Writer and Society in Russia, XVI-XVII centuries. Public sentiment ", 1985.

demmen
has abstract: DEMMEN, see Demene.

demovka
has abstract: DEMOVKA, a village in the Chechelnitsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Olgopolsky u. Podolsk province. 19th century there was a Jewish population in D. In 1838 Jews were expelled from D. in acc. with a decree on the eviction of Jews from villages. localities.

demyansk
has abstract: DEMYANSK, urban-type settlement (since 1960), a regional center in the Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1441. From 1824 - a county town of Novgorod province. Since 1927 - a rural settlement. In 1897 23 Jews (1.3%) lived in D., 42 in the county (without D.), in 1910 in D. - 75 (3.7%), in 1926 - 20 Jews (0.8%.) In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in D.

depriradovskoe
has abstract: DEPRIRADOVSKOE, see Proletarsk.

derazhno
has abstract: DRAIN, see DRAZNOE.

derazhnoe
has abstract: DERAZHNOE, a village in the Kostopolsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Derazhno Rovensky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 239 Jews lived in D., in 1847 - 352, 1865 - 360, in 1897 - 770 (51.4%). in 1921 - 592 Jews. Jews lived in D. from the 17th century. In 1648 the Jewish community suffered greatly from the Khmelnytsky region; 12 Jewish houses remained intact. In tech. 18th century the number of Jews in D. increased. In 1865 there was a synagogue in D. In 1932 a school of the Tarbut network was opened in D., in the 1930s. a Jewish library worked. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. Herm. troops occupied D. on June 28, 1941, the Judenrat was created, in October. 1941 - a ghetto, in which Jews from the surrounding villages were gathered. When the ghetto was liquidated on 22 Aug. 1942 all Jews were exterminated.

derazhnya
has abstract: DERAZHNYA, urban-type settlement (since 1924), a regional center in the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1469. From 1538 - in the Barsky eldership as part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - in the Letichevsky district of the Podolsk voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Letichevsky u. Podolsk lips. Since 1923 it has been a regional center, since 1931 it has been the center of the Jewish Council. In 1765, there were 310 Jews living in D., in 1784 - 316, in 1889 - approx. 1900 (60%), in 1897 - 3333 (68%), in 1902 - 5400, in 1910 - 3533 (72.3%), in 1923 - 3058 (86%), in 1926 - 3735 (92%), in 1939 - 2651 Jews (40%) In the 1st half. 17th century in D. there was a Karaite community, destroyed by the detachments of B.M. Khmelnitsky (several families who survived fled to Bar). In 1734 the Jewish community suffered from an attack by the Haidamaks. In 1757, the authorities confiscated the books of the Talmud in D. and other townships of the region, which were burned on the square in Kamenets. In the 1810s and 30s. the Jews of D. supported the detachments of U. Ya. Karmalyuk (after the defeat of the insurgent movement, many Jews were convicted of “connivance,” and a fine was imposed on the community). Main occupation of the Jewish population in the 19th century. - trade and crafts (the Jews rented a cloth manufactory, beer, sugar, distillery, brick and other smelters, they owned 38 shops). In the 1860s. Rabbi D. was Gersh Meerovich; there were 2 synagogues, at the end. 19th century - 5 synagogues. In the beginning. 20th century in D. existed St. 10 synagogues, several. heders, 3 private Jewish schools, a Jewish reading room. Jews D. led kr. wholesale trade, ch. arr. s.-kh. products, they owned approx. 30 manufactory stores, 3 wholesalers, 3 wholesale stores, 2 timber warehouses, several. dozens of small shops and shops. In 1903, a private Jewish school for girls R. Tabachnik was…

derbent
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ДЕРБЕНТ, город, районный центр в Республике Дагестан (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 438 как крепость. В 630-х гг. Д. захватили хазары, в сер. 7 в. Д. был включен в Арабский халифат. В 10 в., с распадом Арабского халифата, Д. стал центром независимого эмирата. В 1071 был захвачен турками-сельджуками, в 13 в. — монголами. В 16 — нач. 18 в. — в составе Персии. В 1722 присоединен к России в результате Персидского похода Петра I. В 1735 по Гянджинскому договору Д. вновь отошел к Персии, с 1743 — центр Дербентского ханства. В 1796 Д. был занят рус. войсками, в 1813 по Гюлистанскому договору окончательно присоединен к Рос. империи. С 1840 — уездный город Кайтаго-Табасаранского окр., с 1846 — губернский город, с 1860 — центр Дагестанской обл., с 1866 — уездный город Дагестанской обл.В 1795 в Д. проживал 461 еврей, в 1810 — 166, в 1825 — 89, в 1830 — 455 (87 дымов), в 1835 — 472, в 1852 — 861, в 1857 — 864, в 1860 — 988, в 1866 — 1030, в 1869 — 1144, в 1882 — 1607, в 1890 — 1671 (220 дымов), в 1897 — 2190, в 1900 — 2100, в 1910 — 4012 (30,8%), в 1926 — 6745, в 1939 — 7604, в 1959 — 12 700, в 1970 — 14 600, в 1979 — 12 900, в 1989 — 12 700 евреев.По преданиям, дербентские евреи — потомки изгнанников из Иерусалима после разрушения Первого Храма. В эпоху Хазарского каганата в Д. существовала еврейская община. Голландский монах В.Рубруквис в 13 в. писал, что вся местность вокруг Д. густо заселена евреями. Из описаний путешественников 17 в. следует, что местные евреи считали себя принадлежащими к колену Вениамина. Дальнейшие сведения о евреях Д. датируются лишь 1797 (по др. данным, 1799), когда евреи Абасовы после погрома переселились в Д.Массовое заселение Д. евреями началось в 1791 после предоставления им статуса постоянных жителей. В 1792 бр. Ханукаевыми была построена большая синагога «Тек-Заде». Евреи, переселившиеся в Д. из Абасовы, занимались разведением марены. В Д. имелось еврейское кладбище, старейшее захоронение на к-ром относится к 180…

derebchin
has abstract: DEREBCHIN, a village in Shargorodsky district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Yampolsky u. Podolsk province. In 1942–44, a camp was set up in D. for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina. On 1 Sept. 1943 there were 307 Jews in the camp. On March 9, 1944, 11 Jews were shot.

derechin
has abstract: DERECHIN, a village in the Zelva district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of the Slonim district of the Novogrudok Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Slonimsky u. Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was in the Novogrudok Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1766, 404 Jews lived in D., in 1847 - 542, in 1878 - 1725 (76%), in 1897 - 1887 (70 , 9%), in 1921 - 1346 Jews. The first information about the Jews of Denmark dates back to 1619. the Jews of D. were tenants. Stone building ch. synagogue was built presumably in the last. Thursday 18th century In 1865 there were 4 synagogues. In 1853-61 E.-H. Maisel was the rabbi in D., the head of the rabbinical court in the beginning. 20th century - Shmuel-Aron Plotkin. In 1912, there was a savings and loan facility in D. m-in. In 1915 there was a private Jewish one-class school. During the occupation, a ghetto was created in D. In apr. 1942 150 Jews were shot. On July 24, 1942, the ghetto was liquidated; during the liquidation, approx. 3 thousand Jews. In the district of D., there were partisans. detachment under com. Ihezkiel Atlas. Born in D.: Haim Rabinovich (1883-1972, Israel), publicist, wrote in Hebrew and Yiddish, since 1950 - in Israel; Natan Evnovich Shapiro-Daykhovsky (1901-1938), an employee of the special services, art. Major of State Security (1937), "Honorary Worker of the Cheka - GPU" (1922, 1932), awards. 3 orders; Shloyme Yudson (1878—?), Writer, publicist, wrote in Hebrew and Yiddish, from 1898 - in the USA, in 1920-51 ed. weekly "Der American", translated f. V. Goethe.

dereneu
has abstract: DEERENEU (until 1990 - Derenev), a village in Calarasi district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Orhei u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 110 Jews lived in Denmark. June 1941 b. including the Jews of D. was evacuated, those who remained in the fall of 1941 were deported to Transnistria.

derenev
has abstract: DERENEV, see Dereneu.

derenkovets
has abstract: DEERENKOVETS, see Shom.

derevna
has abstract: VILLAGE, see Wood.

derevnoe
has abstract: WOODEN, a village in the Stolbtsy district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Derevna Oshmyansky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39, it was in the Novogrudok Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1897, 350 Jews (41.1%) lived in Denmark, in 1921 - 288, in 1931 - 228 Jews. Since 1886, rabbi. in D. was Shneur-Feivish Golub (1855 -?). In 1942 in D. several were shot. Jews.

dergacheva mariya abramovna
has abstract: DERGACHEVA Maria Abramovna (b. 1950, Rybinsk, Yaroslavl region), architect-restorer. In 1979 she graduated from the Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. I.E. Repin in Leningrad. Monument restoration specialist mosk. classicism. Ch. project architect of the Mosproekt-2 institute. Main works: restoration of Shuvalova's house on st. Povarskoy, XIX century. (1988), Golitsynskaya b-tsy on B. Kaluzhskaya st., End. XVIII - early. XIX centuries. (1990), Petrovsky Passage, XIX century. (1991), the house of Muravyova-Apostol, 18th century. (Museum of the Decembrists, 1992, 1st Ave. at the competition "The best building of the year").

dergachi
has abstract: DERGACHI, city (since 1977), regional center in the Kharkiv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kharkovsky u. In 1926, 78 Jews lived in the Dergachevsky district, in 1939 in D. - 83 Jews. 1941 in D. several were shot. Jews. D. genus. B.S. Yastremsky.

derman abram borisovich
has abstract: DERMAN Abram Borisovich (Berkovich) (1880, Lisichansk, Bakhmutsky district, Yekaterinoslav province - 1952, Moscow), lit. critic, literary critic, prose writer, publicist. From a family of merchants. He graduated from the mining school in Gorlovka. He worked as a foreman in mines. He listened to lectures by M.M. Kovalevsky at the Higher. school of societies, sciences in Paris. Studied at Moscow. commercial institute, in 1916 he graduated from an external lawyer. Faculty of Moscow un-that. In his youth he was fond of Tolstoyism. Experienced the influence of VG Korolenko, to whom he came in 1902 with a question "about the meaning of life." Until 1907 he lived in Poltava, worked in gas. "Poltava", became close to the Socialist-Revolutionaries. In 1907-14 for the distribution of polit. brochures was under special police supervision, then expelled from the Poltava province. In the cycle "Fleeting Visions" ("Russian Thought", 1907, No. 8) publ. essay about the upcoming Heb. pogrom. How lit. critic and publicist considered himself a follower of N.K. Mikhailovsky, was published in Zh. "Testaments", "Russian wealth", "Russian thought", "Russian notes", "Bulletin of Europe", in gas. "Russkiye vedomosti", "Rech" and others. He wrote about B.K.Zaitsev, A.N. Tolst, I.S.Shmelev, S.N.Sergeev-Tsensky, K.A. Trenev, I.A. Bunin ... After graduating from civil. war settled in Poltava in the Korolenko family, where he prepared a meeting. his op., then returned to Moscow. One of the best works of D. is an article about the work of VS Grossman "The feat of a writer" ("Banner", 1946, no. 8-9), where in a difficult moment for Grossman D. supported him with a deep and benevolent analysis of his works. The author of the book. about A.P. Chekhov, V.G. Korolenko, M.S. Shchepkin. Ed. and with approx. D. publ. “Correspondence between A.P. Chekhov and O. L. Knipper” (vols. 1-2, 1934-36), a number of ed. op. Chekhov and Korolenko. In 1938 in the railway station. "Novyi mir" published a rum. D. "The…

derman grigoriy ljvovich
has abstract: DERMAN Grigory Lvovich (1889, Bakhmut, Ekaterinoslavskaya province - 1983, Kharkov), pathologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1926), prof. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (1914); from 1915 he worked as a pathologist. dep. Kharkov Institute of Lab. diagnostics. In 1926-28 he specialized in pathology in Germany. Head departments of pathological. Anatomy of the Kharkov Institute of Advanced Training for Doctors (since 1930), 2nd Kharkov honey. in-that (organized in 1936), during the war of 1941-45 - Izhevsk honey. in-that, in 1945-71 - Kharkov honey. Institute (since 1971 scientific consultant of the department). tr. D. dedicated morphological. changes in various organs and tissues with hypertensive. diseases and atherosclerosis, pathomorphology of tumor growth, morphogenesis of coronary sclerosis in rheumatism, history of medicine, etc. He was a member of the commission, created. in 1945 to rebalance the body of N.I. Pirogov. Initiator created in Kharkov c. on the study of perinatal pathology and the advisory center for the study of biopsies. For many years he was before. Kharkiv Society of Pathologists.

dernovskiy grigoriy borisovich
has abstract: Dernovskiy Grigory Borisovich (1910, Kulevo Nevelskoy u. Vitebsk province. - 1974, Tallinn), Hero of the Sov. Union (1943). In Kr. Army since 1933. In 1936 he graduated from the Military Electrical Engineering. school. Com. anti-aircraft art. regiment, Major D. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for the battles on the Kursk Bulge and during the crossing of the Dnieper. From 1958 Colonel D. was in reserve. Awarded the 7th order.

derpt
has abstract: DERPT, see Tartu.

deshalyt efim isakovich
has abstract: DESHALYT Efim Isakovich (1921, Moscow - 1996), painter, graphic artist, theater and cinema artist, master of diorama-panoramic art. Graduated from VGIK. He worked at the Tsentrnauchfilm studio, took part as an artist in the filming of more than 20 f. Since 1955 he has been creating. dioramas, continuing the traditions of Russian battle painting. Author of over 70 dioramas and panoramas. Main works: dioramas - "Heroic Krasnaya Presnya" (1955, Museum of the Revolution), "Storming the Winter Palace" (1957), "Labor and Man" (1959, for the USSR pavilion at the International Exhibition in Turin), "Transformed Siberia" (1964, for the International Exhibition in Genoa), circular panoramas - "Moon", "Venus" (1967, for the USSR pavilion at EXPO-67), "Battle for Bagration's Flashes" (1972), "Defense of Vladimir from the hordes of Batu Khan in 1238. " (1972), "Victory near Moscow" (1981, for the exhibition "40 years of Victory near Moscow" in the Manezh). Honored. artist of the RSFSR.

dessler eliyagu eliezer
has abstract: DESSLER Eliyahu Eliezer (1891, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1954, Bnei Brak, Israel), one of the leaders of the Musar movement. In his youth, he became close to Gomel Hasidic circles, whose ideas had a deep influence on him. From 1919 he lived in Riga, where he took up business, but failed. Since 1929, a rabbi in London. In 1947, D. became the spiritual mentor of the Ponevezh yeshiva in Bnei Brak (Israel). His teaching was a harmonious combination of the Musar doctrine, the concepts of Kabbalah and Hasidism. Some of D.'s ideas, set out in his manuscripts and recorded in the notes made by students at his lectures, were published. in "Mihtav mi-Eliyahu" (vols. 1-3, 1955-64). The work reflects the opposition of the Hebrews. and general philosophy, arising from the problems raised by his students who studied philosophy.

devidson israelj
has abstract: DAVIDSON Israel (1870, Yanava - 1939), literary critic. Left an orphan early, he moved to his uncle's house in Grodno. He studied at the yeshiva. Since 1888 in the USA. He worked as a street peddler, then a shop assistant and a Hebrew teacher; independently studied English. lang. and other subjects in order to go to college. Graduated from Columbus, un. There was a deer. Heb. an orphanage and a chaplain at Sing Sing Prison. From 1905 he taught the Talmud in Heb. theological. seminary in New York, in 1915 was appointed prof. Wed-century. Heb. lit-ry. The first major scientific. D.'s publication in English. lang. became the book. “Parody in Hebrew. lit-re ”(1907). He wrote and edited Art. and book. as in english. lang. and in Hebrew. Main D.'s work - “The Treasury of the Medieval. poetry in Hebrew "(vols. 1-4 and appendix, 1925-38) - honored in 1936 with H.-N. Bialik Ave.

devyanishkes
has abstract: DEVYANISHKES, a town in the Shalchininki region (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16th - 18th centuries. - the town of the Oshmyany district of the Vilna voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dzevenishki Oshmyansky u. Vilna lips. In 1920 - 39 - a part of Poland, in 1940 - 91 - of the Lithuanian SSR. In 1766 94 Jews lived in D., in 1897 - 1,225 Jews (71.6%). In 1865 D. had a synagogue, in 1909 - a one-class state Jewish school, in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. m-in. In 1903 a Bund organization operated in Denmark. B.L. Galperin.

devyatir
has abstract: DEVYATIR, a village in Zhovkivskyi district, Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. Osn. occupations of the Jews of D. in the 19th century. there were crafts; a Jewish family owned a steam mill. In 1941–42, the Jews of Denmark were shot in the Rava-Russkaya ghetto.

deych aleksandr iosifovich
has abstract: DEICH Alexander Iosifovich (1893, Kiev - 1972, Moscow), literary critic, theater critic, writer. Dr. philol. Sciences (1945), Doctor of Art History (1947). He began to publish in 1911. In 1917 he graduated from historical-philology. Faculty of Kiev University. From 1918 he was engaged in ped. activities, prof. (1922). In 1925 he settled in Moscow. D. is the author of pl. book, biographies, sketches, art., trans. with German, French, English and ukr. lang. Main D.'s work is associated with the West. lit-roy and t-rum: “Don Juan's type into the world. literature "(St. Petersburg, 1911)," History of Doctor Faust "(St. Petersburg, 1913)," Beranger. A story about his life ”(M., 1932),“ Talma ”(M., 1934),“ Red and Black. Actors in the era of the French Revolution "(M.-L., 1939)," Heinrich Heine, the poet "(M., 1941)," Heine and the theater "(M., 1956)," The Poetic World of Heine Heine "(M. ., 1963). Creativity Heb., Rus., Ukr. cultural figures dedicated to his work: "Masks of the Jewish Theater: From Goldfaden to Granovsky" (M., 1927), "The GOSET Way: Towards the 20th Anniversary of T-Ra" (M., 1939), "SN Kuznetsov. 1879-1934 "(Moscow-Leningrad, 1947)," Lesya Ukrainka "(Moscow, 1953)," We love t-r "(Moscow, 1960)," Voice of Memory "(Moscow, 1966) and etc. A number of pov. D. is addressed to children: "Amundsen" (M., 1936), "Fridtjof Nansen" (M., 1936) and "Taras Shevchenko" (M., 1939, both with L. Bat), "Harry from Dusseldorf" (M., 1959) and others. D. also belong to the lane. plays "Pygmalion" and "Apprentice of the Devil" B. Shaw, fr. bunk bed farce of the 15th century "Lawyer Patlen" and others.

deych dzhon aleksandr
has abstract: DEICH John Alexander (1867, Kovno - 1939, New York), leader of the labor movement. From 1886 in Great Britain, from 1900 in the USA. He adhered to the trade union views. He worked in the trade union of garment workers of women's clothing, since 1904 secretary-treasurer. In 1924 he left the trade union. Subsequently, he left the labor movement and opened a small business in the sewing industry. D. wrote the work "Bolshevism in the American trade unions of workers" (1926).

deych lev grigorjevich
has abstract: DEICH Lev Grigorievich (Leiba-Girsh) (1855, Tulchin of Bratslavsky u. Podolsk province. - 1941, Moscow), publicist, historian, rev. activist. Rod. in the family of a merchant of the first guild. After the ruin of his father, he was forced to give lessons, as well as teach in the Talmud Torah. He studied in the city (Kiev), was fond of the teachings of M.A. Bakunin. Having entered the Kherson infantry regiment as a volunteer, he prepared an escape from the custody of the populist S.G. Lurie. In 1876, for insulting an officer, he was betrayed to the military. court, fled from custody, after which he was forced to go illegally. position. In the same year he took part in the assassination attempt on the provocateur Gorinovich. In 1877 he tried to organize a cross. riots in the Kiev province, spreading forged royal letters about the granting of land to the peasants. Was arrested again. In the summer of 1878 he escaped and went to Switzerland. He joined the society "Land and Freedom", after its split - into the "Black redistribution". He became close to G.V. Plekhanov, becoming one of the founders. gr. Emancipation of Labor. In 1884 he was arrested in Freiburg as a criminal. the offender and issued grew up. authorities. He was sentenced to 13 years in hard labor (he served in the Kariyskoy convict prison in Transbaikalia), in 1895 he went to the settlement. In Blagoveshchensk he collaborated in gas. "Amur region". In 1901 he escaped from exile and, having made a round-the-world trip, arrived in Munich. Collaborated in gas. Iskra, Zarya. He entered the org. to-t on the convocation of the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP, at which he joined the Mensheviks. Returning to Russia in 1905, he was soon arrested and exiled to the Turukhansk region. On the way he fled again, until 1911 he lived in Europe, then until 1916 - in the USA, where he edited gas. "New World" (1911-12), "Free Word" (1913-15). He returned to Russia after Feb. rev-tion. Edited by the organ of the Plekhanovites - gas…

deygen mikhail fedorovich
has abstract: DEIGEN Mikhail Fedorovich (1918, Proskurov, Podolsk province - 1977, Kiev), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1959). After graduating from Kiev un-that (1940) he remained in graduate school. In 1941–44 he worked at one of the defense enterprises, then continued his research. work in Kiev. In 1947-60 he worked at the Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Prof. Kiev University. In 1960 he created and headed the department. radio spectroscopy in Ying-those semiconductors of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Corresponding member Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1967). Region scientific. research - physics tv. body. Introduced the concept of desormats. potential and described the interaction of an electron with acoustic. oscillations crystalline. lattice. Considered self-consistent electronic states. Developed the theory of local c. and excitons on the semiconductor surface. Theoretical research method of double electron-nuclear resonance (DEYAR), the initiator created. installations DEYAR. Determined the density distribution of local electron centers. in a number of crystals. Predicted a resonance in which transitions between nuclear sublevels are caused by ultrasound. He laid the foundations for the method of studying the local properties of matter near a defect using radio spectroscopy methods, and discovered the effect of the angular dependence of the EPR line width. Developed the theory of paraelectric. resonance, proposed new types of acoustic. paraelectric resonances. Developed a method of "paramagnetic sensing" of solid plasma. Supervised all research. on radio spectroscopy in Ukraine. Was ed. "Ukr. physical Well. " Author approx. 200 scientific. works.

deynard efraim
has abstract: DEYNARD Ephraim (1846, Sasmakken Talsensky u. Kurland province - 1930, St. Louis, Missouri, USA), bibliographer. From a young age, he showed a craving for travel in order to study the life of the Jews in different ways. countries. First. traveled at the age of 16. Acquainted in 1873 with Izv. Karaite scientist A.T.S. Firkovich, D. came to him in the Crimea and helped to make an inventory of ancient Hebrews. manuscripts, to-rye he was going to sell Imp. To the Asian Museum in St. Petersburg. In 1874 D. traveled to the countries of the East. In 1878, the Paris Society of the Alliance Israelite Française ordered D. to compile statistics on Jews in the world. In 1888 A. Kaufman sent him to E.-I. with the aim of studying the possibilities of founding agricultural there. settlements. In the 80s. D. founded the office of Hebrews in Odessa. book., to-paradise collected many unique editions. From 1888 in the United States, he settled in Arlington and in the next. year began to publish a weekly. in Hebrew. In 1891, D. began to produce Zionist gas. in Yiddish ("Patriot"). In 1897 he founded the Heb. agriculturalist. colony in pcs. Nevada. In 1899-1909 he made three trips to the countries of the East in search of rare Hebrews. manuscripts. D. is the author of pl. book in Hebrew, ch. arr. bibliography character. In 1926 he published a bibliogr. labor, in which all the books were listed. in Yiddish and Hebrew, to-rye came out in America, starting in 1735. From 1913 in E.-I. During the 1st world. war was arrested by the Turkish authorities and expelled from the country (1916). Returning to the United States, he continued his research. in the region. bibliography.

diamant girsh yakovlevich
has abstract: DIAMOND Girsh Yakovlevich (1911, Veliky Meadow of Volyn province - 1943), poet. He studied in Zhitomir in Heb. working school. In 1928 he came to Kharkov, was a laborer. He wrote poetry in Yiddish. In 1932, D. published the first. poetic. Sat. "Schwarzerd" ("Chernozem"), whose poems are imbued with love for their native nature, in 1936 - "Dos shave lebn" ("Broad Life"). From 22.6.1941 - at the front, ml. lieutenant, com. platoon. Killed.

dibrova
has abstract: DIBROVA, a village in the Polessky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Kabany Radomyslsky u. Kiev province. From ser. 1930s until 1957 - the urban-type settlement Kaganovichi, Kaganovichi district, Kiev region. In 1897, 135 Jews (13.7%) lived in D. In 1851 approx. D. were created 2 Jewish farmers. colonies, in which 236 Jews lived in 1861. In the beginning. 20th century in D. there was a synagogue in a private house, heder. Main occupation of Jews D. - p. farming, crafts, trade. In the 1910s. in D. worked as a leather dressing plant, owned by Iosel Yankelevich Vaysberg (Vaysburd) (1875-1919). In 1919, Polish. Isroil Itskovich Dubinsky, the son of one of the two Jewish blacksmiths in D. In the 1920s and 1930s, was killed by soldiers. Jews left D. Now D. is in the exclusion zone of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. L.M.Kaganovich, M.M.Kaganovich, Yu.M. Kaganovich.

dibrovka
has abstract: DIBROVKA, a village in the Irshavsky district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in 1447. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1816, 64 Jews (15.3%) lived in Denmark, and in 1881 there were 82 Jews (12.6%).

digora
has abstract: DIGORA, city (since 1964), regional center in the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Digora (other name. Christian) Vladikavkaz env. Terek Region In 1939, there were 8 Jews living in D.

digviri
has abstract: DIGVIRI, a village in the Karsky vilayat (Republic of Turkey). Since 1828 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in Tiflis province. On the eve of the Russian-tour. During the war of 1828–29, 35 Jewish families (smoke) lived in Denmark under Turkish rule. The Jews of D. were dependent on the local beks, lived on their land, carried a number of duties in their favor, paid taxes at 50 kurus per smoke (non-payers were subjected to cruel corporal punishment). Main the occupation of the Jews of D. was weaving and small-scale trade in neighboring villages. There was a synagogue and a rabbi in D. From the beginning. Russian-tour. During the war of 1828-29, a local bek tried to resettle Jews from Denmark to Adjara, they refused and were soon attacked by the Adjarians, who were on the side of the Turks. 25 Jewish families took refuge in Akhaltsikhe (modern Akhaltsikhe), the rest were taken prisoner. Some of the Jews of D. moved to Atskuri. In the 1830s. the Jewish community in D. ceased to exist.D.M. Khananashvili

dik ayzik-meer
has abstract: DIK Aizik-Meer (real name Itzhok) (1814, Vilna - 1893, ibid.), Prose writer. Rod. in the cantor's family. Received a tradition. Heb. education. Worked as a teacher. Lit. He began his career with stories in Yiddish in the 1930s – 1940s. Published by dep. brochures (about 300), they sold 5-6 thousand copies. and created the first. mass readership in Yiddish. Ch. the purpose of his lit. creativity D. considered raising the culture of Jews, freeing them from religions. prejudice. Mn. book D. were published anonymously, but after the conclusion of a contract with the publishers br. Romm appeared his satirical and humorous. stories "Judith di Zweite" ("Judith the Second"), 1874 "Hai-Cycl Alain" ("Heyzikl Sam"), 1887; "Iekele Goldschläger", "Reb Shmae Aliter" and others. D. introduced into Hebrew. the literature is a sentimental, realistic, historical, humorous, semi-scientific story. D. is considered one of the most prominent predecessors of M. Moicher-Sforim, his production. remained one of the most important sources for the study of languages, everyday life and folklore of Jews in the 19th century, have a great historical literary. and folklore and ethnographic. value.

dikan
has abstract: DIKAN (Dickstein) Paltiel (1885, Vileika - 1969), lawyer. In 1910-17 he was engaged in law. practice in St. Petersburg, studied Hebrew. right, wrote Art. for “Heb. encyclopedias ". From 1921 in E.-I. The initiator of legal education in the country and created. in 1935 School of Law and Economics. disciplines in Tel Aviv. Since 1948, the dean of law. Faculty of the School, in 1958 its rector. From 1951 he also taught law in Heb. un-those (Jerusalem) and in 1959 was appointed to the post of prof. One of the ed. jurid. periodic. ed. "Ga-Praklit". Prev jurid. terminological to the Academy of Hebrew. State Israel Ave. for legal research (1957). Author of books: "Criminal Law", vols. 1-6, 1938-62; Dismissal Compensation, 1940, (jointly with M. Weger); The Legal Status of Women in Israel, 1949; Marriage and Divorce Laws, 1956; “History of Hebrews. rights ", 1964.

dikanjka
has abstract: DIKANKA, urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1658.From 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Poltava u. In 1939, 10 Jews lived in D., 59 in the district, and in 1939 - 33 Jews. In 1903, Jews were allowed to settle in D., as exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. In 1910, in D. a detachment of the Poltava company "Poalei Zion" was in operation. 1941 in D., 2 remaining Jews were killed.

dikenshteyn grigoriy khaimovich
has abstract: DIKENSTEIN Grigory Haimovich (1911, Sevastopol - 1990, Moscow), geologist, specialist in the region. geology of oil and gas. Dr. Geol.-mineralogical Sciences (1954). He graduated from the workers' school in 1931, Leningrad in 1936. forge. in-t. From 1936 he participated in the exp. in the districts of the Urals and the Volga region, where oil deposits were discovered (Buguruslan, Shugurov, Syzran), he headed large exp. in decomp. regions of the country (Western Siberia, Moldova, the Baltic States, Crimea, Belarus, the Caucasus). In 1942-44 chap. geologist of the Main Directorate for Exploration of Oil and Gas Fields of the People's Commissariat of the Oil Industry of the USSR. In 1944–47, deputy. ch. geologist VNII Min-va oil industry of the USSR. From 1947 he worked in Moscow. branch of Vses. n.-i. geological exploration. in-that, in 1964-68 - deputy. dir. in-that. Since 1955 he has been studying the bowels of the Wed. Asia. work in the region. research gas content of subsoil decomp. regions, according to the results to-rykh the prospects of oil and gas content are estimated, the gene. plans for integrated regional development, geological exploration directions are determined. works. For the first time in the world. practice on the basis. the study of mineral resources in the districts of the Karakum and Kyzylkum deserts created a new direction in assessing the prospects for oil and gas potential of large areas, conducted a complex of geological, geophysical, geochem. works at the same time. scientific. processing of actual data and mapping of oil and gas potential stratigraphic. complexes (Zeagli-Darvazinsky, Bayram-Aliysky, Shotlyksky, Agaksky and other deposits). In 1968-73 hands. by a group of specialists who discovered the first large gas field in the GDR. In the last years of his life he was engaged in scientific issues. substantiation of the development of the mineral resource base of the oil and gas industry, long-term planning, tectonic issues. and oil and…

dikerman natan iosifovich
has abstract: DIKERMAN Natan Iosifovich (1908, Polonnoe Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. - 1983, Moscow), state. activist. Graduated from the Kiev Polytechnic Institute, inst. Ch. Ing. Baranovsky, then Leningrad. porcelain factories. In 1941-43, the director. Irbit glass plant. In 1943–52, deputy. People's Commissar (Minister) of the Industry is building. materials of the USSR. In 1952-59 Ch. engineer, in 1959–78 - 1st deputy. early edged Glavmosoblstroimaterialy. Honored. builder of the RSFSR.

dikhtinets
has abstract: DIKHTINETS, a village in the Putilsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was in Romania, in 1940–91 in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 56 Jews (3.2%) lived in Denmark, in 1945 there were 8 Jewish families. D. had a synagogue and a cheder. The Jews were engaged in the trade in cattle and timber. In the fall of 1941, the Jews of Denmark were sent to Transnistria, from where 8 families later returned.

dikman shlomo
has abstract: DIKMAN Shlomo (1917, Warsaw - 1965, Jerusalem), translator, critic. He graduated in Warsaw, Heb. g-ziyu, Institute of Hebrews. sciences and classical. department of un-that. From 1935 he published critical. reviews and per. In 1939, the trans. D. in Polish. lang. all poetic. manuf. H.-N. Bialik. In the beginning. 2nd world. war fled to the USSR. He lived in Bukhara, earned money by studying Hebrew. In 1944 for "counterrev. Zionist. activity ”was sentenced to death (replaced by 15 years of imprisonment in high security camps in Vorkuta). In 1957 he was released and returned to Warsaw. Since 1960 - in Israel. Translated into Hebrew Greek. and rome. classics. In 1965 for the lane. posthumously awarded the State. pr. Israel.

dikshteyn samuelj
has abstract: DIKSHTEIN Samuel (1885, Vilna - 1954, New York), polit. activist. Since 1887 in the USA. In 1917 he was elected a member. mountains. council of New York, and two years later - in Amer. Congr. In Albany, D. developed several. bills on lived. p-woo and introduced for the first time the rules for kosher slaughter in New York State. Prev K-ta Kongr. on immigration and naturalization, D. was severely criticized by those who in the 1930s. accused immigrants of subversive activities and offered to apply the laws to them as to unnaturalized foreigners. D. was elected in 1945. Top, the courts of New York and worked in it until the end of his life.

dikshteyn samuelj rafailovich
has abstract: DIKSHTEIN Samuel Rafailovich (1851, Warsaw - 1939, ibid.), Mathematician and historian of mathematics. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences in Krakow (1930); acad. ibid (1934). Brother of Semyon R. Dikshtein. Graduated from Warsaw University (1870). In 1906-19 he was the first rector of the Warsaw scientific. courses, from 1915 prof. in the same place. After the conversion of courses into un-t (1919) prof. in the same place. Killed during the bombing of Warsaw by the Germans. Main results in the theory of differential. ur-ny, theory of functions and history of mathematics. Author of textbooks for cf. schools. Ed. and ed. a number of mat. g. Vice-pre. Int. Academy of the History of Science (1934–37).

dikshteyn semen rafailovich
has abstract: DIKSHTEIN Semyon Rafailovich (Shimon) (lit. ps. Jan Mlot) (1858, Warsaw - 1884, Bern), polit. activist, publicist. Brother of Samuel R. Dickstein. Graduated from natural sciences. Faculty of Warsaw University (1878). In student. years the participant is illegal. Polish roar. circles, members center, a "circle of organizers" created for the roar. propaganda among the workers of Warsaw. In aug. 1878 in connection with the threat of arrest, he left for Switzerland. Member Polish socialist gr. "Ruvnost" ("Equality"), sotr. of the same name. g. In 1880, he became close to growing up. emigrants (G.V. Plekhanov, L.G. Deitch and others), later collaborated with the group created by them. Emancipation of Labor. In 1882–83 he took part in negotiations with the émigrés-Narodnaya Volya on a joint struggle against the autocracy. Since 1882, members Polish roar. workers' party "Proletariat", one of the leading sotr. g. "Pshedsvit" ("Dawn"), in 1884 rev. its theoretical. organ "Valka Klyas" ("The Struggle of Classes"). Author of a number of propaganda campaigns. brochures, incl. Who Lives What (1881, a popular exposition of Capital by Karl Marx, was repeatedly published in Polish and Russian, until the 1910s it was used for propaganda in workers' circles). In the beginning. In the 1880s, while living in Paris, he studied medicine and zoology, prepared a dissertation, but did not have time to defend it. In 1884 he returned to Switzerland, where 24.6 (6.7). 1884 committed suicide.

dilon
has abstract: DILON (real name Zukhovitsky) Avrom-Moishe (1883 - 1934, New York), poet. Since 1909 in the USA. I was in distress, was engaged in heavy physical. labor. As a poet he took part in the New York impressionist movement "Di Jung". His sad lyrics publ. in poetic. anthologies and in the book. "Gele Bleter" ("Yellow Leaves", 1919). A fuller edition of his verse. "The Leader of the Fun AM Dillon" ("Songs of AM Dillon") appeared on the page. in 1935.

dimanshteyn semen
has abstract: DIMANSHTEIN Semyon (Shimon) Markovich (1886, Sebezh, Vitebsk province - 1937), state. and parties, activist, publicist, member. Communist. party since 1904. Received trad. Heb. education, at the age of 18 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. From the beginning. 1900s party roar. movement, worked in underground printing houses in Vilna and Moscow, translated the RSDLP Program into Hebrew and Yiddish, and authored a number of leaflets. Party roar. events of 1905–07. In 1907, members. Riga to-that RSDLP. In 1909 Riga time. military. court sentenced to 4 years of hard labor (served in the Saratov Central), then exiled to Siberia, from where he fled in 1913, soon left Russia, Chl. Parisian Bolshevist. gr. After Feb. revolution returned to Russia, worked in the military. org-tions of Riga. After Oct. 1917 members Collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Labor. In Jan. 1918 headed by Heb. Commissariat under the People's Commissariat for Nationalities, created. and ed. first in the Sov. Russian gas. in Yiddish - "Di varheit" (then - "Der emes"). From Oct. 1918 prev. Heb. section, author of a number of works on the history of Hebrews. labor movement in Russia. In July 1919 ed. circular on the closure of the board of Heb. communities and their institutions. In the spring of 1919 - People's Commissar of Labor of the Lithuanian-Belarusian. owls. rep., member Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania and Belarus. In 1920-21 the People's Commissar of Education of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1922–24 the beginning. Glavpolitprosveta of Ukraine. Since 1924 in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), head. his nat. sector. In 1930 he opposed the policy of complete collectivization in the national. r-nah and got a desk. collection. From 1930 dir. Institute of Nationalities at the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, before. Board of the Society for land. the device of the Jews, participated in the creation. Heb. ed. reg…

dimentberg fedor menasjevich
has abstract: DIMENTBERG Fedor Menasievich (1908, Odessa - 1999), physicist. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1956), prof. since 1963, member. Nat. to-that USSR on theoretical. and Applied Mechanics (1983). Graduated in 1932 from Odessa Institute of Ing. citizen and communes. page-va. He worked in Ying-those mechanics and Ying-those engineering science of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1941–44 at the military. service. Main scientific. tr. in the region. theory of vibrations of machines, theory of machines and spatial mechanisms. Completed the research. on the theory of screws. Works: Bending vibrations of rotating shafts, Moscow, 1959; Determination of provisions of spatial mechanisms, M., 1950; Oscillations of machines, M., 1964 (in co-authorship); Screw calculus and its applications in mechanics, M., 1965; The theory of screws and its laying, M., 1978; The theory of spatial hinge mechanisms, M., 1982; Spatial hinge mechanisms: closed and open kinematic. chains, M., 1991 (et al.).

dimitrovgrad
has abstract: DIMITROVGRAD (in 1919–72 - Melekess), a city (since 1919), a regional center in the Samara region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in the 1st floor. 17th century as a settlement, then a village, from the 1880s. - Posad Stavropol u. Samara lips. From 1928 - in the Srednevolzhskaya oblast, from 1930 - in Samara oblast, from 1936 - in Kuibyshevskaya oblast, from 1943 - in the Ulyanovsk oblast. In 1910, 23 Jews lived in D., in 1926 - 70, in 1939 - 33 Jews. In D. in 1941 —51 I.B. Mandelstam lived.

dinaburg
has abstract: DINABURG, see Daugavpils.

dinezon yakov
has abstract: DINEZON Yakov (1856, Novy Zagor, Kovno province - 1919, Warsaw), prose writer. He began to write in Hebrew. - published letters and art. into gas. "Ha-magid" and "Gamelitz", but soon switched to Yiddish, defending in print his role as Heb. lit. language. First rum. "Beoin ovois" ("For the sins of the fathers", 1876) - about tragic. the fate of a young girl who died because of the fanaticism of her parents was banned by the censor, but progress was met with interest. the public. The second rum was even more successful. D. "Der Schwarzer Jungermanchik" ("Black Young Man", 1877) - the first sentiment. rum. in Heb. lit-re, later it was staged for t-ra. In the 80s. D. was published in the collection books of Sholem Aleichem (Yiddish Folks Libraries) and M. Spector (Der Goisfraind). On the creative. D.'s fate was seriously influenced by a meeting in 1885 with I.-L. Peretz, with whom he was later linked by close friendship. In the 90s. D. published rum. "A stein in veg" ("The stumbling block", 1891), rom. "Hershele" (1891), pov. Iosele (1899) and became one of the most widely read Hebrews. fiction writers, his production. were republished and translated several times, incl. in Hebrew. D. himself also pl. translated, he translated into Yiddish “History of Heb. people ”by G. Gretz (excluding vol. 1), edited and published a number of other historical texts. manuf.

dinkevich anatoliy iosifovich
has abstract: DINKEVICH Anatoly Iosifovich (b. 1923, Kiev), orientalist, economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1965), prof. (1970). He served in the Sov. Army (1941–55). Graduated from the Military Institute of Foreign Languages. (1946). From 1956 to scientific. work (senior scientific worker since 1960, leading scientific worker since 1988) Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author approx. 100 large scientific. works, ch. arr. on economics, finance and credit, foreign economics. relations modern. Japan. A number of works per. in English. and japan. lang. Under his editorship. publ. collection and collection. monographs: “State. finance is non-social countries of Asia ", M., 1965; "Actual problems of the economies of Asia", M., 1965; "Credit and credit systems of Asian countries", M., 1968. Cit .: Post-war Economy. Japan (1945-55), M., 1958; Econ. and military. "Help" of the USA to Japan, M., 1962; State post-war finance. Japan, M., 1967; Essays on modern economics. Japan, M., 1972.

dinskaya
has abstract: DINSKAYA, stanitsa, a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Yekaterinodar department Kuban Region In 1939, 10 Jews lived in D. 1942 42 evacuated Jews were shot in D.

dinur
has abstract: DINUR (Dinaburg) Benzion (1884, Khorol, Poltava province. - 1973, Jerusalem), publicist, historian, society. activist. He studied at the yeshivas of Kremenchug, Gomel, Telsh. In 1904 he was one of the organizers of the Hebrew. self-defense in Russia, participated in the roar. movement. In 1904-11 he was a teacher in Hebrew. schools. In 1912-14 he studied in Berlin and Bern, in 1917-18 - a teacher in Hebrew. school in Petrograd and a teacher in different. higher. uch. institutions. D. wrote Art. in East-lit. themes, in 1918 published the "Program for the Hebrew. history "(Petrograd-Kiev) with methodical. decree. or T. commentary for schools, teachers and self-education. In 1919 his anthology in Yiddish and Hebrew was published “Heb. history "(part 1). D. systematically publ. rec. on the book. in Heb. stories in f. Becher-Velt; Shun un lebn (1919–20). In 1921 he left for E.-I., worked in schools and at un-those, actively participated in social-political. life, held leading positions in the highest. Zionist. org-tions. In 1932, D. founded the bibl. ed. Kiryat Sefer. Was a member. Knesset of the 1st convocation from the Mapai parties, in 1951-55. served as mines. education and culture, in 1953-1959 he was president. memorial institute "Yad Vashem". In the 50-60s. several came out in Israel. volumes ist. research and D.'s memoirs. In 1958 he was awarded the State. pr. Israel in the region. Judaism, and in 1973 - in the region. education. D.'s name was assigned to the main. in 1974 to the Center for Research. Heb. history under Heb. un-those.

dirizhablestroy
has abstract: DIRIZHABLESTROY, see Dolgoprudny.

disenchik arje
has abstract: DISENCHIK Arie (1907, Riga - 1978, Ramat Gan, Israel), polit. activist, journalist. Studied in high fur boots in Riga and Vienna. One of the founders of the youth movement of Zionist revisionists "Betar" (1923). In the 1920s and 30s. Z. Zhabotinsky's closest assistant, on his instructions, visited almost all European countries. From 1934 in E.-I., in 1935-36 sec. ed. gas. Zionist revisionists "Gayardy" In 1936–42 and 1945–48, the head. gas department. "Gaboker". In 1948, one of the founders of Gas. "Maariv", in 1956–74 its ch. ed. 1945–57 cor. agency "Associated Press" in Israel. Son D. - Ido (b. 1940), ch. ed. gas. Maariv (1985–91).

diskin mordekhay
has abstract: DISKIN Mordechai (1844, Grodno - 1914, Jaffa), writer, teacher. At the age of 18 he received the title of rabbi. From 1877 in E.-I., where he bought a plot of land in Petah Tikva. I sat down to study. xvom, but after his son shot a robber with a shot, he, fearing revenge, moved with his family to Jerusalem. Then he returned to Petah Tikva and became a cab, transporting passengers and goods between Petah Tikva and Jaffa. In the evenings he taught Mishnu and Shulchan Aruch. Later he moved to Jaffa. In the end. life became a merchant, studied the Torah and was engaged in charity work. D. - one of the founders of the Talmud-Torah "Netzah Yisrael" in Petah Tikva, the first modern. religious schools in the country. Author of the book: "Divrey Mordechai" ("Words of Mordechai", 1889), "Ma'amar Mordechai" ("Test of Mordechai", 1912). In "Yishuv ha-aretz" ("Settling the country"), the hardships of life in the first village are described. settlements in E.-I.

diskin moshe iegoshua-ieguda-leyb
has abstract: DISKIN Moshe Yehoshua-Yehuda-Leib (Brisker) (1817, Grodno - 1898, Jerusalem), rabbi. He received the title of rabbi at the age of 18. In 1844-77 - a rabbi in Lomzha, Mezhirich, Minsk, Kovno, Brest [known as "Brisker" (in Yiddish Brest - Brisk) "Brest rabbi"]]. From 1877 - in E.-I., where he headed the Orthodox Ashkenazi non-Hasidic community in Jerusalem, which declared "irreconcilable war" on any deviations from the old, traditional. lifestyle and manifestations of secular culture. D. supported the resettlement of Jews in E.-I., in particular the founders of the 1st Heb. s.-kh. settlement Petah Tikva, contributed to the creation. in Jerusalem yeshiva "Ogel Moshe" and a number of community institutions, incl. an orphanage (1880), now bearing his name.

disna
has abstract: DISNA, a city (since 1940) in the Miory region of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1795 - the district town of Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920-39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 - as part of the BSSR. 1880 Jews lived in D. in 1847, in 1857 - 1905, in 1865 - 2065, in 1897 - 4617 (68.3%) , in 1910 - 3973 (54.7%), in 1915 - 4179 Jews and 2 Karaites, in 1931 - approx. 6,000 Jews. In 1857 there were 5 synagogues in D. and a Jewish school. From 1907 in D. there was a society of assistance to those in need of study in the city, parish, and nar. uch-shchah. In 1909 a bunk bed worked in D. Jewish 2-class school (with a female shift). In 1910 there were 8 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery, in 1912 - Crafts. and Melkotorg. Jewish savings and loan. In 1881, Abram Iokhimovich Vigdorchik was the rabbi in D. - Samson Friedman. In the 2nd floor. 19th century for almost 60 years the head of the rabbinical court in D. was a disciple [[Tsemakh Tzedeka Shabsai Don-Ihye (1817-1907). In 1905, a group of Zionist socialist. workers' party. In 1912, D. Bund held meetings in synagogues to collect donations for the purchase of weapons, the creation of loans and savings. t-va, etc. In 1923 a community of Jews who came from Denmark was organized in New York, providing material assistance to the Jews who remained in D. In 1941, a ghetto was created in D., liquidated in June 1942. During the liquidation he died 2,181 Jews. In D. genus: Ya.S. Itskhoki, M.M. Smirin; Hanna Smushkovich (1912-1942, Glubokoe, Vilensk region), historian, journalist, wrote in Yiddish. ES Mosolova

divin
has abstract: DIVIN, a village in the Kobrin district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dyvin Kobrin u. Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was in the Polesie Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. 221 Jews lived in D. in 1766, in 1847 - 556, in 1878 - 998 (40%), in 1897 - 1094 (29 , 3%), in 1921 - 786 (34.2%), in 1931 - approx. 1000 Jews. Jews lived in D. from the middle. 16th century In 1865 there were two synagogues in D. In the 1890s. Rabbi D. was Israel-Isser Kobrin, from 1895 - Shabatai Rubin (1863 -?). In 1941, troops in Denmark created a ghetto, in which there were also Jews from the surrounding villages (over 1,000 people). The ghetto was liquidated in the end. summer 1942.

divjer
has abstract: DIVIER (Divier, Devier, Devier) Anton Manuylovich (1682 - 1745, Petersburg), count (from 1726), state. activist, general-in-chief (1744), one of the closest associates of Peter I. Son of the Portuguese. a Jew who moved to Holland and accepted Christ there. In 1697, as a cabin boy, Goll. fleet, attracted the attention of Peter I, to-ry took him to grow. service. In 1718, with the assistance of Peter I, he married the sister of Prince. A.D. Menshikov (despite the resistance of the latter), in the same year received the rank of brigadier and the rank of general-leit., Was appointed the first general-police chief of St. Petersburg. D. was in charge of the improvement of the new capital, supervised the construction, the condition of streets and drains, the supply and sale of food supplies, formed the first fire brigade and a staff of mountain officials. the police. After the death of Peter I (1725) he enjoyed the patronage of the Emperor. Catherine I, but as a result of the intrigues of Prince. Menshikov in 1727 was arrested, after torture, punished with a whip, deprived of ranks and hordes. and exiled to Zhigansk (Yakutia). In 1739, by order of the imp. Anna Ivanovna was appointed com. of the Okhotsk port under construction, revealed a number of abuses, completed construction. work, participated in the equipment exp. Bering, founded a school (later - the Shturmanskoe School of the Siberian Flotilla). In 1742, by decree of the imp. Elizaveta Petrovna was returned to St. Petersburg, restored to the ranks and counts' dignity, in 1743 St. Petersburg was re-appointed. General Police Chief. In 1744 he was granted an estate of 1600 souls. D.'s son - Peter Antonovich (1710–1773), general-in-chief (1761), participant in the Seven Years War, favorite of the Emperor. Peter III. After coming to power, the imp. Catherine II was dismissed.

divnoe
has abstract: DIVNOE, village, center of Apanasenskiy district in Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1850. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novogrigorievsky u. Stavropol province. In 1939 there were 7 Jews living in D. Sep 1942 in D., several were shot. hundreds of evacuated Jews.

dizengof meer yankelevich
has abstract: DIZENGOF Meer Yankelevich (1861, Akimovichi of Bessarabian province - 1936, Tel Aviv), polit. activist. Received a tradition. Heb. education. He graduated from the district school. In 1882–84 he was a military man. service in Zhitomir, where he became close to the roar. youth. In 1885 he moved to Odessa, studied at the Trud school, took part in the work of local Narodnaya Volya. circles. Arrested in 1885 and 8 months. spent in prisons, released under police supervision. In 1886 he joined the Hovevei Zion movement and founded its branch in Chisinau. In the end. 1880s went to Paris, where he received a diploma in chemical engineering, completed his specialization in Lyon at the glass production plant. Since 1891, members ord. Bnei Moshe. In 1892, after receiving an offer from the baron. E. Rothschild found a glass factory, left for E.-I., headed the factory until its closure in 1894. During these years, the joint venture. with A. Aisenberg tried to create. the first in E.-I. organization of workers "Ha-Aretz ve-ha-Avoda". Due to the opposition of the Rothschild administration, E.-I. was forced to leave. In 1897-1905 he lived in Odessa, was engaged in commerce, without stopping societies and activities. In 1903 (after the Kishinev pogrom) the joint with Z. Zhabotinsky initiated the creation. Heb. self-defense. Affairs. 5th and 6th World Zionist. Congr. (1901, 1903, Basel). In 1904 he founded the Geula Society for the purchase of land in E.-I. In 1905 he returned to E.-I. In 1909 one of the founders of the Heb. quarter near YasEDsh, from which Tel Aviv subsequently developed. In 1911 he was elected head of the committee of the new quarter, in 1921 - the first mayor of Tel Aviv (he held this post until the end of his life, except 1925-28). During the Arab, 1936 speeches achieved the transfer of governments and institutions from Jaffa to Tel Aviv. D. created the Tel Aviv port and mountains. museum. In 1934 one of the streets of Tel Aviv was named after D.

djyakovo
has abstract: DYAKOVO (until 1946 - Novetlenfolu), a village in Vinogradov district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in the province of Ugorskaya Rus in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–38 it was part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1774, 28 Jews (8.2%) lived in D., in 1920, 79 Jews. In 1816, in D. 11 Jewish families from Galicia.

djyakovtsy
has abstract: DYAKOVTSY, a village in the Litinsky district of Vinnitsa province. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - village of Litinsky u. Podolsk province. In 1897, 395 Jews (16.5%) lived in Denmark.

dlugi maksim
has abstract: Dlugi Maxim (b. 1966, Moscow), chess player, international. grandmaster (1986). From the beginning. 1970s - in USA. Pres. Chess Federation of the United States (since 1991). World Youth Champion (1985). Medalist of the USA Championships (1984 and 1987 - 3rd-6th places). Participant of the interzonal tournament in Tunisia (1985); Olympiad (1986) as part of the USA team. International Winner tournaments in Geusdal (1982), New York (1985), Montpellier (1985), etc.

dlugosedlo
has abstract: DLUGOSEDLO, a village in the Ostrolenki Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the village of Ostrovsky u. Lomzhinskaya Gubernia. 800 Jews lived in D. in 1897, and 801 Jews (49%) in 1921. Jews settled in D. in the beginning. 19th century, lived in the center of D., around the market square. In the end. 19th century a community was created in D. In the 1930s. Jews were engaged in Ch. arr. petty trade and craft. In 1932, the Beis Ya'akov girls' school was opened. In aug. 1936 peasants from the surrounding villages staged a pogrom, which continued for several. hours. 14 Sept. 1939 germ. troops entered D. on October 5. all Jews were evicted from D. Most managed to cross the border with the USSR. Remaining in D. several. Jews were killed.

dmanisi
has abstract: DMANISI (until 1947 - Bashkcheti), city (since 1981), regional center (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - the Georgian SSR. In 1926 there were 3 Jews living in D., in 1934 - 2, in 1959 - 8, in 1970 - 1 Jew.

dmitrenko
has abstract: DMITRENKO, a village in the Velikoaleksandrovsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine) .In Sept. 1941 all Jews remaining in D. were shot near the village. Bruskinskoe.

dmitriev
has abstract: DMITRIEV, see Dmitriev-Lgovsky.

dmitriev-ljgovskiy
has abstract: DMITRIEV-LGOVSKY, city, regional center in the Kursk region. (Russian Federation). From 1779 - the district town of Dmitriev, Kursk governorship, then - province. In 1897 in D.-L. 104 Jews lived (1.7%), in 1903 - 30 Jewish families, in 1910 - 216 Jews, in 1923 - 171 (3.2%), in 1926 - 180 (3.8%), in 1939 - 111 Jews In 1903 in D.-L. it was allowed to open a synagogue. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery. In 1915 in D.-L. 30 Jewish refugees arrived. The Jewish population of D.-L. was destroyed during the Holocaust. In 1998 in D.-L. lived several. dozens of Jews. genus: S.S.Boim; Isaak Borisovich Bass (1902-1962, Moscow), engineer-technologist, specialist in the region. leather tanning technology, Steel. pr. (1941, 1946).

dmitriev aleksandr dmitrievich
has abstract: DMITRIEV Alexander Dmitrievich (real name and surname Aron Garfeld) (1832, Mitava, Kurland province - 1899, St. Petersburg), opera artist, director. From the age of 11 he sang in the choir. Studied at Petersburg. theater school. In 1857–62 in Paris, he took vocal lessons and made his debut at the Grand Opera. Has toured in England and Italy. In 1862 he made his debut in St. Petersburg. opera. In 1864–77 he was a soloist, and in 1877–82 Ch. dir. Big T-ra in Moscow. Among the productions: "Aida" by G. Verdi, "Eugene Onegin" by PI Tchaikovsky. From 1882 he led a ped. work. In 1887 he organized in St. Petersburg "Opera and Drama Classes".

dmitrievsk
has abstract: DMITRIEVSK, see Samotevichi.

dmitrievskaya
has abstract: DMITRIEVSKAYA, see Dmitrievskoe.

dmitrievskoe
has abstract: DMITRIEVSKOE, a village in the Krasnogvardeisky District of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - stanitsa Dmitrievskaya Caucasian dep. Kuban region. 18 Aug. 1942 in D., 185 evacuated Jews were shot, December 20. 1942 150 Jews were shot.

dmitropolje
has abstract: DMITROPOLIE, see Cherries.

dmitrov
has abstract: DMITROV, city, regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1154.Since 1781 it was a district town of Moscow province. In 1904 72 Jews lived in D., in 1926 - 39 (0.6%), in 1939 - 337, in 1970 - 169 (0.4%), in 1989 - 132 Jews (0.2%) After numerous requests from Jews of D. in 1904, the Ministry of Internal Affairs. affairs allowed to open a synagogue and rank Jews in the department of the Oryol rabbi. In 1915, 139 Jewish refugees arrived in Denmark. Heder and hearths were opened for the children of refugees. In D. family: L.S.Abramov, A.E.Arkin; Evgeny Iosifovich Perovsky (1891-1968, Moscow), teacher, Dr. ped. Sciences (1962), prof. (1963).

dmitrovka
has abstract: DMITROVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1958) in the Bakhmachsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1643.Since 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - railway station and village in Konotop u. Chernigov province. In 1897, 438 Jews (68%) lived in D., in 1939 - 196 Jews. Since 1900, Elya-Benjamin Shumyatsky (1859–?), Before the 1st world, was the rabbi in D. war - Meir Stolovich (1870—?).

dmitrovsk
has abstract: DMITROVSK, see Makeevka.

dmitrovsk-orlovskiy
has abstract: DMITROVSK-ORLOVSKY (until 1929 - Dmitrovsk), city, regional center in the Oryol region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1715. From 1782 - the district town of the Oryol governorship, then - the province. In 1897 in D.-O. 72 Jews lived (1.4%), in 1910 - 127, in 1926 - 21 Jews (0.4%). genus. S.M. Abramzon.

dmitrovskoe
has abstract: DMITROVSKY, see Makeevka.

dneprodzerzhinsk
has abstract: DNEPRODZERZHINSK (until 1936 - Kamenskoe), a city (from 1917) in the Dnipropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1750. D. developed as a settlement at the metallurgical industry. s-de Yuzhnorus. metallurgical about-va (so-called. Upper and Lower colonies), later it included the former. villages Kamenskoe, Romankovo, Trituznoe, Karnauhovka. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Yekaterinoslavsky u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. Since 1923 - in Yekaterinoslavsky, in 1926-30 - in the Dnepropetrovsk region, since 1932 - in the Dnepropetrovsk region. In 1910 there were 1165 Jews living in D. (3.3%), in 1920 - 1402, in 1923 - 730, in 1926 - 1413 (4.1%), in 1939 - 4900 (3.8%), in 1959 - 3500 (1.8%), in 1970 - 3083 (1.4%), in 1979 - approx. 2,500 (1%), in 1989 - 2,074 Jews. Jews settled in Denmark since the 1880s. Since 1896, the so-called. The Old Synagogue (by the name of the creator it was also called the Synagogue of Savia), later (in 1921) the New Synagogue was built; there was a Jewish cemetery (in Romankov; after the Second World War it was moved, now a tram depot is located on its territory). Since 1905, the rabbi of D. was Abram Berkovich Khalupovich (c. 1874-1928). In 1905 a pogrom took place in Denmark. In 1916, there were a society for the care of children of Jews and a Jewish mutual assistance fund. In the 1910s and 20s. the mill in D. was owned by the Vol family. During the Civil. During the war, the Jewish population suffered from a pogrom perpetrated by units of the Volunteer Army. In 1929 the New Synagogue was closed (the building was transferred to the Teacher's House), the building of the Old Synagogue was demolished (in the 1970s ).During the Holocaust, Jews were massacred in D. In 1995, Hesed Maayan was organized in D. (led. Lydia Borisovna Tarnopolskaya, b. 1964), Sunday school (director Galina Borisovna Grabarnik). The Jewish religion has existed since 1998. community; prayers are held in the Joint's premises (previously Dmitry Viktorovich Tarnopolsky, b. 1963)…

dnepropetrovsk
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ДНЕПРОПЕТРОВСК (в 1796—1802 — Новороссийск, в 1802—1926 — Екатеринослав), центр Днепропетровской обл. (Украина). Осн. в 1776. До 1783 — уездный, затем — губернский город. С 1932 — областной центр.В 1805 в Д. проживало 376 евреев, в 1825 — 880, в 1847 — 1699, в 1857 — 1125, в 1865 — 3472, в 1881 — 6700, в 1897 — 41 240 (в т. ч. 359 караимов), в 1910 — 69 012 (33,3%), в 1920 — 72 928, в 1923 — 50 237, в 1926 — 62 043 еврея (26,7%) и 145 караимов, в 1939 — 89 529, в 1959 — 53 400, в 1970 — 50 422 еврея (5,8%) и 57 караимов, в 1979 — 45 622 (4,3%), в 1989 — 37 869 евреев.Евреи жили в Д. с 1793. Ок. 1800 в Д. была построена синагога, к-рая в 1833 сгорела. Новое каменное здание синагоги заложили в 1837. Существовало еврейское кладбище, рядом хоронили караимов. Старейший памятник караимов, установленный на могиле основателя караимской колонии Д., датируется 1843. В 1864 в Д. имелись казенное еврейское уч-ще 1-го разряда, талмуд-тора, 15 хедеров, 5 синагог; в 1879 была открыта караимская школа, где обучались 23 мальчика. В 1884 в Д. было создано отд-ние «Хибат Цион», одним из рук. к-рого являлся Михл Майданский (1825, Заславль Волынской губ. — 1910). С кон. 1890-х гг. в Д. действовали сионистские орг-ции. Одним из лидеров был А.-М.-М.Усышкин, с 1905 — Мойше Брук (1868—1920).В 1890-х гг. в Д. работала еврейская театр. труппа Х.Брянчинского. В 1900, 1904 гастролировала еврейская труппа Я.Спиваковского и А.-А.Фишзона. В 1900 в Д. имелись 4-классное уч-ще П.Л.Иоффе, талмуд-тора, еврейская больница, род. приют, еврейское благотворит. об-во, об-во попечения о недостаточных уч-ся талмуд-торы, об-во вспомоществования уч-ся и учившим евреям.В янв. 1904 в Д. была создана орг-ция Бунда, к авг. 1904 насчитывавшая до 100 чл. Рук. роль в ней играли А.Древников, Б.Симковер, М.Шварц. В 1905 Совет рабочих депутатов в Д. возглавлял публицист, обществ. деятель Марк Хиной (1884—?). В 1909 был основан банкирский дом С.Арановича. В 1910 в Д. имелись 21 синагога, …

dneprovka
has abstract: DNEPROVKA, a village in the Dzhankoy region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Perekopsky u. Tavricheskaya lips. In the 1920s and 30s. - as part of the Crimean ASSR. In 1923, approx. 120 Jews from Belarus and Ukraine. In 1930 the agricultural sector was established in D. m-in.

dneprovskaya
has abstract: DNEPROVSKAYA, a village in the Timashevsky district of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Rogovskaya Caucasian department Kuban region. 1942 75 evacuated Jews were shot in D.

dno
has abstract: DNO, city (since 1925), regional center in the Pskov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Tarkhovsky u. Pskov Gubernia. In 1923, 79 Jews lived in D., in 1926 - 96 Jews (1.6%).

dobele
has abstract: DOBELE, city, regional center (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from 1334.From 1795 - as part of Ros. Empire, Doblen Mitavsky u. Kurland province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1881 there were 154 Jews living in Denmark (14%), in 1897 - 240 (14%), in 1910 - 142 (7%), in 1920 - 25 (3%), in 1925 - 64 (6%), in 1930 - 80 (4%), in 1935 - 72 Jews (3%). The Jewish community existed in V. from the middle. 19th century A cemetery was founded in 1897. A synagogue was built in 1904. There was a mikvah. Rabbi D. in the 1890s. was Aron Glikman, in the 1900-1910s. - Ikutiel-Zalman Halevi. In 1905, the Jews of Denmark took an active part in the revolution, and the revolution. the council appointed teacher L.-B. Perelman as mayor of the city. After the suppression of the uprising, Perelman was sentenced to death. During the 1st world. During the war, most Jews were left by D. Rabbi D. in the 1920s and 1930s. was Dovid Kantor. There was a Zionist circle. After the occupation by the Wehrmacht in the beginning. July 1941 the Jews of D. were shot. After 1945, a monument to the perished Jews of D. with an inscription in Yiddish was erected at the Jewish cemetery in Riga.

dobeyki
has abstract: DOBEIKI, see Diabeikiai.

dobin efim semenovich
has abstract: DOBIN Efim Semenovich (1901, Korsun of Kanevsky u. Kiev province. - 1977, Leningrad), publicist, literary critic, film critic. Son of Sh.-Sh. Dobin. From 1920 he began to publish in Heb. press in Ukraine, was ed. youth w., to-ry published Heb. section at the Kiev Youth Union. In 1923, when a weekly began to appear in Moscow. "Jungvald", D. was appointed his responsible. ed. The magazine played an important role in the formation of the younger generation of Hebrews. writers. In 1925 - 28 holes. ed. first owl. children g. in Heb. lang. "Pioneer". Further lit. and ed. D.'s activities are associated with Rus. periodicals and rus. lit-keeping. In 1929 M. Gorky invited him to become deputy. ch. ed. g. "Lit. study ". In 1935–37 D. otv. ed. gas. "Lit. Leningrad ". Author of literary and film studies books: “Life material and art. plot "(Moscow, 1958)," Poetics of cinema "(Moscow, 1961)," Hero. Plot. Detail "(Moscow, 1962)," Kozintsev and Trauberg "(Moscow, 1963)," Plot and Reality "(L., 1981), works about the life and work of A.A. Akhmatova, A.A. Fadeev, A.A. Prokofiev, Yu.P. German, V.P. Nekrasov, V.F. Panova, O.F. Berggolts, D.A. Granina and others.

dobin girsh izrailevich
has abstract: DOBIN Girsh Izrailevich (1905, Zhlobin Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province. - 2001, Rosh-Lezion, Israel), prose writer. In the end. 1926 arrived in Kharkov, member. lit. gr. "Junger Boy-Klang" with gas. "Junge Guard". From 1928 he began to publish in Heb. periodic. ed. In 1931 he released the first in Kharkov. book stories "Arum mil" ("Around the mill". In 1932 he moved with his family to Birobidzhan, worked in the editorial office of the regional newspaper "Birobidzhaner Stern" and in the radio committee. Since then, the main theme of his work has become the life of Jewish immigrants. This topic is dedicated to works from collections: "Baim Amur" ("On the Amur", 1935), "Tsvishn binsh-tokn" ("Among the beehives", 1941). From March 1940 he worked in the republic. "In Minsk. When the city was occupied by the Germans, D. was imprisoned in a ghetto. In March 1942, together with a group of ghetto prisoners, he joined the partisan detachment, in which he fought until the liberation of Belarus. This is his first post-war book. Oif weierusisher erd "(" On the Belarusian land "), published in Moscow in 1947, where D. moved shortly after the end of the war. In 1969, the publishing house" Sov. Writer "published Prince D." Der koeh funlebn "(" The Power of Life "), which includes romance and stories dedicated to resistance in the ghetto, partisan movement during the war years. Since 1992 in Israel.

dobin motya
has abstract: DOBIN Motya (1880, Proskurov, Podolsk province. - 1942, Treblinka), publicist, society. activist. Ml. brother of Sh.-Sh. Dobin. Graduated from Russian. g-ziyu, then studied at Kiev University. In 1916 he was one of the organizers of the first. Heb. g-zii in Kiev, where he taught biology and physics. After the pogroms in Ukraine he left for Poland, lived there until 1921, then moved to Paris and until 1938. to-volume assistance to emigrants. An active figure in the Bund in France. Throughout many. years printed Art. in Parisian Hebrews. periodic. ed., participated in scientific. co-kah IBO in Vilna. Author of works on emigration issues. In 1932 he published a study. “Heb. working emigrants in Paris "and" Professions of Heb. emigrants in France "with statistical. data and tab. During it. occupation played a prominent role in the organization of the Resistance. He was arrested on 07/14/1942 and deported together with his wife to Treblinka.

dobin shimon-shimoyni
has abstract: DOBIN Shimon-Shimoini (1869, borough Bobr Sennensky u. Mogilev province. - 1944, Leningrad), publicist, teacher, societies, activist. Brother of M. Dobin. He worked as an accountant in Odessa, passed the exams for teachers. He became close to the Poale Zionists and became an active party leader. In 1907 he was arrested and exiled to the Arkhangelsk province. In 1908, due to illness, he was allowed to go abroad for treatment. In Nervi, D. became close to Sholem Aleichem, who was there on treatment, and later published. valuable recollections about him. In 1911, D. returned to Russia, settled in Kiev, and was elected to the city council from the Bund. Here he, together with other enthusiasts, founded the illegal. a secular school teaching in Yiddish. After the revolution was before. about-va "Kulturliga" and one of the editors. its ed. At the same time. lectured in Heb. secondary and higher schools, collaborated in Ying-those Heb. span. culture at the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. His first printed work was the brochure “Heb. pogroms and their significance ”(in 1905 it was confiscated by the censor). Typed in the printing house, it was confiscated. Art. D. on societies. and ped. topics were then published in pl. Heb. periodic. ed. Deeply knowing Heb. lit-ru, D. publ. a number of important works on the life and work of Sholem Aleichem and M. Moikher-Sforim, translated into Yiddish several. book on philosophy. topics, as well as on political economy and pedagogy. In lit. heritage D. sign. his letters to Izv. literature to A. Gurstein, correspondence with Sholem Aleichem.

doblen
has abstract: DONE, see Dobele.

dobra
has abstract: DOBRA, a city (since 1918) in the Koninsky Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - a city, then a posad of Turek u. Kalisz province. In 1764, 355 Jews lived in Denmark, in 1808 - 507 (55%), in 1827 - 1058 (50%), in 1857 - 1300 (54%), in 1897 - 1185 (43%), in 1921 - 1207 (40%), in 1939 - approx. 1,000 Jews. In 1514-1870, D. had the status of a city. Jews lived in D. from the beginning. 17th century, were engaged in trade and crafts. All R. 18th century among the Jews of D. there were 3 innkeepers, 11 tailors, 4 furriers, 2 glaziers, and 2 butchers. In the 19th century. Jews were the initiators of the organization of textile production in D. In the end. 19th century Jews owned mills, small factories for the production of vegetable oil, leather. and weaving workshops. In the end. 18 - early. 19th century philanthropists were created at the community. organizations and organizations for the provision of social assistance. In the 1850s and 80s. Rabbi D. was Hirsch Baer. There were several. Hasidic synagogues, heders, talmud-Torah. During the 1st world. During the war, detachments of Zionist parties and youth movements began to operate in Denmark. was occupied by parts of the upper class at the beginning. Sep 1939. In Dec. 1939 the Judenrat was established, in 1940 - the ghetto. In oct. 1941 all the Jews of D. were transferred to a ghetto in the Kobele Panske region, where they died along with the Jews who were there.

dobre
has abstract: DOBRE, a village in the Siedleck Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 16th century In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - the village of Radiminsky u. Warsaw Gubernia. 385 Jews (38%) lived in Denmark in 1897 and 373 Jews (34%) in 1921. Jews settled in Denmark in the second half. 19th century They earned a living by small trade and crafts, there were several. cr. cattle traders. In the end. 19th century a synagogue was built, there was a cheder. There was no Jewish cemetery in D., the dead were buried in the cemetery in Stanislavuv. Sep 1939 germ. troops entered D. on 15 Sept. 1942 all Jews in D. were sent to Treblinka.

dobrinovtsy
has abstract: DOBRINOVTSY, a village in the Zastavnovsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 89 Jews lived in D. In July 1941, D. Jews were deported to Transnistria.

dobrodzhanu-gerya konstantin
has abstract: DOBRODZHANU-GERIA Constantine (real name and surname Solomon Katz) (1855, Slavyanka of Kharkov province - 1920, Bucharest), participant of the revolutionary movement of the 1870s, sociologist, lit. critic. While studying at Kharkov University, he participated in populists. circles. In 1875, he fled from arrest to Romania. During the rus tour. War of 1877–78 captured by Rus. police and exiled to Mezen (Arkhangelsk province). In 1879 he escaped from exile and returned to Romania, where he accepted Christ and fam. Dobrodzhan (ps. Gerya). In 1881 he organized literary societies. g. "Contemporary" ("Contemporary"). In his book. ("What the Socialists Want", 1886, "Neo-serfdom", 1910, etc.) promoted Marxism. Was one of the founders and hands. S.-d. party of workers of Romania (1893). In 1941, the remains of D. by order of the room. authorities were reburied in Heb. cemetery. Son D.G. - Alexander (1879-1937), one of the founders and member. Centre. Committee of the Communist Party of Romania (since 1921). From 1932 he worked in the Comintern, lived in the USSR. Repressed.

dobroe
has abstract: GOOD, a village in the Bashtansky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony Dobraya (other names. Dobryanka, Novenkaya) of Kherson u. In 1859, 740 Jews (102 families) lived in Denmark, in 1860 - 473 Jews (151 families), in 1887 - 1503 (84%; the rest were German colonists), in 1897 - 2277 (87.7% ), in 1931 - 2153, in 1941 - 1277 Jews. In 1807 for Jewish agriculture. the colonies were allocated land, but the settlement was postponed for 50 years. Between 1856 and 1857, 52 Jewish families from Vilnius Gubernia settled in D. In the end. 19th century from 3430 dec. allotment land 1537 were sown with wheat, 1555 - with barley, and other agricultural crops. cultures. In 1891, Denmark had 3 synagogues, a one-class school, a bathhouse, a medical assistant's station, 18 shops and warehouses, and 2 taverns. In 1854-1904, the rabbi of D. was Itskhok Pushnits (? —1904) - the great-grandfather of M.-M. Shneerson, then his son Menachem-Mendel Pushnits. In 1918, a pogrom took place in D. troops, in 1919 - units of the Volunteer Army. In the 1920s and 30s. D. - the center of the nat. Jewish village council. Between 1921 and 1928 there were 3 agricultural enterprises in Denmark. artels and agricultural commune, in 1928-30 collective farms were created. Kirov and Vperyod; there were 3 Jewish schools, clubs, library, outpatient clinic, genus. separation, det. manger, will consume. about. Material aid to the D. community in the 1920s. provided by J.-I. Schneerson. Relig. the community was liquidated in 1938. After the occupation of Denmark by the Germans. troops in 1941 shot 869 Jews; the Jewish cemetery was destroyed (in 1958 the remains of the victims were reburied in the village cemetery in a mass grave, over which an obelisk was erected). After the end of the war, 85 people returned from evacuation in D. and 30 people from the army. After 1945, 36 Jewish families (185 people) lived in D. In D. family: A.Ya. Letuchiy; Pet…

dobrokhotova anna adoljfovna
has abstract: DOBROKHOTOVA Anna Adolfovna (party dog ​​Marfusha) (1878 - 1925, Ryazan), participant of the roar. movement, part. RSDLP since 1899. She worked in the Iskra organization. In 1902 he was exiled to Siberia in the case of the Revolution. demonstrations in Nizhny Novgorod (P.A. Zalomov and others), soon fled. After the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903) she joined the Mensheviks. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07; led illegal. school desks. work in Petersburg, Rostov-on-Don. She was arrested twice, after a year in prison she was exiled for 3 years to Vyatka province. During the years of reaction "liquidator". After Feb. Revolution of 1917 secret. to-that Mosk. org-tion of the RSDLP, member of the Moscow District Duma. Affairs. Vseros. will unite. Congress of the RSDLP (Aug. 1917). Oct she met the revolution with hostility, was repeatedly arrested by the Sov. authorities (1919, May 1920 - together with a member of the Donskoy Committee of the RSDLP and others). Dec. 1920 released from the Butyrka prison (Moscow), but in February. 1921 Arrested again in the premises of the Social-Democrats. club on charges of organizing strikes at factories and in connection with anti-pain relief. the uprising in Kronstadt; sentenced to one year in a concentration camp (Yaroslavl). Released in mid. 1922, but was soon arrested again in connection with the campaign organized by the Mensheviks against washes, the trial of the Social Revolutionaries; exiled to Yalutorovsk.

dobromilj
has abstract: DOBROMIL, a city (since 1939) in the Starosambirsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1374. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Přemysl district of the Russian voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - a city, the center of a povet in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 there were 1,253 Jews living in Denmark, in 1860 - 850 (53.1%), in 1870 - 1884 (62.3%), in 1880 - 1918 (69.2%), in 1890 - 2035 (62.9%), in 1900 - 1845 (55.8%), in 1910 - 2271 (62.5%), in 1921 - 2119 Jews (61.7 %). about Jews in D. refers to 1570. In the 16th century. in D., a community was formed, which for a long time was subordinate to the Přemysl kagal. Then the Jews of D. led the CD. trade with.-kh. products. In 1612 the Jews received permission to build a synagogue. In the end. 18th century in D., a German-Jewish school was opened, closed in 1806. In the 19th century. in D. there were 5 synagogues, including 2 Hasidic ones. In the 1720s. Rabbi D. was Yitzhok Segal, then his son Meir, in mid. 18th century - Meshulam-Zusya Ashkenazi (? -1776), then Arie-Leib Gorvits, in the beginning. 19th century - Avrom-Mordhe Rimalt, then his son Elimelech-Menachem. Mn. the Jews of D. were Belzevsky Hasidim. In 1908 there was a Hebrew school in D. In the 1920s and 30s. in D. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. Parts of the Wehrmacht occupied D. on June 28, 1941. The Judenrat was created. OK. 200 Jews of D. were burnt in the synagogue, the rest were shot on July 29, 1942. After 1945, 25 Jews returned to D..

dobromyslj
has abstract: DOBROMYSL, a village in the Liozno district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Orshansky u. Mogilev Gubernia. In 1851, 353 Jews lived in D., in 1865 - 298, in 1869 - 228, in 1880 - 272 (81.9%), in 1908 - 618 (95.6%), in 1923 - 271 Jews. Jews have lived in Denmark since the 1830s. In 1851 a synagogue and four heders existed in Denmark; the rabbi was Chaim Mints. In 1870 Yehezkel Kazakov was the rabbi. In 1880, out of 47 households, 40 belonged to Jews, who were engaged in tailoring, shoemaking, carpentry and blacksmithing, traded in timber, rafted along the river. Chernitsa and Luchesa in Zap. Dvina. In March 1942, 34 Jews were shot in D. V. N. Pervyshin

dobropolje
has abstract: DOBROPOLIE (until 1946 - Reichfeld), in the composition (from 1989) s. Vysokopol (Ukraine). Main in 1926 as a Jewish agricultural artel in the Krivoy Rog okr. immigrants from Krasnopol. In the 1930s. - a village in the Stalindorf district. In 1926 there were 45 people in D., in 1939 - 82 people. The Jewish population of D. was destroyed during the Holocaust.

dobrosin
has abstract: DOBROSIN, a village in the Zhovkovsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1649. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, and in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. Jews lived in Denmark from the 18th century. Main his occupations were crafts and trade (Jews owned a shop and a tavern in Denmark). In 1916, 5 Jews from D. were deported to Ternopil. In 1941–42, 20 Jews from D. were deported to Belzhets.

dobrostany
has abstract: Dobrostany, a village in the Yavoriv district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1389. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 18th century Jews were apprx. 20% of the population of Denmark, at the end. 19th century - OK. 40%. Main The occupation of the Jewish population was trade and small handicrafts. The Jewish population of Denmark was destroyed during the Holocaust.

dobrotvor
has abstract: DOBROTVOR, urban-type settlement (since 1950) in the Kamensko-Bugsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1485. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, 379 Jews (13%) lived in Denmark, in 1900 - 383 (11.6%), in 1921 - 216 Jews (7%). Jews lived in D. from the 2nd half. 16th century In 1564, a miller and a butcher were Jews in Denmark. In 1579, Jews owned 2 houses. In the 1820s. in D., a community was created, there was a synagogue and a cemetery. In the 1830s and 70s. Rabbi D. was Yosef-Itskhok Katz, from 1886 - Itskhok-Aizik Raver. In the 1920s and 30s. in D. there were divisions of various. Zionist organizations. In the fall of 1942, the Jewish population of Denmark was exterminated.

dobrovelichkovka
has abstract: DOBROVELICHKOVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Vozn. in the 2nd floor. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dobrovelichkovka (other name. Revutskoe) Elizavetgrad u. Kherson Gubernia. In 1897, 1718 Jews (60%) lived in Denmark, in 1923 - 1874, in 1939 - 366 Jews. In D.'s house, 8 Jewish children were killed. Dec 23. 1941 in the yard near the village. Maryevka were shot 207 Jews from D.V.D. P.Sh. Vaizman.

dobroveyn
has abstract: DOBROVEIN (real family member Barabeichik) Isai Alexandrovich (1894, Nizhny Novgorod - 1953, Oslo), conductor, pianist, composer. He gave concerts as a pianist from the age of 5. In 1911 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class fp. from K.N. Igumnov (previously, from 1901 he studied with AAYaroshevsky), improved himself with L. Godovsky at the School of Higher Skills at the Academy of Music and stage performance. art-va in Vienna. From 1917 to 1921 he taught physics. game in Moscow. philharmonic. uch-shche. In 1919 he made his debut in car wash. T-re im. V.F. Komissar-zhevskaya. From 1921 to 1922 he conducted at the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow. In 1923 he went abroad. In 1924–45, he was in charge of Diff. operatic and symphonic. orc. in Germany, Bulgaria, USA, Italy, Scandinavian countries. In the 1930s, he helped B. Guberman in the creation of symphony. orchestra in Tel Aviv. His post had the greatest success. Russian classic operas in Dresden (1923), where he conducted the 1st post in Germany. opera by MP Mussorgsky "Boris Godunov". The culmination of his career as a conductor was work at the La Scala theater in Milan, where he was invited in 1948 by A. Toscanini. Here for 3 seasons he staged op. "Boris Godunov" and "Khovanshchina" by Mussorgsky, "Prince Igor" by A.P. Borodin, "The Legend of the Great City of Kitezh" and "Scheherazade" by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, ballet "Firebird" by I.F. Stravinsky ... In composing, he continued the romantic. traditions; was influenced by A.N. Skryabin. Among the Op. - op. "1001 nights", concert for fp. with orc., 2 sonatas for fp, fp. miniatures, Op. for violin; romances; music for drama performances. t-ra. In all spheres of muses. creativity showed artistry, emotionality, showiness, bright temperament and organizing sense of rhythm.

dobrovlyany
has abstract: DOBROVLYANY, a village in the Drohobych district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. The Jewish population of Denmark suffered during the “Khmelnitsky region.” In May 1942, the Jewish population of Denmark was destroyed.

dobrush
has abstract: DOBRUSH, a city (since 1935), a regional center in the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 16th century Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gomel u. Mogilev province. 191 Jews lived in D. in 1923, 372 (6.1%) in 1926, and 441 Jews in 1939. about the Jews belongs to the middle. 16th century, when there were 12 Jewish houses in Denmark. During the occupation, a ghetto was created in D. In 1941, mass executions of Jews were carried out. 21 nov. 1941 103 Jews were shot. In 1942, approx. 70 city Jews of D. and 7 - 8 Jews from the nearest village.

dobrushin iekheskelj moiseevich
has abstract: DOBRUSHIN Ieheskel Moiseevich (1883, Mutin of Krolevetsky u. Chernigov province - 1953), lit. critic, playwright, poet, prose writer. Received education at home. At the age of 19 he came to Paris, where in 1907 he graduated from law. Faculty of the Sorbonne. In 1909 he returned to Russia. Suffering from bone tuberculosis, he was bedridden for three years. First book. D. "Benkende Neshomes" ("Grieving Souls") (poems, plays, stories) was published in 1912 in Vilna, followed by a pov. "Eserka" and the drama "Ven gefiln vakhn" ("When the senses are sensitive"). His first lit.-critical. work (about the work of I.-L. Peretz) appeared in 1915. From 1920 D. in Moscow, where he actively participated in the creation of a new Hebrew. lit-ry. In 1922 a collection of works of his literary criticism was published. Art. "Gedankengang" ("Reflections"), D. becomes one of the editors. first car wash, lit.-thin. g. "Shtrom" and hands. lit. parts of sinks. GOSET. In the 30s, the most fruitful years in D.'s work, collections of his critical works were published. Art. "In Iberboy" ("In perestroika"), "Soviet dikhtung" ("Soviet poetry"), a monograph about S.M. Mikhoels and V.L. Zuskin. He pl. works for t-ra, writes original plays and stage performances. classics for mosk. GOSET, is studying Hebrews. folklore, in 1939 his collections were published: “Sov. Heb. bunk bed songs "and" Nar. fairy tales ", and in 1940 - collection of books" Evr. bunk bed songs ”(with A. Yuditskiy). For services in the region. Drama Drama in 1939 was awarded an order. "Badge of honor". During the war years 1941-1945, D. returned to the genre of art. essay. After the war, Moscow. publishing house "Der Emes" published works by D .: "Dramaturgy of the Classics" and "David Bergelson". 10.2.1949 D. was arrested as one of the members. Heb. anti-fascist. to-that, convicted and died on August 11, 1953 in the camp.

dobrushin roland ljvovich
has abstract: DOBRUSHIN Roland Lvovich (1929, Leningrad - 1995, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1962). Graduated from Moscow State University (1952). Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1955). A. N. Kolmogorov's student. He worked at Moscow State University (1955–67), since 1967 - at the Institute of Information Transmission Problems of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Main results in probability theory, information theory, func. analysis, matem. logic, combinatorial analysis, mat. grounds statistic. physics. Member Nat. Academy of Sciences of the USA (1993). Cit .: Dynamic. statistical systems mechanics and kinetic. equations, in the book: Dinamich. Systems, Part 2, (Results of Science and Technology. VINITI. Ser. Modern Problems of Mathematics. Fundamental Directions, Vol. 2), Moscow, 1985 (with N.B. Maslov. Ya.G. Sinai and Yu.M. Sukhov).

dobrushino
has abstract: DOBRUSHINO, a village in the Evpatoria region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main In 1927, immigrants from the Poltava environs. In 1927, 39 Jewish families lived in D., in 1932 - 230 Jewish families. By 1930, a Jewish collective farm had been created in D.. 1941 - Feb. 1942 on the collective farm. Molotov, Dobrushinsky village council, 45 Jews were shot. After 1944, several. dozens of Jewish families returned to D. from evacuation.

dobruskina
has abstract: DOBRUSKINA (married to Mikhailova) Henrietta. Nikolaevna (1862, Rogachev, Mogilev province. - 1945, Moscow), member of the roar. movements of the 1880-1900s. The teacher's daughter. Graduated from wives. g-ziyu in Mogilev (1879). From 1880 she studied natural sciences. Department of Higher Wives. (Bestuzhev) courses in St. Petersburg, adjoined the roar. populist. organization "Black redistribution", in 1882 passed to the People's Will, supervised the work of illegal. circles, kept in touch with the Polish. party "Proletariat". From the end. 1883 members "Young Party of People's Will", from the beginning. 1884 for illegal. position, participated in the creation of an underground printing house in Rostov-on-Don, kept in her apartment. bombs and weapons. Arrested on 16.10.1884, taken to Petersburg. On 5.6.1887 she was sentenced to death (by confirmation she was replaced by 8 years of hard labor). She was held in the Kariya convict prison in Transbaikalia, participated in a number of prison protests against the brutal regime. From 1900 she lived in Chita, worked illegally. polit. Cr. Cross. From the beginning. 1900s member Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries (SRs), in 1906 member. her Chita to-that, participated in the organization of the escapes of a number of revolutionaries from hard labor. In 1907 she returned to Europe. Russia, member. Odessa committee of the SRs, carried on propaganda among women workers. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 - dep. Odessa Council of Workers' Dep., Pre. To-that help former. political prisoners. After Oct. 1917 she moved away from political activities, lived in Krasnodar, from 1924 in Rostov-on-Don, from 1931 in Moscow. Since 1923, member. About the former. Political prisoners and exiled settlers. Cit .: Lopatinsky trial, in the book: Narodnaya Volya. Sat. Ill, M., 1934; Autobiography, in the book: Figures of the USSR and the roar. movement of Russia. Encyclopedic. dictionary Pomegranate. Reprint edition, M., 1989.

dobryanka
has abstract: Dobryanka, see Kind.

dobryanskiy
has abstract: DOBRYANSKY, see Dobryanka, Perm region.

dobryany
has abstract: DOBYANY, a village in the Gorodok district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1437. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 18th century several people settled in D. Jewish families. Main occupation of Jews in 19 - beginning. 20th century - trade. In 1916, three Jews from D. were evicted to Ternopil. In 1941–42, the Jewish population of D. was deported to the Gorodok ghetto, where they were subsequently exterminated.

dobrzhin
has abstract: DOBRZIN, see Dobrzyń nad Vistula]].

dobzhinj-nad-visloy
has abstract: DOBRIN NAD WISLOY, a city (since 1519) in the Wloclaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 11th century In the 16-18 centuries. - Ch. the city of the Dobrzha land in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - a city, then Posad Dobrzhin Lipnovsky u. Plock province. In 1765 in D.-N.-V. 757 Jews lived, in 1808 - 1816 (82%), in 1827 - 1201 (55%), in 1857 - 831 (45%), in 1897 - 927 (37%), in 1921 - 775 Jews (29%). Jewish community D.-N.-V. suffered during the Polish-Swedish wars. In 1656 only a few Jews managed to escape from the troops of Stephen Chernetsky. From 1783, Jews had the right to live only in a separate quarter. At the same time, a wooden synagogue was built and a place for a cemetery was allocated. Jews D.-N.-V. they earned their living by trade, crafts, maintained inns, and rented land. Already in 1661, the Jews received a monopoly on the production and sale of alcoholic beverages. In the end. 18th century in D.-N.-V. built a brick synagogue. In the 19th century. in D.-N.-V. there were 2 synagogues, including one Hasidic. Since the 1890s. Rabbi D.-N.-V. there was Yehuda-Leib Sannabend (1861—?). In the beginning. 20th century a yeshiva was opened, and in 1928 the People's Bank was founded with the assistance of the Joint. In the 1920s and 30s. active Zionist activity was carried out, cells of Jewish parties and movements, branches of "Agudas Yisroel" and Bund worked. In 1926 the school of the Tarbut network was opened. There were 2 Jewish libraries. Sep 1939 germ. troops occupied D.-N.-V. 24 Sep synagogues were burned, the cemetery was destroyed. In the beginning. oct. 1939 Jews were expelled from D.-N.-V.

dodin lev abramovich
has abstract: DODIN Lev Abramovich (b. 1940, Leningrad), director. In 1966 he graduated from the director's department Leningrad. state in-ta t-ra, music and cinematography (LGITMIK), D.'s diploma work, the play "First Love" by IS Turgenev is shown at Leningrad State University. TV. Since 1970 he has been teaching at the same place (since 1989 he has been heading the acting and director's workshop). In 1967–73 he worked at Leningrad State University. t-re young spectator (the first independent. performance - "But what would you choose |" based on the play by A.V. Kurgatnikov, 1971). The greatest success was achieved with the performance of D. based on the play "Our people - we are numbered" by AN Ostrovsky (1973). D. post. also the performances "The Robber" by K. Chapek (1976), "The Tattooed Rose" by T. Williams (1977) in Maly Drama. t-re, "Rose Bernd" by G. Hauptmann (1975) and "Minor" by DI Fonvizin (1976) in T-re of drama and comedy on Liteiny, "Appointment" by AM Volodin (1978), "Live and remember "after VG Rasputin (1979). To Leningrad. T-re of the comedy "Continuation of Don Juan" by ES Radzinsky (1980), on the Small Stage of the Bolshoi Dramas. t-ra "Gentle" after FM Dostoevsky (1981). With students of LGITMIK D. post. performances based on FA Abramov's novels "Brothers and Sisters" (1979) and "House" (1980). Since 1983 D. - Ch. dir. Small dram, t-ra, where the post. 2nd edition of the play "Brothers and Sisters" (1985), performances "Lord of the Flies" by W. Golding (1986), "Stars in the Morning Sky" by AM Galin (1987; in 1989 received the British Ave. L. Olivier ), "The Old Man" by Yu.V. Trifonov (1988), "For fun we are given young years" based on the novel by SE Kaledin "Stroibat" (1990; Prize of the Russian Federation 1992), "Tartuffe" J.-B . Moliere (1991), "Demons" after Dostoevsky, "Love under the Elms" by Y. O'Neill (both - 1992), "The Broken Jug" by G. von Kleist (1993), etc. In the Moscow Art Theater D. post, play " Gentlemen Golovlevs "after ME Saltykov-Shchedri…

dokshitser timofey aleksandrovich
has abstract: DOKSHITSER Timofei Alexandrovich (1921, Nizhyn, Chernigov province - 2005), trumpeter, teacher, conductor. The son of a self-taught musician who played the violin, French horn and percussion instruments, composed music. In 1932, D. was a graduate of a military orc. a cavalry regiment in Moscow, in which he studied with the conductor of the trumpet player A.I. Chizhov (a student of Prof. M.I. Tabakov). Until 1935 he studied with an orc artist. Big T-ra I.A. Vasilevsky at the school at the Muses. technical school them. A.K. Glazunov, in 1935 in Muz. school at the conservatory in the class of prof. MI Tabakov, in 1939–41 at his place in Muz.-ped. uch-shche them. Gnesins. At the same time he worked for an orc. at the Central House of Kr. Army, performed as a soloist. In 1941-45 he was an artist of the Exemplary Orc. Moscow military. district, since 1945 in the orc. Big t-ra. Participated in Vses. competition of performers on wind instruments. (3rd pr., 1941, Moscow), in Mezhdunar. competition within the framework of the 1st World Festival of Demokr. youth and students (1947), at the festival in Budapest (1949), at the festival of youth and students in Warsaw (1955). From 1942 he taught at Muz. uch-shche them. Gnesins. In 1945-50 he studied at the Muz.-ped. in-those them. Gnesins in Tabakov's class, from 1954 he taught, from 1971 prof. In 1952–57 he studied in the class of symphony. conducting with L.M. Ginzburg in Moscow. cons. Since 1957 he was a trainee conductor at the Bolshoi Theater, then he conducted at the Bolshoi Theater the performances La Traviata by G. Verdi, Werther by J. Massenet, Bank.ban by F. Erkel, and Faust by S. Gounod. D. performs in concerts, on radio and television, records on gramophone records. His repertoire includes classical compositions. and modern composers who specially write productions. for "trumpet singer", "trumpet poet", "high class virtuoso". D.'s performance is distinguished by a natural, beautiful, powerful and freely flowing sound,…

dokshitsy
has abstract: DOKSHITSY, city, regional center in Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of the Oshmyany district of the Vilna voivodeship in the Rzeczpospolita. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, the district town of Minsk province, from 1796 - the town of Borisov u. Minsk province. In 1920-39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, from 1939-91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1766 210 Jews lived in Denmark, in 1847 - 1808, in 1865 - 790, in 1897 - 2762 (75.8%) , in 1931 - c. 4,000 Jews. occupation of the Jewish population in the 19th century. - crafts (knitting of stockings was widespread). In 1865 there were 4 synagogues, in 1910 - 5 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. In the 1st floor. 19th century Rabbi Moishe-Shloyme-Zalman was the rabbi in D. in 1874. rabbi - N.N. Friedman, spiritual rabbi - Avrom Leibovich Feinblum, from 1910s. Until 1924, the rabbi was Aron-Shloyme-Zalman Zelmenovich. In 1906, a branch of the yeshiva "Tomkhey-Tmimim" was created in D. Yehoshua Lane (? —1941). All R. Sep 1915 Cossack units Russian. armies pogrom. The robberies, beatings and bullying continued for three days, b. including the Jewish population left D., suffered 132 Jewish families. In the 1920s and 30s. in D. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. After the occupation of D. by German. troops in the summer of 1941 created a ghetto, liquidated on May 29, 1942 (2,653 Jews were killed).

dokshukino
has abstract: Dokshukino, see Nartkala.

dolgaya
has abstract: LONG, a village in the Ivatsevichi district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Slonim district. Grodno province. In June 1941, 18 Jews were shot in D.

dolge-podbusskoe
has abstract: LONG-PODBUSSKY, see Long Lviv region.

dolginov
has abstract: Dolginov, see Dolginovo.

dolginovo
has abstract: DOLGINOVO, a village in the Vileika district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dolginovo (other name. Dolginov) Vileyskiy u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920-39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 - as a part of the BSSR. In 1847 there were 1,194 Jews living in D., in 1897 - 2,559 (72.1%), in 1921 - 1747, in 1931 - approx. ... 4,500 Jews. In 1865 there were 4 synagogues in Denmark. Anti-Jewish protests took place in 1886. From 1894 Shloyme Axelrod was the rabbi in D. In 1912, a Jewish loan and savings system operated in D. m-in. In July 1919, a Jewish pogrom took place in D., and a ghetto was created in D. during the Holocaust. Apr 12 1942 shot ca. 900 Jews; in March - May 1942, in the course of three "actions" in D., approx. 2 thousand Jews. Ya.-I. Ruderman.

dolgoe
has abstract: LONG, a village in the Drohobych region of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Dolge-Podbuskoe in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 144 Jews lived in Denmark. 1941 127 Jews were shot in D.

dolgopoljskiy aron borisovich
has abstract: DOLGOPOLSKY Aron Borisovich (b. 1930, Moscow), orientalist, linguist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1973). Graduated from the 1st Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1954). Lecturer in the same place (1957-61); scientific. sotr. Institute of Russian language (1962–66), Institute of Linguistics (1966) of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1974 in Israel, prof. un-that in Haifa. Author approx. 100 works on Kushite and Semitohamites. languages, incl. "Comparative-ist. phonetics of the Kushite languages ​​"(M., 1973); "A guide to interpreting from Spanish. in Russian language (Translator's Guide) ”(Moscow, 1971, jointly with G.Ya. Turover). Substantiating the hypothesis of the most ancient kinship of language families North. Eurasia, developed methods of reconstruction of common Indo-Europeans. language and linguistics of universals.

dolgopoljskiy tsodek ljvovich
has abstract: DOLGOPOLSKY Tsodek Lvovich (1879, Gorodok, Vitebsk province - 1959, Minsk), prose writer. From the age of 13 he worked at a brush factory, early joined the Bund movement. In 1909 he passed the external exams for teachers and founded the Heb. school. He made his debut in literature in 1898 with correspondence in illegal. Bund organ. Since then, he began to publish in different periodicals. ed. In 1914 his first collection came out in Vilna. stories and sketches "Builder fun shtetl" ("Pictures from the town"). The heyday of D.'s creativity fell on the post-emergence. period. The author of the book. "Bai Geeftne Tourn" ("At the Opened Gates", 1928), "Oif Sovietscher Erd" ("On the Soviet Land", 1931), rom. Zayd (Silk, 1933) and others. D. also worked in poetry. genre, released in 1932 Sat. verse. "Meat mein pen in gant" ("With my pen in hand"), and in drama. In 1919 his comedy "Dem zeydne kloles" ("Grandfather's curses" with ill. By artist El Lissitzky) was published in Moscow. Naib, his plays "Mashinen-gerangl" ("Battle of the machines"), "Biz dem leztn" ("Until the last"), and others enjoyed success.

dolgoprudnyy
has abstract: DOLGOPRUDNY, city (since 1957) in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Since 1931 - the station settlement, in 1935-38 - the village. By airship. 153 Jews (1.9%) lived in Denmark in 1939, 520 Jews (1%) in 1970, and 366 Jews (0.5%) in 1989. In 1999, a Jewish community was established in Denmark.

dolina
has abstract: VALLEY, a village in the Terebovlya district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Janow in the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 there were 390 Jews in Denmark, in 1860 - 848 (39.5%), in 1880 - 998 (40.2%), in 1900 - 749 (28%), in 1921 - 525 Jews (22.9%). Jews lived in D. from the beginning. 17th century At the same time, a community was formed. In the 18th century. a synagogue was built and a Jewish cemetery laid. Main Jewish occupations - small trade, carriage, crafts. In the beginning. 20th century Rabbi D. was Shimon Babad, in the 1920s. - Yosef Muschisker, in the 1930s. - Chaim Shekhter. After the occupation of Denmark by Wehrmacht units in 1941, the Judenrat was created. In the 2nd floor. Sep 1942 Jews from D. were deported to the Trembovlya ghetto (present-day Terebovlya).

dolina veronika arkadjevna
has abstract: DOLINA Veronika Arkadyevna (b. 1956, Moscow), poet, author and performer of songs. Graduated from philol. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. IN AND. Lenin (1979). He has been performing songs to his own words, accompanying himself on the guitar since 1976. Sincere intonation, constant appeal to chamber, especially female themes (family, home, children) brought D. wide popularity. 7 poetic collection of books, incl. Poems (Paris, 1987), My Joy (M., 1988), Either a Cat or a Bird ... (Tallinn, 1989), My House Flies ... (Portsmouth, 1993 , in Russian and English). Has recorded 8 large gramophone records (1986-93), one CD (1994).

dolinin
has abstract: DOLININ (real family member Iskoz) Arkady Semenovich (1880, Monastyrshchina of Mstislavl district, Mogilev province, - 1968, Leningrad), literary critic, critic, teacher. Dr. philol. Sciences, prof. Graduated from Petersburg. un-t (1911). Taught in Russian. literature in petersburg. g-ziyah and uch-shchah. During the 1st world. During the war he served in the army. In 1906 he began literary criticism. activity, soon became known as an original and deep research. Russian classic and modern lit-ry. In 1916 publ. Art. about F.M. Dostoevsky, laying the foundation for his own. fundamental research. creativity of the writer and having founded a school, edges have not lost their significance to this day. Since 1920 he taught at higher. uch. institutions of Petrograd - Leningrad. Prepared for ed. Dostoevsky's letters (vols. 1–4, 1928–59), founded and edited ed. "F.M.Dostoevsky. Art. and Materials ”(published since 1922). His book. "In the creative laboratory of Dostoevsky (History of the creation of the novel" Teenager ")" (1947) was persecuted by officers. critics; for a decade D. was deprived of the right to conduct university seminars, dedicated. Dostoevsky, and publish works about him. Dostoevsky: How "The Teenager" and "The Brothers Karamazov" were created. L., 1963; Dostoevsky and others. L., 1989.

dolinskaya
has abstract: DOLINSKAYA (in 1920-44 - Shevchenkovo), a city (since 1957), a regional center in the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in 1873. At 19 - early. 20th century - railway station, then the village of Alexandria y. Kherson province. 57 Jews (11.2%) lived in Denmark in 1897, 307 in 1923, 445 (10.5%) in 1926, and 245 Jews in 1939. 1941 in D. all the remaining Jews (53 people) were shot.

dolinskoe
has abstract: DOLINSKOE (until 1945 - Valegotsulovo), a village in the Ananievsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Alexandria Kherson province. In 1897, 1865 Jews (20.0%) lived in D., in 1910 - 2650 (14.6%), in 1923 - 1105, in 1939 - 541 Jews. affairs were forbidden to fulfill rabbinical duties in D. On March 21, 1882, a pogrom took place in D.. From 1878 Moishe Varshavsky (1848—?) Was the rabbi in D. In 1910 there were 3 synagogues in Denmark and 2 Jewish cemeteries. 29 Aug. 1941 in D. was shot apprx. 300 Jews in D. L.S. Saminsky.

dolinyany
has abstract: DOLYANY, a village in the Gorodok district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1443. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1910, 38 Jews lived in Denmark. Jews from Denmark left for the United States and other countries. In 1941–42, the entire Jewish population of Denmark was deported to the Gorodok ghetto, where they were subsequently exterminated.

dolitskiy menakhem-mendl
has abstract: DOLITSKY Menachem-Mendel (1858, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1931, Los Angeles), poet, prose writer. Debuted a verse, in Hebrew in f. "Gashakhar" in 1878. He worked as a Hebrew teacher in Bialystok and Kiev, and from 1882 in Moscow, where he was at the same time secretary. from K.V. Vysotsky. Since 1892 in the USA. In the same year he published in Amer. "Yiddish Gazette" first. verse, in Yiddish. The author of detective rum. (St. 40): "Shtarker vie aizn" ("Stronger than iron"), "Der gebildeter merder" ("Enlightened robber"), "Di finztere gershaft" ("The Dark Kingdom") and others. In 1907 in New York Heb. D.'s play "Di Harote" ("Repentance") was staged.

doljnik solomon borisovich
has abstract: DOLNIK Solomon Borisovich (1901, Rudnya of Orshansky u. Mogilev province - |), engineer-geodesist. Rod. in a Hasidic family, he studied at the cheder. In 1917 he joined the Zionist youth organization. In 1919–21 in Kr. Army. Graduated from Vitebsk agricultural in-t. 1941–45 at the front. Since 1946 in Moscow. From the end. 50s actively participated in the underground Zionist movement. In 1966 he was arrested, charged with espionage for Israel, and sentenced to 4 years in prison. Since 1971 in Israel.

dolmatovskiy evgeniy aronovich
has abstract: DOLMATOVSKY Evgeny Aronovich (1915, Moscow - 1994, Moscow), poet, prose writer. Graduated from Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky (1937). The first publication - poems in "Pionerskaya Pravda" in 1930. As a volunteer he went to the construction of the first stage of Moscow. metro, to-rogo participants later dedicates rum. in verse "Volunteers" (Moscow, 1956). The author of the book. poems: "Lyrics" (Moscow, 1934), "Day" (Moscow, 1935), "Far Eastern Poems" (Moscow, 1939), "Three Seasons" (Moscow, 1940). 1941–45 - military journalist. Among the book. military. years: "Song of the Dnieper" (M., 1942), "Stepnaya Notebook" (M., 1943) and others. The best works. D. about the war - the poem "Missing" - about the exit of the hero from the environment. In the post-war. years traveled around the country a lot. Among the plural. poetic. collection of books: "Book of Peers" (Moscow, 1947), "Word about Tomorrow" (Moscow, 1950, Stal. pr.), "Africa Has the Shape of a Heart" (Moscow, 1961), "Straightforward Poems" (M., 1989), etc. He also worked in the genre of artistic-documentary. prose: "Autographs of victory" (Moscow, 1972), "It was. Notes of a poet ”(Moscow, 1973) and others. Literary criticism. Art., essay, rep. D. are collected in the book. "From the Life of Poetry" (Moscow, 1969), "To Young Poets" (Moscow, 1981). D. belong to many. popul. songs: "Favorite city", "Sormovskaya lyric", "Accidental waltz", "Motherland hears, Motherland knows ..." and others.

dolzhanskiy aleksandr naumovich
has abstract: DOLZHANSKY Alexander Naumovich (1908, Rostov-on-Don - 1966, Leningrad), musicologist, teacher. In 1936 he graduated from the historical and theoretical. Faculty of Leningrad cons. then graduate school under the hands. Kh.S. Kushnareva. In 1929–48 he taught music-theoretical. discipline in muses. technical school, in 1937-48 and in 1954-66 - in Leningrad. cons., since 1944 associate professor. D. wrote annotations for concerts, historical and publicistic. essays, guidebooks, articles for encyclopedias. dictionaries and biographer. reference books; author of theoretical research. One of the first in the Sov. music turned to the work of D. D. Shostakovich, making a number of important discoveries, set out in the books: “D. Shostakovich. Chamber Works ”(Moscow, 1955),“ Chamber Instrumental Works by Shostakovich ”(Moscow, 1965) and articles, publ. in f. "Sov. music". The final work of D. - kn. "24 Preludes and Fugues by D. Shostakovich" (L., 1963). D. paid much attention to the works of J.S. Bach and P.I. Tchaikovsky, as well as muses. lexicography. Among the largest works - "A Brief Musical Dictionary" (Moscow-Leningrad, 1952, 5th ed. - 1966), "Soviet Composers. Short biographer. reference book "(with GB Bernandt, 1957)," Tchaikovsky's music. Symphonic works ”(1960),“ Chamber instrumental works by D. Shostakovich ”(1965),“ A short course in harmony. For amateurs and beginner professionals "(M.-L., 1966), collection of works. "Selected Articles" (L., 1973).

dolzhanskiy yuriy moiseevich
has abstract: DOLZHANSKY Yuri Moiseevich (1923, Veselye Terny Krivoy Rog u. Yekaterinoslav province. - 1943), Hero of the Sov. Union (1943). In Kr. Army from July 1941. Leith. D. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for the courage shown during the crossing of the Dnieper. Killed in the battle for Zhitomir.

dolzhka
has abstract: DOLZHKA, a village in Kalushsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 141 Jews lived in D. In 1942, the Jewish population of D. was exterminated.

domachev
has abstract: DOMACHEV, see Domachevo.

domachevo
has abstract: DOMACHEVO, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Brest district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Domachev, Brest u. Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was in the Polesie Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1897, 1057 Jews (89.5%) lived in D., in 1921 - 1337 (89.1%), in 1931 - OK. 2,000 Jews. Jews lived in D. from the late 18th century In 1865 there was a synagogue in D. 19th century - several. synagogues, mainly Hasidic. In the 1890s. in D. lived a representative of the dynasty of Kobrin tsaddiks Aron-Levi Rabinovich (? -1910, Vienna). Since 1908, Eliezer Valk (1862–?) And Yakov-Isakhar Levenzon (1884–?) Were rabbis in D. In the 1920s and 30s. in D. there were 8 synagogues, including 5 Hasidic ones. In the 1930s. there was a Jewish hospital. 22 June 1941 Germ. troops occupied D. On July 23, 1941, 7 Jews were shot; July 25, 1941 - 29, including the leaders of the community. In aug. 1941 Judenrat was created in D., November 1. 1941 - ghetto, which contained approx. 20 thousand people (liquidated on September 20, 1942). During the "action" 250 Jews fled. Most of them were captured and shot. 10 left specialists were shot in August. 1943. By the time of D.'s liberation, 10 Jews remained alive. A.-L. Feinstein.

domanevka
has abstract: DOMANEVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1956), a regional center in the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Vozn. in the beginning. 19th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ananievsky u. Kherson province. In 1897, 903 Jews (78.8%) lived in Denmark, in 1923 - 889, in 1939 - 369 Jews. occupation in D., a camp was created. Beginning in the autumn of 1941, Jews were deported to D. from Odessa, Chisinau, and other us. points. In Jan. - Feb 1942 in D. was destroyed approx. 18 thousand prisoners. In total during the germ. occupation in D. was destroyed approx. 20 thousand Jews.

domanovichi
has abstract: DOMANOVICHI, a village in the Soligorsk district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. In 1942, 26 Jews were shot in D.

domashev
has abstract: DOMASHEV, a village in the Sokalsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1531. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In the 2nd half. 19th century 5 Jewish families settled in D. the occupation of which was small trade (the purchase of agricultural products in D. and other villages). In 1941–43, the Jews of D. were shot in Belz.

domazhir
has abstract: DOMAZHIR, a village in Yavoriv district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1240. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, and in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. Jews lived in Denmark from the 17th century. In 1857, 20 Jewish families lived in D. In 1941–43, D. Jews were deported to the Yavorov ghetto and were shot there.

dombe
has abstract: DOMBE, a city in the Koninskoe Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in the Kola u. Kalisz province. In 1856 701 Jews (23.6) lived in D., in 1897 - 977 (31%), in 1921 - approx. 1600 Jews. 1920-30s. in D. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Denmark was exterminated during the Holocaust.

dombrova
has abstract: DOMBROVA, see Dombrowa-Bialostocka.

dombrova-byalostotska
has abstract: DOMBROVA-BYALOSTOTSKA, a city in the Bialystok Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of Grodno povet and voivodship. Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Bialystok region, since 1842 - the provincial town of Dabrowa Sokolsky u. Grodno province. In 1920-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-45 it was the BSSR. In 1766 in D.-B. 406 Jews lived, in 1847 - 966, in 1897 - 1499 (75.4%), in 1910 - 1237 (78%), in 1921 - 1218 Jews. there were 3 synagogues, in 1901 - a Jewish one-class Nar. husband. uch-shche with wives. change. Since 1900, the rabbi in D.-B. there was Chaim-Aron Pomerantz (1870—?). In 1910 in D.-B. there were 2 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery, in 1912 - a Jewish loan-savings. m-in. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. Jewish population D.-B. was destroyed during the Holocaust.

dombrovitsa
has abstract: DOMBROVITSA, see Dubrovitsa.

dombrovitse
has abstract: DOMBROWICE, a village in the Plock Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - in Kutnovsky district. In 1793, 42 Jews (7%) lived in Denmark, in 1808 - 111 (9.5%), in 1827 - 115 (7%), in 1857 - 162 (11%), in 1897 - 209 ( 11.2%), in 1921 - 184 (8%), in 1939 - 150 Jews. In 1455-1870, D. had the status of a city. Jews lived in D. from the middle. 18th century In 1793, the Jews of Denmark included 3 butchers, a baker, 4 tailors, and 2 merchants. In June 1940, the Jews of Denmark were deported to the Kutno ghetto.

dombrovskiy yuriy osipovich
has abstract: DOMBROVSKY Yuri Osipovich (1909, Moscow - 1978, ibid.), Prose writer, poet. Rod. in the family of a prominent car washes, a lawyer. After leaving school he studied at the Higher Literature. courses. In 1933 he was exiled to Alma-Ata. He worked as a museum curator, later he taught at the Theater for some time, in-those, earned his living by internal reviews. He was arrested three times (1936, 1939, 1949), spent in prisons, camps and exile for over 20 years. In 1939, publ. first rum. Derzhavin. In 1959, a philosopher came out, the novel "The Monkey Comes for His Skull," imbued with antifache. pathos. In 1964, J. Novy Mir has published rum. D. "Keeper of Antiquities" - the history of the spiritual formation of the personality, asserting its internal. freedom despite the oppression of a totalitarian state-va. In its ch. rum. “The Faculty of Unnecessary Things” (written from 1964 to 1975) D. explores the mechanisms of power and violence, and his hero comprehends the “science of lawlessness” in the labyrinths of state security agencies. For the first time rum. publ. in Paris in 1978 and was awarded a pr. for the best foreign. book of the year. In Russia, rum. publ. in 1987.

domintenj
has abstract: DOMINTEN (until 1990 - Dominteni), a village in the Drochia region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Dementievka Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 71 Jews lived in D.. June 1941 b. including the Jews of D. was evacuated, those who remained in the fall of 1941 were deported to Transnistria.

dominteny
has abstract: DOMINTEN, see Dominten.

domodedovo
has abstract: DOMODEDOVO, a city (since 1947), a regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Podolsky u. Moscow province. In 1939 there were 48 Jews (0.6%) living in D., in 1989 - 135 Jews (0.3%).

dompolj
has abstract: DOMPOL, see Berzpils.

domshlak moisey pavlovich
has abstract: DOMSHLAK Moisey Pavlovich (1903 - 1971, Moscow), oncologist, radiobiologist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. From 1927 he worked at Ying-those for the treatment of tumors at hand. P.A. Herzen; from 1947 until the end of his life head. laboratory of radiobiology in Ying-those of biophysics of the Ministry of Health of the USSR; simultaneously (1962–70) head. Department of General Radiobiology Center. in-that improvement of doctors. Sci. tr. D. were a significant contribution to the creation of the foundations of the experimental clinical. radiology, in the development of physical and technical. aspects of radiation therapy for malignancies. tumors. He developed new methods of radiation therapy, incl. fractionated, etc. prolonged irradiation, low-focus X-ray therapy. He was one of the first to use radioactive cobalt and phosphorus-32 for treatment; investigated the relationship between the radiation dose and the effect of its application, the effectiveness of various types of ionizing radiation, acute radiation damage to the human body. One of the organizers of the Department of Radiology of the 1st Moscow. honey. Institute (1935) and the department of radiation therapy in the same place (1949).

domzheritsy
has abstract: DOMZHORITSY, a village in the Lepel district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Borisov u. Minsk province. 28 December. 1941 in D., 15 Jewish women and children were arrested who had fled from execution in Mstizh.

don-aminado
has abstract: DON-AMINADO (real name and surname Aminad Petrovich (Aminodav Peisakhovich) Shpolyansky) (1888, Elisavetgrad, Kherson province - 1957, Paris), writer. Graduated from the Elizavetgrad classic. ziyu and jurid. Faculty of Kiev University. Since 1916 he devoted himself entirely to lit. activities. Collaborated in gas. "Early Morning", in satirical. weekly "New satiri-con". In 1914 publ. in Petrograd first. book poems "Songs of War", in 1917 in Moscow - the play "Spring of the seventeenth year." Since 1920 in France. Lived in Paris. Regularly typed poetry, feuilletons in gas. "Latest news", edited by det. g. "Green stick", printed in gas. "Free Thoughts", w. "Satyricon", alm. "Flashes". The book was published in Paris. of his poems "Smoke without a Fatherland" (1921), "Throwing a Cloak" (1928), "Neskuchny Garden" (1935), "In Those Fabulous Years" (1951), collection of works. stories "Our Little Life" (1927). During the 2nd world. war lived in Montpellier. After the war he settled near Paris. In 1954 in New York, publ. memoir book. "Train on the third track."

don-ikhje
has abstract: DON-IKHYE (Donchin) Yehuda-Leib (1869, Drissa, Vitebsk province - 1941, Tel Aviv), rabbi. Rod. in the family of a local rabbi, a Lubavitch Hasid. His grandfather, Shabtai, was a rabbi in Drissa. From 1902 he was a rabbi in dec. ross, communities. In 1902–11 he was a rabbi of the Hasidic community in Shklov, in 1911–13, Rabbi Vetka, and in 1913–25, after the death of his father, in Drissa. In 1925–36 he was a rabbi and head of religions. ships price Chernigov. While still a student in the yeshiva, he began to actively participate in the Zionist movement and in 1902 was one of the 4 rabbis who founded the Mizrahi movement. DI. one of the first religions. Zionists. In 1901 D.-J. publ. the work "Ha-Tsiyonut mi-nekudat gashkafat ha-dat" ("Zionism from a religious point of view"), edges withstood several. ed. In it D.-I. tried to prove to orthodox circles that watered, Zionism and resettlement in E.-I. Is a religion. the debt of the Jews. He remained a Zionist even under the Sov. regime and in 1936 left for Tel Aviv. His interpretation of halakha, sermons and v. on topical issues are collected in "Bikkurei Yehuda" (vols. 1-2, 1930-39).

dondangen
has abstract: DONDANGEN, see Dundaga.

dondukovskaya
has abstract: DONDUKOVSKAYA, a village in the Giaginsky district of the Republic of Adygea (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Maikop department. Kuban region. oct. 1942 97 evacuated Jews were shot in D.

dondushenj
has abstract: DONDUSHENI (until 1990 - Donduseni), urban-type settlement (since 1958), regional center (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 277 Jews (29%) lived in D. in D. there were divisions of various. Zionist parties and org-tions. In the summer of 1941 the Jews of Denmark were deported to Transnistria.

dondyushany
has abstract: DONDYUSHANI, see Dondushen.

donetsk
has abstract: DONETSK, see Slavyanoserbsk.

donetsko-amvrosievka
has abstract: DONETSKO-AMVROSIEVKA, see Amvrosievka.

donskaya balka
has abstract: DONSKAYA BALKA, a village in the Petrovsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1787. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novogrigorievsky, from 1900 - Blagodarnensky u. Stavropol province. 25 Aug. 1942 17 evacuated Jews were shot in DB.

donskoe
has abstract: DONSKOE, a village, center of Trunovsky district in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1777. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Stavropol district. Stavropol province. 25 Aug. 1942 In D., 112 evacuated Jews were killed in the gas chambers of special vehicles.

donskoy
has abstract: DONSKOY, a city (since 1939) in the Tula region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 2nd floor. 18th century as with. Beavers. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Epifanskiy district. Tula lips. From 1929 it was a settlement. In 1939, 40 Jews lived in D.

donskoy mark semenovich
has abstract: DONSKOY Mark Semenovich (1901, Odessa - 1981, Moscow), director and screenwriter, Hero of Socialist. labor (1971). In 1921–23 in Kr. Army, in 1923–25 he worked in the investigation. organs in the Crimea and in the top. court of the Ukrainian SSR. Graduated from the Faculty of Law of Simferopol University. In cinema since 1926: ed. scenario department, pom. dir., editing assistant, dir. at the "Sov-Kino", "Vostokkino", "Belgoskino" cinema. In 1942-45 and in 1955-57 at the Kiev k / st, since 1957 hands. associations at the k / st them. M. Gorky. He made his debut in 1928 f. "In the Big City" (with M. Averbakh). The world fame of the "father of neorealism" was brought to him by the film adaptation of the autobiography. Gorky's trilogies - "Gorky's Childhood" (1938), "In People" (1939) and "My Universities" (1940). Later D. filmed and other productions. Gorky: "Mother" (1956), "Foma Gordeev" (1959, ave. On the Moscow Art Festival in Locarno), "The Orlovs" (1978). Among other works by D .: "Rainbow" (1944). Highest Prize of the United States Film Critics Association, Highest Ave. Gas. "Daily News" for the best foreign. f. years, special diploma of the 17th Moscow Art Festival in Karlovy Vary, "Unconquered" (1945, gold medal at the 7th Venice Film Festival, 1946). Became. pr. (1941, 1946, 1948), State. pr. USSR (1968). Nar. art. USSR (1966).

dorbyany
has abstract: DORBYANY, see Darbenay.

dorfman iosif davidovich
has abstract: DORFMAN Joseph Davidovich (b. 1952, Zhitomir), chess player; int. grandmaster (1978). GK Kasparov's second in the World Championship matches (1985–1987). Mechanical engineer. Member of six USSR championships, national champion (1972). Team student winner the world championship (1977) and the European championship (1977) as part of the USSR team. Winner of the Intern. tournaments, incl. Jakarta (1979), Lviv (1984), Moscow (1985), Cannes (1990), Barcelona (1992). From the end. 1980s - in France.

dorfman yakov grigorjevich
has abstract: DORFMAN Yakov Grigorievich (1898, Petersburg - 1974, Moscow), physicist, historian of science. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1934). Son Izv. doctor G.Ya.Dorfman (1863-1924). In 1915 he entered Petrograd. polytechnic Institute, but in July 1917 he was drafted into the army and sent to the Mikhailovskoye art. uch-shche (in October, released from military service for health reasons). In 1917–20 he worked in the decomp. state and coop. institutions. From 1921 - in the Phys.-Tech. in-those, in 1925 30 head. lab. In 1931–37, deputy. dir. by scientific. work of the Ural Phys.-Tech. in-that. In 1938–43 hands. Sector of Physics Azerb. branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences and head. Department of Azerb. un-that. In 1944–45 the head. lab. Institute of nitrogen industry (Moscow), in 1945–58 head. Department of Leningrad. hydrometeorological in-that. In 1958–64 the head. sector of VINITI of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1964 - head. sector in Ying-those history of natural science and technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Osn. scientific. research on physics tv. body, magnetism, history of physics. In the first publ. work (1923) predicted the paramagnetism of conduction electrons and the phenomenon of electron paramagnets. resonance (experimentally discovered by E.K. Zavoisky in 1944). Proved that int. pier the field has non-magnetic. nature (1927). Predicted and discovered (with I.K. Kikoin) the effect of changing the contact potential in magn. field. Built (with Ya.I. Frenkel ') the first theory of domain structure (1930). Research electronic structure of ferromagnetic. alloys (1933). He indicated a way to experiment. detection of nuclear paramagnetism (1930, 1935), a method for determining nuclear moments and spins. He proposed a method for studying chem. connection in diamagn. molecules and crystals (1957-60). Author of pioneering works on biochemistry and magnetochemistry (1962-65). Versatile education and fluency DOS. European, Old Hebrew, lat. lang. or T. talent pred…

dorman lev isaakovich
has abstract: DORMAN Lev Isaakovich (1929, Bratslav, Nemirovsky district, Vinnitsa region), theoretical physicist. Dr. phys. Sciences (1962), prof. Graduated from Moscow State University (1950), worked at Glavsevmorput, Magnetic Lab. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Institute of Atomic Energy. IV Kurchatov, since 1965 head. dep. cosm. rays in Ying-those terrestrial magnetism, ionosphere and propagation of radio waves of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Honored. scientist of the Russian Federation. Author approx. 500 scientific. Art. and 15 monographs on the theory of meteorological. cosmic effects. rays, the theory of geomagnetic variations of cosmic. rays, their interactions with solar corpuscular streams, etc. theoretical. questions of physics and astrophysics of space. rays, incl. “Variations of space. rays "(1957); “Variations of space. rays and space exploration "(1963); "Meterological. cosmic effects. rays "(1972); "Experimental and theoretical. foundations of astrophysics space. rays "(1975) and others. Bureau Scientific. Council for space. rays, deputy. prev. Space Section rays and radiation. belts of MGK RAS.

doroganovo
has abstract: DOROGANOVO, a village in the Osipovichi district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, c. Daraganovo Bobruisk u. Minsk province. In 1903, D. was opened for free settlement of Jews, as an exemption from the provisions of the Provisional Regulations of 1882. From 1907 Shoil Shtilbans (1874—?) Was the rabbi in D.. In 1927 a cheder operated in D. In 1941, 85 Jews were shot in D.. G.M. Livshits.

dorogobuzh
has abstract: DOROGOBUZH, city, regional center in the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1150. At 19 - early. 20th century - a county town of Smolensk Gubernia. 22 Jews lived in Denmark in 1865, 51 Jewish families in 1901, 352 Jews (5.9%) in 1924, 231 (2.9%) in 1926, and 122 Jews in 1939 . In apr. 1901 in D. it was allowed to open a synagogue. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery. In the beginning. In 1920, a branch of the Evsektsi was opened in D.. A.A. Berlin, R.P. Kaplunov.

dorokhovo
has abstract: DOROKHOVO, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Ruza district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway Vereisky station Moscow province. In 1939, 52 Jews (0.9%) lived in D.

doron
has abstract: DORON (Spector) Eliezer (b. 1910, Chisinau, Bessarabian province), diplomat. He studied in Heb. school in Chisinau, the College of Judaism in Berlin (1934-35), at Frankfurt University (1935-37), the New School for Special Studies. in New York (1952–54). From 1931 in E.-I. Israel's Ambassador to Chile (since 1958), Secretary of the Histadrut Employees Union in Jerusalem (1936–38), Dir. youth department Palestinian Srond (1938–48), employee of the department. press and information Min-va foreign. Affairs of Israel (1948–49), Consul of Israel in Zurich (Switzerland, 1949–52), in New York (1952–54), dir. dep. cultural relations Min-va foreign. cases (1954-58). Author of works: "Characteristics of Palestinian Youth" (1947); The Book of Tests on Judaism, Zionism and Palestine (1947); "The Negev, or What We Fight For |" (1949); "Arahim - Zionist and Israeli Lexicon" (1950); "In the Israeli diplomatic service" (1956).

dorosh efim yakovlevich
has abstract: DOROSH Efim Yakovlevich (1908, Elisavetgrad, Kherson province - 1972, Moscow), writer. An artist by training. He made his debut as a playwright. He began to publish in 1930. In 1939 the first was published. book stories "Marshall Stars". D.'s early stories. ch. arr. citizen war. After the war of 1941–45, village themes became the center of D.'s work. In his essays, D. turns to the understanding of the colchus. life, shows its difficulties and contradictions, the poetry of peasant labor. In 1954 he began The Village Diary (1956–70), a distinctive one. thin research one district. He actively collaborated in the railway station. "New World" by AT Tvardovsky. The author of the book. about rus. isk-ve, Old Russian. culture: "Living tree of art" (1967), "Images of Russia" (1969), etc.

doroshovtsy
has abstract: DOROSHOVTSY, a village in the Zastavnovsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40, it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. 58 Jews (28%) lived in D. in 1930. Most of the Jews of D. were engaged in trade, mainly. natural exchange with the peasants. Twenty Jews owned water mills, one Jew had a factory for the production of alcohol. In July 1941 the Jews of D. were sent to Okno and shot there. The few survivors were deported to Transnistria.

dorsunishki
has abstract: DORSUNISHKI, see Darsuniskis.

dosser zinoviy nikolaevich
has abstract: DOSSER Zinovy ​​Nikolaevich (part. Ps: Leshy, Semyon Petrovich) (1882, Perm - 1938), participant of the revolt. movement, household. worker. Into the roar. movement since 1902. Was repeatedly arrested. Since the fall of 1904, members. Petersburg. to-that RSDLP with consult. voice. Soon he moved to Moscow, co-opted in Moscow. to-t RSDLP. In the fall of 1905 he entered the "troika" of Moscow. to-that, created for the leadership of the armament. uprising, in December. 1905 one of the hands. uprising in Presnya. In 1907 he moved away from the roar. movement. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 worked in the pro-union of oil workers, from July 1917 again at the desk, work in Petrograd, participant in Oct. rev-tion. In 1918-22 - before. Collegiums of Glavneft VSNKh, from the end. 1922 - member. The Supreme Arbitration Commission at STO, manager of the Oil Syndicate, since July 1924 - the representative of the Oil Syndicate in China, since 1927 - the trade representative in Italy. In 1928–37 - early. management of the People's Commissariat of Trade, and then the People's Commissariat of the RSFSR.

dostrovskiy israelj
has abstract: DOSTROVSKY Israel (b. 1918, Odessa), physicist and chemist. From 1919 in E.-I. In 1941 he graduated from the University of London, in 1943-48 he taught chemistry at the University of Sev. Wells. Since 1948 in Israel. He worked at the N.I. H. Weizmann, where until 1965 he headed the department. for the study of isotopes; designed a device to separate them. In 1961-64 he was engaged in scientific research. work in the USA. In 1965–71 - gen. dir. Israeli Atomic Energy Commission. In 1971-72 he was vice president, and in 1973 he was president. in-ta them. Weizmann. D. are devoted to the chemical mechanism. isotope separation reactions and mechanisms of nuclear reactions. Awarded with a medal. U. Ramzai (1942) and others. Weizmann (1953). Poch. Doctor of Tel Aviv University (since 1973).

dotnuva
has abstract: DOTNUVA, city (since 1956) in the Kedain region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 14th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Datnovo, Kovensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 233 Jews (38%) lived in Denmark, in 1923 - 204 (41%), in 1939 - 120 Jews. The Jewish community was formed in D. in the 1st floor. 18th century At that time, the Jewish cemetery of D. served the communities of Kedaina (present-day Kedainiai) and neighboring towns. In 1865 there was a synagogue in D. Jews earned their living by trade, leather dressing, p. x-vom. During the 1st world. war 120 Jewish families were expelled from D. to internal. districts of Russia. Some of them later returned to D. Many left for the USA and South. Africa. In 1931, Jews were engaged in grain trade, they owned 2 mills, a kerosene and hardware store, leather dressing and felt workshops. In 1937, among the Jews in D., there were four tailors, a carpenter, a shoemaker, a butcher, and a hairdresser. Rabbi D. in the beginning. 1900s was Avrom-Yehuda Filtinov, from 1908 - Shmuel Markus, from 1909 - Aba-Geshel Shein, in 1915 - MI Nevyazhsky, from 1922 - Moishe-Aron Kushelevsky (? -1941). Herm. troops entered D. on June 25, 1941. In August. 1941 Jews were expelled from their homes and placed in a monastery approx. Krakesa. 2 Sep 1941 Jews of D., along with Jews from neighboring townships, were shot. In 1950, the surviving Jews of these villages erected a monument with an inscription in Hebrew on the mass grave. I. Rubinstein.

dovbysh
has abstract: DOVBYSH (in 1925–46 - Markhlevsk), an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Baranovsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Vozn. in the beginning. 19th century At 19 - early. 20th century - farmer. colony of Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1897, 92 Jews lived in D., in 1939 - 513 (12%), in 1989 - 34 Jews. In 1823 a porcelain factory was founded in D., on which many worked. Jews. 1941 more than 100 Jews were shot in D., October 24. 1941 - 230 Jews gathered from the surrounding villages.

dovgalevskiy valerian saveljevich
has abstract: DOVGALEVSKY Valerian Savelyevich (Saulovich) (1885 - 1934, Paris), polit. and state. activist, diplomat. Into the roar. movement from 1903, from 1905 - in an illegal position. He was repeatedly arrested, was in exile (in 1907 sentenced by the Kiev court. Chamber to eternal settlement), fled, in 1907-17 in exile (in Belgium, Switzerland, France). Since 1908, members RSDLP. In 1913 in Toulouse (France) he received a diploma in electrical engineer. In June 1917 he was arrested and sent to the army. Since 1920 p. Commission of the STO SNK RSFSR for the restoration of roads in Siberia and the Urals, then Commissioner of the Communications and Electronic Equipment Department of the People's Commissariat of Railways of the RSFSR. In 1921–24 the People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs of the RSFSR, then deputy. People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs of the USSR. At the same time, the rector of Moscow. in-that citizen engineers. In 1924–27 - plenipotentiary and trade representative of the USSR in Sweden; in 1927 - plenipotentiary of the USSR in Japan, in 1928–34 - in France. Buried at Red Square. in Moscow.

dovgeli
has abstract: DOVGELI, see Daugailiai.

dovgelishki
has abstract: DOVGELISHKI, see Dovgyalishki.

dovgyalishki
has abstract: DOVGYALISHKI, a village in the Voronovsky district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1848 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Dovgelishki in Lida u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1898, 48 people lived in Denmark. for 95 dec. land.

dovlatov sergey donatovich
has abstract: DOVLATOV Sergey Donatovich (1941, Ufa - 1990, New York), prose writer. Rod. in evacuation to the theater, family. He made his debut with stories in children. g. "Bonfire" in 1952. Studied for philology. f-those Leningrad. state un-that, but did not finish it. Was drafted into the army, served in the internal. troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. On the basis of this experience, he subsequently wrote a series of prison stories "The Zone", where the story is told on behalf of the guard. Returning in 1964 to Leningrad, he worked in the factory large-circulation gas., Publ. Art., rec., essays in f. "Aurora", "Neva", "Zvezda" and others. He took part in lit. gr. "Townspeople". All this time I tried to publish stories, but to no avail. In 1972 he moved to Tallinn, worked in the department. information gas. "Sov. Estonia". The publishing house "Eesti raamat" was prepared for publication by the book. D., then stopped at the direction of the KGB. In 1975 he returned to Leningrad, worked for a short time in the railway station. "Bonfire". Since 1979 in the USA. Lived in New York, worked weekly. gas. Prod. “D. were published in Russian. and English. lang. The author of the pov. "Suitcase", "Ours", "Craft", "Inostranka", numerous. stories, in which Heb. topic. Amazing naturalness of intonation and inimitable humor - Ch. features of D.'s prose. In Russia, production. D. began to be published after 1989: "Chemodan", M., 1991, "Not only Brodsky" (with M. Volkova), M., 1992 and others. op. in 3 vols. (1993).

dovoljnoe
has abstract: SATISFIED, village, regional center in the Novosibirsk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of the Barnaul environs. Tomsk province. In 1939, 14 Jews lived in D.

dovsk
has abstract: DOVSK, a village in the Rogachev district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province. In 1926, immigrants from Denmark founded a Jewish farmer in the Yevpatoria region. collective "Dovskoe" (51 people). Sh.Galkin.

dovsunskoe
has abstract: DOVSUNSKOE, a village in the Budennovsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1880. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novogrigorievsky, from 1900 - Blagodarnensky u. Stavropol province. 19th century in D. lived several. Subbotniks. 25 Aug. 1942 in D., 29 evacuated Jews were shot.

dovyany
has abstract: DOVYANA, see Dowenay.

doybanj-i
has abstract: DOIBAN-I (until 1990 - Doibany-I), a village in Dubasari district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Bessarabian region, from 1873 - the province. 3 Sept. 1941 in D.-I several were shot. Jews.

doybany-i
has abstract: DOIBANI-I, see Doiban-I.

doyv-ber iz mezhiricha
has abstract: DOYV-BER from Mezhirich (Magid from Mezhirich) (1704, Lokachi, Volyn - 1772, Annopol, Volyn), rabbi. Successor of I. Baal Shem Tov. Magid (preacher) in Korets, Rovno and Mezhirich, which became in the middle. 18th century the center of Hasidism. An expert on Kabbalah and Talmud, D.-B. was an inspired preacher. Introduced elements of Lurianic Kabbalah into Hasidism. The students of D.-B. spread Hasidism in Poland and Lithuania. D.-B. introduced the Sephardic prayer book into the Hasidic communities. Great-grandson of D.-B. - Israel Friedman from Ruzhin, founded his Hasidic dynasty.

drabkin abram notovich
has abstract: DRABKIN Abram Notovich (1844, Mogilev - 1917, Petrograd), rabbi, society. activist. He graduated from the Vilna rabbinical school (1869), in 1869–71 a Hebrew teacher. schools in Vilna. In 1875 he graduated from the Breslavskaya Heb. theological. seminary and un-t with the title of Doctor of Philosophy. In the same year, the reign of Heb. community of St. Petersburg was invited to the post of state rabbi instead of the deceased A.I. Neiman. In Jan. 1876 ​​approved by the Governor. D. participated in the selection of the site for the building of the post. Choral synagogue in St. Petersburg, in the design of its building, communicated with experts, raised funds for its construction, developed a project for organizing a synagogue business and other documents necessary to ensure the functioning of the synagogue. Engaged in educating, work, D. was a member. to-ta Ob-va for the dissemination of education among Jews in Russia (since 1900 o. h.), was elected before. Ped. council of the school about-va, chl. his Library Commission. In 1907, due to poor health, he retired and later in Hebrew. societies, life practically did not participate. Preserved St. 20 printed texts of D.'s speeches at the funeral and at the commemoration of the Hebrews. figures, testifying to his oratorical abilities, broad outlook, ability in each case to find the right words.

drabkin izrailj efimovich
has abstract: DRABKIN Izrail Efimovich (1907, Kopyl Slutsk u. Minsk province - 1971, Leningrad), geologist, participant in geological exploration. exp. who discovered new gold deposits in the basin. Kolyma. He graduated from Leningrad in 1935. horn. academy. From 1936 to the beginning. gold-seeker. parties. Since 1948 - Ch. engineer, in 1959–71, beginning. North-East geological exploration. management. Awarded with the "Discoverer Diploma" of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

drabov
has abstract: DRABOV, urban-type settlement (since 1965), a regional center in the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1680. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Zolotonosha u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1897, 407 Jews (13%) lived in D., in 1939 - 17 Jews. occupations of the Jewish population - handicrafts and petty trade. During the Civil. During the war, detachments of Ataman N.A. Grigoriev and units of the Volunteer Army repeatedly staged pogroms in D. In 1942 several were shot in D. in 1942. remaining Jews.

drachintsy
has abstract: DRACHINTSY, a village in the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main in 1459. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 232 Jews (5.9%) lived in D. Jews lived in D. from the 16th century. in D. there were 3 synagogues, 2 heders and mikvah. Most of the Jews were involved in trade. Some had estates that were leased to non-Jews, which caused tension in relations with the local population, mainly. Ukrainians. The local council had 3 Jewish representatives. the soldiers who occupied D. and local residents - Ukrainians in July 1941 killed 120 Jews. 3 Aug 1941 in D., 46 Jews were shot. The survivors were deported to Transnistria. In 1941-44, approx. 80% of Jews D.

draganeshty
has abstract: DRAGANESTI, see Draganesti.

dragilev mikhail samuilovich
has abstract: DRAGILEV Mikhail Samuilovich (1904 - 1975, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1959), prof. (1960). Graduated from the Faculty of Societies, Sciences of the Academy of Communist. upbringing them. N.K. Krupskaya (1931), was engaged in Ch. arr. teach. work. Since 1966 head. Department of Economics. Faculty of Moscow State University. Main subject of scientific. works: economics of the zarub. countries in the 20th century, Cit .: Amer. monopolies in pursuit of superprofits, M., 1956; The growth of the world. the systems of socialism and the aggravation of the contradictions of capitalism, M., 1962; Lenin's analysis is monopolistic. capitalism and modernity, M., 1970 (et al.).

dragovo
has abstract: DRAGOVO, a village in the Khust district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. 16 Jews lived in Denmark in 1768, 130 (10.8%) in 1830, 328 in 1880, and 1930 - 725 Jews (14.5%) Jews lived in D. from the beginning. 18th century All R. 19th century in D. there was a synagogue, a mikvah, and a Jewish cemetery. In the 1930s - 40s. Rabbi D. was Naftoli Grinzweig. In the summer of 1941, 90 (out of 140) Jewish families were deported to the regions of Poland occupied by Germany. In 1941-44 several. dozens of Jews left D., hiding in the surrounding forests. In 1944 approx. 200 people were taken to Auschwitz. After 1945 several. dozens of Jews returned to D. In 1950 the synagogue was closed in D.. From 1950 to 1970 the Jews of Denmark prayed in a minyan, in a private house. In the 1960s. in D. lived apprx. 40 Jewish families. In the end. 1970s most of D.'s Jews left for Israel. In the beginning. 1980s in D. lived apprx. 10 Jewish families.

dragunskiy david abramovich
has abstract: DRAGUNSKY David Abramovich (1910, Svyatskaya in Surazhsky district, Chernigov province - 1992, Moscow), military leader. Gen.-regiment. tank, troops (1970). Twice Hero of Owls. Union (1944, 1945). Graduated from the Saratov armored tank. school (1936), Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1941), Military. Academy of the General Staff (1949). In the army - since 1933. Participated in the battles at the lake. Hasan. Com. tank. battalion. In 1941-45 - early. shooter headquarters. div., mechanic. brigades, com. tank, brigade. After the war - com. tank. div. In 1957–60 - teams, the army, in 1965–69 - 1st deputy. teams, troops of the Transcaucasian military. env. In 1969-85 - early. Higher officer courses "Shot". 1985–87 - inspector-advisor of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Since 1987 - retired. During the war years - member. Heb. anti-scary to-that. In 1956, as part of the owls. delegation attended the opening ceremony of the monument to Jews - victims of Nazism. The most active participant in the anti-Zionist campaign of the 70s. Prev Anti-Zionist Committee of Sov. public from the date of foundation (1983). He was awarded the 13th order. Cit .: Years in armor, M., 1973.

dragunskiy viktor yuzefovich
has abstract: DRAGUNSKY Victor Yuzefovich (1913, New York - 1972, Moscow), prose writer, playwright. Since 1935 he was an actor of t-ra, director, clown Mosk. circus. Since 1940 he published feuilletons and humorous. stories ("Iron Character", 1960, etc.). Later he wrote lyrics, sideshows, clownery, stage and circus scenes. In the end. 1947 - early. 1948 created and led the well-known ANS. lit. and theater, parodies "Blue Bird". Due to the acutely caustic. directivity ans. during the period of "the struggle against cosmopolitanism" it was closed, after which D. worked dir. in Mosestrad. Since 1959 he has been acting as the author of funny stories for children of preschool and primary school age, became one of the most famous children. writers. B.ch. his stories, written on behalf of the boy Deniska, are united under the general title "Deniskin's stories" (Moscow, 1966); repeatedly reprinted, incl. "He is alive and glows" (Moscow, 1961), "Tell me about Singapore" (Moscow, 1961), "Girl on a ball" (Moscow, 1964), "Green Leopards" (Moscow, 1964), " Old sailor "(M., 1964) and many others. other author of the stories "He Fell on the Grass" (M., 1961, about the war 1941–45), "Today and Daily" - (Moscow, 1965, about the circus). A number of satirical. and humorous. stories ed. in the "Library" Crocodile. According to the script "Funny stories", the film of the same name was shot. (1962). Prod. D. are distinguished by an entertaining plot, wit, deep knowledge of child psychology, natural language. In their clear, expressive composition, one can feel the experience of D. - playwright and dir.

dranukha
has abstract: DRANUKHA, a village in the Chaussky district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Chaussky u. During the Holocaust, the entire Jewish population of D. (about 100 families) was shot on the road between Chausy and D.

draslicheny
has abstract: DRAGED, see Dreslicen.

drechin semen vladimirovich
has abstract: DRECHIN Semyon Vladimirovich (Vulfovich) (b. 1914, Minsk), art. ballet, choreographer. In 1934 he graduated from Moscow. choreography technical College. In 1933–41 and since 1945 - soloist of the ballet T-ra op. and ballet in Minsk (in 1941–44 - at the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow). Among the parties: Simon ("Nightingale" by M.E. Kroshner, 1939), Basil ("Don Quixote" by L. Minkus, 1941), Vasil ("Prince-Lake" by V.A.Zolotarev, 1949), Ivanushka (" The Little Humpbacked Horse "by Ch. Punyi, 1949), Li Shanfu (" Red Poppy "by R.M. Glier, 1950) and others. and ballet in Minsk, post. "Blue Danube" on music. I. Strauss (1958), "The Star of Venus" by Yu.V. Semenyako (1971). In 1963-66 post. in the Saratov t-re op. and ballet to them. NG Chernyshevsky one-act ballets "The Volga Legend" by AI Khachaturian and "Mischievous Chastushki" by RK Shchedrin (1965); to Mold. t-re op. and ballet (Kishinev) - "The Broken Sword" by E. I. Lazarev (1960), "Radda" by D. G. Gershfeld based on the story "Makar Chudra" by M. Gorky (1974, author of libra.), in Bashk. t-re op. and ballet (Ufa) - "Gulnazira" by N. Sabitov (one of the script authors). He also put it in Ukr. opera and ballet theater I.Franko (Lvov) - "Poem about a Negro" by J. Gershwin, "Bolero" by M. Ravel (all - 1962, author of libra.), "Antony and Cleopatra" by C. Punya (1971). Nar. art. Belarusian. SSR (1954). Became. etc. (1950) for the play "Prince-Lake".

dregeneshtj
has abstract: DREGENESTI (until 1990 - Draganeshti), a village in the Singerei region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 89 Jews lived in D. In the summer of 1941, the Jews of D. were deported to Transnistria.

dreslichenj
has abstract: DRESLICHENI (until 1990 - Draslicheni), a village in Criuleni district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - Dreslicheni settlement in Chisinau u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the MSSR. In the summer of 1941, 40 Jews were killed in Denmark.

dreslicheny
has abstract: DRESSED, see Dreslicen.

drey mikhail ivanovich
has abstract: DREY Mikhail Ivanovich (Ionatanovich) (1860, Odessa - 1940, Moscow), a Narodnoye revolutionary, memoirist, bibliographer. The son of a doctor from Germany. In the end. 1870s studied at the gymnasiums of Odessa and Berdyansk, in 1880 passed the exam for the certificate of maturity in Poltava and entered law. f-t Novoros. u-ta (Odessa). From the end. 1870s member of the revolutionary populist. circles in southern Russia, since 1880 members. Odessa c. "Narodnaya Volya", led the roar. propaganda in workers' circles. Arrested on September 30, 1881, in April. 1883 sentenced to 15 years in hard labor (at the request of his father, the term was reduced to 6 years). Contained in the Kariyskoy convict prison in Transbaikalia, from 1888 in a settlement in the Transbaikal region, from 1892 - in Chita. In 1900 he returned to Europe. part of Russia and soon went abroad, continued his education in high fur boots in Munich and Heidelberg. In 1911 he returned to Russia, worked in the publishing houses "Zadruga" and M. and S. Sabashnikovs (Moscow), after October. 1917 - to the Communist. acad. Member About the former. political prisoners and exiled settlers, ed. a number of his publications. D. compiled and published the "Experience of the index of literature on the history of the party" Narodnaya Volya "(" Bulletin of the Communist. Academy ", 1925, No. 12; the same with additions -" Hard labor and exile ", 1929, No. 1-4) and “Experience bibl. decree. literature on the history of the roar. movement of the 70s. ("Bulletin of the Communist Acad.", 1925, No. 10), to-rye and now retain scientific and reference value. Cit .: Note on the labor movement in Odessa in 1880-1881, "Hard labor and exile." 1924, # 5; "Strelnikov trial" in Odessa in 1883 (red-handed recollection). M., 1928; M.N. Trigoni. M., 1931.

dreyden simon davydovich
has abstract: DREYDEN Simon Davydovich (1905, Petersburg - 1991, Moscow), theatrical figure, critic. Graduated from the Tenishevskoe school. In 1920–22 he studied at Petrograd. un-those (Faculty of Social Sciences). Published since 1923 (Zh. Zhizn iskusstva, newspaper Petrogradskaya Pravda). In 1920-30 - thin. hands. Leningrad. dep. GOMETS (State Association of Music, Variety, Circus), in 1930–33 - Leningrad. concert and variety bureau (KEB). From 1926 he led a ped. work (Higher. Courses of Art, Theatrical Institute in Leningrad). In 1937 his book was published. Nikolay Cherkasov. Head lit. part of Leningrad. TRAMA (T-r working youth), Leningrad. t-ra drama them. A.S. Pushkin, Moscow Chamber t-ra. In 1949 he was accused of cosmopolitanism, criticized for the center, and Leningrad. print. In 1949 he was arrested and sentenced to 10 years as an enemy of the people, in 1954 (thanks to the efforts of S.V. Obraztsov and N.K. Cherkasov) he was rehabilitated. He was engaged in N.-I. and publ. activities in decomp. region lawsuit. He compiled the collection, commented, wrote the entry. Art. (A.I.Shvarts "In the laboratory of the reader", 1960; N.P.Smirnov-Sokolsky "Forty-five years on the stage", 1976; I.N. Pevtsov "Literary-theater. Heritage. Memories", 1978, etc. .). Active worker of the International puppeteer associations. Through his efforts, the book was created: “T-r of dolls of the USSR. 1959-1960 "(general ed. And introductory article, 1962); “T-r dolls hack. countries "(comp., ed. and introductory article, 1959). The author of the book. “In the Auditorium - Vladimir Ilyich” (1967, 1980, 1986); Music of the Revolution (1966, 1970, 1981); “Performances. Destiny. Roles "(1978) and others.

dreyzin iosif
has abstract: DREYZIN Joseph (1843, Minsk - 1894, Warsaw), prose writer, linguist. R. in the family of a teacher, hands. yeshivas. At the age of 14, he became an orphan, studied at the yeshivas in Minsk and the Mir metro station, then at the rabbinical school in Vilna. He was a government rabbi in the town of Slavatishche, in 1891 he was baptized, and also baptized his children. He translated the catechism into Yiddish. Ch. his work was a large "Russian-Jewish (Yiddish) Dictionary", ed. in Warsaw in 1886. D. is also the author of the book-fairy tales "Lechaim" (1875), "Der Lec" ("Jester", 1881) and other fictional op.

drezna
has abstract: DREZNA, a city (since 1940) in the Orekhovo-Zuevsky district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in 1897 - 98 near the same name. railroad station as a workers' settlement at the weaving and spinning mill in Bogorodsky u. Moscow Gubernia. In 1926, there were 5 Jews (0.06%) living in D., in 1939 - 36 Jews (0.2%).

dreznin sergey grigorjevich
has abstract: DREZNIN Sergei Grigorievich (b. 1955, Moscow), pianist, composer. Graduated in 1978 from Music-ped. in-t them. Gnesins in the FP class. B.M.Berlin, then graduate school with him. In 1986 he graduated from Moscow. cons. in the composition class of T.N. Khrennikov. During these years he wrote music for a number of performances of the student professor at Moscow State University: - for the play "Hamlet" (after W. Shakespeare, 1978), op. Don Perlimplin's Love (after F. Garcia Lorca, 1981), op. in the blues "Ophelia" (after Shakespeare, 1982). Since 1988 in Austria. In Vienna, his op. “Romeo and Juliet” (after Shakespeare, 1988), “Don Juan” and “A Feast in Time of the Plague” (after A.S. Pushkin, 1991, also in Moscow), op. "Victory over the Sun" (also in Moscow, 1992). The music for the play "Chanson and Satires from Theresienstadt" (1992, Vienna) was written. Among other op. - Requiem for the memory of the victims of Nazism for chorus and orc. (1986).

dribin
has abstract: DRIBIN, a village in the Goretsky district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16th and 18th centuries, it was a town in the Mstislavl Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, the town of Chaussky u. Mogilev Gubernia. In 1766, 255 Jews lived in Denmark, in 1847 - 499, in 1865 - 441, in 1880 - 479 (44.3%), in 1897 - 971 (46.8%), in 1908 - 1003 (51 , 2%), in 1923 - 664, in 1939 - 513 Jews. Jews lived in D. from the 2nd quarter. 18th century In 1880 Jews owned 108 out of 250 houses, as well as 3 breweries (Aizik Muravin rented a distillery plant of a local landowner); there were 2 synagogues, in 1908 - 5 synagogues. In 1913, the library of Wulf Meirovich Hirschwald worked. In the 1920s. the rabbi in D. was Avrom Osherov. At the same time, the mikvah was closed. In 1925 approx. D., there were 2 Jewish s.-kh. artels "Red Banner" and "Culture No. 2". In the beginning. germ. During the occupation, a ghetto was created in D. In September 1941, the entire Jewish population of Denmark (450 people) was shot. M. Arbatova V. N. Pervyshin

drichin
has abstract: DRICHIN, a village in the Pukhovichi district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Igumensky district. Minsk province. In December. 1905 a pogrom took place in D., as a result of which 6 Jewish houses were plundered.

drinfeljd vladimir gershonovich
has abstract: DRINFELD Vladimir Gershonovich (b. 1954, Kharkov), mathematician. Graduated from Moscow State University (1974) and graduate student. Bash. Phil. USSR Academy of Sciences (1977). Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1978). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1988). Works in Phys.-tech. Institute of Low Temperatures of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (Kharkov). Main results in algebras. geometry, algebras. number theory and math. physics. In algebras, geometry solved an important problem in non-commutative class field theory, classical. generalization of the theory of abelian field extensions, in Mat. physics (including in the theory of nonlinear equations) - he found a connection between the Kac-Moody algebras and two-dimensional integrable systems. Fieldsovskaya Pr. (1990). Cit .: Proof of the global Langlands conjecture for GL (2) over a functional field (in the journal "Funkts. Analysis and Its Applications", 1977, vol. 11, no. 3).

drissa
has abstract: DRISSA, see Verkhnedvinsk.

drisvyaty
has abstract: DRISVYATY, a village in the Braslav district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1920–39 it was part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. 221 Jews (38.6%) lived in D. in 1897. In 1863, D. had a synagogue. Since 1897 Benjamin Gurvich (1871—?) Was the rabbi in D.

driz shike
has abstract: DRIZ Shike (Ovsei) Ovseevich (1908, Krasnoe Yampolsky u. Podolsk province. - 1971, Moscow), poet. After the end of the beginning. school D. moved to Kiev, entered the workers at the plant "Arsenal" and at the same time. studies in thin. school, later in thin. uch-shche. He was preparing to become a sculptor, but poetry turned out to be his true vocation. During these years, D. published two small poetry. collection: "Likhtike Thief" ("Light Life", 1930) and "Shtolener koh" ("Steel Power", 1934). In 1934, D. voluntarily left for the army, demobilized in 1947. Poetic. muse D. with naib. fully manifested in verse. and fairy tales for children at the beginning. 60s Collection of adult lyrics were published by Sov. writer ", in 1969 -" Di ferte string "(" Fourth string "), and then others. and see. collection in Yiddish and in Russian. lang. Mn. D.'s poems and tales are staged for t-ra and cinema, some verses. set to music.

drizovskiy semen borisovich
has abstract: DRIZOVSKY Semyon Borisovich (1920, Nevel, Vitebsk province - 1992), Hero of the Sov. Union (1943). He studied at the theater, studio. In Kr. Army since 1938. Graduated from the infantry. uch-shche (1940). In fr. from 1941. Com. mortar company, art. leith. D. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for Sourcing the Dnieper. From 1947 Major D. was in reserve.

drobin
has abstract: DROBIN, a city (from 1511) in the Warsaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1487. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Plock In 1808, 1607 Jews (93%) lived in Denmark, in 1827 - 1409 (75%), in 1857 - 734 (65%), in 1897 - 1418, in 1921 - 1096 (45%), in 1931 - 1250 Jews. Jews settled in D. in the 2nd half. 17th century The community has existed since mid. 18th century At the same time, the first wooden synagogue was built. Jews were engaged in trade and crafts. In 1926, a mutual assistance fund was created, after a while a branch of the Jewish People's Cooperative Bank was opened. Most of the children studied in cheders and the girls' school "Beis Yaakov", which opened in 1925. In the 1920s. Rabbi D. was Yakov-Yehuda-Leib Zmelin, in the 1930s. - Shmuel-Eliyahu Klibansky. In 1937 a pogrom took place in Denmark, during which the windows were broken and the furniture in the synagogue was broken. was occupied by germ. troops 5 Sept. 1939. In the autumn of 1939 the Judenrat was founded. In the summer of 1940, the Jews of D. were taken to a labor camp in Belsk. 7 March 1941 approx. 600 Jews were deported to the transshipment camp in Dzialdowo, on March 14 - to Piotrkow Trybunalski, at the end. 1942 - to Auschwitz. After the deportation, approx. 700 Jews, to-rye were placed in the ghetto. Dec. 1941 they were taken to the ghetto [[Nove Miasto, from there - to the extermination camps. In the spring of 1945, the surviving Jews returned to D., where they met with hostility from the local population. In aug. 1945 5 Jews were killed 9 km from D. After that, all Jews left the D.V.D. clan. I. Fater.

drobner boleslav
has abstract: DROBNER Boleslav (1883, Krakow, Austria-Hungary - 1968), polit. activist. Rod. in an assimilated family. In 1898 he entered Polsk. s.-d. the party of Galicia and Silesia, joined its radical left wing. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07. During the 1st world. war fought in polish. Legion of Pilsudski. After the restoration of Poland's independence, he joined the Polish. Socialist. party, one of the founders of the Independent Socialist. party of Poland (1922), after their unification (1928) member. higher. council of the united party, in which he represented the left wing, which called for the unification of socialists with communists. He was repeatedly arrested for organizing strikes. Since 1939 in the USSR, the founder of the Union of Polish. patriots, min. labor and social. provision in K-those nat. liberation (1944). At the conf. Polsk. socialist party in 1944 elected her before. In 1945 he returned to Poland, member. Polish delegation to Sov.-Polish. negotiations on border. questions (Aug. 1945). In 1947, dep. Diet. Since 1948, member. Polsk. united, workers' party. He did a lot to preserve the historical and architectural monuments of Krakow and the revival of Hebrews. culture in the city; initiator of the restoration of the synagogue in the 15th century.

drobnis yakov naumovich
has abstract: DROBNIS Yakov Naumovich (1890, Glukhov of Chernigov province - 1937, Moscow), politician, activist. From 1905 a Menshevik, from 1907 a member. RSDLP, was repeatedly arrested, was in exile (1908-17) in Poltava. Since 1918, member. Central Committee of the CP (b) of Ukraine, from 1919 - before. Poltava, then the Odessa Executive Committee of the Soviets. Since 1922, member. Small Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, since 1923 member. Administrative and financial commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In 1923-27 he took part in the opposition struggle on the side of Trotsky. In 1927 he was expelled from the party, sent into exile, in 1930 he was reinstated in the party. From 1931 he worked in the USSR People's Commissariat of Railways, then deputy. early Kemerovo Chemical Combine. In 1936 he was arrested in the case of the "parallel Trotskyist center." Shot.

drobyshevo
has abstract: DROBYSHEVO, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Krasnolimansky district of the Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Izyum district. Kharkov province. In 1939, 16 Jews lived in D.

drogichin
has abstract: DROGICHIN, see Drokhichin.

drogobicher izrailj-nakhman ben iosif
has abstract: DROGOBICHER Israel-Nachman ben Joseph (18th century, Ostrog, Volhynia - early 19th century, Safed), rabbi. Disciple of I. Baal-Shem-Tov, was a rabbi and Ch. yeshivas in Germany. He lived for several years in Livorno, where he published comments on Kogelet.

drogobych
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ДРОГОБЫЧ, город, районный центр в Львовской обл. (Украина). Изв. с 1238. С 1569 — в Львовском повете Русского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. В 19 — нач. 20 в. — город, центр повета в провинции Галиция в составе Австро-Венгрии. В 1919—39 — в составе Польши, в 1939—91 — УССР.В 15 в. в Д. проживало ок. 20 евреев, в 1628 — 12 еврейских семей, в 1663 — ок. 90 евреев, в 1765 — 1924 (29,6%), в 1772 — св. 2000, в 1836 — ок. 4500, в 1880 — 9131 (50,1%), в 1890 — ок. 8700 (ок. 44,8%), в 1900 — 8683, в 1910 — 15 313 (42,3%), в 1959 — ок. 1000 (ок. 2,4%), в 1970 — ок. 800 (ок. 1,4%), в 1979 — ок. 500 (ок. 0,8%), в 1992 — ок. 200 евреев.В документах 1406 впервые упом. еврей Волчко из Дрогобыча, к-рый получил от польск. короля Владислава Ягайло в аренду земли и соляные источники. С 1425 их держал др. еврей из Д. — Натко (Дзядко). С 1420-х гг. евреи жили, как правило, в предместьях Д. (Задворье, Лишнянское, Завозное и на Ланах), близ соляных копей. В 1520-х гг. евреям было разрешено селиться в городе. Осн. занятия еврейского населения в 17 в. — ремесла и торговля, а также с. х-во и солеварение. 23 нояб. 1648 еврейская община пострадала от нападения войск Б.М.Хмельницкого, позднее — от действий польск. шляхты. В 1720-х гг. евреи — обувщики и швейники создали 2 ремесл. цеха (существовали до 1756). Большим авторитетом в общине в сер. 18 в. пользовался раввин Исраэль Гиршович (в 1736 польск. король Август III жаловал его чином слуги при дворе и даровал право вести беспошлинную торговлю вином и др. товарами). Благодаря покровительству короля евреи во 2-й пол. 18 в. сосредоточили в своих руках значит. часть торговли и ремесел. В кон. 18 в. большое влияние на евреев Д. оказал ученик И.Баал-Шем-Това цадик Иехиель-Михель из Золочева (1721—1786). В кон. 18 в. была построена новая синагога, основана 3-классная еврейская школа и немецко-еврейское уч-ще ( в 1806 ликвидированы из-за сопротивления традиционно настроенного еврейства). В 1807—12 община постр…

drokhichin
has abstract: DROKHICHIN, a city in the Bialystok Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Podlaskie Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire. Since 1808 - the county town of the Bialystok region, since 1842 - the provincial town of Drogichin, Belsky district. Grodno province. In 1918-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-45 it was the BSSR. In 1765 880 Jews lived in Denmark and the surrounding villages, in 1847 in Denmark there were 181 Jews, in 1865 - 224, in 1897 - 784 (45.9 %), in 1910 - 400 (17.3%), in 1921 - 814 Jews. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in Denmark, and in 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. In July 1941 a ghetto was created in D., liquidated on 2 November. 1942. The ghetto contained approx. 700 people In D. family: S.-B. Polyakevich; Yoel Slonim (real family Slonimsky) (1884-1944, New York), poet, literary critic (in Yiddish and English), since 1886 - in the USA.

drokiya
has abstract: DROKIA, city (since 1973), regional center (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 113 Jews lived in D. In July 1941, 27 Jews were killed in D..

dropkin dzhon
has abstract: DROPKIN John (b. 1910, Bobruisk, Minsk province), physicist. Doctor of Philosophy (1948). Since 1912 in the USA. Graduated from Columbia University (1930). In 1936–48 he taught mathematics and physics at schools in New York. From 1948 he worked at the Polytechnic. Institute of Brooklyn, since 1957 - head. department. Auth. a number of scientific. works in physics.

drozdy
has abstract: DROZDY, a village in the Stolbtsy district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Minsk u. Minsk province. In the summer of 1941, a large group of Jews from Minsk was shot in D.

druk david
has abstract: DRUK David (1883, Kreuzburg, Dvinsky district, Vitebsk province - 1943, New York), publicist. In 1905 he moved to Warsaw, actively collaborated in the gas founded by Ts. Prilutsky. Der veg. Published in pl. periodic. ed. Since 1920 in the USA. He worked in gas. "Morgn-zhurnal", where he published his ser. Art. The Life Story of Mendl Beilis, Baron Edmond Rothschild in Eretz Israel, Moishe Montefier, Heb. scientists in America "and others. The author of the book. “To the history of Heb. press ”(Warsaw, 1920),“ Commentators of the Torah ”(ibid., 1936-1937).

druk vladimir yakovlevich
has abstract: DRUK Vladimir Yakovlevich (b. 1957, Moscow), poet, psychologist. Graduated from the Faculty of Psychology Moscow. state ped. Institute (1980). Organizer (1991) of the first independent Institute of Dreams and Virtual Reality in Russia (since 1993 also lab. In RAS). Published as a poet since 1986. The author of the book. "Commutator: (Poems. Poems. Texts)" (M., 1991), collection of works. poems for children "The Drawn Apple" (M., 1991). The texts of D. are characterized by an original contamination of the avant-garde poetry. techniques and ironic. motives. Initiator and compiler of literary-publ. Sat. "Freedom Square" (M., 1992), which includes works. writers and journalists - participants in the defense of the White House in August. 1991.

drukarev grigoriy filippovich
has abstract: DRUKAREV Grigory Filippovich (1919, Mogilev - 1986, Leningrad), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. sciences. Graduated from Leningrad. un-t (1941). During the 2nd world. the war participated in the bunkers. militia. Since 1945 post-graduate student Ya.I. Frenkel. From 1947 he worked in Leningrad. un-those (prof.). scientific. work on the physics of electronic and atomic collisions. For the first time received the equation for (one-time function (1949). A series of works is devoted to writing and solving a system of equations for self-consistent fields for electron-atom collisions. Studying the behavior of weakly coupled systems in external fields using the zero-radius potential method. Proved the theorem on mirror alternation of bound and antibonded states in the work on the cruciform behavior of the zeros of the Jost function during the transition of stationary states to quasi-stationary ones Solved the problem of electron impact excitation of highly excited states in a hydrogen atom Author of several tens of scientific works Vol .: The theory of collisions of electrons with atoms. , 1963; Collisions of electrons with atoms and molecules. M., 1978; Quantum mechanics. L., 1988.

druker irma khaimovich
has abstract: DRUKER Irma Khaimovich (1906, Chernobyl, Kiev province - 1982, Odessa), prose writer, lit: critic. Rod. in the Melamed family. Got muses. education. First pov. "In step" ("In the steppe") is published in the Kiev alm. "VUSPP" in 1929. In the 1930s. D. works ch. arr. in the region. lit. critics, examines incl. life and work of Sholem Aleichem, heads a studio in Odessa for the education of young Jews. writers. In 1940, D. released the first part of rum. "Klezmer". Further work on rum. D. was able to continue only after the war, when he thoroughly revises it, complements the second part. "Klezmer", published by the dep. book in 1976, it was, in essence, a new production, enriched with many others. ist. excursions and philosophy. generalizations. Rum became the crown of D.'s creativity. "Shmuel-Joseph Guzikov", dedicated. famous Heb. musician ser. XIX century.

druker sofjya yurjevna
has abstract: DRUKER Sofya Yurievna (1906, the village of Kopys, Goretsky near Mogilev province - 1084, Minsk), singer (drama soprano). In 1930 she graduated from Belarus. muses. technical College. In 1930–32 she studied at Belorus. studio op. and ballet, in 1932–36 - to Belarus. cons. in vocal class from PI Tikhonov. Improved as an artist op. to Belarus. studio op. and ballet at hand. A.P. Bonich (1930–33). Previously she studied with V.A. Tsvetkov. In 1933–41 and 1944–77 - soloist of the State. t-ra op. and ballet of the BSSR. D. is one of the first Belarusian. op. singers. In the years of the 2nd world. war sang in the Saratov t-re op. and ballet, participated in the work of fr. concert brigades, performed in front of the partisans of the Vitebsk region. The first performer of parts (from dramas to comedy) in Belarusian. nat. op. - Avginya ("In the woods of Polesye" by AV Bogatyrev), Marysya ("Mikhas Podgorny" by EK Tikotsky), Rogneda Yanovna ("Thorny Rose" by YV Semenyako). The best games op. classics: Yaroslavna ("Prince Igor" by A.P. Borodin), Natasha ("Mermaid" by A.S. Dargomyzhsky), Maria ("Mazepa" by P.I. Tchaikovsky), Aida ("Aida" by G. Verdi) and others . Nar. art. BSSR (1955).

druskeniki
has abstract: DRUSKENIKI, see Druskininkai.

druskin mikhail semenovich
has abstract: DRUSKIN Mikhail Semenovich (1905, Kiev - 1991, Leningrad), musicologist, pianist, teacher. In 1924 he graduated from Leningrad. Institute of Art History, specializing in history of music, in 1925 - Leningrad. cons. by class fp. O.K. Kalantarova. In 1930 he trained in Berlin with A. Schnabel. In 1925–35 he performed as a pianist and toured abroad. Performed by Ch. the way the music of IF Stravinsky. He worked in Leningrad; in 1924-30 - scientific. an employee of the Institute of Art History, in 1947–53 - Research Institute of Engineering and Music. From 1935 until the end of his life he taught at Leningrad. horse, since 1947 prof. Among the many. and works of various themes and genres: the study of I. Stravinsky's works (ed. and author of the commentary in Russian translation by Prince Stravinsky "Dialogues. Memories", L., 1971) and Bach, clavier art; Austro-German. muses. culture, problems of op. and ballet drama, history of working muses. movement, dance. music. D. is the author of stable textbooks on the history of foreign music for universities. Among his fundamental tr. - “New FP. music "(L., 1928)," Essays on the history of dance music "(L., 1936)," Questions of muses. dramaturgy op .: Based on the material of the classical heritage "(L., 1952)," Johannes Brahms "(Moscow, 1959)," History of the Zarub. music of the second half of the 19th century ”(Moscow, 1936),“ Zaruo. music of the first half of the 19th century ”(Moscow, 1967). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1947). Etc. them. B.V. Asafieva (1984).

druskin yakov semenovich
has abstract: DRUSKIN Yakov Semenovich (1902 - 1980, Leningrad), writer. Brother of M. Druskin. In 1923 he graduated from Philosophy. dep. f-that societies. Sciences Petrograd. un-that, in 1929 - Leningrad. cons. in piano, in 1938 - mat. Faculty of Leningrad un-that. From 1925 to the end of the 30s. entered together with A. Vvedensky, L. Lipavsky, D. Harms and N. Oleinikov in Leningrad. Philos. esoteric. circle "Chinarei". While teaching literature and mathematics in schools and technical schools in Leningrad, he was engaged in the development of a unified system of philosophy. and aesthetic. views. He spent his first blockade winter in Leningrad. He was the keeper of the D. Harms archive. As a philosopher during his lifetime, he was almost never published. He left behind an extensive lit. heritage, including the philosopher-theologian, treatises and essays. Vol .: Passion according to Matthew JS Bach. L., 1941 (co-authored with M.S. Druskin); Near the messengers. Washington, 1988.

druskininkay
has abstract: DRUSKININKAI, a city (since 1953) in Varenskiy district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1635.From 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - Druskeniki town of Grodno u. and lips. In 1920–39, it was in the Bialystok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–40 as part of the BSSR, in 1940–91 in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 636 Jews (40.7%) lived in D., in 1910 - 620 (28, 8%), in 1921 - 294 Jews. In the 1880s. Shloyme Gordon (1850 -?) was the rabbi in D. In June 1887 the first congress of the Khibat Zion opened in Denmark. On July 19, 1905, a memorial meeting in memory of T. Herzl took place, at which approx. 4 thousand people In 1910, D. had a synagogue, a Jewish cemetery, a department for helping sick Jews who came to D. every year from Lithuania and Belarus, a Jewish hospital, an aid to poor Jews "Ezra" society, and a consumer society. In the 1910s. there were Jewish children's and teacher's sanatoriums. 1943 the ghetto was liquidated in Denmark; Jews (about 800 people) were taken to Grodno, 6 Jews were killed in D.V.D. Zh.Lipshits.Yu.N. Grigorieva

drutsk
has abstract: DRUTSK, a village in the Tolochinsky district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from 1092 as a city of the Polotsk land. In the 13th century. - as part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - Rzecz Pospolita. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mogilev u. In 1841, 292 Jews lived in D., in 1844 - 392, in 1869 - 40, in 1880 - 50 (19.7%), in 1908 - 40 Jews (14.2%). In 1841 in D. there was a synagogue, a cheder, there was a rabbi, in 1844 - 2 synagogues, 3 heders. During the occupation in 1941 the Jews of D. were evicted to Tolochin and in March 1942 they were shot together with the local Jews.

druya
has abstract: DRUYA, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Braslav district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. since the 15th century, was part of the Braslav povet Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - a provincial town of Disna district. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920-39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1766, 1305 Jews lived in D., in 1847 - 2366, in 1897 - 3006 (63.4%), in 1910 - 4849 (86.5%), in 1915 - 4906, in 1921 - approx. 2,500 Jews. Jews lived in D. from the 2nd half. 16th century, the Jewish community was formed at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. In 1766 a synagogue was built (presumably the Italian architect A. Parakko). In 1865 there were 3 synagogues in D., in 1901 there were a 2-class school, 7 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery, and in 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. In 1896, Moishe Gelman was rabbi of D., in 1900, Chaim-Shmuel Lifshitz, and in 1915, Avsey Izrailevich Eidelman. troops in 1941 created a ghetto. On June 11-12, 1942, 1,318 Jews were shot. The Jews resisted the liquidation of the ghetto. In total, apprx. 2,200 Jews. In D. of the family: ZI Bernshtein, A. Druyanov, I.-Kh. Taviev, A. Ya. Schneer; Israel Yakovlevich Weitser (1889-1937), politician. leader, in 1929-30 the People's Commissar of Trade of the Ukrainian SSR, in 1930-34 deputy. Commissar int. trade of the USSR, in 1934-37 the People's Commissar of Internal. Trade of the USSR, member. The Central Executive Committee and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR; Avram Zarzovsky (1878—?), Orientalist, journalist, doctor of philosophy, author of works on the philosophy of the Talmud, ed. zhurn. "Ha-Kedem" .P.S.Wagner

druyanov alter
has abstract: DRUYANOV Alter (1870, Druya ​​Disnensky district. Vilna province - 1938, Tel Aviv), publicist, folklorist. Rod. in a Hasidic rabbinical family. Received education at home. Then for some time he studied at un-those and a rabbinical seminar in Breslau. The first publ. appeared in 1890 in gas. "Gamelitz", followed by Art. and srl-tones in Hebrew and Yiddish in different periodicals. ed. In 1906–09, D. lived in E.-I. After returning from there he lived in Vilno, was a secretary. Zionist, org-tions in Russia, ed. gas. "Gaolam". After the beginning. 1st world. war when gas. was closed, D. is sent by the Odessa Committee for the help of Heb. victims of the war in the cities of Galicia, Poland, Podolia, Volhynia and Bessarabia, and later publishes travel notes about this trip in the collection "Reshumot" (1918–26), founded. them together with H.-N. Bialik and I.-H. Ravnitsky. He made his debut in Yomtovbletleh in Yiddish by I.-L. Peretz, then published ser. feuilletons into gas. "Yud", and in petersburg. daily gas. "Der Freind" ser. letters about his trip to E.-I. In 1912 the meeting was published. im a collection of Heb. proverbs and sayings, and the rest of the work in the region. Heb. of folklore studies in "Reshumot". From 1921 in E.-I. Naib. Izv. as the author of Sofer Gabdiha vegahi-dud (The Book of Anecdotes and Witches), published in three volumes in 1935–38. In 1943-45 in Tel Aviv, a two-volume edition of his choice was published. publicistic. manuf.

druysk
has abstract: DRUYSK, a village in the Braslav district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1920–39, it was in the Vilnius Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1897, 515 Jews (96%) lived in D., in 1921 - 412, in 1931 - approx. 600 Jews. The Jewish population of Denmark was exterminated in 1942.

druzhba
has abstract: DRUZHBA, a village in the Buchach district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Tribukhovets of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 138 Jews lived in D. In the fall of 1942, the Jews of D. were taken to the Belzec extermination camp.

druzhkopolj
has abstract: DRUZHKOPOL, see Cranes.

druzhkovka
has abstract: DRUZHKOVKA, city (since 1938) in Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1781. At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Yakovlevsky Bakhmutsky u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. In 1917-23 - the city of Yakovlevsk, in 1923 together with the village. Gavrilovsky, Eliseevsky, Karlovsky, Goretsky united in the village. Druzhkovka. In 1939, 433 Jews lived in D. Since 1903, in an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882, the village was opened for the settlement of Jews. 1942 in D., apprx. 140 Jews. 1990s a Jewish community was founded in D., from 1995 - the center "Hesed-Tsedaka"; there is a Sunday school.

drysj
has abstract: DRESS, see Verkhnedvinsk.

drzhevitsa
has abstract: DRZEVICA, see Jevica.

dua yakov-kopl
has abstract: DUA Yakov-Kopl (1898, Warsaw - 1942, ibid.), Publicist, translator. Got a trad. Heb. education, studied in Russian. gymnasium. A serious illness that befell D. in his youth made him an invalid. In the years of the 1st world. war began to write and publish stories in Yiddish, as well as Art. about literature and music, trans. manuf. European lit-ry. Since 1931 - post. sotr. Warsaw gas. "Gayntike Nice", where publ. pl. rum. and stories on the themes of Heb. stories. As a staff member. publishing house "Groshn-Libraries" D. in 1930-35 wrote and edited 170 issues for him, dedicated. history, literature, science, technology and music, biographies of writers and politicians. He wrote monographs about A. Einstein, M. Gandhi, Y. Pilsudsky, K.E. Voroshilov, M.N. Tukhachevsky and others. D. per. in Yiddish thin. biography "The Life of Beethoven" by R. Rolland. After the occupation of Warsaw by the Germans, he ended up in a ghetto. He was shot in the street by a Nazi officer.

dubashinskiy iosif abramovich
has abstract: DUBASHINSKY Iosif Abramovich (1919, Novoukrainka, Kherson province - 2007, Daugavpils), literary critic, historian of English. lit-ry. Graduated from Moscow State University (1949). Dr. philol. sciences. (1971). Prof. (1972) Daugavpils ped. in-ta. Works: William Shakespeare: Essays on creativity (1965; 1978); Swift's Pamphlets (1968), George Gordon Byron (1985).

dubechno
has abstract: DUBECNO, a village in the Chelm Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in Wlodawa district. Sedlecka province. 1941, 648 Jews lived in D. In June 1942, D. Jews were deported to the Sobibur extermination camp.

dubenka
has abstract: DUBENKA, a village in the Chelm Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Busk land of the Belz Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1837 - the city of Grubeshovsky u. In 1765 604 Jews lived in Denmark and the surrounding villages, in 1856 in Denmark - 1401 (46.5%), in 1897 - 2343 (48.8%), in 1921 - 1204 Jews. In 1765 Jews owned There were 34 houses in D. From 1893 Menachem-Mendl Nai (1855—?) Was the rabbi in D. From 1897 - Iskhor-Dovber Kovartovsky (1844—?). In the 1920s and 30s. in D. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Denmark was exterminated during the Holocaust.

dubesarj
has abstract: DUBESAR (until 1991 - Dubossary), city (since 1951), regional center (Republic of Moldova). Main in 1792 as Russian. fortress. At 19 - early. 20th century - the provincial town of Tiraspol u. Kherson Gubernia. In 1847, 2506 Jews lived in D. (with the environs), in 1856 in D. - 2172, in 1865 - 2543, in 1897 - 5220 (43%), in 1910 - 5160 (45.3%), in 1920 - 5076, in 1923 - 3250, in 1926 - 3630 (over 80%), in 1939 - 2198, in 1941 - approx. 8000, in the 1960s. - OK. 150, in 1989 - 241, in 1991 - approx. 100 Jews. In 1856 there were 4 synagogues in Denmark. In 1864, Marko Drozdin was the rabbi in D. In 1908 there was a Talmud Torah, 1 husband. (with Saturday school) and 2 wives. Jewish schools, in 1910 - 7 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery, in 1911 - 9 heders, in 1915 - 8 synagogues. Historically economical D.'s development was associated with trade and timber rafting. On Feb. 1903 an attempt to accuse the Jews of D. of the ritual murder of a Christian boy was used gas. "Bessarabets" for unbridled anti-Semitic propaganda, which hastened the beginning of the Jewish pogrom in Chisinau on April 6-7. 1903. Attempts to commit pogroms were made in 1905 and in 1918–20, but they were opposed by the established Jewish self-defense. In 1920-22, thousands of Jewish refugees from the Ukraine passed through D. to Romania, and many joined them. Jews D. In the 1920s and 30s. in D. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. 12-28 Sept. 1941 in D. was destroyed approx. 8 thousand Jews, including 20 Sept. shot approx. 2 thousand Jews. Until the end. 1943 in D. was delivered and executed by St. 12 thousand Jews from a number of districts of Moldova, from Odessa and Czechoslovakia. In 1956 at the place of execution of Jews a memorial "In memory of 18,500 Soviet citizens of Dubossary" was opened with texts in Russian. and mold. languages ​​In D. genus. Semyon Shoikhet (b. 1931), architect, author of gen. development plans for Chisinau, Balti, Dubasari, Tiraspol, etc., archi…

dubilet moyshe iosifovich
has abstract: DUBILET Moishe Iosifovich (1897, Dmitrovka, Alexandriysky u., Kherson province - 1941), lit. critic. He made his debut in 1924 Art. about lit-re and rec. for production Heb. classics and modern. writers. From the beginning. 30s D.'s works were printed in gas. Der Shtern (Kharkov-Kiev), Der Emes (Moscow), "Farmest" and "Soviet Literature" (Kiev), "Stern" (Minsk). As sotr. Institute of Hebrews. culture at the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine D. was engaged in the study and publication of lit. heritage of the classics of Heb. lit-ry. His Art. Yisroel Aksenfeld, Osn. features of the realism of Sholem Aleichem "," How Sholem Aleichem worked "and others were included in the literary critic. Sat. "Kritishe articles" ("Critical Art."), Published in Kiev in 1939. D. - the author of textbooks on literature for Hebrews. schools ("Literary anthology for the 8th grade", etc.). In 1941, D. joined the Nar. the militia of Kiev and died in battle.

dubin mordekhay
has abstract: DUBIN Mordechai (1889 - 1956, Tula), polit. activist. Rod. in the family of the Lubavitch Hasid. Got a trad. Heb. religious education. In 1919–34 there was a dep. Of the Latvian Diet from the party "Agudas Isroel". Being on friendly terms with the prez. K. Ulmanis helped to soften the anti-Semitic atmosphere in the country. He took an active part in social and religious affairs. life of Latvian Jewry. After the annexation of Latvia to the USSR (1940) he was repressed. Upon his return from exile (1946) he became one of the hands. operations for the illegal departure from the USSR of hundreds of families of Lubavitch Hasidim (1946). In 1948 he was arrested.

dubinchik aleksandr mendelevich
has abstract: DUBINCHIK Alexander Mendelevich (1922, Moscow - 1997), painter. On the eve of the 1941–45 war, at the request of the State Tretyakov Gallery, he was admitted to the Military Studio. thin Returning from French, D. studied at Moscow. thin in. them. VI Surikov (1945–52), first at SV Gerasimov, then at GG Ryazhsky. After graduation, in-that worked as a portraitist, but in the middle. 50s D. is defined as a landscape painter with a person. looking at nature and people. building pictures. His element is sowing. Russian landscape, image. in the traditions of II Levitan, VA Serov, KA Korovin with sincere excitement and emotionality ("Cold Day", 1956; "On the Sebezhskoye Lake", 1965, etc.). museums of Russia (including PT, RM).

dubingyay
has abstract: DUBINGIAI, a small town in Molėtai district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 14th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dubinki (other name. Dubniki) of Vilensky u. and lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, there were 280 Jews living in D., in 1923 - 120 (47%), in 1940 - 80 Jews. In 1903 D. was opened for free settlement. Jews, exempt from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. Most of the Jews of Denmark were engaged in fishing, trade, and crafts. In the 1920s and 30s. pl. Jews of D. moved to Canada, Yuzh. Africa, E.-I., to Cuba. 18 Aug. 1941 in D., 40 Jews (men up to 45 years old) were shot. Sep 1941 the remaining Jews were shot - old people, women, children.

dubinki
has abstract: DUBINKI, see Dubingiai.

dubinova
has abstract: DUBINOVA, a village in Ludza district (Republic of Latvia). Main in 1847 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Dubinovo in Novoaleksandrovsky u. Covenskaya lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1898, 281 Jews lived in D., and in 1903 there were 353 Jews.

dubinovo
has abstract: DUBINOVO, see Dubinov.

dubinovskiy lazarj isaakovich
has abstract: DUBINOVSKY Lazar Isaakovich (1910, Faleshty, Bessarabian province - 1982, Chisinau), sculptor. In 1930 he graduated from a sculptor. branch of the Academy of Arts in Bucharest from O. Khan and D. Pachuri, then to Acad. Grand Chaumiere in Paris by A. Bourdelle. From 1930 he taught in Balti in Bessarabia, from 1940 in the same place Ch. thin Houses of Kr. Army. Member of the 2nd world. war. In 1944-51 the beginning. Control. art of the K-ta on lawsuits in the MSSR, 1964–72 ch. ed. artistic-expert commission of the Ministry of Culture of the MSSR. State pr. MSSR (1970). Main work: memory. G. Kotovsky (1953), the cycle “Moldavia on fire” (1943), the trilogy “Fathers and Sons” (1957), “Towards the Dawn” (1960), the group “Tiraspol seamstresses” (1962), a monument to S. Nyaga in Chisinau (1964–69), portrait of Ho Chi Minh (1968). Highlighted works related to the Hebrew. themes, among them “The Old Teacher” (1970), the portrait of A. Raikin (1976–77), “Requiem. Dedication to the victims of the Nazi death camps "(1982), as well as a monument to the victims of Nazism in the Museum of Hebrews. communities of Romania (Bucharest). Nar. thin MSSR (1963), che. Academy of Arts of the USSR (1954). Prod. are located in the State Russian Museum, State Tretyakov Gallery, State Art Museum of the MSSR.

dubinskiy aleksandr markovich
has abstract: DUBINSKY Alexander Markovich (1906, Cherkassy Kievskaya, province - 1982, Moscow), historian, orientalist. Dr. East Sciences (1966), prof. (1967). Graduated from East. Faculty of IFLI (1938). Teacher Saratov, state University (1938–43), Higher. desks, schools under the Central Committee of the CPSU (1944–67). Sci. sotr. Institute D. Vostoka (1967–82). Main direction of research: mezhdunar. relations in the Far East in modern times. Cit .: War in the Pacific, Saratov, 1942; Japanese whale. war, M., 1966; Int. relations in the Far East: 1917–45. M., 1979.

dubinskiy david
has abstract: DUBINSKY David (1892, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1982, New York), trade unionist. In the 1900s. sec. the trade union of bakers created by the Bund in Lodz, arrested for organizing a strike, exiled to Siberia in 1909, escaped from the stage. From 1910 in the USA, he worked as a cutter, Ch. Amer. socialist party, participant prof. movement. After the 1st world. war one of the leaders of the Internats. union of workers for the manufacture of wives. dresses (mainly the European union), fought against attempts by the communists to seize the leadership of the union. Since 1934 vice-president. Amer. Federation of Labor (AFL), one of the founders of the Congr. productions, prof. (1935) and Amer. Labor Party (1936). After the 2nd world. war - one of the founders of Intern. Confederation of Free Professors D. actively participated in Heb. societies, activities: as a member. Execute. Council of Heb. worker to-that (founded in 1933) helped refugees from Europe (primarily from Nazi Germany), advocated the creation. State of Israel, assisted the Histadrut. In 1961 he was appointed president. J. Kennedy Presidential Advisory Council for Policy in the region. labor and management. Since 1962, member. Mezhamer. advisory board, member of pl. int. conf. prof.

dubinskiy david aleksandrovich
has abstract: DUBINSKY David Alexandrovich (1920, Novorossiysk - 1960, Moscow), book artist. Graduated from Moscow. thin in-t them. V.I.Surikov (1946). He worked in the technique of drawing with a pen. The lightness and expressiveness of D.'s graphics resisted naturalistic. trends of owls. book illustrations of those years. Illustrated by W. Teckeray, C. Dickens, C. Goldoni. In the beginning. 1950s began to work in a tonal manner common in those years with a brush and black watercolors, created large detailed sheets, where ex. the environment from a slightly outlined background became an important element of the composition. But even in these illustrations, outwardly closer to the works of other artists, D. retained his originality, for illustration he chose not key events, but the intervals between them, focusing on conveying the atmosphere of the production. and his lyric. tonality (ill. to the story of A.P. Chekhov "House with a mezzanine" 1954). Each illustration of D. is perceived as a fragment of a continuously flowing reality. In the illustrations for the production. of contemporary writers D. gently outlined the details of the meager pre- and post-war. everyday life. His works are characterized by soft lyricism, in which only occasionally sentimental notes sound. Sometimes the influence of cinematography is noticeable in D.'s works, as in Naib. extensive and izv. ser. illustrations for the "Duel" by A.I. Kuprin, which became his post. work.

dubinskiy iljya vladimirovich
has abstract: DUBINSKY Ilya Vladimirovich (Yudovich) (1898, Butenkova of Kobelyaksky u.Poltava province. - 1989, Moscow), military leader, writer. Graduated from commercial. uch-shche (1917), entered Petrograd. polytechnic in-t. Since 1918 in Kr. Army. Since 1918 military commissar and com. regiment, in 1924–25 com. 2nd brigade of the Chervonny Cossacks. For participation in civil. war nagr. ord. Cr. Banner (1919). He graduated from advanced training courses. early composition (1925) and Military. acad. them. M.V. Frunze (1927). In 1927-28 the beginning. headquarters of the 8th Separate Turkmen Cav. brigade, in 1928-29 and in 1931-32 beginning. headquarters of the 1st Zaporizhzhya Chervonno-Cossack division. In 1929–31 in the reserve of the Red Army. In 1931–37 holes. sec. Defense Commissions of the Council of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR and the Central Committee of the CP (b) U. In 1935–36 - com. and a military commissar. dep. tank, regiment, in 1936 - a separate heavy. tank, brigade. In 1936–37 pom. early Improvement courses for the command personnel of the avtobronetank. troops of the Red Army. 1937 - pom. early Kazan tank. uch-schA. Repressed. 1937–55 in custody. Cit .: Sobr. op. in 4 volumes. Kiev, 1986–88.

dubinskiy moyshe shaya mikhelevich
has abstract: DUBINSKY Moishe Shaya Mikhelevich (1900, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. - 1983, Kiev), translator, linguist. He worked as a teacher in Heb. language and literature in schools. In 1931 he graduated from Heb. dep. Moscow ped. in-ta them. Lenin. He settled in Kiev. Was ed. pl. Heb. book republican publishing house "Ukrnatsmenizdat". Per. in Ukrainian lang. manuf. Sholem Aleichem, as well as Prince. modern Heb. writers. Among his linguistic. research - “Phraseologisms of Sholem Aleichem in Russian. per. "," The Way of the Linguist ", etc.

dublyany
has abstract: DUBLYANY, an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Sambir district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Sambir district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1941–42, 76 Jews were killed in D.

dubna
has abstract: Dubna, city (since 1956) in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Main In 1956, 217 Jews lived in Denmark in 1970, and 198 Jews in 1989. In 1994, a religion was established in Denmark. community, since 1994 Rabbi D. - the representative of M.-M. Shneerson Alexei Borisovich Kurdikov (b. 1966). In 1995 a Sunday school and a youth club were opened, in 2000 - "Hesed". From the 2nd floor. 1990s Minyan gathers on holidays. In 1999, approx. 600 Jews.

dubno
has abstract: Dubno, see Andreapol.

dubnov semen markovich
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ДУБНОВ Семен Маркович (Шимон Меерович) (1860, Мстиславль Могилевской губ. – 1941, Рига), историк, публицист, обществ. деятель. Получил трад. евр. образование, в дальнейшем занимался самообразованием, уделяя осн. вимание изучению истории. В 1880–1906 жил в Петербурге, Одессе, Вильне, с 1906 – в Петербурге, где преподавал евр. историю на курсах востоковедения (с 1908), в Евр. ун-те (с 1919). Один из основателей и рук. «Евр. ист.-этногр. об-ва» (с 1908), ред. (1908–18) издаваемого об-вом ж. «Евр. старина», основатель ист. ж. на иврите «Га-авар» (т.1,2; 1918), в к-ром вел отд. «хасидиана». Как чл. Об-ва для распространения просвещения между евреями в России Д. боролся за созд. евр. нар. школ. После Кишиневского погрома (1903) призывал к созд. евр. самообороны. Выступал за участие евреев в выборах в Гос. думу (1905) и основал евр. секцию партии кадетов. Был чл. «Союза для достижения полноправия евреев в России», но позже отошел от него и в 1906 основал Евр. нар. партию (существовала в России до 1918). После окт. 1917 подготовил ряд публикаций на евр. темы, из к-рых ни одна не вышла в свет. С 1922 – в Каунасе, затем в Берлине. После прихода Гитлера к власти (1933) переехал в Ригу. После оккупации города нем.-фаш. войсками арестован и отправлен в гетто (сент. 1941), в дек. 1941 включен в колонну смертников.Д. – автор тр. по евр. истории: «Учебник евр. истории» (т.1–3, 1898–1901), «Всеобщая история евреев» (т.1–3, 1904–06; т.4 – «Новейшая история евр. народа, 1789–1881», 1914), «Всемирная история евр. народа» (т.1–10, в нем. пер., 1925–29; на иврите, 1923–38; на идиш, 1948–58; на рус. яз., 1934–38, Рига, т.II, заканчивающийся предвоен. периодом, на иврите – 1940), «История хасидизма» (на иврите, 1930–31).Д. представлял историю евр. народа как историю развития евр. нац. духа, определял евр. народ как. «народ, чьим домом является весь мир», считал, что он сформировался в процессе приспособления к условиям, в к-рых жил, а в диаспоре развил особ…

dubnov yakov semenovich
has abstract: DUBNOV Yakov Semenovich (1887, Mstislavl, Mogilev province. - 1957, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1936). Son of historian S.M. Dubnov. Graduated from Odessa. un-t (1913). Prof. (1931). He worked in Moscow. electrical engineering in-those communications and Moscow. higher. tech. school (1920–40), at Moscow State University (1928–52), at Ped. Institute of the Komi ASSR (1952-54). Main results in vector and tensor analysis. Works: Fundamentals of vector calculus, parts 1-2. M., 1950–53.

dubossary
has abstract: DUBOSSARI, see Dubasar.

dubovaya
has abstract: OAK, see Oak.

dubovaya balka
has abstract: OAK BALKA, a village in the Kursavsky district of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Dubovobalkovskoe Aleksandrovsky u. Stavropol province. 25 Dec. 1942 9 Jews were captured in DB, taken to Kursavka and shot there.

dubovichi
has abstract: DUBOVICHI, a village in the Krolevets district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Glukhovsky u. Chernigov Gubernia. In 1918, a pogrom broke out in D. Army.

dubovka
has abstract: DUBOVKA, city (since 1925), regional center in the Volgograd region. (Russian Federation). Since 1803 - the city, then the settlement of Tsaritsyn u. Saratov Gubernia. In 1939, there were 11 Jews living in D.. In 1916, D. had a synagogue.

dubovo
has abstract: DUBOVO, does not exist now. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Umansky u. Kiev Gubernia. In 1897, 1,104 Jews lived in D. Jews have lived in D. since the time of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1912, a Jewish loan and savings system operated in D. m-in. On May 13-14, 1919, a pogrom took place in D. All adult men were killed and b. including women and children. On June 17, 1919, the detachments of Ataman Sokolovsky organized a second pogrom, as a result of which several were killed. dozens of Jews. After the Jews who had survived escaped from D., the peasants dismantled all Jewish houses, cleared the land and plowed it up. The town ceased to exist. S.Ya. Elisavetsky

dubovobalkovskoe
has abstract: DUBOVOBALKOVSKOE, see [[Oak Beam.

dubovoe
has abstract: OAK, a village in the Uzlovsky district of the Tula region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Dubovaya Epifanskogo u. Tula province. Oct. 1941 in D. was shot apprx. 30 Jews from D. and neighboring villages.

duboy
has abstract: DUBOY, a village in the Pinsk district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Duboy-Zarechny, Pinsky u. Minsk province. In 1897, 200 Jews (21.3%) lived in Denmark. 20th century some of the Jews of Denmark left for the USA, where in 1928 the Progressive Youth Association was created by immigrants from Denmark. In 1939 a synagogue was closed in D., and in 1957 the building was converted into a radio center.

duboy-zarechnyy
has abstract: OAK-ZARCHENNY, see Oak.

dubrinichi
has abstract: DUBRINICHI (in 1939-45 - Berchenifalva, until 1995 - Dubrinich), a village in the Perechinsk district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in 1427. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1785, approx. 60 Jews (7.9%), in 1828 - approx. 80 (9.9%), in 1939 - approx. 160 Jews (9%). occupation of Jews D. - p. economy and small trade. The Jewish population of Denmark was destroyed during the Holocaust.

dubrova
has abstract: DUBROVA, see [[Old Dubrovka.

dubrovin boris savvovich
has abstract: DUBROVIN Boris Savvovich (real fam. Gall) (b. 1926, Moscow), poet, translator. Father - engineer, mother - doctor. In 1936, the parents were repressed. During the 1941–45 war, he volunteered for the infantry, then in the aviation was an air gunner. In 1958 he graduated from Lit. in-t. Published since 1946. Ed. 25 kn. poems and 7 books. prose translated into plural. lang. Per. in Russian lang. poets of other rep., with Heb. - Joseph Kerler. Many are written on D.'s verses. popular ones: "Quiet Words of Love", "Kindness", "White Nights", "Russians", "The Way Home", "Bell", etc.

dubrovin yoav
has abstract: DUBROVIN Yoav (1831-1935), society. activist. Rod. in a prosperous Russian. cross, family, owner of a rich cross, x-va. He converted to Judaism in Tsaritsyn. From 1903 in E.-I .; together with gr. Russian peasants who converted to Judaism, settled in the agricultural. settlement of Beit Gan. In 1906 he founded his own. medium in the north of the country, equipped it with modern purchased in Russia. s.-kh. equipment and turned the farm into one of the best in the area.

dubrovitsa
has abstract: DUBROVITSA (until 1940 - Dombrovitsa), city, regional center in the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 12th century In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of Pinsk povet, Brest voivodeship, part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919-39 it was part of the Volyn Voivodeship of Poland, in 1939-91 it was part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1766, 404 Jews lived in D., in 1847 - 1910, in 1897 - 2686 (47.7%), in 1921 - 2536. in 1931 - 2739, in 1937 - 3225 Jews (43.4%). Jews lived in D. from the beginning. 16th century In the 17th and 18th centuries. Jews of D. were under the jurisdiction of the Pinsk kagal. Most of the Jews of Denmark belonged to the Karlin-Stolin, Trisk, and Berezna Hasids. In 1865 there were 3 synagogues in Denmark, in 1910 - 5 synagogues, including 3 Hasidic ones, a cemetery with the oldest grave of the 16th century. There were rabbis in Denmark: in the 19th century. - Yakov-Natan Vaisman, before 1900 - Yakov Shapiro (? -1900), in 1901-37 - Yakov Zaltsman, in 1918-1942 - Nokhum-Yeshua Pechnik (? -1942) and founded the Hasidic court in Denmark at the end. 1930s - Aba Zaltsman. In 1884 a Jewish pogrom took place in D. In the 1900s. in D., the Bund organization operated, dec. Zionist circles. In oct. 1915 the Jews of D. were evicted to the int. districts of Russia. In 1917, a self-defense detachment was created, at the same time a school and children were opened. a garden with teaching in Hebrew and a school with teaching in Yiddish. In the beginning. 1919 pogrom committed by the troops of the Directory. Another pogrom took place on July 10, 1919. In the 1920s and 30s. in D. there was a yeshiva; Jewish parties and org-tions D. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht in June 1941. The Judenrat was created, in March 1942 - a ghetto, in which St. 4 thousand people A fighting group was operating in the ghetto. 25 Aug 1942 almost all the Jews of D. were taken to Sarny, where…

dubrovitskiy moyshe
has abstract: DUBROVITSKY Moishe (| - 1937), publicist, playwright. In the end. 20s D. ed. Heb. youth gas. Der Junger Arbeter in Minsk. In 1932, D. was headed by a Belarusian. delegation, which went to Birobidzhan to get acquainted with the life of the first settlers. Later in Minsk gas. and in Moscow. gas. "Der emes" published D.'s travel sketches about this trip, and then the book was published. "20 days in Birobidzhan". The author of the book. “Belarus is the chief of Birobidzhan”. Joint. with N. Weingois he wrote the play "Internationalizirt" (1930). In 1937 he was repressed.

dubrovka
has abstract: DUBROVKA, urban-type settlement (since 1931), a regional center in the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Bryansk u. Oryol lips. In the 1930s. - Dubrovsky Jewish village council of Dubrovsky district. In 1904, approx. 40 Jewish families, in 1910 - c. 200 Jews, in 1923 - 483, in 1926 - 542 (35.5%), in 1939 - 360 Jews. In 1904 the Jews of Denmark were allowed to set up a temporary prayer house with their postscript to the department of the Oryol rabbi. In 1910 the organization of a permanent synagogue was authorized. In 1918, the local organization Poalei Zion operated in D. In 1921 a branch of the Evsection was created in D. In the fall of 1929, an anti-religious meeting was held on Yom Kippur in D. After the rally, the women collected signatures to open a cooperative kosher shop. 1941, 12 Jews were killed in D. In 1998, approx. 40 Jews in D. Grigory Izrailevich Goldin (1902-1964, Moscow), urologist, Dr. med. Sciences (1948), reg. honey. service (1950), in 1953-56 and. about. ch. urologist Owls. Army, specialist in the region. military field urology V. N. Pervyshin

dubrovna
has abstract: DUBROVNA, see Dubrovno.

dubrovno
has abstract: DUBROVNO, city (since 1925), regional center in Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 16th century, in the Orsha district of the Troki voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, in 1773-77 - the county town of the Orsha province, then the town of Orsha, from 1861 - Goretsky district. Mogilev province. In 1924-30 - the regional center Dubrovna, Orsha Okr., In 1938-62 and since 1965 - the Vitebsk Region. In 1833 there were 1869 Jews living in D., in 1851 - 4730, in 1860 - 4183 (60.8%), in 1865 - 2626, in 1869 - 2612, in 1880 - 2336 (46%), in 1897 - 4364, in 1908 - 4991 (52.7%), in 1923 - 3199, in 1926 - 3105 Jews (39.2%). The Jewish community arose in the 3rd quarter. 17th century In 1715, Belorussian conferences were held in D. waada. In 1737 A. Voznitsyn was in D. In 1777 there was a synagogue in Denmark, and in 1798-1800 Jews owned 207 households. One of the main. occupation of the Jewish population - weaving (D. is the center of production of thales, in the 19th century there were several thales factories, in 1897 about 300 families - over 500 workers were employed in weaving). Jews also traded in timber and grain. Between 1845 and 1846, 63 Jewish families received permission to move to state lands in the Gory-Goretskoye estate or in the Yekaterinoslav and Kherson provinces. In 1851, there were 14 synagogues and 13 heders in Denmark, and there were 4 talis factories (annual income - about 11.5 thousand rubles). In 1859, a state school of the 1st category was transferred from Lyubavich to D. - a craft class with locksmith and carpentry-turning departments is still open). At the same time. at the end. 1850s there were yeshivas and 13 heders in D. In 1880 the Jews owned 453 houses out of 913, there were 14 synagogues, until 1882 Yankel Heifetz was the state rabbi. In 1891, 10 Jewish families expelled from Moscow settled in D. In order to facilitate economical. position of weavers in 1902 was founded …

dubrovo
has abstract: DUBROVO, a village in the Grodno region of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Grodno district Grodno province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. Since 1901, Chaim-Aron-Dovber Pomeranets (1871–?) Was the rabbi in D. In 1912 a Jewish loan and savings system operated in D. In 1941, after the occupation of Denmark by the Germans. troops in the village were killed approx. 3,700 Jews.

dubrovskiy boris yakovlevich
has abstract: DUBROVSKY Boris Yakovlevich (b. 1939, Moscow), athlete (rowing, double boat); z.m.s. USSR (1964). Graduated from Moscow. correspondence ped. Institute (1966). Champion Olympus. games (1964), Europe (1964) and the USSR (1963–65).

dubrovskiy david izrailevich
has abstract: DUBROVSKY David Izrailevich (b. 1929, Orekhov Zaporozhye okr.), Psychologist. Dr. Philos. Sciences, prof. Graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Kiev University (1952). In 1952–57 he worked on Wed. school of Donetsk, at the same time. taught in Donetsk honey. in-those. In 1971–87 prof. Philos. Faculty of Moscow State University, Head. dep. f “Philos. Sciences". In 1987-88 he worked at the Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1988 at the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Developed an informational approach to the problem of consciousness, research. value-semantic structure of subjective reality, studied philosophy. problems of psychoregulation in the West. and east. Cultures: Information, Consciousness, Brain. M., 1980.

dubrovskiy konstantin vladimirovich
has abstract: DUBROVSKY Konstantin Vladimirovich (real family. Katz) (1879, Irkutsk - 1943, Chelyabinsk), poet, journalist. Graduated from the Irkutsk craft-suburban Sunday school. In 1896–99 he studied at the Irkutsk teacher's seminary, after graduation - a teacher of the Verkhneudinsk foreign origin. uch-schA. Was suspended for the roar. propaganda among the peasants. One of the organizers of the Irkutsk department. Vseros. teacher. Union (1907). From 1903 - under the supervision of the Irkutsk security department. Member party of the Socialist-Revolutionaries, in 1908 withdrew from it. He began to publish in 1899. In 1906-17 - member. editorial board daily gas. "Siberia", where he led "dep. feuilletons, at the same time. was published in the period. ed. Tomsk, Irkutsk, Omsk, Chita, Barnaul, Yakutsk, and others. D.'s poems bear the stamp of a strong influence of the poetry of S.Ya. Nadson. He performed successfully in the genre of fiction. biographies. He promoted Siberian autonomy. He studied the history of the culture of Siberia. Materials about Siberia and Siberians published in the foundation, Vol. "Birth in the Country of Exile" (P., 1916), edges came out with great censorship, abbr. In 1918 he published J. "Autonomous Siberia". After the fall of the Kolchak production, ed. in 1920–21. "Proletarian culture". From 1921 to 1941 he lived in Moscow, after the beginning. war was evacuated to Chelyabinsk.

dubson mikhail iosifovich
has abstract: DUBSON Mikhail Iosifovich (1899, Smolensk - 1961, Leningrad), film director, screenwriter. In 1916-20 he studied law. f-those Mosk. un-that. Since 1918 sotr. management of the People's Commissariat for Food in Moscow, then in decomp. org-tions of Smolensk, Siberia, Moscow. In 1925-30 sotr. owls. trade mission in Germany, at the same time. worked in it. film firms "Lev-film" and "Atlantic-film" (exposition of the Soviet. "Mezhrabpom-film"). In 1932–33 he was an inspector of the Board of Soyuzfilm. Since 1933, dir. "Lenfilm". In 1938–39 in prison on false charges. In subsequent years - a lawyer in decomp. institutions. He made his debut as dir. in Germany f. Two Brothers and Poisonous Gas (both 1929). In 1935 the post. on "Lenfilm" picture "Border" - naib. significant and profound film production. Heb. topics in owls. cinematography, highly acclaimed by Sov. and nick. criticism. In 1937 he removed f. "Big Wings", subjected to fierce party criticism and removed from the screen. The same thing happened after D.'s short return to the cinema in the second half. 50s: the adaptation of the play "Storm" by VN Bil-Belotserkovsky drew harsh reviews from official critics and was also filmed. Dr. F.: "Concert Waltz", joint. with I. Trauberg, 1940.

dubyanskiy aleksandr markovich
has abstract: DUBYANSKY Alexander Markovich (1900, Petersburg - 1920, Kiev), pianist. Studied playing php. from M.I.Gelever, then from A.N. Esipova (until 1914) and from F.M. Blumenfeld in Petrograd. cons., to-ruyu graduated at the age of 15 (also in composition class). He began to give concerts as a teenager (he performed for 7 years), amazed by his exceptionally bright artistic personality, the edges did not have time to fully open up due to early death (suicide). D. gave the so-called. ist. concerts, the programs to-rykh included productions. Komi, different eras and styles. He also performed specials. programs for children. Interpretations of Op. A.N. Skryabin. Author FP. plays.

dudergof
has abstract: DUDERHOF, see Mozhaisky.

dudinka
has abstract: DUDINKA, city (since 1951), center of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug. (Russian Federation). Main in 1667 as a yasak hut. From 1930 - p. Dudinskoe, the center of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug. 24 Jews lived in D. in 1939, 28 (0.1%) in 1970, and 27 Jews (0.1%) in 1979.

dudino
has abstract: DUDINO, does not exist now. Main in 1848 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Mstislavsky u. Mogilev Gubernia. In 1865, 362 Jews lived in Denmark, in 1898 - 169, in 1908 - 184, in 1925 - 250 Jews (84.4%). In 1880, the Yevsey Agranat large farm was built. In 1908 the Jewish community owned 352 dess. land. In the 1920s. main occupation of Jews D. - p. The Jewish population of Denmark was destroyed during the Holocaust.

dudinskoe
has abstract: DUDINSKY, see Dudinka.

dudnik gennadiy mikhaylovich
has abstract: DUDNIK Gennady Mikhailovich (1924, Moscow - 1993, ibid.), Actor. After school, after graduating from the artillery school, he was at the front (1942 45). In 1949 he graduated from the acting department of GITIS and entered Moscow. dram. Dr. oilmen, hands. MF Astangov (later - Moscow tour comedy theater). Here he played the role of Telyatev ("Mad Money" by AN Ostrovsky, 1951), post. "The Scarlet Flower" by S.T.Aksakov (1954). Working in the t-re, he performed on stage with the parody number "Artists in the Zoo", where he portrayed many. Izv. mkhatov actors (B.N. Livanov, B.G. Dobronravov, M.M. Tarkhanov, N.P. Khmelev, A.P. Zuev, etc.). Drew the attention of N.P. Smirnov-Sokolsky, who invited him to the newly opened Variety Theater (1954). In the first performance “His Birthday” (1954) he performed the parody “Artists at the Stadium” and the parody of the “dandy”. In the play "Welcome" the circle of parody characters increased; E.P. Garin, M.M. Yanshin, L.O.Utesov, Smirnov-Sokolsky, Astangov, I.M. Moskvin, and others appeared. In 1955, D. went to VGKO (later - Moskontsert), performed alone and with E.Ya. Vesnik. In 1956 he created his own team. Here, in the program "Caution, Love" (1959, text by D.O. Levitsky, E.Z.Radov), in miniatures by G.I. Gorin and D. "Discussion about Love", one of D.'s constant heroes first appeared - Kuzma Ivanovich, uncle Kuzya. This is followed by the programs "Do not believe in vain" (1962) and "What the hell is not joking" (1964). Since 1957 his wife, actress E.A. Arnoldova, has become D.'s partner. For the first time they performed in a pop performance based on S. Grodzenskaya "Husband, wife and entertainer" (the role of the latter was played by M.N. Garkavi). This duet has existed on the stage for more than 2 decades. In 1985, the parents were joined by their son Anatoly, who graduated from the Theater School named after I. B.V.Shchukin. The three of them played a play written especially for them by A.A. Trushkin "Believe it or not!" (19…

dukeljskiy vladimir markovich
has abstract: DUKELSKY Vladimir Markovich (1900, Gievka, Kharkov province. - 1983), physicist. After graduating from the Voronezh gymnasium (1917) he entered the Voronezh agricultural school. in-t. He worked there for prof. A.A. Dobiasha at the Department of Physics. In 1920 he moved to Kharkov. He worked in decomp. museums, in those for the protection of monuments of art and antiquity. The portrait of Dukelsky, made by the artist T. Serebryakova, has been preserved. Since 1921 - head. radiographic. lab. Kharkov roentgenologic in-that. Since 1924 in Leningrad, head. lab. Leningrad. roentgenologic. Institute, in 1926-30 he studied on the job at Leningrad. state un-those (phys.-math. f-t). After graduating from un-that and before the beginning. war taught at un-those. At the same time. from 1929 - sotr. Leningrad. physical and technical Institute, 1945-70 - head. lab., and since 1970 - Art. scientific. sotr. and professional consultant. In 1941–43 early. lab. one of the Research Institute of the People's Commissariat of Ammunition. the results were obtained in the region. physics of x-rays, physics of cosmic. rays (in 1934 he headed an expedition to study them in the city of Aragats, ArmSSR). In the postwar years. performed the classic ones. research on the physics of ionic processes - a single ion-atomic collision, the method of creating. beams negated. ions, the mechanism of formation is negative. ions in gases. Created a school of physics of atomic collisions.

dukhovich moyshe-khaim
has abstract: DUKHOVICH Moishe-Khaim (1874, Starobin, Minsk province - 1951, Mexico), publicist. Rod. in the family of a timber merchant. Received a tradition. education. Later he worked as an accountant in various. cities of Ukraine and the Caucasus. Participated in the roar. movement, then became a Zionist. After the Revolution of 1917 he worked in Nar. commissariat ex. trade. Since 1924 in Mexico. He was engaged in Ch. arr. journalism, published in Mexican. Heb. periodic. ed. publicistic. Art., essays and feuilletons. Author of rep. "Zangen fun mein feld" ("The ears of my field", 1943) and the book. essay "Fun altn kwal" ("From an old source", 1954).

dukhovshchina
has abstract: DUKHOVSHCHINA, city, regional center in the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 17th century From 1775 it was a district town of the Smolensk governorship, then a province. In 1897, 23 Jewish families lived in D., in 1898 - 24, in 1925 - 219 Jews (6.6%), in 1926 - 195 (6.7%). in 1939 - 102 Jews. 1890-1900s. the Jews of D. every year received permission to set up temporary prayer houses during the autumn holidays. In the beginning. In 1920, an attempt was made to open a Jewish school in D. Ya.O. Zundelovich.

dukora
has abstract: DUKORA, a village in the Pukhovichi district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16th - 18th centuries. - a town in the Minsk Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Igumensky district. Minsk province. In 1766, 462 Jews lived in D., in 1897 - 604 (44.5%), in 1923 - 501 Jews. about Jews in D. belongs to the 2nd quarter. 18th century In 1902-21, Nison Telushkin (1881-1970) was the rabbi in Denmark after the death of his father-in-law Rabbi Moishe. In 1912, a Jewish loan and savings system operated in D. m-in. In 1923 the Jewish community of Denmark resisted attempts to close the cheder. 1941 a ghetto was created in D., during the liquidation of which in November. 1941, 275 Jews were shot. B. Vladek, L. N. Geller, S. W. Niger, D. W. Charney.

dukshtas
has abstract: DUKSTAS, a city (since 1956) in the Ignalina region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Dukshty Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1920–39, it was in the Vilnius Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1940–91, a part of the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 452 Jews (70.0%) lived in D., in 1921, 416 Jews. In 1903 D. was opened for free settlements of Jews, exempt from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. In 1912, a Jewish loan and savings system operated in D. The Jewish population of Denmark was exterminated in 1941. S. Rappoport.

dukshty
has abstract: DUKSHTY, see Dukstas.

dulitskiy semen osipovich
has abstract: DULITSKY Semyon Osipovich (1883, Izmail, Bessarabian province. - 1956, Moscow), pediatrician. He graduated in 1910 honey. Faculty of Novorossiysk University (Odessa) and worked there as a resident in children. clinic. In 1912 he moved to Moscow, joined the work of the Society for Combating Children. mortality. From 1918–23 he worked in Moscow. dep. protection of motherhood and infancy, hands. development of instructions for the work of nurseries, consultations, baby homes. In 1923 D. in children. hospital them. N.F. Filatov organized and headed the nursing department., Children. and wives. consultations, dep. for sick children Art. age, baby house and dairy kitchen. In 1926–30 he taught a course of early childhood diseases. age at advanced training courses for doctors, in 1931 he headed the Department of Early Pediatrics 2nd Moscow. honey. in-that. (prof.) Sci. D. activity dedicated. studying the problems of gastrointestinal diseases, flu, gonorrhea in children. Studied issues of early diagnosis, classification, treatment and prevention of rickets; first proposed the use of placental blood for measles prevention. D. - organizer and pre. Section of physicians-micropediatrics and members. reign Mosk. and Vses. about-in children. Doctors. Cit .: Prevention and treatment of summer children. diarrhea. M. – L ,. 1939; Diseases of early childhood. age. M. 1950.

duljtsin arje
has abstract: DULTSIN Arie (1913, Minsk - 1989, Tel Aviv), societies, and a Zionist. activist. Since 1928 - with his parents in Mexico. In Mexico he graduated from high school and un. In 1931–37 - honored. secretary, in 1938–42 and 1951–56 - before. Zionist. org-tion of Mexico. Since 1956 - in Israel. In 1956, member. will fulfill, to-that Heb. agencies (international. Zionist organization); led by his econ. dep., in 1966–68 - dep. labor and absorption, in 1968–78 - treasurer of Heb. agencies and World. the Zionist organization. In 1969-70 D. - min. without a portfolio in the pr-ve Israel. Prev Worldwide Union of General Zionists (since 1972), before. Centre. to-ta of the Liberal Party of Israel, member. council dir. Keren ha-Yesod (chief financial body of the World Zionist organization), the board of the National. Bank of Israel, prev. Heb. agencies and the World. Zionist organization (since 1978; in 1973 74 - acting head.).

duljtsin mark solomonovich
has abstract: DULTSIN Mark Solomonovich (1904, Minsk - 1969, Moscow), therapist-hematologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1936), Ph.D. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR. In 1927 he graduated from honey. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow State University. In 1927–28 he was a resident of the hospital therapeutic clinic of the 2nd Moscow State University. In 1928-29 - in Kr. Army. From 1930 until the end of his life he worked at the Central Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, where he went from a resident to a prof. hematology clinic. At the same time. D. worked as an assistant and assistant professor. in the Central Institute for advanced training of doctors; Assoc. (1943–48) - in the hospital therapeutic clinic of the 2nd Moscow. honey. Institute of Science. D.'s interests in hematology were varied. Developed the problem of leukemia, pernicious anemia and blood transfusion with internal. diseases, hemotherapy of poisoning prom. poisons. Developed a classification of leukemia, described a number of clinical variants of the tech. diseases. D. is one of the initiators and active participants in the development of methods for obtaining dry blood products and their use in the clinic. For the first time in the country he described the clinic of macrocytic anemia and achrestic pernicious-chill-like anemia; established indications and contraindications for transfusion of blood and its components in a number of internal diseases. Ch.-c. Int. about-va of hematologists and transfusiologists. Honored. active science of the RSFSR, Steel. etc. (1943) Cit .: Treatment of anemia (co-author). M.-L., 1938 .; Hemotherapy in the clinic, int. diseases (et al.). M. 1952; Leukemia. Etiology. Pathogenesis. Clinic. Treatment (et al.). M., 1965.

duman lazarj isaevich
has abstract: DUMAN Lazar Isaevich (1907, Petersburg - 1979, Moscow), orientalist, historian and economist. Dr. East Sciences (1965). Graduated from Faculty of Linguistics and Material. culture Leningrad. state un-that (1930). Lecturer at the Leningrad State University (1936–41). In 1941–52 he served in the army, voluntarily joining the ranks of the Nar. militia in the early days of the war. Sci. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies (1935–40, 1952–56, 1962–79), deputy. dir. Institute of Chinese Studies (1956–61). The author of St. 80 scientific. tr. on the history, economy and culture of China, as well as neighboring countries in antiquity, in modern times. Works: New history of China. Lectures 1–8, 1938; Essays on the ancient history of China. L., 1938; Essay on the history of China. M., 1950.

dumbraveny
has abstract: DUMBRAVEN, see Dumbraven.

dumbrevenj
has abstract: DUMBREVEN (until 1991 - Dumbroveni), a village in the Soroca region (Republic of Moldova). Main in 1836 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Dumbravena Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918-40 it was part of Romania, in 1940-91 it was the MSSR. In 1897, 1726 Jews (95%) lived in D., in 1910 - 1132, in 1930 - 1198 (87%), in 1989 - 2 Jews. the rabbi in D. was Mendl Davidzon. Then the representatives of the Shterinberg family were rabbis in D. In the end. 19th century in D., tobacco and sheep breeding were developed. In 1909 there were 4 synagogues, opened in 1900 societies. uch-shche contained in the main. for the funds of EKO, Talmud-Torah, heders. In the 1900s and 30s. The rabbi in D. was Levi Shterinberg (1883, Dumbraveny - 1943, Omsk). In the 1920s and 30s. in D. there were 5 synagogues, 2 libraries; Jewish parties and organizations. In 1940, after the annexation of Bessarabia to the USSR, a number of societies were arrested. D. leaders, including Rabbi Shterinberg. After the occupation of D. room. In July 1941, the Jews of Denmark were deported to Transnistria by troops.

dumbroveny
has abstract: DUMBROVEN, see Dumbraven.

dunaev
has abstract: DUNAEV, a village in the Peremyshlyansky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - a place in the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 there were 50 Jews living in Denmark, in 1880 - 331 (18.2%), in 1900 - 338 (14.4%), in 1921 - 95 Jews (4.3%) First mention. about Jews in D. refers to 1629. Since 1891 the rabbi of D. was Ichiel-Mikhl Leiter, in the 1920s. - Boruch Steinberg, in the 1930s. - Yisroel Leiter. There was a synagogue and a cheder. The Jewish population was deported from D. in September. 1942.

dunaevskiy isaak osipovich
has abstract: DUNAEVSKY Isaak Osipovich (Iosifovich) (1900, Lokhvitsa, Poltava province - 1955, Moscow), composer. In 1919 he graduated from the Kharkov cons. in the violin class of I.Yu. Akhron, studied composition under the hands. S.S.Bogatyreva. He worked in decomp. t-pah Kharkov as a comp. and conductor, was in charge of muses. branch of the Lips. dep. bunk bed education. In 1924 he moved to Moscow, became the head. muses. part of T-ra satire. In 1929–34 - music. hands. and ch. conductor Leningrad. music hall, collaborated with L.O. Utesov and his "Tea-jazz". In 1938–41 he was headed by Anse. songs and dances of the Palace of Pioneers. Was before. Leningrad. branch of the Union comp. (1937–41). During the war, the J.-D. ans., went with concerts to the army. From 1943 he lived in Moscow. one of the creators of owls. popular song, a classic of this genre. His songs, diverse in genres and themes, gained immense popularity. Most of them were written for f., D. is one of the founders of the genre of muses. comedy in owls. cinema. F. with music by D. "Merry Fellows" (1934), "Three Comrades" (1935), "Goalkeeper", "Circus", "Children of Captain Grant", "Seekers of Happiness" (all four - 1937), "The Bright Path "(1940)," Spring "(1947)," Kuban Cossacks "(1949) constitute the" golden fund "of the fatherlands, film heritage. D. created a number of new types of mass songs: energetic march ("March of the Merry Children", "Song of Moscow", "Song of Kakhovka", "Song of the Merry Wind", "March of Enthusiasts", "Song of the Motherland"), lyrical waltz ("Don't Forget", "School Waltz", "Waltz Evening"), road song ("Ways-Roads"), etc. In pl. songs used intonation bunks. songs, incl. and Heb. (f. "Seekers of Happiness"). D. made a great contribution to the development of owls. operettas. Among the 12 Op. of this genre "Grooms" (1927), "Golden Valley" (1938), "Free Wind" (1947), "White Acacia" (1955). D. played an important role in the formation of the Sov. jazz. In pop performances "Jazz at the B…

dunaevskiy vladimir aronovich
has abstract: DUNAEVSKY Vladimir Aronovich (1919, Ekaterinoslav - 1998, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1970), prof. (1989). In 1937-38 he studied at Moscow. in-those engineers of geodesy, aerial photography and cartography, in 1938–41 at East. Faculty of Moscow State University. In the summer of 1941 he volunteered for the Nar. militia, participated in the battles near Moscow, at the end. 1941 demobilized for health reasons and sent to Ashgabat, where he was evacuated from Moscow State University. In 1942 he graduated from un-t, was left in graduate school, but in January. 1943 drafted into the army. On Sept. seriously injured and after long-term treatment continued his studies at the graduate school of Moscow State University. In 1947–54 and 1960–62 he worked for the historical-philologist. f-those of the Voronezh state. un-that. In 1954-60 - Ch. bibliographer Gos. libraries of the USSR. V.I. Lenin. In 1962–90 - at the Institute of History (since 1968 - Institute of History of the USSR) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1990 he has been teaching at Moscow. state open ped. in-those. Author of works on the historiography of world history, the history of Russia, and also on the history of France. Works: Sov. historiography of the Paris Commune, in the book: Paris Commune of 1871, vol. 2. M., 1961; Sov. historiography of modern history of Western countries. 1917-1941 M., 1971; Western-European utopian. socialism in the works of the Sov. historians. M., 1981 (et al.); New in the study of the Fatherland, the war of 1812, M., 1983 (in co-authorship); N.M. Dukin. M., 1987 (et al.); Will liberate. hike rus. army in 1813, in the book: Immortal era. M., 1988; 1812 at the crossroads of opinions of the Sov. historians. 1917-1987. M., 1990 (with co-authors).

dunaevtsy
has abstract: DUNAEVTSY, city (since 1592), a regional center in the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1403, was part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - in the Podolsk Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ushitsky u. Podolsk lips. Since 1923 - the regional center of the Kamenets environs. Podolsk province, since 1932 - the regional center of Vinnitsa, then - Khmelnytsky region. In 1765, 1129 Jews lived in D., in 1775 - 484, in 1784 - 748, in 1787 - 568, in 1847 - 2020, in 1908 - 8009 ( 59.5%), in 1910 - 9221 (70.7%), in 1923 - 4876, in 1926 - 5186 (60.5%), in 1934 - 4574, in 1939 - 4478 Jews (68.2%). Jews have lived in Denmark since the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In the 17th and 18th centuries. main occupations of the Jewish population - trade, rent and crafts (there were workshops of weavers, shoemakers, painters, etc.). In 1648, almost all Jews were massacred by the detachments of B.M. Khmelnitsky. In the 2nd floor. 17th century the community was revived. In 1748 the Jews of Denmark became victims of the "blood libel". In the end. 1760s almost all the Jews of D. died in the attack of the Haidamaks. In the 1780s. the community was revived again. From the end. 1820s D. means. the center of the textile industry, in which many Jews were employed. All R. 19th century tailoring and shoemaking became widespread; the merchant Roitman opened a tobacco factory in D. In the 1830s. 82 Jews were involved in the investigation into the murder of two informers who informed the authorities about Jews who were hiding from conscription (according to legend, 30 people died after being punished with gauntlets). In 1847 there were 2 synagogues in Denmark, and in 1871–72 a plot of land was purchased for a Jewish cemetery. In the 1880s. Shloyme Gorodok was the rabbi in D. In 1890 there were 11 synagogues in Denmark, a Jewish hospital, an almshouse, a Talmud-Torah, and heders. In 1899, …

dundaga
has abstract: DUNDAGA, a settlement in Talsi region (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dondangen Vindavsky u. Kurland province. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 - the Latvian SSR. Nesk. Jewish families settled in D. on the eve of the 1st World. war. In 1925, 30 Jews lived in D. and neighboring villages, in 1930 - 63, in 1935 in D. - 15 Jews (4.15%). All the Jews of D. were exterminated in the fall of 1941. Later, a workers' camp was established in D. deported Jews from Riga.

dunets khayzekilj
has abstract: DUNETS Haisekil (Haskel) Moiseevich (1899, Slonim Grodno province - 1937, Minsk), lit. critic. All R. 20s worked in Ying-those Heb. culture at the Academy of Sciences of Belarus, one of the most active lit. critics, famous for his extremist leftist speeches. Main methodology was the topic of his literary work. D. was ed. Minsk daily gas. "October", member. editorial board literary-artistic. g. "Stern". Since 1935 - deputy. bunk bed Commissioner of Education of the BSSR. Then before. Committee for Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the BSSR. Delegate of the 1st Congress of Sov. pis. Around each of his st. or book., dedicated. problems of literature, heated discussions flared up in the press. Especially heated debates were conducted after the publication of the book. "In shlakhtn" ("In battles", 1931), in a cut were analyzed naib, significant productions. Heb. lit-ry. His book was no less controversial. “Far Magnitboyen fun der Literatur” (“For Magnitstroy Literature”, 1932), “Vegn Schreiber Unwerk” (“On Writers and Works”, 1933).

dunets moysey natanovich
has abstract: DUNETS Moisei Natanovich (1889, Odessa - 1913, Johanistel, Germany), pilot. In 1911 he received a diploma of a pilot-aviator in Italy. One of the first test pilots. He worked in Italy for Caproni, then tested military aircraft in Germany. z-dov Shneider. Killed in test flight.

dunilovichi
has abstract: DUNILOVICHI, a village in the Postavy district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vileisky u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39, it was in the Vilnius Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1847, 326 Jews lived in D., in 1897 - 1,553 (85.8%), in 1931 - 685 Jews. Since 1899, Rabbi in D. was Yeshua Nemoytin (1860—?). In the 19th century. Jews owned most of the shops and shops in D. From the beginning. 1st world. war, the situation of the Jewish population deteriorated sharply. D. passed from hand to hand twice. In aug. 1915 as the front line approached, anti-Jewish demonstrations began on the basis of a "bargaining chip" hunger. 3 Sep 1915 germ. troops entered D .; Jewish shops were plundered. 6 Sep 1915 there were pogroms staged by the Cossack units of the Rus. army: the property of the Jews was destroyed. In 1941, during the German. occupation, a ghetto was created in D., in which in the summer of 1942 there were 979 Jews. In June 1942, 826 Jews were shot in D. L.I.Akselrod.

dunskiy yuliy teodorovich
has abstract: DUNSKY Yuliy Teodorovich (1922, Moscow - 1982, ibid.), Screenwriter. Studied at VGIK. Convicted on false charges along with the future post. et al. V.S.Fried. He worked in timber rafting, felling, in a mine. From the camp he sent the first script to VGIK to A.Ya. Kapler ("The Case at Mine Eight", post. 1958). In 1957 he graduated from VGIK. Joint. with V.S. Fried wrote more than 20 scripts, according to which the post. f. "Once upon a time there lived an old man with an old woman" (1965), "Widows" (1977), "Two comrades served" (1968), "Burn, burn, my star" (1970), "Shadow" (1972), "Tale of the way Tsar Peter married the arapa "(1976)," Pseudonym: Lukach "(1977)," Crew "(1980)," Tale of wanderings "(1983). Honored. active lawsuit in the RSFSR (1976) Vol .: Selected scenarios. M., 1975.

durbe
has abstract: DURBE, city (since 1893) in Liepaja region (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from 1269.Since 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Durben Grobinsky u. Kurland province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1881 there were 27 Jews living in Denmark (7%), in 1910 - 35, in 1920 - 30 (6.6%), in 1925 - 6 (1%), in 1935 - 8 Jews (1.5%). June 1941 D. was occupied by the Germans. troops. By the fall of 1941, all Jews in Denmark had been exterminated.

durben
has abstract: DURBEN, see Durba.

durgeli
has abstract: DURGELI, a village in the Buinaksk region of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century In 1867, there were 175 Jews (21.4%) in Denmark, 120 in 1886, 140 in 1890, and 135 in 1900. In 1843, the Jewish population suffered during the capture of D. Hadji Murad. In the beginning. 2nd floor 19th century in D. there was a cheder, there was a rabbi; there was no synagogue, the Jews prayed in a house rented annually from Muslims. In 1886 the Jews owned a manufactory and 2 grocery stores, 10 heads of cr. cattle.

durilov
has abstract: DURILOV, see Bereslavka.

durnov lev abramovich
has abstract: DURNOV Lev Abramovich (b. 1931), oncologist. Ch.-c. RAS (1994). In 1956 he graduated from the 2nd Moscow. honey. in-t, worked as a surgeon in the village. hospital, in 1959–62 in Moscow, head. surgical department in the hospital №1, since 1965 - in the Oncological Scientific. c., from 1966 - head. dep. children oncology, since 1990 - deputy. General director c., simultaneously - dir. in-that children. oncology. Doc. dis. on the topic "Treatment of Wilms tumor in children", prof. (1967). Develops problems children. oncology, in particular, surgeon. treatment; identified criteria for the differential diagnosis of tumors in adults and children; determined indications and contraindications for chemotherapy and radiation therapy of tumors in children, depending on the child's age, spread and localization of the process; studies the issues of hyperthermic treatment of tumors in children and the use of immunocorrective drugs in pediatric oncology. Scientist of the RSFSR (1980), Ch. ed. g. “Det. oncology ". Cit .: Malignant tumors of the kidneys in children. M., 1967 (co-author); Malignant lymeromas in children. M., 1979 (et al.); Liver tumors in children. M., 1980; Pediatric oncourology. Kiev, 1981 (et al.); Children's eye tumors. Ashgabat, 1985.

dusetos
has abstract: DUSETOS, a city (since 1950) in the Zarasai region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dusyaty Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847 there were 486 Jews in Denmark, in 1897 - 1158 (90.6%), in 1912 - 250 Jewish families (70%), in 1923 - 704 Jews (60%), in 1959 - 6 Jews (0.3%) Jews lived in Denmark from the 16th century. In 1865 there was a synagogue in D. In the end. 19th century there were 2 synagogues, including 1 Hasidic, 6 heders. Rabbis D. in the 2nd half. 19th century there were Natan-Note Zilber and his son Bunim-Tsemakh. During Passover in 1905, a pogrom took place in Denmark, organized by peasants from the surrounding villages; were killed. In 1921, a school of the Tarbut network was opened in D., and a branch of the Jewish People's Bank has been operating since 1924. The rabbi of D. from 1928 was Tuvya-Doiv Schlesinger (? —1941). Jews of D. were shot on 26 August. 1941. After 1945, not far from the place of execution, a memorial sign with an inscription in lit. lang .: "With the hope that this will not happen again." In the beginning. 1990s a memorial sign has been installed at the Jewish cemetery of D. M. Ioffe.

dushanbe
has abstract: DUSHANBE (until 1929 - Dushambe, in 1929-61 - Stalinabad), a city, the capital of the Republic of Tajikistan. At 19 - early. 20th century - a village within the Bukhara Khanate. Since 1925 it has been the capital of the TajASSR, since 1929 it has been the TajSSR. In 1926, 212 Jews (3.8%) lived in D., in 1939 - 3376, in 1959 - 8700, in 1970 - 11,424 (3%), including . OK. 6000 - Bukharian Jews, in 1979 - 11 632 (2.3%), in 1989 - 12 200 Jews. From the 2nd half. 19th century Jews from Bukhara lived in D., who were engaged in trade and crafts (mainly tailoring). By 1920, the Jewish community numbered approx. 600 people, there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In 1920, by order of the Bukhara Emir, all Jews were evicted to Gissar, and their property was plundered. In 1921 the Jews returned to Denmark, but in 1922 they left it together with the Kr. Armies retreating under the onslaught of the Basmachi. In 1923, few Jews returned to D. In the end. 1920s - early. 1930s in D. vozn. new Jewish quarter. Ashkenazi population of D. in the 1920s and 1930s. in D. it was insignificant (mainly teachers and doctors); the number of Ashkenazi increased during the 2nd world. war at the expense of Jews evacuated from the West. regions of the USSR. During the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism" Jews settled in D. - scientific. workers and cultural figures forced to leave the cities of Europe. parts of the USSR. By 1947 a new synagogue was built in Denmark (on the site of the old one), and the Jewish religion was opened. a school and a shop selling kosher meat. On ordinary days, 50-60 people gathered for services in the synagogue, on Saturday - 150-200, on holidays - 400-500; the rabbi was Mula-Yakhel Maksumov (1886—?). In the 1960s. Khanania Ustaniyazov was a shokhet and a moel. In the end. 1970s in D. there was a synagogue with 4 minyan (3 - Bukharian Jews and 1 - Ashkenazi), there was a shohet. Rabbi D. in the 1980s. there was Elusha Abd El-Rakhmanov. In 1989, Taj was e…

dushatin
has abstract: DUSHATIN, a village in the Surazh district of the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - with. Dushatino Surazhsky u. Chernigov province. In 1923, 46 Jews lived in D.

dushatino
has abstract: DUSHATINO, see Dushatin.

dushet
has abstract: SOUL, see Dusheti.

dusheti
has abstract: DUSHETI (until 1936 - Dushet), city (from 1801), regional center (Georgia). Izv. from 1215. From 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the county town of Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - the Georgian SSR. In 1866 there were 18 Jews living in D., in 1897 - 1, in 1912 - 5, in 1915 - 6, in 1926 - 3, in 1939 - 13, in 1959 - 5, in 1970 - 9 Jews.

dushman leon
has abstract: DUSHMAN Leon (1886, Vilna - 1941, Minsk), publicist, playwright, folklorist, theater critic. He began to take an interest in Heb. t-rum, worked as a prompter in Paris in 1907, pom. dir. in Heb. t-re in London in 1912, screenwriter. In 1913 he was with a theater, a troupe in Argentina. From 1923 to 1925 he directed drama circles in Minsk workers' clubs, for which he wrote dramatizations and originals. one-act plays. Since 1925, living in Minsk, engaged in journalist and scientific archive. work, publishes Art. in Heb. periodic. press, works in Ying-those Heb. culture at the Academy of Sciences of Belarus, in the publishing house "Literature and Art". Throughout many. years D. collected Heb. folklore, as well as linguistic. materials. On the eve of the 2nd world. war worked on capital, tr. on the history of Heb. t-ra, the fate of which is unknown. Killed during the occupation. In 1978 in the railway station. "Sovetish gameland" publ. "Memories of a Prompter" of great interest.

dushman saul
has abstract: DUSHMAN Saul (1883, Rostov-on-Don - 1954), physicochemist. Dr. phys.-chem. Sciences (1912). In 1892 he left with his family for Canada. He graduated from Toronto University in 1912. In 1912–52 he worked in a lab. company "General Electric" in Schenectady (pc. New York), since 1928 deputy. dir. At the same time. supervised the research. in the prom. research lab. T.A. Edison. scientific. tr. in the region. developments on the use of deep vacuum, created. equipment operating in deep vacuum, theoretical development. foundations of quantum mechanics and atomic physics. Made a significant contribution to the development of scientific. terminology. Author of scientific. Art. and the book., which have become classic. in the region. vacuum technology, incl. "Deep vacuum" (1923), "Elements of quantum mechanics" (1938), "Scientific. foundations of vacuum technology "(1949)," Foundations of atomic physics "(1951).

dusino
has abstract: DUSINO (until 1946 - Zaigov, in 1946-95 - Dusina), a village in the Svalyava district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. in D. lived apprx. 20 Jews. occupation of Jews in the 19th century - from. farming and crafts. As a result of the deterioration of the financial situation in 1919, several. Jewish families left for other countries.

dusyaty
has abstract: DUSYATS, see Dusetos.

dvigateljstroy
has abstract: Dvigatelstroy, see Kaspiysk.

dvinsk
has abstract: DVINSK, see Daugavpils.

dviri
has abstract: DVIRI, a village in the Borjomi region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in Akhaltsykh u. Tiflis province. The first information about the Jews of Denmark is associated with the Russian-Tur. during the war of 1828-29, when part of the Jews of Denmark in 1828 moved to Atskuri (where the Torah scroll was also transferred) and to Akhaltsyh (present-day Akhaltsikhe). During the Crimean War of 1853–56, the entire Jewish population of Denmark moved to Akhaltsy; Jewish community of D. ceased to exist. D. M. Khananashvili

dvorchany
has abstract: DVORCHANY, a village in the Voronovsky district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - a village in Volkovysk u. Grodno province. In 1942, 11 Jews were shot in D.

dvorets
has abstract: PALACE, a village in the Dyatlovichi district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of the Slonim district of the Novogrudok Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dvorets (other name. Dvorzhets) of Slonim u. Grodno province. In 1920-39 - in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1766 383 Jews lived in Denmark and the surrounding area, in 1847 in Denmark - 317, in 1897 - 868 (63.5%) , in 1921 - 388 Jews. The first Jews of D. were mentioned. in acts of 1585. In 1721 there was a community. In the period of the Germans. occupation in D. was a Jewish workers' camp, liquidated on December 19. 1942; it was shot approx. 3 thousand people.

dvoretskiy arje
has abstract: DVORETSKY Arie (1916, Khorol, Poltava province - 2008), mathematician. From 1922 - in E.-I. Graduated from Heb. un-t in Jerusalem. Since 1951 - prof. mathematics Heb. un-that. Research in the region. mat. statistics, probability theory and functions. analysis. Dean of the Faculty of Nature Sciences (1955–56); vice president Heb. un-that (1959–61). In 1967-72 - Ch. scientific advisor questions at the gene. the headquarters of the Israel Defense Forces. In 1963-68 - before. section of nature. sciences; in 1968-74 - vice-president; in 1974–80 - prez. Israeli Academy of Natural Sciences. and the humanities. State pr. Israel for research. in the region. exact sciences (1973).

dvoretskiy mikhail izrailevich
has abstract: DVORETSKY Mikhail Izrailevich (b. 1947, Moscow), chess player, international. master (1975). Graduated from mechanics and mathematics. Faculty of Moscow State University; mathematician. Coach of a number of famous chess players (N.G. Alexandria, S.V. Dolmatova, A.A. Yusupova). Participant of three USSR championships. International Winner tournaments in Polanica-Zdroj (1973) and Wijk aan Zee (1975). Author of articles on decomp. questions of chess. theory and practice. Honored. trainer of the RSFSR (1979).

dvorin saveliy mikhaylovich
has abstract: DVORIN Savely Mikhailovich (1908-1968), theatrical figure. As an administrator I traveled from the end. brigades in the south. region Ukraine and Russia. In 1941–49 - deputy. dir. State t-ra them. Eug. Vakhtangov. Since 1949 director of the House of Culture of the Humanities Faculty of Moscow State University. With his direct participation, a student was organized. Moscow State University, pop studio of Moscow State University "Our House", which was headed by A.Yu.Akselrod, IG Rutberg and MG Rozovsky, as well as symph. orchestra of Moscow State University under the hands. conductor A.L. Kremer. The first performance of P.Kogouta's Takakaya Lyubov studio was characterized by the innovative direction of R.A. Bykov, an integral ensemble of actors. A little later, D. attracted dir. S. I. Yutkevich, M. A. Zakharova.

dvorkin iljya
has abstract: Dvorkin Ilya (Israel) Naumovich (b. 1902, Lazovaya, Ekaterinoslavskaya province), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1954). Graduated from the lecture group Kommunistic. un-ta them. Ya.M. Sverdlov (1923). From 1923 on ped. and desks. work. From 1948 to scientific. work in Ying-those world. economy and international. relations of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in the Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. directions of scientific. works: problems of economics sovr. capitalism, criticism of modern. econom. theories. Under his editorship. collective tr. "Criticism of theories of modern. bourgeois. economists "(1963-1971). Cit .: Econ. the program of germ, national socialism, M., 1933; Ideology and policy of right-wing Labor in the service of monopolies, M., 1953; On the peaceful coexistence of socialism and capitalism, 2nd ed., M., 1956; Scientific and technical coup and bourgeois. polit. economy, M., 1964; Modern bourgeois. polit. Economy and Marxism, M., 1979.

dvorkin zalman-shimon
has abstract: DVORKIN Zalman-Shimon (1901, Rogachev, Mogilev province. - 1985, New York), rabbi. Rod. in the Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. Studied at the Tomkhei-Tmimim yeshiva (Lubavichi). In the 1920s and 30s. - Rabbi of a number of communities in Belarus and Russia, incl. in Starodub, Bryansk region. In the 1940s. taught at the Samarkand underground yeshiva "Tomkhey-Tmimim". In 1946 he left the USSR. From the beginning. 1950s - in USA. He was a rabbi of the Orthodox community of Pittsburgh, and from 1966-85 he was a rabbi of the Lubavitch community of New York.

dvorkin zinoviy yakovlevich
has abstract: DVORKIN Zinovy ​​Yakovlevich (1907, Zhlobin Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province. - 1983, Moscow), military leader, general-leith. engineer-tech. service (1962). Graduated from architecture and construction. Institute (1930), worked as engineer. on decomp. construction sites. In Kr. Army since 1941. Commander builds. parts and connections. In 1943-45 the beginning. military-builds. management Leningrad. fr. Since 1947 pom. teams, Belarusian troops. VO by line. Retired from 1963. Load 5th order.

dvoryanka
has abstract: DVORYANKA, a village in the Domanevsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Ananievsky farm Kherson province. 1942 105 Jews from Odessa were deported to D. Of these, before the beginning. March 1942 7 people. died, 98 were shot.

dvorzhets
has abstract: PALACEOR, see Palace.

dvoylatskiy sholom moiseevich
has abstract: DOILATSKY Sholom Moiseevich (1893, Zhagory Shavelsky u. Kovno province. - 1937, Moscow), economist, party, and state. activist. Graduated from Physics and Mathematics. Faculty of Yuryevsky University (1914). Member of the RSDLP since 1911. In 1916 he was exiled to Siberia for participating in a protest strike against the trial of the Social-Democrats. faction of the 4th State. thoughts. From 1918 he taught economics. disciplines in diff. universities of the country (Communist University named after Ya.M. Sverdlov, Institute of Red Professors, 1st Moscow State University, etc.). Since 1921, members Communist. academy and its presidium. From 1925 onwards. at work in the state. apparatus. Member collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Trade and the People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade of the USSR; from 1934 to 1936 he was the trade representative of the USSR in France. Sci. tr. ch. arr. on watered, economy. An active participant in the economy. discussions of the 20s: about the socially necessary tr. (1922–23), on the theory of accumulation proposed by R. Luxemburg (1923–24), on the boundaries of the subject of polit. savings (1925) and others. Since 1936 1st deputy. prev. Vses. to-that for higher education at the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Cit .: Germany in 1923. Financial and economic. sketches, M., 1924; About a shortage of goods, M.-L., 1928.

dvoyris semen isaakovich
has abstract: DVOIRIS Semyon Isaakovich (b. 1958, Chelyabinsk), chess player, international. grandmaster (1990). Participant of three USSR championships (1986–91) and the FIDE interzonal tournament in Biel (1993). Winner of the FIDE zonal tournament in St. Petersburg (1993) and international. tournament in Ulan Bator (1983).

dvukhbabnyy isaak shaevich
has abstract: TWOKHBABNY Isaak Shaevich (1922, Talnoe Umansky district. Kiev province - 1943, Kerch), Hero of the Sov. Union (1944). In Kr. Army since 1940. Gunner Sergeant D. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union (sing.) For the courage shown in the battle during the landing on the Kerch Peninsula.

dvurechnaya
has abstract: Dvurechnaya, urban-type settlement (since 1960), a regional center in the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main in 1661. In 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of Kupyansky u. Kharkiv Gubernia. In 1926 there were 7 Jews living in D., in 1939 - 6 Jews. In 1942, one Jew was killed in D..

dyabeykyay
has abstract: DYABEYKIAI, a town in Anyksciai district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 17th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dobeiki Vilkomirsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1921, 120 Jewish families lived in D., in 1923 - 175 (55%), in 1941 - 10 Jewish families. Jews settled in D. in 17 at. They were engaged in trade, crafts and s. x-vom. The Jews owned the trade in flax, bristles, eggs and grain. There were 2 synagogues, including one of the Lubavitch Hasidim. The rabbi of the community prayed for two weeks in a non-Hasidic synagogue and for a week in a Hasidic synagogue. The rabbi in 1871-1921 was Eliezer-Naftoli-Hertz Soloveichik (1851—?), Then his son-in-law took the post of rabbi. The cantors of D. were famous throughout the district. 14 July 1915 Russian soldiers. armies broke into the synagogue and started a pogrom. During the 1st world. During the war, the Jews of D. were evicted to the int. districts of Russia. The interrupted connection with Vilno (present-day Vilnius) and Daugavpils in the 1920s. reduced the volume of trade and led to the impoverishment of the Jewish population, as a result of which many. Jews moved to other cities or left for the USA, South. Africa and Great Britain. Means. the number of young people moved to E.-I. In the 1920s. a school of the "Tarbut" network was opened, there was a cheder. Departments of Zionist parties and movements worked. In 1937, the branch of the Jewish National Bank was closed. At that time, among the Jews in D., there were 3 butchers, 2 shoemakers, a tailor and a hairdresser. Jews in D. were shot on August 29. 1941.

dyakovichi
has abstract: DYAKOVICHI, a village in the Zhitkovichi district of the Gomel region. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Mozyr u. Minsk province. In 1897, 96 Jews (9.3%) lived in Denmark.

dyatjkovo
has abstract: DYATKOVO, city (since 1938), a regional center in the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1626 as a village. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Bryansk u. Oryol Gubernia. 66 Jews lived in Denmark in 1923, 72 (10%) in 1926, 145 in 1939, and approx. 30 Jews in D. Boris Mikhailovich Raputov (b. 1921), specialist in the region. electrical equipment, prof. (1981), hands. press center of the Jewish society "Sholom" (Vladikavkaz).

dyatlovo
has abstract: DYATLOVO (Jewish name - Zetl), an urban-type settlement (since 1940), a regional center in the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Dyatlovo (other names. Zdzenziol, Dzenziol) Slonim u. Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was a part of Poland in Novogrudok Voivodeship, and in 1939–91 it was a part of the BSSR. In 1897 there were 3,033 Jews (76.2%) in D., in 1921 - 2,376 Jews. In 1865 there were 4 synagogues in D. , in 1909 - the Talmud Torah. In the 19th century. the hosiery craft developed; St. 150 hosiery produced goods for 150 thousand rubles. in year. In 1904, a community of Jews from Denmark was organized in the United States, a cut that provided financial assistance to the Jews of Denmark after the First World War. wars in the 1920s and 30s. in D. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. During the German period. occupation in D., a ghetto was created, which contained apprx. 4500 people On July 17, 1941, 120 Jews of D. from among the intelligentsia were transported to Novogrudok and shot there. Apr 30 1942 in D., approx. 1200 Jews, July 6, 1942 - St. 2 thousand Jews (about 600 Jews fled to the forest). After 1945, a memorial sign was erected at the site of the execution. In 1998, several people lived in D. dozens of Jews. [[Khafets Chaim.Yu.N. Grigorieva

dykhne aleksandr mikhaylovich
has abstract: DYKHNE Alexander Mikhailovich (b. 1933), theoretical physicist. Ch.-c. (1987), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1992). Graduated from Kiev Polytechnic. Institute (1955). Engineer worked. Kuznetsk metallurgist. comb-ta (1955-1956) and assistant Novosibirsk. electrical engineering Institute (1956-57). In 1960-62 at the Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1962 at the Institute of Atomic Energy named after IV Kurchatov Academy of Sciences of the USSR (head of laboratory, head of department). scientific. interests - plasma physics, theory of TV. body, interaction of radiation with matter, principles of creation. and the use of MHD generators and high-power electric-discharge lasers. State pr. USSR (1986). Works: Theory of drift motion of molecules in the field of resonant infrared radiation. M., 1980; Nonlinear reflection of sound in gas mixtures. M., 1987.

dykhovichnyy ivan vladimirovich
has abstract: DYKHOVICHNY Ivan Vladimirovich (b. 1947, Moscow), actor, director. In 1969 he graduated from the acting department Theater. uch-schA them. B.V.Shchukin. In 1970–80 he worked at the Taganka Theater; played in the performances "Hamlet" (Rosencrantz), "Ten Days That Shook the World" (Kerensky), "Comrade, Believe ..." (Pushkin), "The Master and Margarita" (Koroviev-Fagot), etc. In 1982 he graduated Higher. courses for scriptwriters and dir. He made his debut short. f. "Where there are fish in the grass" (1980). Filmed the story of IE Babel "Elia Isaakovich and Margarita Prokofievna" (1981), made a short film. f. "Brothers" (1983) and "Tester" (1984, main prize "Golden Dragon" at the International Film Festival in Krakow, 1986), full length. f. - "Black Monk" (1988) and "Breakthrough" (1992).

dykhovichnyy vladimir abramovich
has abstract: DYKHOVICHNY Vladimir Abramovich (1911, Moscow - 1963, ibid.), Playwright. Graduated from the Geological Prospecting Institute, worked as an engineer-geologist in Donbass, the Caucasus, Pamir. Then he studied at the theater studio of A.D. Dikiy, after graduating from the studio he worked as a reader on the stage. During the Finnish war he traveled to fr. as part of the 1st fr. pop ans. VGKO, read at concerts poems of his friend K.M. Simonov, performed his own feuilletons and songs. Gradually he began to write for other artists as well. During the war years he was a member of fr. brigade of LB Mirov. Soon D. was invited to Moscow. miniatures, wrote for M.V. Mironova and A.S. Menaker. In 1942 in the front, a branch of the Theater. Eugene Vakhtangov was a post, vaudeville D. "Honeymoon trip". Later cum. with M.R. Slobodsky, the play was revised and passed through many. t-ram of the country. In 1943 in Leningrad. comedy theater post. play by D. "Brother". Beginning with the play "Fakir for an hour" (1945), D. for almost 20 years worked with co-authors. with Slobodsky. In addition to the plays, they wrote many others. manuf. for stage - for "Blue Bird", Moscow. t-ra miniatures, t-ra stage. D. and Slobodskoy composed both individual pop numbers and complete programs: "Instead of a concert" for A.I.Shurov and N.N. Rykunin (1953), with BS Laskin, 1953), "Blots" for Mironova and Menaker (1960), plays for Moscow. the music hall "Moscow - Venus, then everywhere ..." (1961) and "Tick-tock, tick-tock" (1962). D. and Slobodsky ed. several collection: "Magician and Department Store" (Library "Crocodile", 1948), "Who Sows the Wind" (Moscow, 1952), "The Adventures of Petukhov" (Library "Ogonyok", 1954), "Glass of Water" (Moscow, 1955), “Useless Fossils” (Moscow, 1958), “The Next Number of the Program” (Moscow, 1960), “Blots” (Moscow, 1961), “Three Stories of Love” (Moscow, 1962), "Various Comedies" (Moscow, 1965), etc.

dykhovichnyy yuriy abramovich
has abstract: DYKHOVICHNY Yuri Abramovich (b. 1926, Moscow), civil engineer, designer, theoretician, teacher. In 1947 he graduated from the Moscow Institute of Architecture. Kuibyshev. Main works in Moscow: a high-rise building on Kotelnicheskaya emb. (1951), c / t "Russia" (1962), circus on prosp. Vernadsky (1965), House of Soviets (1975). Author of a new system of structures for multi-storey buildings. Honored. builder of Russia (1976), laureate of Len. etc. (1984) and State. pr. USSR (1951, 1981), pr. SM USSR (1971, 1979), och. h. MAA (1992).

dymer
has abstract: DYMER, urban-type settlement (since 1957) in Vyshgorodsky district of Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1582. 17th century - a city, since 1631 - the center of the Dymer eldership as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kievsky u. In 1847, 273 Jews lived in D., in 1897 - 984 (about 30% of the total population), in 1923 - 145, in 1939 - 153 Jews (4%). Jews have lived in D. since the time of Rech. The Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century main occupations of the Jewish population - crafts and retail trade. Since 1906, Itshok Klodnitsky (1886—?) Was the rabbi in D. In the end. 19th century a bleaching plant operated by Eil Aronovich Rubinstein, in 1912 - a Jewish loan-savings. m-in. During the Civil. During the war, the Jewish population of Denmark was subjected to looting and pogroms. In Jan. 1918 a detachment of Jewish soldiers stopped the attempted pogrom. 5 Sep 1919 pogroms in D. were perpetrated by units of the Volunteer Army (over 40 women were raped), in November. of the same year - the gang of chieftain Struk. In the end. 1920s the community of D. turned to J.-I. Schneerson for financial assistance to repair the mikvah. 25 Aug. 1941 D. was occupied by Germans. troops. Aug 29. 1941 in D., 18 Jews were shot, November 7. 1941 - 120 Jews. In 1989, approx. 20 Jews in D. S. Rubinshtein, S. Ya. Elisavetsky

dymerka
has abstract: DYMERKA, see [[Great Dymerka.

dymerka berezinskaya
has abstract: DYMERKA BEREZINSKAYA, see [[Great Dymerka.

dymov osip
has abstract: DYMOV Osip (nast, name and surname. Joseph Isidorovich Perelman) (1878, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1959, New York), prose writer, playwright. Brother of Ya.I. Perelman - author of popular science books. He graduated from a real gymnasium and St. Petersburg. forest inst. At the age of 16, he began to publish his humoresques in Russian. gas. and soon became a permanent feuilletonist in such publications as "Satyricon", "Morning", etc. In 1905 it is included in lit. circle "Commonwealth", which was publ. first book. stories by D. "Solntsevorot" (St. Petersburg, 1905), highly appreciated lit. criticism. D. attends lit. "Wednesday" Vyach.I. Ivanov, visits FK Sologub, collaborates with Zh. "Libra", "Golden Fleece", etc. At the age of 30 he began to write in Yiddish and for the first time tried himself in the genre of dramaturgy - he wrote plays, including "Shema, Israel" ("Listen, Israel", 1907) - about Heb. pogroms in Russia. D.'s plays were also successfully performed in Russian. scene. In 1912 he emigrated to America, where Ch. arr. wrote plays in Russian. language and Yiddish. In Heb. stage in America were staged his plays: "Der gedungener khosn" ("Hired groom"), "Di milhome" ("War"), "Di dervahung fun a folk" ("Awakening of the people"), etc. Among the published plays: " The Bronx Express ”,“ Broit ”(“ Bread ”),“ Dem Rebns Hasene ”(“ The Rabbi's Wedding ”). In 1920–1930, D. collaborated in Smenovekhovskaya gas. "Russian Voice". Fragments of his stories "Meidlech-Muters" ("Girls-Mothers"), "Shtot Meshugoim" ("City Crazy") contain rich material about the life of Russian Jewry. Certain interest for the history of Rus. cultures are represented by D.'s memoirs, written in Yiddish, “What I Remember” (vols. 1–2, 1943–1944).

dymovskoe
has abstract: DYMOVSKOE, a village in the Novoodessk district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1870s. immigrants from the Kiev province. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Elizavetgrad u. Kherson province. 20th century there were 23 Jews living in D.

dymshits veniamin emmanuilovich
has abstract: DYMSHITS Veniamin Emmanuilovich (1910, Feodosia - 1993, Moscow), state. activist. Hero of Soc. Tr. (1980). From 1931 he worked at the construction of the largest enterprises ("Azovstal", Krivoy Rog, Magnitogorsk, Zaporozhye metallurgical plants). Created and supervised builds. trust "Magnetostroy". In 1941–45, he supervised the evacuation and creation of a defense industry at a new location. In 1945 he graduated from the Moscow State Technical University. N.E.Bauman. After the war, he restored the metallurgist. s-dy in Ukraine. Supervised the construction of tsv. metallurgy. In 1950–53 - early. Main office for the construction of enterprises of the lead industry and deputy. min. construction of enterprises heavy. industry of the USSR. In 1954-59, deputy. Minister of Construction of Metallurgical Enterprises. and chem. prom-sti. In 1957-59 chap. Ing. building of Bhilai metallurgical s-yes (India). In 1959-62 - early. dep. cap. building of the State Planning Committee of the USSR, first deputy. prev. State Planning Commission. From July 17, 1962 - before. State Planning Committee of the USSR, from November 24, 1962 - before. Council of Nar. x-va of the USSR, simultaneously. deputy. prev. CM USSR. From 1965 before. State Committee of the USSR CM for material and technical supply, in 1976–85 deputy. prev. CM USSR. Since 1985 - retired. Elected member. Central Committee of the CPSU (1961 86), dep. USSR Armed Forces (since 1962). Took part in the anti-Zionist campaign “Sov. citizens of Hebrews. nationality ". Author of numerous works on planning, building, as well as vosp. Builder's Notes. Became. pr. (1946, 1950).

dymshits zalman movshevich
has abstract: DYMSHITS Zalman Movshevich (Semyon Moiseevich) (1921, Yanovichi, Vitebsk province. - 1990, Moscow), orientalist, linguist. Dr. East Sciences (1969), prof. (1970). Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (1950). In 1951–54 he taught at this in-those, in 1954–90 in Moscow: state. in-those international. relationships. Member of the 2nd world. war. Cand. philol. Sciences (1960). direction of research: lang. hindi and urdu. Author approx. 70 scientific. works. Translated from Hindi by pr. Premchand "Rastrata" (1961) and R. Raghava "Until when will I call" (1967, jointly with O. Ultsifrov). Works: Language textbook. hindi, in. 1-3. M., 1953–57 (et al.); Pocket Russian-Hindi dictionary. M., 1958 (et al.); Pocket Hindi-Rus. dictionary. M., 1958; Yaz. Urdu, M., 1962; Language textbook. Hindi. M., part 1, 1969, part 2, 1970, part 3, 1983 (et al.); Rus.-Hindi uch. dictionary. M., 1981,1984; Grammar of lang. Hindi. M., 1986: book 1. Writing. Phonetics. Morphology, book. 2. Morphology. Service parts of speech. Syntax.

dynkin evgeniy borisovich
has abstract: DYNKIN Evgeny Borisovich (b. 1924, Leningrad), mathematician. Member Amer. Academy of Arts and Sciences. Graduated from Moscow State University (1945), graduate school there (1948). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1951). Prof. (1954). A. N. Kolmogorov's student. He worked at Moscow State University (1948–68), from 1968 - at the Center. econ.-mat. in-those. Since 1977 - in the USA. Works at Cornell University (Ithaca). Main results - in probability theory, mat. statistics and Lie algebras. He is the author of important works on the classification of semisimple Lie algebras (Dynkin's schemes). Member Nat. US Academy of Sciences. Chapter Izv. schools in the region. Theory of Probability, Works: Foundations of the Theory of Markov Processes (Moscow, 1959); Markov Processes (M., 1963); Theorems and problems on Markov processes (Moscow, 1967; jointly with A.A. Yushkevich); Controlled Markov Processes and Their Applications (Moscow, 1975, jointly with A.A. Yushkevich).

dyskin efim anatoljevich
has abstract: DYSKIN Efim Anatolyevich (b. 1923, Korotkia Pochepsky u. Bryansk province.), Surgeon and anatomist, major general med. service (1981), Hero of Owls. Union (1942). Studied at Moscow. Institute of Philosophy and Literature, in Aug. 1941 drafted to Kr. Army as a private of the artillery regiment. The title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded for the heroism shown in repelling an attack from him. tanks in the area of ​​the Borodino field. Graduated from honey. school in Kiev, in 1947 Military medical. Academy (VMA) in Leningrad, in 1954 - postgraduate studies, after which he worked at the Department of Operative Surgery, later - early. the Department of Normal Anatomy in the same place; prof., after resignation - scientific. VMA consultant. tr. D. dedicated morphology and func. characteristics of the ileocyclic department. intestine (doct. dis., 1961), military field surgery. Participated in the creation. collective monograph "Surgical anatomy of the breast" (L., 1955, pr. NN Burdenko AMS USSR, 1965) and the atlas "Surgical anatomy of the abdomen" (Leningrad, 1972, pr. AMS USSR named after VN Shevkunenko, 1976).

dyula
has abstract: DYULA (until 1995 - Yulivtsi), a village in Vinogradovsky district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in 1319. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 - in Hungary, in 1945–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. in D. lived apprx. 40 Jews.

dyushambe
has abstract: DUSHANBE, see Dushanbe.

dyvin
has abstract: DYVIN, see Divin.

dyyda
has abstract: DYYDA (in 1946-95 - Dedovo), a village in the Beregovsky district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 14th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1816, there were 11 Jewish families living in Denmark, and in 1881 there were 99 Jews (14.5%). occupation of Jews in the 19th century - from. farming and crafts; Among the Jews there were 2 merchants. The Jewish population of D. was destroyed during the Holocaust.

dzaudzhikau
has abstract: DZAUJIKAU, see Vladikavkaz.

dzegami
has abstract: JEGAMI, see Bazaar.

dzegvi
has abstract: DZEGVI, a village in the Mtskheta region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Tiflis province. From 1918 to 1921 it was part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, from 1921 to 1991 - the Georgian SSR. In 1926, 18 Jews lived in D.

dzentsiol
has abstract: DZENTIOL, see Dyatlovo.

dzerzhinsk
has abstract: DZERZHINSK (until 1929 - Rastyapino), a city (since 1930), the center of the Volodarsky district in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Balakhninsky u. Nizhny Novgorod Region. In 1926, 8 Jews lived in D., in 1939 - 388, in 1970 - 851 (0.4%), in 1998 - approx. 500 Jews.

dzerzhinskiy
has abstract: DZERZHINSKY, city (since 1981) in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 1920s. as a Labor Commune. Dzerzhinsky. Since 1939 it has been a workers' settlement. In 1939, 140 Jews (1.8%) lived in Denmark, and in 1989 - 147 Jews (0.4%).

dzevenishki
has abstract: DZEVENISHKI, see Devyaniskes.

dzhalabad
has abstract: JALABAD, see Jalal-Abad.

dzhalal-abad
has abstract: JALAL-ABAD, city (since 1927), center of Jalal-Abad region. (Republic of Kyrgyzstan). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Jalabad Fergana region Turkestan general-governorship. In 1939 in D.-A. 108 Jews lived.

dzhambul
has abstract: DZHAMBUL, see Zhambyl.

dzhanashvili mordekhay
has abstract: DZHANASHVILI Mordechai (Mikhail) Isaakovich (1929, Tiflis - 1988, Jerusalem), artist, book illustrator. Graduated from the State. thin Institute in Tbilisi. He worked as an artist in the state. institutions. Heb. theme was leading in creativity, a cut developed the traditions of Hebrews. culture in Georgia. He used the views of Jerusalem as a background for such portraits. ist. characters like S. Rustaveli. Six personal exhibitions were held in different cities of the USSR, where, despite certain prohibitions, he showed works in Hebrew. topic. Since 1973 in Israel.

dzhankoy
has abstract: DZHANKOY, city (since 1926), regional center in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in 1855. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Perekopsky u. Tavricheskaya lips. In 1921–45, it was a regional center in the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic; in 1945–54, in the Crimean Region. RSFSR, in 1954 - 91 - Crimean region. In 1897, 109 Jews (11.4%) lived in D., in 1926 - 1,091 Jews (13%) (including 72 Krymchaks) and 9 Karaites, in 1939 - 1397, in the Dzhankoy region - 2,610 Jews (5.6%). 1900s Zionist circles operated in D. In the 1910s. there was a school with teaching in Hebrew, in 1916 a child was opened. garden (taught in Hebrew). In 1914, Steinberg's pharmacy worked. In 1916, an illegal operation was carried out in D. congress of the Zionist organizations of the Crimea, in the same year - conf. Hebrew teachers. In 1918, the Maccabi and Ceirei Zion divisions were established in Denmark. May - Aug. 1919 I. Trumpeldor created the Ge-Halutz branch and centers for the preparation of Jews for agricultural work in D. labor in E.-I., organized the departure of Jews to E.-I. In apr. 1924 a group of members of the disintegrated agricultural. commune "Tel-Hai" joined illegal. branch "Ge-Halutz" and created near D. the commune "Mishmar", which existed until 1929. In 1925 with the help of Agrojoint in the district of D. founded 25 Jewish agricultural. colonies (at the expense of Agrojoint, 700 houses and 12 public buildings, incubators and poultry farms were built in the region, in the early 1930s - 3 schools), boarding schools for children of Jewish migrants were opened. In the same year, with the help of the Joint, a hospital was built in D. In 1928 in the Dzhankoy region, in the Jewish villages of Ratnstadt, Ratndorf, new consumer branches were opened. about-va. In 1929 an exemplary settlement of Sholem Aleichem was created in the region: 24 houses, a bakery, a barn, an artesian well, a cheese factory, a club; in the district there were no unities.…

dzhegonas
has abstract: JEGONAS, see Jegonassky.

dzhegonasskiy
has abstract: JEGONASSKY, does not exist now. At 19 - early. 20th century - Dzhegonassko-Jewish settlement of Batalkhashinsky dep. Kuban region In the 1920s and 30s. - the aul Jegonas. In 1886, 276 Jews lived in D., in 1894 - 345, in 1897 - 322 (47.2%), in 1900 - 280 Jews. Jews (highlanders) settled in D. in the 1830s. In 1886, there was a Jewish school in D. (20 students); Jews owned 35 saklyas, 12 grocery stores, Jews owned a garden and 30 head of cattle. In the 1890s. the Jews of D. were engaged in the manufacture of morocco leather for footwear and leather goods; among the Jews of D. there were 2 peddlers and 31 workers. There were 2 shohets. In 1894, a synagogue for Mountain Jews was legalized, which previously existed unofficially. During the war, the Jews of D. moved to Mozdok. After the end of the war, they returned to D. To ser. 1920s in D. lived St. 800 Jews. In 1928 Jews from Denmark founded agricultural enterprises in the Terek steppe. colony "Druzhba", transformed in 1930 into the collective farm "Bogdanovka". E.S. Mosolova

dzhegonassko-evreyskiy poselok
has abstract: JEGONASS-JEWISH VILLAGE, see Jegonassky.

dzhekobson natan
has abstract: JACOBSON Nathan (b. 1910, Warsaw), mathematician, member. National Academy of Sciences of the USA and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, prof. Yelsky un-that. D.'s main work related to abstract algebra and differenti. ur-niyam in partial derivatives. Author of works on group theory (Jacobson radical) and on the theory of rings and modules (Jacobson – Rees theorem). For a while there was a prez. American Mat. about-va.

dzherag
has abstract: JERAG, does not exist now. Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1860 - the village of the Kyurinsky env. Dagestan Region. 117 Jews lived in Dagestan in 1867, 276 in 1886, and 290 in 1900. in D. there were apprx. 150 Jewish families (smoke). As a result of the epidemic of 1775–86, the Jewish population fell from 150 to 20 smokes. In 1843, Hadji Murad burned down the village; Jews fled to Arak. The Jews who returned to D. found only the synagogue that had survived. After their return, they were harassed by officials, who arrested Shohet, incited Muslims to graze their livestock on Jewish lands, and called for anti-Jewish uprisings that took place in the 1860s and 70s. main occupations of the Jews - agriculture, tobacco growing and leather dressing. In 1867, D. had a synagogue and a rabbi. Until the 1860s. Rabbis in Denmark were Rabbi Yehuda, Rabbi Shabtai, Rabbi Jonathan, and Rabbi Nisim of Mugatir. In the 1860s. Rabbi D. was Rabbi Pinchas, a student of Y. Itskhaki from Derbent. In 1918 a self-defense detachment was created in D. After Grazhd. During the war, the Jews did not return to D. At the place of D., a Jewish cemetery has been preserved.

dzhevitsa
has abstract: DZEWICA, a city (since 1429) in the Radom Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 12th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1844 - Posad Dřevica Opochensky u. Radom province. 118 Jews (34%) lived in Denmark in 1827, 257 (50%) in 1857, 855 (63%) in 1897, 1013 (61%) in 1921, and approx. 1500, in 1939 - c. 750 Jews. Jews of Denmark made their living by trade and crafts (tailors, shoemakers, tinsmiths). In the 19th century. firm "Gerlach", which owned the production of metal. products, did not hire local Jews, however, the Jews were engaged in supplying workers, selling waste products, opened shops and workshops that served the workers. Among the agents for the sale of the company's products were several. German Jews. The community was organized in the 1830s. At the same time, a Jewish cemetery was founded and a synagogue was built. In the 1870s. The rabbis of D. were Yehuda-Leibush Licht and Yosef Yundah, in 1880-1914 - Abram Moishevich Alfus, in the 1920s and 1930s. - Issakhar Sukhachevsky. The Hasidim of the Gurian, Alexander, and Pshiskian dynasties lived in D. in the 1920s and 1930s. in D., with the support of the Bund, a youth club was opened, under which a library and a drama worked. circle.During the 2nd world. During the war, as a result of the influx of refugees, the number of Jews in Denmark increased to 2,200. In the spring of 1941 a ghetto was created. In D. was organized by gr. Jews who actively opposed the occupiers and the Judenrat. In July 1942, the group operated jointly. with the partisans of the Army of Ludova. The ghetto was liquidated on October 20-23, 1942, and all Jews were sent to Treblinka.

dzhezkazgan
has abstract: DZHEZKAZGAN, see Zhezkazgan.

dzhidzhikhashvili roman yakovlevich
has abstract: DZHIHIKHASHVILI Roman Yakovlevich (b. 1944, Tbilisi), chess player; int. grandmaster (1977). Since 1976 - in Israel, since 1980 - in the USA. Champion of Israel (1978) and USA (1983). He led the USA team at the 1984 Olympics. Winner of the Intern. tournaments, incl. Natanya (1977), Hastings (1977/78), Lone Pine (1980). Member of the interzonal tournament in 1990.

dzhiginka
has abstract: DZHIGINKA, a village in the Anapa district of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Dzhiginskoe Temryuk dep. Kuban region. 1942 78 evacuated Jews were shot in D.

dzhiginskoe
has abstract: DZHIGINSKY, see Dzhiginka.

dzhigit iljya semenovich
has abstract: DZHIGIT Ilya Semenovich (1902, Moscow - 1964, ibid.), Specialist in the region. sound films, television technology, radio navigation. Prof. from 1938. In 1926 he graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Moscow state un-that. In 1926-29, with PG Tager, he created and implemented a sound recording system, which was used when shooting the first owls. sound thin. the film "Launch to Life". D. has developed and introduced into production sound recording and sound reproducing devices, to-rye were installed on all c / st of the country. From the beginning. 30s participated in the creation of the first transmitter for the mechanical system. TV, substantiated the use of the kerr effect for light modulation in sound recording systems and TV, in the development and installation of the country's largest television screen. After an internship in 1935-36 at a number of US firms, he was one of the first to develop standards for TV parameters. In 1937–38 he participated in the design and setup of the first electronic television center in Moscow, operating on the 343 line standard, in 1940 hands. the creation of a television center in Leningrad, where the 441 line standard was applied. During the 1941–45 war, he was engaged in issues of radar and radio navigation, took part in the development of a standard for 625 lines. Author approx. 50 scientific. works in the region. cinema, TV, radar, radio navigation. Deputy prev. Vses. scientific. Council for Radiophysics and Radio Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1951 64). Honored. inventor of the RSFSR.

dzholson ol
has abstract: JOLSON Ol (Yoelson Asa, according to other sources, Rosenblatt Joseph) (1883, St. Petersburg - 1950, San Francisco, USA), singer and film actor. As a child, he left with his parents to the United States. The son of a cantor, he learned to sing in the synagogue with his father. He performed in the circus, in restaurants, portraying a Negro singer. In the 1920s. champion in the sale of gramophone records. In 1923 he starred in the unfinished film "Mama's Son" by D.W. Griffith. D. entered the history of cinema as the star of the world's first sound f. "Jazz Singer" (1927), in which he uttered the first phrase from the movie screen: "You have not heard anything yet |". He also starred in several. musicals, then returned to the stage, performed on the radio. In 1946 he starred in f. Jolson's Story (directed by AE Green), in 1949 - in f. "Jolson Sings Again", to-rye were a resounding success. In total, D. starred in 18 films.

dzhugeli
has abstract: JUGELI, see Zestafoni.

dzhugutlyar
has abstract: JUGUTLAR, now part of the city of Oguz (Azerbaijan Republic). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1868 - the village of Nukhinsky u. Elizavetpolskaya lips. In 1918–20 it was a part of the Azerbaijan Republic, in 1920–91 - the AzSSR.In 1897, 1744 Jews (99.5%) lived in D. In 1915 there was a synagogue in D., in 1916 - two synagogues and a rabbi. Main the occupation of the Jews of D. was with. x-in.

dzhulinka
has abstract: DZHULINKA, a village in the Bershad district of the Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - d. Dzhulinki Gaisinsky u. Podolsk province. In 1939, 212 Jews lived in D. 1941 in D. all the remaining Jews (156 people) were shot.

dzhulinki
has abstract: DZHULINKA, see Dzhulinka.

dzhurichi
has abstract: DZHURICHI, see May Day.

dzhurin
has abstract: DZHURIN, a village in Shargorod district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Yampolsky u. Podolsk lips. In the end. 1920s - the center of the Jewish nat. In 1847, 972 Jews lived in D., in 1887 - 46.5% of the total population, in 1897 - 1,585 Jews (34%), in 1923 - 1,396, in 1931 - 1,138, in 1939 - 1,027 Jews. In 1889 there were 2 synagogues in D. Doiv-Ber Shohet was the rabbi in Denmark in 1919. Dec. 1919, the retreating units of the Volunteer Army committed a pogrom in the town (17 people were killed, about 60% of women were subjected to violence), in February. In 1920, the Jewish population of Denmark suffered again from a pogrom organized by units of the Volunteer Army. In the 1920s. immigrants from D. in the Kherson env. Jewish resettlement associations "Dos Naye Lebn", "Nadia" (78 people), "Reuter Stern" (71 people) were founded. In 1941, a ghetto was created in Denmark by troops. In May 1943, a part of the Jews was taken out of D. for forced labor in the village. Trichats near Nikolaev. On 1 Sept. In 1943 there were 2,871 Jews in the D. ghetto. In 1948, the authorities rejected a petition by Jewish believers to open a synagogue on the pretext that the premises offered by the believers belonged to private owners.

dzhurkov
has abstract: DZHURKOV, a village in Kolomyisky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kolomyia powiat of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, approx. 100 Jews. 1942 45 Jews of D. were deported to Kolomyia and exterminated there.

dzhvari
has abstract: DZHVARI, an urban-type settlement (since 1964) in the Tsalenjikha region (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Kutaisi province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was in the Georgian SSR. In 1970 there were 15 Jews living in D., in 1979 - 14 Jews.

dzigan efim ljvovich
has abstract: DZIGAN Efim Lvovich (1898, Moscow - 1981, ibid.), Film director. He studied at a commercial school (1918). In 1919–22 he served in the army, the Cheka, the GPU. Graduated from the private film school of B.V. Tchaikovsky (1926). In cinema since 1924 (assistant operator, assistant director at various studios in the country). In 1932–41 and from 1954 dir. Mosfilm (1941–54 at the studios of Alma-Ata, Baku, Minsk, Kiev, Leningrad). Since 1958 the teacher of VGIK, prof. He made his debut in 1928 f. "The first cornet Streshnev" (with M.E. Chiaureli). I took off a number of docs. f. Among the fictional films, the most famous are: "We are from Kronstadt" (1936, Vysshaya prospect of the World Exhibition in Paris, 1937), "If tomorrow is war" (1938, with L.Ya.Antsi-Polovsky, G.S. Berezko and N. Karmazinsky), "Iron Stream" (1967, Grand Prix "Golden Idol of the Ancient Incas" MKF in Icalio, Peru, 1970). Implemented a number of joint projects. performances, incl. "In a single formation" (1959, with the PRC). Became. pr. (1941). Nar. art. RSFSR (1966). Nar. art. USSR (1969). Cit .: "We are from Kronstadt": Principles dir. film construction, M., 1937; Comprehending the heroics of time, M., 1979.

dzinjkov
has abstract: DZINKOV, see Zinkov.

dzveli-senaki
has abstract: DZVELI-SENAKI (until 1872 - Senaki), a village in the Senak region (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, in Senaki u. Kutaisi province. From 1921 to 1991, it was a part of the Georgian SSR. Jews lived in DS from the 1840s. In 1869, 2 Jewish families lived in DS, and in 1926 there were 6 Jews.

dzvon
has abstract: CALL, see Call.

dzyaloshin
has abstract: DZYALOSHIN, a city (from the beginning of the 15th century) in the Sieradz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a place in the Velunskaya land in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1867 - Posad Velyunsky u. Kalisz province. In 1764 649 Jews lived in Denmark, in 1793 - 846 (65%), in 1808 - 842 (61%), in 1827 - 784 (27%), in 1857 - 1237 (40%), in 1897 - 2263 (55.3%), in 1921 - 1430 (36%), in 1939 - approx. 2000 Jews. Jews lived in D. from the beginning. 17th century During this period, Jews constituted the majority of the population of D., the community of D. was the largest in the county. In the end. 18th century there were 70 Jewish merchants in D. who sold grain, leather and paper; 15 Jews ran breweries, distilleries and taverns. Among 75 Jewish artisans, masters of art were especially famous. bound religion. books. In the beginning. 19th century in D. lived several. Jews - kr. wool merchants who supplied their goods to manufactory factories in Silesia. One of them, Kopl Yakubovich, donated 5 thousand rubles. on the building of the yeshiva in Jerusalem. In the 2nd floor. 19th century economical the situation of the Jews of D. deteriorated sharply due to a decrease in the volume of trade between [[Kingdom of Poland and Silesia. D. has ceased to be kr. the center of the wool trade and in 1870 lost the status of a city. Rabbi D. from the middle. 19th century was Yakov-Aron Yanovsky, then Shloymo-Dovid Margalit (? -1890), since 1890 - Yakov-Moishe Landau (? -1901), the last rabbi of D. was I.M.Bushats. 20th century underground cells of left parties operated in D. Their members took an active part in the events of 1905–07. Several Jews were arrested and exiled to Siberia. In the 1920s and 30s. most of the Jews of Denmark made a living by small trade and handicrafts (chiefly tailoring). Active Zionist activities were carried out. In 1928, a Jewish library w…

dzyaloshinskiy igorj iekhiljevich
has abstract: DZYALOSHINSKY Igor Iekhil'evich (b. 1931, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1974). After graduating from Moscow. un-that (1953) worked in Moscow. Ing. builds. in-those them. V.V. Kuibyshev. After graduating from the postgraduate course Ying-that physical. problems of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Ph.D. thesis. 1957), worked in the same institute. Since 1965 head. sector Ying-that theoretical. physics to them. L.D. Landau of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1992 chief scientific researcher). At the same time. taught at Moscow. physical and technical in-those (prof. since 1969) and Moscow. un-those. scientific. research by statistical physics, magn. phenomena, electronic properties of TV. bodies and liquid crystals. Built thermodynamic. theory of antiferromagnetism, explained the phenomenon of weak ferromagnetism (the Dzyaloshinsky - Moriya interaction), on its basis he predicted a piezomagnet. and magneto-electric. effects. Joint. with L.P. Gorkov and A.A. Abrikosov developed a quantum field diagrammatic method for solving statistical problems. physics at finite temp-pax. Joint. with E.M. Lifshits and L.P. Pitaevsky built a general theory of van der Waltz forces in condensers. environments. Created the general theory of helicoidal and sinusoidal structures in antiferromagnets and the theory of spin wave density. He developed the theory of first-order phase transitions in magnets and the theory of quasi-one-dimensional metals. The author of St. 100 scientific. Art. State pr. USSR (1984). Etc. them. M. Vlonosov (1972) and L. D. Landau (1989). Works: Methods of quantum field theory, Moscow, 1962 (with A.A. Abrikosov and L.P. Gorkov).

dzyaloshitse
has abstract: DZYALOSHICE, a city in the Kelecke Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Krakow Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the city of Pinchovsky u. In 1765, 651 Jews lived in Denmark, in 1856 - 2514 (83.6%), in 1897 - 3526 (76.5%), in 1931 - approx. 10,000 Jews. Since the 1890s. the rabbi and head of the rabbinical court of D. was Mordkhe-Itskhok Stashevsky, then Moishe-Yehiel Halevi. In the 1920s and 30s. in D. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Denmark was exterminated during the Holocaust.

dzygovka
has abstract: DZYHOVKA, a village in the Yampolsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Yampolsky u. Podolsk Gubernia. In 1847, 1028 Jews lived in Denmark, in 1897 - 2187 (30.4%), in 1923 - 1651 (20.1%), in 1939 - 858 Jews. In 1889 there were 4 synagogues in Denmark. Dec. 1917 there was a pogrom. By 1926, three agriculturalists were founded by immigrants from Denmark. settlements in the Kherson environs: the Freigayt commune (120 people), the Arbet colony (163 people), the Glakhgayt company (10 families). In 1942-44 there was a camp in D. for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina. On 1 Sept. In 1943 there were 105 Jews in the camp. In 1947 the Jews of Denmark petitioned for the opening of a synagogue. The authorities rejected the request because the synagogue was supposed to be opened in a residential building located in several meters from the collective farm club.

dzyunjkov
has abstract: DZYUNKOV, a village in the Pogrebishchensky district of the Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Berdichevsky u. Kiev province. In 1847 there were 373 Jews living in D., in 1897 - 1,137 Jews (26.1%). In 1865 there was a synagogue in D. Since 1889 Shmuel-Judah Dinin (1865—?) Was the rabbi in D. In 1910 Shevel Alperovich owned the pharmacy. On July 5, 1919, a pogrom took place in D. 1942 94 Jews were shot in D.

edelj itskhak
has abstract: EDEL Yitzhak (1896, Warsaw - 1973, Tel Aviv), composer, conductor, teacher. Rod. in a Hasidic family. He studied in Warsaw at the Higher. muses. school. In 1928 he founded the Society for the Support of Jewish Music in Warsaw and an orc. "Hashomer ga-Tsair". He taught music in Jewish schools. institutions, including in the "House of Orphans" Y. Korchak. Since 1929 - in E.-I. In tech. For 36 years he taught music theory at the Levinsky Teachers' Institute in Tel Aviv. Author of 3 cantatas, including "Funeral Cantata" (1957; in memory of his deceased son). The author of music-theoretical. tr., treatments (about 100) plank beds. Jewish songs. In pl. muses. op. used the characteristic elements of the cantor recitative (Polish tradition). Among other works: capriccio for orc. (1948), Jewish Dances for FP. with orc. (1950), symphonietta (1969), chamber instr. cit., including wind quintet (1935), Tegilim (Psalms) for soprano and strings. quartet (1963), songs (about 20).

edeljgerts bernard
has abstract: EDELGERZ Bernard (1880, Kharkov - 1931, New York), lawyer, publisher. Since 1893 - in the USA. Received legal. educated at New York University, in 1901 he was admitted to the New York Bar. In 1916–31 he headed the journal. American Hebrow. In 1917–22 pom. min. Justice of the United States. In 1919 he was in Poland to study the situation of the Jews. In 1927 he visited the USSR, where he got acquainted with the state of affairs in the newly formed Jewish agriculture. colonies. At the same time. was engaged in cinematography; prev. contract and arbitration commissions and vice-president. film distribution company of New York. From 1928 prez. corporation for the publication of the Jewish encyclopedia in English. language.

edeljman
has abstract: EDELMAN (Eidelman) Vladimir Adolfovich (1910, Nikolaev, Kherson province - 1991, Moscow), conductor. Studied in muses. technical school them. Gnesins. Since 1929 concertmaster, since 1931 conductor Moscow. artist ballet, later (until 1973) conductor Moscow. muses. t-ra them. K.S. Stanislavsky and V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko. Participated in the post. most ballet performances. Restored the original score of the ball. Swan Lake (1953). Moose. ed. ball. "Lola" by S.N. Vasilenko, "Carnival" on music. R. Schumann, "Straussian". Since 1973, accompanist and conductor ans. "Mosk. classic ballet". Honored. art. RSFSR (1970).

edeljman dzhoy iosifovna
has abstract: EDELMAN Joy Iosifovna (b. 1930, Moscow), orientalist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1978). In 1953 she graduated from philology. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1953–57 scientific. sotr. Ying language. and literature of the Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR. Since 1958 - at the Institute of Linguistics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (RAS). Author approx. 50 publ. scientific. works. Comp. “Yazgulyam-Russian. dictionary "(M., 1971). Cit .: On a single scientific transcription for Iranian languages. M. - L., 1963; Main linguistic questions geography. M., 1969; Compare grammar of Eastern Iranian languages: phonology. M., 1986; Compare grammar of Eastern Iranian languages: morphology. M., 1990.

edeljman izrailj
has abstract: EDELMAN Israel (1899, Odessa - after 1936), actor, director, playwright. Graduated from commercial. uch-shche, studied at honey. f-those of Novorossiysk un-that (Odessa). In 1920, the Russian actor. t-ra in Gomel, later worked in Jewish t-t-ra. He began directing early: in 1918 he directed his own insc. manuf. S. Fruga "Three Souls". Author of the plays "Mister Dollar", "Di Gzeire" ("Kara"), "Ervahung" ("Awakening"), "Tmimot" ("Naivety"), one-act plays "Borukh Shpinosa", "January 9", etc., scriptwriter for the film "David". Participated in the work on the films "Forest Beast", "Ukraziya" (both - 1925), etc. In the 1930s. published Art. on questions t-ra and cinema in periodical. ed. in Russian language.

edeljman rafaelj
has abstract: EDELMAN Raphael (1902, Rezhitsa Vitebsk province. - 1972, Copenhagen), philologist. Doctor of Philosophy (1928). He studied at Copenhagen and Berlin high fur boots, as well as at the Rabbinical Seminary (Berlin), in 1928 he graduated from the Bonn University. In 1927–33 he taught there. Since 1933 - in Denmark. In 1946, the adviser to the Danish delegation to Gen. the UNESCO Assembly (Paris); from 1948 headed the Jewish department. Royal library in Copenhagen. From 1955 before. Association of Bk in Yiddish and Hebrew in Europe, since 1961 member. Council of the World. union of Judaica. In 1946–49, members. council of the Jewish community in Copenhagen. The author of works on the Middle-century. Jewish literature. Awarded hordes. Danneborg (1953).

edeljman valeriy iosifovich
has abstract: EDELMAN Valery Iosifovich (b. 1939, Moscow), power engineer. Dr. econ. Sciences (1990). In 1962 he graduated from the TSKhA with a degree in electrical engineering. He worked in the industry. Since 1989 - at the Research Institute of Energy Economics, Head. lab., head. dep., art. scientific. sotr. Since 1991, Dir. in-that. Member grew up. parts slave. groups on the electricity of Europe Econ. UN Commission. Author approx. 100 prints works.

edeljshteyn akim oskarovich
has abstract: EDELSHTEIN Akim Oskarovich (1897, Petersburg - 1967, Moscow), psychiatrist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. (1938). Pupil P.B. Gannushkin. After finishing honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1919) - military doctor, participant of the Civil. war. In 1922–26, a psychiatrist resident. clinics of Moscow State University. In 1926–29 - at Ying-those nerve. - psychiatrist. prevention and simultaneously. head dep. in Ch. dignity management of the Red Army. From 1930 to psychiatrist. clinic of the 1st MMI (assistant, associate professor, prof.). In 1950 he was dismissed. In 1951–58 the head. Department of Psychiatry Molotovsky (Perm) med. in-that. Sci. tr. E. dedicated. question schizophrenia, military. psychiatry, psychoprophylaxis and psychohygiene, history of edema. psychiatry. Member reign of Vses. about-va of neuropathologists and psychiatrists. Cit .: Initial states of schizophrenia. M., 1938; S. S. Korsakov. M., 1948; Psychiatric conventions and societies for half a century. (To the history of the medical community). 1887-1936. M., 1948. E.'s daughter - Elga (b. 1926, Moscow), neuropathologist. Graduated from the 1st MMI (1949). Since 1953 - in children. neurology. In 1966–92 assistant professor. department children. neuropathology TsIUVa. Since 1992 - in children. psychoneurol. association "Nevromed". Sci. tr. in the main. on questions pathology center. and peripheral. nerve. systems in the fetus and newborn. She proposed a treatment regimen for myopathy in children.

edeljshteyn yakov samoylovich
has abstract: EDELSHTEIN Yakov Samoilovich (Samuilovich) (1869, Novoserpukhov, Yekaterinoslav Gubernia - 1952, Leningrad), geomorphologist. Prof. (1924), Dr. G.-M. Sciences (1935). In 1895 he graduated from Kharkov University. Until 1903 he worked as a geologist in the Far East, in North-East China on the instructions of Ros. gold industry. about-va. In 1904–07 the curator Geologich. Museum of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. Since 1907 the geologist Geol. to-that (later - TSNIGRI-VSEGEI), since 1918 vice-rector of this institute. Simultaneously, from 1924 head. department and dean of geogr. Faculty of Leningrad State University, prof. Horn. in-that. Main scientific. work dedicated. geology and geomorphology of the districts of D. Vostok, Manchuria, Sikhote-Alin, North China. Compiled by geol. maps of the studied districts, discovered a number of mineral deposits. Made an exp. to the Pamirs, in Wed. Asia, Minusinsk lowland, Kuznetsk Alatau, Zap.-Sib. lowland, where he studied geomorphology and Quaternary deposits. Author of scientific. tr. in geography, geomorphology, quaternary geology. Under the arm. E. comp. and publ. in 1947 geomorphological. map of the Urals. Created scientific. school of geologists and geomorphologists. Scientist secretary Vses. geogr. about-va (1930–38). Poch. member Geogr. about-va USSR and a number of other scientific. about-in. Big angry. medal Imp. Rus. geogr. about-va. Etc. them. N.M. Przhevalsky. In 1949 he was convicted by the "court of honor" for "cosmopolitanism", arrested ("the case of geologists"), died in prison.

edeljshteyn yuliy yurjevich
has abstract: EDELSHTEIN Yuliy Yurievich (b. 1958, Chernivtsi), public figure. From the end. 1970s activist of the Jewish nat. movement in the USSR. He taught Hebrew. In 1984–87 he was imprisoned. Since 1987 - in Israel. 1988–96 - Vice President of the Zionist Forum. One of the leaders of the Israel Ba-Aliya party. Since 1996 Minister of Absorption and Repatriation. Since 1996 - dep. The Knesset.

edidovich shoul
has abstract: EDIDOVICH Shohl (1890, Vilna - 1942), publicist, translator. R. in the family of a rabbi, studied at the yeshiva. From 1907 he taught in different parts of the Saratov province, and after graduating in 1915 ped. in-that worked in Vilna Hebrews. schools. Participated in the Bund movement, published Art. on social and polit. topics in periodic. ed. Bund, was a member of the editorial boards of children. g. Grininke Beymelech and Gahaver. In 1920 he released the book. "History of the alphabet", then work about children. years of composers W.A. Mozart and L. Beethoven, translated into Yiddish works. Western European writers. Participated in the compilation of a reader for Hebrews. schools "I.-L. Peretz far yungt" ("I.-L. Peretz for youth"), published in Vilna in 1923.

edinetsj
has abstract: UNITS (until 1990 —Units), city (from 1962), regional center (Republic of Moldova). Main in 1820.Since 1835 - the town of Khotinsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918-40 it was part of Romania, in 1940-91 it was the MSSR. In 1897, 7379 Jews (72.3%) lived in Egypt, in 1910 - 9413 (63.1%), in 1930 - 5349 (90.3%). %), in 1989 - 442 Jews. The first inhabitants of Egypt were Jews. Most of them were engaged in trade and crafts. All doctors and pharmacists in Egypt were Jews. In 1865, Egypt had 2 synagogues, and in 1878 - 8 synagogues, a cemetery, a khevra kaddish, a mikvah, which served as a bathhouse for the non-Jewish population. In 1887 an attempt was made to pogrom. In 1910 there were 14 synagogues in Egypt. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in "Ezro". In nov. 1917, a pogrom broke out in Yemen, staged by Russian soldiers. army; there were several. wounded. In 1918, three Jews were shot in Egypt — members of the delegation to the regiment. room. army Maruzi asking to stop bullying Jews. In the 1920s and 30s. Jews owned factories for the production of sunflower oil, a soap-making plant, a mill, a confectionery and a weaving factory, an electric station. All R. 1930s in E. it was approx. 20 synagogues, 8 heders. In 2 heders the teaching was in Hebrew, in one of them it was taught. lang. and mathematics, there were 3 Jewish beginnings. schools, including one “Tarbut” network. There were branches of all Jewish parties and organizations in Romania. the troops shot approx. 700 Jews, most of them were buried in the Jewish cemetery. Then to the north-west. On the outskirts of Yemen, a ghetto was created for 15,000 Jews from different districts of Moldova. 404 people died from hunger and beatings in the ghetto, 1013 people were shot. 11 oct. 1941 the deportation of Jews from Egypt to Transnistria began. Most of them died on the way. In 1947, Egypt had a synagogue and a religious. community, rabbi. There is a Jewish cemetery. In E. Genus: I. Mage…

edintsy
has abstract: UNITS, see Edinet.

edlinsk
has abstract: EDLINSK, a village in the Radom Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - posad of Radomsky u. In 1856 267 Jews (30%) lived in Egypt, in 1897 - 622 (45.7%), in 1921 - approx. 1000 Jews. 19th century Itskhok-Yakov Glyas (? -1892) was a rabbi in Yemen, after whose death his son Nathan Glyas (1854-?) became a rabbi. troops in E. created a ghetto, which contained apprx. 1 thousand people The ghetto was liquidated in Aug. 1942. In December. 1942 - Feb. 1944 a Jewish workers' camp was located in Ye.

edlis yuliu filippovich
has abstract: EDLIS Juliu Filippovich (b. 1929, Bendery, Romania), playwright, writer. Graduated from the Higher. theater. school in Tbilisi (1949), then philology. Faculty of Moldavian Ped. Institute in Chisinau (1956). He made his debut in print in 1952. The first play "We Only Dream of Peace" publ. in 1955. The author of numerous. plays, including "The Breakwater" (1961), "The Argonauts" (1962), "A Drop in the Sea" (1962), "Silver Forest" (1964), "Where is Your Brother, Abel?" (1965), “Witnesses are called” (1968), “Proezd” (1969), “June, early summer” (1970), post. in pl. t-rakh of the USSR and other countries. Permeated with the pathos of the "sixties," E.'s plays aroused heated debate. E. belong also to prose writers. manuf .: rum. "Intermission" ("New World", 1986, no. 4-5), p. "This desert country" ("October", 1993, No. 7) and others. Works: Selected. M., 1983; Southwest. Stories. M., 1983.

edvabne
has abstract: EDWABNE, a city in the Olsztyn Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 15th century. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the town of Jedwabno Kolnensky u. Lomzhinskaya lips. In 1918-39 it was part of Poland, in 1939-45 it was the BSSR. In 1808, 325 Jews (70%) lived in Egypt, in 1827 - 324 (56%), in 1897 - 1941 (78%), in 1921 - 757 Jews (62%) Jews began to settle in Egypt at the end. 18th century At the same time, a community was created. Some Jews E. took an active part in Polsk. the uprising of 1863–64. In the end. 19th century Jews opened a vinegar plant, a distillery, a brewery, a mill, 3 weaving factories. In 1892, out of 50 artisans in Egypt, 46 were Jews (24 shoemakers, 7 tailors, 5 joiners, 3 carpenters, 3 manufacturers of accessories, etc.). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century Ye. Became one of the centers of textile production. In the end. 18th century a synagogue was built in Ye. In the beginning. 20th century there were several. synagogues, including Hasidic ones. In the 1870s. Rabbi Ye. was Yosef Haber, from 1912 - Meir-Eli Weiner, in 1924-37 - Avigdor Belostotsky, in 1937-41 - Strikovsky. Heders and Talmud Torah functioned. During the 1st world. war Jews of E. were deported to the internal. districts of Russia. In the 1920s and 30s. in E. there were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In June 1941, part of the German. armies entered Yemen on July 10, 1941 approx. 1600 Jews and refugees were burnt alive in a grain barn by local Poles. In E. there are approx. 300 Jews, to-rykh imprisoned in a ghetto, liquidated on November 2. 1942 In E. genus: I. Rosen; Pinhos Thurberg (1875-1951, New York), publicist (in Hebrew), publisher, author of works on Hebrew bibliography, since 1898 - in the USA.

edvabno
has abstract: BADLY, see Yedwabne.

efimov
has abstract: EFIMOV (Fridlyand) Boris Efimovich (1900, Kiev - 2008, Moscow), graphic artist, caricaturist. D. h. Of the Academy of Arts of the USSR (1975). Brother of M.E. Koltsov. Studied at Kiev University, special. thin received no education. From 1919 he worked in the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs of Ukraine, created posters for the publishing house of the All-Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee, was in charge of YugROSTA (Odessa), in 1920 he worked in Kiev gas. "Red Army", "Kommunar", "Bolshevik", in Kharkov - in the administration of the propaganda points of the Southern Front. In 1920–22. headed the Kiev branch of UkROST. From 1922 he lived in Moscow. He worked in gas. "Pravda", "Izvestia", in f. "Crocodile", "Ogonyok", "Red Armyman". In the years of the 2nd world. war worked in Windows ROSTA. In 1945 he was present as an artistic correspondent. at the Nuremberg trial. Since 1965 he was responsible. editor of the publishing house "Agitplakat". Main works were repeatedly published in the albums: "Cartoons" (1924), "Caricature in the service of the defense of the USSR" (1931), "A way out will be found" (1932), "Political cartoons" (1932), "Fascism is the enemy of peoples" (1937) , "Warmongers" (1938), "Hitler and his pack" (1943), "Mr. Dollar" (1948), "For a lasting peace, against warmongers" (1950), "Satire is not without humor" (1963), "Cartoons for Half a Century" (1969). Nar. thin RSFSR (1959). Nar. thin USSR (1967). Became. pr. (1950, 1951). State pr. USSR (1972).

efinjgar
has abstract: EFINGAR, see Plyushchevka.

efrat israelj-itskhak
has abstract: EFRAT Israel-Itzhak (real family Efros) (1891, Ostrog, Volyn province - 1971, Tel Aviv), poet, translator. Doctor of Philosophy (1915). Since 1905 - in the USA. Received a tradition. Jewish religion and secular education. He taught at high fur boots and higher. schools of Judaism in Baltimore, Buffalo, New York and Philadelphia. Since 1955 - in Israel. Prof. and the first rector of Tel Aviv University. The author of the book. on Jewish history and philosophy. Lit. etc. them. S. Chernyakhovsky (1961).

efrati
has abstract: EFRATI (Graiber) Yosef (1897, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1975, Geva, Israel), party leader. From 1914 - in E.-I. He was an activist for youth. movement "Prakhei Zion". Member the Ha-Poel ha-Tsair party, then the Mapai party. Member secretariat of the All-Israel Kibbutz Association. Dep. Knesset of the 1-5th convocations (1949-65). In 1951 the deputy. min. Agriculture.

efremov
has abstract: EFREMOV, city, regional center in the Tula region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1637. From 1777 it was a district town of the Tula governorship, then a province. In 1910 there were 119 Jews in Egypt, in 1926 - 126 (1.3%), in 1939 - 241 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Egypt.

efremov dominik ivanovich
has abstract: EFREMOV Dominik Ivanovich (real name and surname Mikhail Efremovich Shteiman) (1881, Vishki Dinaburgsky u. Vitebsk province. - 1925, Moscow), member of the revolutionary. movement and civil. war, part. Communist. parties since 1902. Studied at a real school in St. Petersburg. Since 1901 - a student of the Mining Institute, participated in the student. strikes and demonstrations. From 1902 to illegal. position. On the instructions of Peter. to-that RSDLP organized an underground printing house, in the spring of 1903 he was arrested. After one and a half years of imprisonment in the Peter and Paul Fortress and the Kresty prison, he was exiled to Turinsk, Tobolsk province, in the beginning. 1905 fled. On the instructions of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, in 1905 he created underground printing houses in Odessa and St. Petersburg. From the summer of 1906 desks. organizer in St. Petersburg. Dec. 1907 was arrested again and sent to Arkhangelsk province for 3 years. Soon he fled, returned to the capital, where he participated in parties and work. In the years of the 1st world. war lived in Moscow. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 parties. agitator, from Sept. -power of the Sokolnicheskaya District Duma, a member of its council. Oct.-Nov. 1917 - member. VRK of Sokolniki district. From Dec. 1917 - deputy. prev. Executive Committee Sokolnich. district council, from March 1918 - military. Commissioner of this district. May-Sept. 1918 - secret. MK RCP (b), at the same time. (since July) - member. Executive Committee of the Moscow City Council. In the fall, sent to the desks. mobilization to the South. fr. early political department, in Oct.-Nov. - early. Vseros. bureau of military commissars. In Jan-Oct. 1919 - early. political department and member. RVS of the 10th Army of the South. fr. From Oct. 1919 to Jan. 1920 again secret. MK RCP (b). In 1920–21 - Commissioner of the Donetsk Railway. d., part. of the Presidium of the Crimean Regional Committee of the RCP (b), member. c…

efroimson vladimir pavlovich
has abstract: EFROIMSON Vladimir Pavlovich (1908, Moscow - 1989, ibid.), Geneticist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1947). He studied biology. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1929 he was expelled from the un-that for speaking at a meeting in support of the subsequently arrested head. Department of Genetics S.S. Chetverikov. In 1932 he was arrested for participating in the work of the Free Philosophical Society, released in 1935. In 1936–39 scientific. sotr. Central Asian Research Institute of Sericulture in Tashkent, in 1939–41 - at the All-Ukrainian Station of Sericulture (Merefa, Kharkiv Region). 1941–45 - at the front. In 1945–48 he taught at Kharkov University. In 1948 he transferred to the Science Department of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks scientific. Tr., criticizing the activities of T.D. Lysenko. In 1949 he was arrested again. Released in 1956. In 1956–61 bibliographer Vses. state foreign libraries literature in Moscow. In 1961-68 - in Ying-those vaccines and serums of the Ministry of Health. RSFSR, in 1968–75 head. dep. genetics Mosk. Institute of Psychiatry, in 1976–89 scientific. consultant of the Institute of Biology of Development of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main direction of scientific. activities - honey. genetics. He formulated the principle of balance between the mutational process and selection as applied to humans, calculated the frequency of gene mutations in humans (1932). Research genetic mechanisms leading to correlated-adapt. shifts in natural and artificial selection. The author of the fund. monographs on honey. genetics. Author of Philosophy. works, including Art. "Genealogy of Altruism" ("New World", 1971, No. 10), in a cut the genetic essence of altruism was proved. Works: Introduction to medical ethics. M., 1964; Genetics of oligophrenia, psychosis, epilepsy. M., 1978 (co-authored with M.G. Blumina); Genetics of ethics and aesthetics. M., 1995.

efron iljya abramovich
has abstract: EFRON Ilya Abramovich (1847, Vilna - 1917, Petrograd), publisher, great-grandson of the Vilna Gaon. In 1880 he opened a printing house and publishing house in St. Petersburg, in 1890 he founded a joint stock company. ed. Society "Brockhaus - Efron", which published fundamental encyclopedias: "Encyclopedic Dictionary" (86 basic and 4 additional volumes, 1890-1907), "New Encyclopedic Dictionary" (1911-16; 29 of the planned 50 volumes were published). ). E. participated in the publication of the "Jewish Encyclopedia" (16 volumes, 1908-13). Among the ed. about-va was several. popular ser .: “B-ka prom. knowledge ”,“ B-ka of self-education ”,“ B-ka of great writers ”,“ B-ka of natural science ”, etc. The Society has published a number of books on Hebrew. stories: E. Renan "History of the Israeli people" (2 vols., v. 5; 1908-12), collection of works. "Experienced" (1900), MM Margolin "Babylon, Jerusalem, Alexandria" (1923) and others. Since 1917 the publishing house was a part of Petrograd. association of private publishing houses, but in fact was located in Berlin, where at hand. brother E. Semen lasted until the beginning. 30s

efron sergey yakovlevich
has abstract: EFRON Sergei Yakovlevich (1893, Moscow - 1941, ibid.), Journalist, intelligence officer. Rod. in the family of the People's Will Yakov Konstantinovich E. (Kalmanovich) (1851 - 1909, Paris) and Elizaveta Petrovna Durnovo. Since 1912 - husband of M.I. Tsvetaeva. In 1913-14 he studied history-philology. f-those Mosk. un-that. In 1915-17 - at the front, brother of mercy. In 1917 he graduated from the school of warrant officers. In 1918–20 - in the Volunteer Army. In 1921–22 - in Turkey, in 1922–25 - in Czechoslovakia. In 1925 he graduated from un-t in Prague. Since 1925 - in France. He was close to the "Eurasians", collaborated in a pro-Soviet magazine. "Versts". From the beginning. 1930s sotr. special services. Since 1937 - in the USSR. Repressed in 1939. E.'s daughter - Ariadne (1912, Moscow - 1975, ibid.), Translator. Since 1937 - in the USSR. In 1939–55 he was imprisoned. In the 1950s and 70s. translated into Russian. lang. verse. F. Petrarch, R. Tagore, D. Gofshtein, S. Baudelaire, T. Gauthier, P. Verlaine and others. Author of memoirs.

efros
has abstract: EFROS (Efrat) Gershon (1890, Warsaw - 1978), cantor. He was a student of the leading cantors of his time. Since 1910 - in E.-I. Pupil (composition) and follower of A.Ts. Idelson. Conductor symph. orc. in Jerusalem. Later he moved to the USA. He worked as a singing teacher at school, since 1927 cantor of the largest synagogues in the piece. New Jersey. Published the "Anthology of Cantor Singing" (vols. 1-6, 1928-69). The author of music for children.

efros abram markovich
has abstract: EFROS Abram Markovich (1886, Moscow - 1954, ibid.), Art critic, art critic. In 1911 he graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that, began to systematically act as an artist. critic in the gas. "Rus. statements ". In 1909 he published a translation of Song of Songs. In 1914-17 - in action. army. In 1919 pom. curator of the State Tretyakov Gallery. In the same year he was elected to the mountains. thought, before. commissions for external improvement of Moscow. Since 1919 head. accounting and protection of monuments in the Museum Department. People's Commissariat for Education and until 1929 - head. dep. the latest painting of the State Tretyakov Gallery. At the same time. in 1924-29 - in the State. Museum of Fine Arts, Deputy. dir. by scientific. work. In 1920–26 he was in charge of the artist. part of the Moscow Art Theater and its muses. studio, artist part of the GOSET. He continued to publish in the journal. “Artist. life "," Among collectors "," Rus. art "," Searchlight "," Theater. review ". In 1927 he was approved as a member of the State Academy of Agricultural Sciences. In the 1930s. E. completely switched to lit. activity: book. "Profiles", which united his critical. Prod., "Drawings of the Poet" (graphic heritage of A.S. Pushkin). In 1932, members. editorial board of the publishing house "Academy", where he headed the department. French literature and claims. In 1933-37 he published a number of articles. on topical problems of the development of owls. fig. lawsuit. In 1937–40 - in Rostov. Upon returning to Moscow, he taught history of arts at Moscow State University. In 1945-50 freelance. prof. State library in-that in Moscow. In 1950–54 - at the Department of Lawsuits of the Tashkent Theater. institute.

efros anatoliy vasiljevich
has abstract: EFROS Anatoly Vasilievich (Isaevich) (1925, Kharkov - 1987, Moscow), director. In 1950 he graduated from dir. Faculty of GITIS. Worked dir. Ryazan region dram. t-ra (1951–53), where he staged: "Love Yarovaya" by K. Trenev, "Dog in the Manger" by L. de Vega (both - 1952), "Maidens-Beauties" by A.D. Simukov (1953) and others. In 1954–63, dir. Centre. children t-ra. He staged the plays: "Good Hour" by VS Rozov (1954), "In Search of Joy" (1957), "Boris Godunov" by AS Pushkin (1957), etc. In 1964–66, Ch. dir. T-ra them. Linen. Komsomol. Among the post. E .: "On the wedding day" by Rozov (1964), "Filming a movie" by E.S. Radzinsky (1965), "The Seagull" by A.P. Chekhov, "Moliere" by M.A.Bulgakov (both - 1966), etc. In 1967–84 - to Dram. t-re on Malaya Bronnaya, staged more than 20 performances, including Chekhov's Three Sisters (1967), The Marriage by Nikolai Gogol (1975), A Month in the Country by IS Turgenev (1977 ), “Romeo and Juliet” (1970), “Othello” (1976), W. Shakespeare, “Don Juan” by Moliere (1973), plays by Rozov, A.N. Arbuzov, Radzinsky, etc. In 1984–87 ... dir. T-ra drama and comedy on Taganka, where he staged "At the Bottom" by M. Gorky (1984), "War is not a woman's face" S.A. Aleksievich (1985), "Misanthrope" by Moliere (1986) and others. film, director of the film “Noisy Day” (with GG Nathanson), “Leap Year”, “Two in the Steppe”, “On Thursday and Never Again”. Carried out a post on television. 13 t / f and television performances, including "Boris Godunov" (1970), "Tanya", "Pages of Pechorin's Life" (both - 1974), "Islands in the Ocean" (1978), etc. Author of the book: "Rehearsal - my love" (1975), "Profession: director" (1979), "Continuation of the theatrical story" (1985). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1976).

efros nikolay efimovich
has abstract: EFROS Nikolai Efimovich (1867, Moscow - 1923, ibid.), Theater critic, theater historian. From the beginning. 1890s was published in periodical. ed. Reviewer, Art. and book. o Art. t-re. E. owned works on the works of M.S.Shchepkin, P.M.Sadovsky, M.N. Ermolova, K.S.Stanislavsky, A.I.Yuzhin, V.I.Kachalov and others. E. paid special attention to drama A.P. Chekhov and the problems of her stage. incarnation. In 1914, ed. E. (and V. V. Kalash) published the 1st volume of the multivolume “History of Rus. theater ". Since 1918, he was directed by the artist. dep. artist collective "Rus". He worked in the theater. section GAKhN. Ed. zhurn. Theater Culture (1921–22), Theater. review "(1922), sotr. zhurn. "Life", published by the "Litemuza" company (1922).

efroykin izrailj
has abstract: EFROIKIN Israel (1884, Vekshniai - 1954, Paris), publicist, societies. activist. Brother Z. Efroykin. In 1904-10 he studied at the University of Berne (Switzerland). In 1910 he settled in St. Petersburg, actively participated in gr. Revival. It was then that his lit. activity (translated by I.-L. Peretz, G. Nomberg in Russian), published in gas. "Der Freind", "Folkshtime" and others. In 1912, together with SM Dubnov, S. Tsinberg and others, he founded every month. "Di Yiddish Velt". In 1914–15 he worked in the decomp. Heb. periodic. ed. in Yiddish and Russian. lang., was one of the organizers of "Folksparty". In 1920 he arrived in Paris to organize help for Russian. Jews, victims of war. Later he was one of the founders of the World. Heb. Congr. During the occupation of France by the Nazis, he lived in Uruguay. After graduation. war returned to Paris, did a lot for the revival of the Hebrews. cultures, life in France, edited by Heb. ed. Author of the book: "In holem un oif der Vor" ("In a dream and in reality"), 1944; "A heshbn-ganefesh" ("Confession"), 1948; "Selflessness and heroism among the Jews, once and now", 1949, etc.

efroykin zalman
has abstract: EFROYKIN Zalman (1896, Vekshni Shavelsky u. Kovno province - |), publicist, teacher, society. activist. Brother I. Efroykin. Graduated as an external student. uch-shche. After the 1st world. He graduated from the war. teacher. seminar in Riga, was an act. leader of the Bund. After the revolution, he lived in Latvia, was one of the organizers of the Hebrews. schools and cultural institutions, teacher. Since 1921 in the USA. There was a deer. Heb. schools. He made his debut in Libau in Russian. gas. "Libavsky Vestnik" and in it. ed. "Libavskaya Gazeta", was also published in Heb. periodic. stamps of St. Petersburg, Warsaw, New York, at the beginning. 30s edited by det. gas. and f. "Culture un derziung" in Yiddish. E. - the author (together with H. Bez) literary-societies. anthology "Unzer Worth" (1933), textbooks for Heb. schools: "Main Shrahbuh" (1938), "Dos Yiddish Wort" (1947), "Baym Kval" (1948) and others, which were widely used by Hebrews. teachers in the USA and other countries.

efrusi sharlj
has abstract: EFRUSI Charles (1849, Odessa - 1905, Paris), art critic, philanthropist, collector. From 1871 - in France, published in French. lang. "Gazette de bou art", wrote several. works about the work of A. Dürer, including "Albrecht Durer and his drawings" (Paris, 1882). In 1876 he published a biography of Ital. artist Jacopo de Barbari (1450-1515), in 1887 - Prince. "Paul Baudry, his life and his work" about fr. ist. painter and portraitist of the 19th century. Being a fan of R. Wagner's work, E. promoted the post. his operas. Collected valuable artist. collection. Cavalier of hordes. Of the Legion of Honor.

efuni sergey naumovich
has abstract: EFUNI Sergey Naumovich (b. 1930, Grozny), anesthesiologist and physiologist. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1979), acad. RAS (1992). Graduated from the 2nd Moscow. honey. Institute (1954). In 1954-56 the head. surgeon department of a hospital in the Altai Territory. Since 1956 in Moscow, he worked in the 2nd, and then in the 1st honey. in-takh; since 1964 hands. lab. arts, oxygenation, and since 1966 - dep. hyperbaric. oxygenation Vses. n.-i. in-that clinic. and experiment. Surgery (since 1980 All-Union Scientific Center of Surgery). scientific. tr. dedicated the study of the mechanisms of the effect of high oxygen pressure on the function. systems and structures of the body, as well as various aspects of electrophysiology and anesthesiology. One of the authors of the original method of anesthesia - postoperative anesthesia with nitrous oxide. Developed a fundamentally new method of the so-called. parapulmonary oxygenation of the body using oxygen microemulsion. Research E. contributed to the creation of a complex of honey. pressure chamber for hyperbaric. oxygenation. State pr. USSR (1977). Cit .: Medical anesthesia, M., 1967; Achievements of hyperbaric oxygenation in the USSR, M., 1983; Hyperbaric oxygenation and cardiovascular system, M., 1987.

egiz boris
has abstract: EGIZ Boris (Borukh) Isaevich (1869, Odessa - 1946, Vilnius), portrait painter. Rod. in a Karaite family. In 1890 he graduated from the drawing school at the Odessa Society of Fine Arts, in 1894 - Petersburg. OH. Studied in Paris at the Academy of Julien and Colarossi. E. was a member of the South Rus. artist (TYURH, Odessa, 1890-1922), participated in exhibitions of the TYURH (1893), at the same time. was in the Odessa society of fine arts, taught at the drawing school at the society (from 1900 - art school) and was a member of the council of the society.

eglishkis
has abstract: Egliskis, see Egliskis.

egoeshzon b.
has abstract: B. EGOESHZON (real name and fam. Moishe-Bunim Yustman) (1889, Warsaw - 1942, Jerusalem), publicist, prose writer. R. in a Hasidic family. Until the age of 18 he studied at yeshivas. Lit. activity began with articles in gas. "Gaboker" and "Yidishes Vohenblat" in 1906–07. Since the founding of the Warsaw daily. gas. Der Moment (1910) is one of her chap. sotr. Printed essays, stories, art., Feuilletons, preim. in the genres of humor and satire. In 1925–39 sotr. Warsaw gas. "Gaynt". The first book. "In rebns goif" ("In the courtyard of the tzadik") was released in 1911. This was followed by other works: "Apikorsim" ("Godless", 1913), "Oif der frischer luft" ("In the fresh air", 1912), one-act play "Ageim" ("Home") and others. with the famous folklorist M. Kipnis wrote the comedy "Mitn koeh fun dibuk" ("By the power of dybuk"). Throughout many. years collected, processed and translated into Yiddish materials for the capital tr. "Fun un-zer altn oytser" ("From our ancient treasury"), published in 8 vols. (Warsaw, 1932). Until Sept. 1939 lived ch. arr. in Warsaw, after the start of the 2nd world. war managed to escape to Vilna. Since 1940 - in E.-I.

egonskaya vesj
has abstract: EGONSKAYA EVERYTHING, see Vesyegonsk.

egorjev-vysokoe
has abstract: Egoriev-Vysokoe, see Egorievsk.

egorjevsk
has abstract: Egorievsk, city (since 1778), a regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1462 as from. High. From the 16th century. - from. Egoriev-High. From 1778 it was a district (in 1796-1802 - a supernumerary) city of the Ryazan governorship, then a province. In 1910, 13 Jews lived in Egypt, in 1926 - 87 (0.3%), in 1939 - 482, in 1970 - 115 (0 , 2%), in 1989 - 64 Jews (0.1%). 1905 a pogrom took place in Egypt. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Egypt. In the end. 1920s In Egypt, a community of Lubavitch Hasids was formed, most of whom, including M.M. Futerfas, worked in a furniture artel, which was led by Nokhum-Hillel Pinsky (? -1943), brother of Sh.G. Pinsky. An underground yeshiva was organized, headed by Israel Levin (? -1949). Illeg. The minyan was going to the house of I. Rivkin. In 1937 the artel was closed, Pinsky and Levin were arrested. In 1937–38 the yeshiva was headed by Moishe-Zalman Kamenetsky (1891–1975, Kfar-Chabad, Israel). In 1938–41 the yeshiva was again headed by Levin. The Lubavitch community ceased to exist in 1941.

egorovka
has abstract: EGOROVKA, a village in Volnovakha district of Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1842 in Mariupol u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. immigrants from the Chernigov and Kharkov provinces. 19th century there were 98 Jews in Yemen.

egorshino
has abstract: EGORSHINO, see Artyomovsk, Sverdlovsk region.

egorshinskoe
has abstract: EGORSHINSKOE, see Artyomovsk, Sverdlovsk Region.

egudin iljya abramovich
has abstract: YEGUDIN Ilya Abramovich (1913, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1985), before. collective farm. Hero of Soc. Labor. In 1935–41 - before. artel them. Ya.M. Sverdlova (Crimea). Member of the 2nd world. war. In 1949-1985 before. collective farm "Friendship of peoples" (Crimea). Dep. VS Ukr. SSR. Delegate to the 24th Congress of the CPSU. An active participant in the anti-Zionist campaign of the early 1970s.

egudis
has abstract: YGUDIS (real name and surname Rohl Bernstein) (1869, Minsk - 1942, Moscow), prose writer, poet, playwright. She studied with private teachers. Socialist influence, ideas and acquaintance with Heb. lit-swarm prompted E. to be independent. creativity. Her first story "On Winter Saturday" was published in 1907 Heb. petersburg. daily gas. Der Freind. After the revolution, she published stories, essays, poems, memoirs in Minsk gas. Der Veker and other gas. and f. In 1925, a dep. ed. her play "Der Ershter May" ("First of May") - about Heb. slave. movement on the eve of the first Russian. rev-tion.

ekabpils
has abstract: JAKABPILS (in 1670-1917 - Jakobstadt), city (from 1670), regional center (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from the 13th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Kurland province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1835, 2567 Jews lived in Egypt, in 1850 - 2760, in 1881 - 2254 (41%), in 1897 - 2087 (36%), in 1910 - 2047 (35%), in 1920 - 664 (20%), in 1925 - 806 (14%), in 1930 - 796 (14%), in 1935 - 793 Jews (14%). In 1739 from E. a few Jews were deported, to-rye, despite the ban, lived in the city. The ban was lifted in 1795, after joining Ros. empire. Jewish merchants began to settle in Egypt, first from Courland and then from Lithuania. The Jewish community of Egypt was organized in 1810. Two synagogues were built. The Jews of Egypt earned their living from trade and crafts. Was conducted cr. trade in timber, lumber, grain and flax. Jews owned two match factories. 5 Jewish doctors worked in E. There were philanthropists in the E. community. organizations and organizations for the provision of social assistance. A large group of Lubavitch Hasids lived in Egypt. In 1830 a yeshiva was organized in Egypt, one of the few in Courland, headed by Rabbi Yosef Ashkenazi. In 1840, seven families (about 60 people) left Yemen and founded a Jewish colony near Kherson. In 1850 the state was opened. Jewish school. From 1901 she worked as a library with a reading room. Since 1902, active Zionist activity was carried out, since 1905 a branch of the Bund functioned. Rabbi Ye. In the beginning. 19th century was Mordkhe Rosenthal, in 1832-41 and 1845-60 - Shimon Zarkhi, in 1890-97 - Efraim Samonov, in 1908-41 - Yehuda-Leib Gunzburg. During the 1st world. wars b. In 1922 the Jews of Egypt were accused of murdering a Christian child, after which there was a threat of pogroms. The intervention of the authorities prevented the pogrom. Despite the decrease in the number of Jews, they continued t…

ekaterinburg
has abstract: EKATERINBURG (in 1924-91 - Sverdlovsk), city, center of the Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1723.Since 1781 - the center of the Yekaterinburg region. Perm governorship, since 1796 - the county town of Perm province. From 1919 it was the center of the Yekaterinburg province, from 1923 - the Ural region, from 1934 - the Sverdlovsk region. In 1897, 305 Jews lived in Egypt, in 1910 - 343, in 1920 - 3600, in 1923 - approx. 3000, in 1926 - 3988 (2.9%), in 1939 - 7952, in 1959 - 15 900, in 1970 - 14 720 (1.4%), in 1979 - 13 617 (1.1%), in 1989 - 10,900 Jews, a secret decree of the Emp. Alexander I of 19 December. 1824 forbade Jews even a temporary stay in E. Jews lived in E. since mid. 19th century In 1910 Egypt had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery, and in 1915 there was a rabbi. In 1920, a Jewish school of the first level, a Jewish prof. school (the only one in the Urals), Jewish children. garden, b-ka them. Chlenov (3 thousand books), the Jewish workers' club named after I. B. Borokhov, renamed. in 1921 in the club. F. Engels. A department of Evsektsi was created (headed by Blunt, Brin, Kem, Sapelik). In 1946, a synagogue was opened in a one-story wooden house built in 1914. On ordinary days she was visited by approx. 20 people, on Saturdays - up to 80 people, on holidays - up to 300 people. The rabbi was Gersh Aronovich Borovik (1878—?). The synagogue was closed in 1962. In May 1971, an activist of the Jewish nat. Was sentenced to 3 years in prison in Ye. Movement V. Kukuy (b. 1938). In 1989 the society of Jewish culture "Atikva", a Sunday Jewish school, were founded in Egypt, in 1990 - the Jewish religion. community. Since 1990 ed. gas. "Tikvateinu" (chief editor Mikhail Iosifovich Oshtrakh), since 1991 - gas. "Stern" (chief editor Boris Semenovich Vaisberg), since 1994 - gas. "Menorah" (chief editor Mark Semenovich Lutsky). Since 1993 there has been a philanthropist. the Menorah Foundation. On Sept. 1997 the synagogue was opened, rabbi - representati…

ekaterinenskoe
has abstract: EKATERININSKOE, see Ekaterinovka.

ekaterinfeljd
has abstract: EKATERINFELD, see Bolnisi.

ekaterininskiy shanets
has abstract: EKATERININSKY SHANETS, see Pervomaisk.

ekaterino-nikoljskoe
has abstract: EKATERINO-NIKOLSKOE, a village in the Smidovichsky district of the Jewish Autonomous]] region]] (Russian Federation). The first Jewish settlers arrived in E.-N. in June 1928. On the territory. Jewish settlement Amurzet and the adjacent village E.-N. on the banks of the river. Amur was organized by one of the first Jewish collective farms "Reuter Oktyaber". In 1929 in E.-N. at the Birobidzhan grain state farm, an agricultural was opened. technical College. In the 2nd floor. 1930s in E.-N. Quarry developments were carried out, to-rye were later curtailed. Since 1935, the Amurskiy toiler (11 people), a sewing and shoe company, has been operating. In 1937-38 in E.-N. were repressed approx. 150 Jewish peasants I. D. Vayserman

ekaterinodar
has abstract: EKATERINODAR, see Krasnodar.

ekaterinopolj
has abstract: EKATERINOPOL, see Katerinopol, Cherkasy region.

ekaterinoslav
has abstract: EKATERINOSLAV, see Dnepropetrovsk.

ekaterinovka
has abstract: EKATERINOVKA, see Artemovsk, Lugansk region.

ekeljchik yuriy izrailevich
has abstract: EKELCHIK Yuri Izrailevich (1907, Odessa - 1956, Moscow), cameraman. In 1927-30 he studied at the Odessa Film Technical School, which was transformed into the Kiev Film Institute. Since 1927 - an illuminator at Kievskaya k / st. He made his debut in the cinema collective. with D.P. Demutskiy and M.M. Glider as an operator f. A.P. Dovzhenko "Ivan" (1932). Naib. means. work in f. Dovzhenko "Shchors" (1939) and IA Savchenko "Bogdan Khmelnitsky" (1941). In the years of the 2nd world. war filmed "Combat film collections". Other fictions include Vesna (1947), The Battle of Stalingrad (1949), The Inspector General (1952), We Met Somewhere (1954), The First Echelon (1955). Became. etc. (1942).

ekht david naumovich
has abstract: EHT David Naumovich (1902, Kiev - 1982, Moscow), military leader. Major General Engineer Tank. service (1943). Honored. Master of Sports of the USSR. Since 1920 - in the Red Army. In 1936-40 military. counselor in Mongolia. In 1941–42 deputy. teams. tank. corps, in 1942–45 deputy. com. tank. army, in 1945–48 deputy. teams. armored vehicle. troops of the South. gr. troops, in 1948–60 pom. teams. mechanized army. Since 1960 - retired. In 1916-50 he took part in heavyweight competitions. athletics. 5-time champion of the USSR (1921–24, 1926) in the weight category 75 kg, then 82.5 kg. Set 16 USSR records. He was awarded 8 orders. Vol .: The path to strength. M., 1964.

ekimeutsj
has abstract: EKIMEUTS (until 1991 - Ekimoutsi), a village in the Rezina region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Orhei u. Bessarabian region, from 1873 - the province of 27 Aug. 1941 in Egypt, 30 Jews were shot.

ekimoutsy
has abstract: YEKIMOUTSI, see Ekimeuts.

ekston anna moiseevna
has abstract: EKSTON Anna Moiseevna (b. 1908, Revel), ballerina, ballet master, teacher. In 1925 she graduated from the ballet studio in Tallinn. She improved her skills in Paris and Berlin. In 1925–31 the soloist was a ball. t-ra "Opera Belge" in Antwerp, then toured with the troupe of V. Gzovsky in Zap. Europe. She worked as a ballerina and choreographer in the t-ts of Latvia (Liepaja, Riga). In 1940–51 (with a break in 1942–43) he was choreographer of the Estonia Theater. In 1943–44 she trained at Moscow. choreography uch-shche. Among the post. E .: "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai" by B.V. Asafiev (1945), "The Windsor Pranksters" by V.A.Oransky (1947), "Swan Lake" by P.I. Tchaikovsky (1948), "Laurencia" by A.A. Kerin (1949), "Red Poppy" by RM Glier (1950, with A. Viner), and others. In 1946, on the initiative of E., the Tallinn Choreography was created. school, where she taught until 1966, in 1948-65, director. and artist. hands. uch-schA. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Estonian SSR (1959).

elabuga
has abstract: ELABUGA, city, regional center in the Republic of Tatarstan (Russian Federation). Main in the 2nd floor. 16th century In the end. 17th century - a palace village, from 1780 - a district town of the Vyatka governorship, then - a province. In 1910, 7 Jews lived in Egypt, in 1939 - 13 Jews.

elashvili rafael iosifovich
has abstract: ELASHVILI Rafael Iosifovich (b. 1934, Kulashi, Georgian SSR), rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1953–58 a rabbi in Gori, in 1958–72 a rabbi in Kulashi. Since 1972 - in Israel, rabbi of the synagogue in Lod. Since 1990, Ch. rabbi of the community of Jews - immigrants from Georgia.

elashvili shabata mikhaylovich
has abstract: ELASHVILI Shabata Mikhailovich (1918, Kutais, Georgia - 1971, Jerusalem), public figure. After leaving school, he worked in a different. farms. institutions of Kutaisi and Zugdidi. Since 1967 he has been an active participant in demonstrations and collective petitions. Jews who fought to leave for Israel. One of the authors of the letter to 18 heads of families is cargo. Jews in the UN (1969), which became izv. peace. the public. He was repeatedly harassed by the authorities. Since 1971 - in Israel.

elat eliyakhu
has abstract: ELAT Eliyahu (1903, Snov Novogrudok district, Minsk province - 1990, Jerusalem), statesman, diplomat. Studied at Kiev University. From 1925 - in E.-I., was an agricultural worker. workers in Rehovot and Beer-Yaakov, continued his studies at the Jewish University in Jerusalem (graduated in 1928) and Amer. un-those in Beirut (graduated in 1931). In 1931–34 corr. Reuters and a number of Jewish gas. in Syria and Lebanon; in 1934–45 he headed the Middle East. dep. polit. Department of the Jewish Agency in Jerusalem, in 1945–48 dir. polit. department of the agency in Washington. In 1948–50, the first ambassador of the State of Israel to the United States, in 1950–59, ambassador to Great Britain. From 1960 pre. Israeli Eastern Society. In 1962-68 prez. Jewish un-that. The author of Art. and book. on problems of international relations, sociology and political science.

elatjma
has abstract: ELATMA, an urban-type settlement (since 1958) in the Kasimovsky district of the Ryazan region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1381. From 1779 - the district town of the Tambov governorship, then - the province. From 1926 it was a rural settlement. In 1910 there were 8 Jews living in Egypt, in 1939 - 13 Jews. In 1915, Jews who were exiled from Galicia arrived in Egypt.

elekhovitse
has abstract: ELEKHOVITS, see Elikhovichi.

elenjevo
has abstract: JELENIEVO, a village in the Suwalki Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 18th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, from 1867 - the village of Yelenovo, Suwalki u. and lips. From 1918 to 1939 it was part of Poland, from 1939 to 45 it was the BSSR. In 1880 330 Jews (50%) lived in Egypt, in 1897 - 214, in 1921 - 175 Jews (37%). Jews earned their living by petty trade. and craft. In 1872-82, the rabbi of Ye. Was Shloyme Gordon (1850—?), Later - Yehuda-Yakov Zimmerman and Meir Lieberman. oct. 1939 Jews of Egypt were deported to the interior of the USSR.

elenka
has abstract: ELYONKA, see Elionka.

elenovka
has abstract: ELENOVKA, see Sevan.

elenovo
has abstract: ELENOVO, see Elena.

elets
has abstract: ELETS, city, regional center in Lipetsk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1146. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Oryol Gubernia. In 1897 there were 764 Jews in Egypt, in 1910 - 1030, in 1923 - 922 (2.3%), in 1926 - 1017 (2.4%), in 1939 - 461, in 1970 - 195 Jews (0.2%) In 1867 S.S. Polyakov founded a railway in Egypt. tech. uch-shche (the first in Russia). In 1885, 11 Jewish families of Egypt were assigned to merchants and bourgeoisie, 56 to artisans, and 60 Jews were active. military. service. In the 1880s. Jews E. several. once turned to the authorities with a petition to open the time. chapels during the holidays. In 1900 permission was obtained to open a synagogue. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Egypt. In 1905–09, the Jewish Territorialist was active. about-in (board member ML Goldberg), a cut was closed by order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. cases. Between 1911 and 1914, The Herald of Jewish Emigration and Colonization (edited by Goldberg) was published in Egypt; problems of Jewish emigration and activities of the Jewish emigration society. In 1915, approx. 500 Jewish refugees. In 1917, ORT organized a Labor Bureau in Ye. sec. trade union of millers and head. Y.K. Yagl was elected by the labor exchange. In 1918 there was a branch called Poalei Zion; The Union of Jewish Warriors built dachas and a sanatorium in E. for sick Jewish prisoners of war. 31 Aug and 7 Sept. 1919 the Jewish population of Egypt suffered from the pogroms perpetrated by the soldiers of the 4th Don Cavalry Corps of the Volunteer Army (there were killed and wounded). By 1919, the Tarbut school was closed in Egypt and the Unified Labor School was opened; in 1919 a department of Evsektsi was created, a cut was directed by Ioffe, one of the active collaborators was Boris Moiseevich Gordon (1896-1938). In the beginning. 1920s there was illegal activity in E. Zionist organization. In E. Genus: A.A. Pechnikov, G.I. Polyakov, L.G. Ratgauz; Gennady Isaakovich Belen…

elevka
has abstract: ELEVKA, a village in the Malinsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony Eluvka Radomyslsky u. Kiev province. Main on their own land. 19th century in E. lived 6 Jewish families with 400 dess. land.

elgava
has abstract: ELGAVA, city (since 1573), regional center (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from 1226. From 1561 - the capital of the Duchy of Courland. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire, Mitava, the center of the Courland province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1860, 5453 Jews (21%) lived in Egypt, in 1881 - 6295 (22%), in 1897 - 5879 (17%), in 1920 - 1527 (8%), in 1930 - 1977 (6%), in 1935 - 2039 Jews (6%). Jews lived in Egypt from the 17th century. In 1730, permission was obtained to build a Jewish cemetery. In the beginning. 18th century in E. lived several. hundreds of Jews, in the late. 18th century - more than a thousand. During this period, the E. community was the largest in Courland. A synagogue was built in 1784, and later a mikvah. In 1730-47, Shloyme-Zalman Stern was rabbi of Ye. 19th century - Rabbi Zvi-Hirsh, in 1810-23 - Rabbi David-Yehezkel (? -1823), in 1823-43 - Yisroel Fridman (? -1843). The second synagogue was built under I. Fridman. In the 1840s and 50s. Eliyahu Yakobson was rabbi in Egypt, and Mordkhe-Uri Samunov from 1856 to 1859. In 1858–59, Reuven Wunderbar (1812–1868), the author of books on the history of Jews in Courland, was the official rabbi, and Menachem Mendel Israelson from 1859–60. In 1859-93 Shloyme Foker was rabbi of E. Under S. Foker, the third synagogue was built. In the 1860s and 80s. The rabbis in Egypt were Moishe Perenblat, Yisroel-Leib Khaimovich, Tzvi-Girsh Rabinovich, and Nakhman-Idel-Lipman Margulis (? -1898). In the 1900-1910s. Rabbi E. was Tsvi-Girsh Nurok, M. Nurok's father. 19th century a Talmud-Torah was opened in Egypt, 10 heders worked, and a private Jewish school operated from 1824 to 1826. In 1850 a Jewish school was opened with teaching in Russian. lang., in 1863 the Talmud-Torah was transformed into Heder Metukan. In 1868 a Jewish craft school was opened. In 1894 the Palestinophile organization Khibat Tzion was established in Egypt, and in 1902 the Zionist organization Tse…

eliasberg
has abstract: ELIASBERG (Eliasberg) Yakov Isaevich (1859 - 1905, Petersburg), lawyer. Upon termination of legal. Faculty of Novorossiysk un-that in Odessa (1883) served in the City. the cassation department of the Senate, since 1896 an official for special assignments of the Ministry of Finance. The author of the book. “Ostsee Practice Citizens. the Cassation Department, the General Meeting of the 1st and the Cassation Departments of the Governing Senate for 1891-1899. " (SPb., 1900).

eliasberg aleksandr
has abstract: ELIASBERG Alexander (1878, Minsk - 1924, Berlin), translator, literary critic. Per. from rus. On him. lang. manuf. D.S. Merezhkovsky, L.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky. Per. from Yiddish to it. lang. manuf. I.-L. Peretz, Mendele Moikher-Sforima, D. R. Bergelson. The author of the book. "Russian Art" (1915), "Stories about Russian Literature" (1921), "Stories about Russian Architecture" (1922).

eliasberg karl iljich
has abstract: ELIASBERG Karl Ilyich (1907, Minsk - 1978, Leningrad), conductor. In 1929 he graduated from Leningrad. cons. by class violins. Studied conducting independently. In 1928–31 Leningrad was the conductor. t-ra op-you. Since 1932 conductor, in 1937–50 hl. conductor of the Bolshoi Symphony. orc. Leningrad. radio committee. In 1941–45 he headed the symphony. orc. of the musicians who remained in besieged Leningrad, who performed the 7th symphony in 1942. D.D. Shostakovich. Has toured in the cities of the USSR. Member of the 1st All. Conducting Competition (1938; honorary diploma). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1944).

eliasberg mordkhe
has abstract: ELIASBERG Mordhe (1817-1890), rabbi, public figure. Since 1862, a rabbi in Bauska, Kurland province. An active supporter of Palestinianism. Author of works on the Jewish religion. legislation.

eliashberg gerasim matveevich
has abstract: ELIASHBERG Gerasim Matveevich (born 1930, Leningrad), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1972), ch. USSR Academy of Sciences (1990). In 1952 he graduated from physics. Faculty of LGU, then in tech. for five years he worked at the Krasny Khimik plant. In 1957–64 - at the Leningrad Physics and Technology Institute. From 1964 - in Moscow, in 1964–65 - in theoretical. dep. branch Institute of chem. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Chernogolovka (Moscow region), since 1965 Art. scientific. sotr. Ying-that theoretical. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (RAS). At the same time. from 1972 to teach. work at MIPT. Circle of scientific. interests associated with the physics of superconductivity. Derived the famous "Eliashberg's equations" for the order parameter of a superconductor, which laid the foundation for the modern. physics of superconductivity. E. owned important work in the physics of metals. In the 1990s. main research associated with high-temperature superconductivity. Author of over 100 publ. scientific. works.

eliashvili khaim danielovich
has abstract: ELIASHVILI Chaim Danielovich (1888, Jerusalem - 1965, Kutaisi, Georgian SSR), rabbi. He studied at the yeshiva in Jerusalem. Since 1909 - in Georgia. He taught Hebrew and Torah in Sachkher, Kulash, Kutais. After 1921 he was persecuted. In 1933 he was arrested for attempting to cross the border. Released early and soon arrested again, charged with Zionist activities. In 1944 he was released. In 1952–53, fearing arrest, he lived in an illegal position. In the 1950s and 60s. ch. rabbi of Kutaisi.

eliav
has abstract: ELIAV (Lyubotsky) Benjamin (1909, Riga - 1974), public figure, publicist. He studied in Haifa, continued his studies in Europe, where he joined the Beitar movement. In 1932–34 gen. sec. "Beitar" in Paris. From 1935 - in E.-I., participated in the struggle against the British. authorities, was repeatedly arrested, was imprisoned in Akko, in 1938 released due to illness. Withdrew from Beitar and created the Tnuat ha-Am party. In 1947 the Briton was arrested again. authorities and placed in a camp at Latrun. After the formation of the State of Israel (1948), he dissolved his party, moved away from polit. activities, engaged in Ch. arr. journalism. In 1953 he was sent from the diplomat. mission to Yuzh. America, since 1953. consul in New York. Hereinafter - advisor on the information of the Prime Minister. L. Eshkola and will perform. dir. Israeli radio broadcaster. companies. Member the editorial board of the "Encyclopedia of Judaica".

eliav leva
has abstract: ELIAV Leva (Arie) (b. 1921, Moscow), public and political figure. Since 1924 - in E.-I. He graduated from the Faculty of History and Sociology of the Jewish University in Jerusalem. In 1936–40 members. Gagans. In 1940–45 - in the British Jewish Brigade. army. In 1945–48 in Europe, he organized the illegal delivery of Jews to E.-I. Member of the War of Independence, Navy Lieutenant Colonel. In 1956, during the Sinai campaign, he performed special. mission to rescue the Jews of Port Said. In 1958-60 1st sec. Embassy of the State of Israel in the USSR. Advisor to Kurdish rebels in northern Iraq. In 1966-67 deputy. min. absorption, in 1968–69 deputy. min. trade and industry, in 1969–71 deputy. min. absorption. In 1970-72 gen. sec. Party of Labor. In 1977–79 he headed the Sheli movement. Supervised the construction of new settlements in the Nitzana area. In 1965–79 dep. The Knesset. Author of several books.

eligulashvili iosif aronovich
has abstract: ELIGULASHVILI Joseph Aronovich (1890, Kutais - 1953, Paris), political and public figure. The son of a businessman and public figure Aron Yakobovich E. (1856, Kutais - 1938, Paris). In 1916 he graduated from Moscow. Institute of Political Science and Commerce. Returning to Georgia, he joined the Social Democratic Party. traffic. After the declaration of independence of the Georgian Republic (1918), he held a number of positions in the government, including deputy. min. finance. In 1919 he was a member of the Constituent Assembly of Georgia. On Feb. 1921, before the capture of Tiflis by the Red Army, together with E. Takaishvili, he organized the transfer of state values ​​and property abroad. Since 1921 - in France.

eligulashvili rafael semenovich
has abstract: ELIGULASHVILI Rafael Semenovich (1907, Khoni of Kutaisi district and province - 1996, Tbilisi), economist. In the end. 1920s head 1st Jewish Library in Tiflis, worked in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the Komsomol and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia. In 1933 he graduated from the econom. Faculty of Tiflis University, then - Academy of external. trade in Moscow. Deputy prev. cargo. branch of OZET, in 1935–36 - before. In 1937–38 he was commissioned. People's Commissariat of External trade of the USSR in the Georgian SSR. In 1938 he was arrested. In 1942 he was released. In 1943–57 on decomp. adm. positions in the People's Commissariat (Min-ve) chemical. industry of the USSR, including deputy. dir. chem. s-yes in Rustavi. In 1957–65, deputy. min. trade of the Georgian SSR, in 1965–91 commissioner. Min-va ext. trade of the USSR in the Georgian SSR. At the same time. 1960–80 prez. Chamber of Commerce of the GSSR.

elikhovichi
has abstract: ELIKHOVICHI, a village in the Zolochevsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1447. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Elekhovice in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. in E. lived apprx. 20 Jews. In 1941–42, the Jewish population of Yemen was deported to Zolochev and shot there.

elimelakh zelik abramovich
has abstract: ELIMELAKH Zelik Abramovich (1911 - 1942), polar explorer. Graduated from Communist. un-t them. Ya.M. Sverdlov. He served in the aviation school of the sea. pilots, with con. 1930s sailed along the North. pestilence. paths on icebreakers and transp. courts first aid. captain. 25 Aug 1942 E., commissar of the icebreaking steamer "Sibiryakov", died in battle with the Germans. heavy. cruiser "Admiral Scheer" near about. Belukha in the Karsky m. The name of E. named an island in the Kara m. Near about. Dixon.

elin iegoshua
has abstract: ELIN Yehoshua (1833, Lomzha - 1924, Jerusalem), society. activist. In E.-I. from 1834. In 1860 joint. with his father he bought land near Jerusalem, where the settlement of Motsa was founded (1891). Was among the founders of one of the first Hebrews. neighborhoods of Jerusalem outside the walls of the old city (1869). In 1897-1901 - member. mountains. Council of Jerusalem. Author of memoirs "Memories of the Son of Jerusalem" (1924). Son E. - David (1864, Jerusalem - 1941, ibid.), Teacher. In 1903 he was one of the founders of E.-I. Union of teachers, K-ta yaz. Hebrew (1889; later the Academy of the language. Hebrew) and his prez. (1912–41). In 1920–28 he headed Vaad Leumi (executive organ of the meeting of Jewish deputies E.-I.) E.'s son - Aviezer (1890, Jerusalem - 1971, Tel Aviv), teacher. One of the founders and hands. sports, the organization "Maccabi" and the scout movement in Israel. Son E. - Avinoam (1900, Jerusalem, - 1937, ibid.), teacher, orientalist. Inspector Heb. schools with English. mandated administration. Killed during the Arab riots.

elin khaim leyzerovich
has abstract: ELIN Chaim Leizerovich (1907, Kovna - 1944, ibid.), Prose writer, elder brother of M. Elin. He graduated from Heb. g-ziyu, later studied economics. science at Kaunas University, was active in the "left" movement. He made his debut in literature in 1930 with essays in local gas. "Folksblat", then published in decomp. Heb. periodic. ed. stories, essays, theater, reviews. During the German occupation in Heb. partisas. detachment, participated in battles against the Nazis. Among Lithuanian Jews he was known under the nickname "Vlados", was engaged in the rescue of children from the ghetto. 6 apr. 1944 E., identified on the street by a Gestapo agent, cut his veins so as not to surrender alive into the hands of enemies.

elin meer leyzerovich
has abstract: ELIN Meer Leizerovich (b. 1910, Kovno), prose writer, ml. brother of H. Elina. He graduated from Heb. g-ziyu and tech. Faculty of Kaunas University. Until the 2nd world. During the war he worked as a civil engineer. During the German occupation, he got into the ghetto, managed to get out of there, and fought in the partisans. detachment. After the war, he was one of the founders of the first post-war Hebrew. schools and orphanages in Lithuania. He made his debut in literature in 1931. Later he published stories, essays and art. in different Hebrews. peri-wild ed. ("Dos Wort", "Shlyakhn", "Tower", "Bleter", "Nae Bleter", "Wilner Emes", "Kovner Emes", after the war - in the gas. "Einikite", etc.). In 1948 in Moscow. the publishing house "Der Emes" published his book (with L. Gelperin) "Partisan in Kaunaser Geto" ("Partisans in the Kaunas Ghetto"). Joint. with izv. teacher G. Khatskeles compiled a Yiddish textbook "Der naer alefbeis" ("New alphabet") for Hebrews. schools of Lithuania (Moscow, 1948). In 1972 Moscow. publishing house "Sov. writer "published a book of stories and short stories by E." Zeere blikn gobn zih bagegnt "(" Their eyes met "), earlier in the main. published in f. "Sovetish gameland" under the title "Blut un vofn" ("Blood and weapons"). E. is a master of psychological novels. Since 1972 in Israel.

elino
has abstract: ELINO, a village in the Shchorsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1709. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gorodnyanskiy u. Chernigov Gubernia. In 1842, several people moved to Egypt. Jewish families from Belarus, DOS. cultivation and sale of tobacco became occupation. In 1942 Jews of Egypt were shot.

elionka
has abstract: ELIONKA, a village in the Starodubsky district of the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Yelenka Starodubsky u. Chernigov Gubernia. 174 Jews lived in Egypt in 1910, and 37 Jews in 1923.

elizavetgrad
has abstract: ELIZAVETGRAD, see Kirovograd.

elizavetgradka
has abstract: ELIZAVETGRADKA (until 1830 - Mikhailovka), an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Aleksandrovsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Chigirinsky u. Kiev province. In 1939, 39 Jews lived in Egypt. in E. settled apprx. 20 Jewish families. Main occupations - trade and handicraft. In 1894-97 grain-growing and handicraft cooperatives were organized in Egypt, which included apprx. 200 Jews. In 1901 there was a synagogue in Egypt. On May 15-17, 1919, a pogrom broke out in Yemen, staged by the detachments of Ataman N.A. Grigoriev and continued for several. days; most of the Jews were killed.

elizavetovka
has abstract: ELIZAVETOVKA, a village in the Maryinsky district of the Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1842 in Mariupol u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. settlers from the Poltava and Kharkov provinces. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Egypt by units of the Volunteer Army. The Jewish population of Egypt was destroyed during the Holocaust.

elizavetpolj
has abstract: ELIZAVETPOL, see Ganja.

elizovo
has abstract: ELIZOVO, urban-type settlement (since 1935) in the Osipovichi district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1912 as a settlement at the factory in Bobruisk u. Minsk province. In 1926, 90 Jews (12%) lived in Egypt, in 1939 - 303 Jews. 1941 Jews of Ye. Were shot.

eljbert boris yakovlevich
has abstract: ELBERT Boris Yakovlevich (1890, Dubno, Volyn province - 1963, Minsk), microbiologist, immunologist. Prof. (1925), Dr. med. Sciences (1939). In 1917 he graduated from honey. f-t un-that in Kiev. From 1918 he served at the beginning. dignity-bacteriological lab. Kiev VO. In 1921–23 Assoc. Department of Bacteriology Kiev Institute of Advanced Training Since 1923 head. Department of Microbiology, honey. Faculty of the Belarusian State University (BSU). One of the organizers and the first director. (since 1924) Belarusian dignity.-bacteriological. in-that; at the same time. head Department of Microbiology, BSU (1925–31, 1962–63). In 1937–45, organizer and director. Kyrgyz microbiol. in-that and simultaneously. dir. (from 1939), then head. Department of Microbiology, Kyrgyz honey. in-that. In 1945–48 head. Department of Microbiology, Rostov honey. in-that and simultaneously. scientific. hands. Rostov Research Institute of Epidemiology, Microbiology and Hygiene. In 1948–62 the head. Department of Microbiology, Minsk honey. in-that. Sci. tr. on questions tularemia, scleroma, tuberculosis, biology and taxonomy of capsule-forming bacteria, mechanisms of infection and immunity. Developed (with N.A. Gaysky) theoretical. the basics of using a live attenuated vaccine against tularemia and introduced into practice the cutaneous method of tularemia vaccination. Honored. Scientist of the Kyrgyz SSR (1942). Became. etc. (1946). Cit .: Microbiology of scleroma. Minsk, 1954; Microbes and viruses. Minsk, 1960; Fundamentals of Virology. Minsk, 1965.

eljkin boris isaakovich
has abstract: ELKIN Boris Isaakovich (1887, Kiev - 1972, London), lawyer, publisher. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1910), was engaged in advocacy in St. Petersburg, from 1913 ed. weekly gas. Pravo, was affiliated with the Cadet Party. Reacted sharply negatively to Oct. Revolution of 1917. In 1919 he emigrated to Germany, founded and headed the publishing house "Slovo" (one of the best Russian émigré publishing houses in the 1920s). From 1933 - in France, then in Great Britain. He was a friend of the writer M.A. Aldanov and the leader of the cadets P.N. Milyukov (after the death of the latter - his executor).

eljkin david genrikhovich
has abstract: ELKIN David Genrikhovich (1895, Odessa - 1983, ibid.), Psychologist. Dr. psychol. Sciences (1961), prof. In 1921 he graduated from the Novorossiysk University (Odessa). In 1921-22 he was in charge of the psychologist. lab. in Ying-those children. psychology of Odessa. From 1922 - at Odessa University, in 1930–76 head. Department of Psychology. The author of St. 200 scientific. works on general, children, ped., engineer psychology. Investigated psychol. mechanisms of memory, perception, attention, skills formation. Naib. known works E., dedicated. Problems of Perception of Time. Cit .: Psychology and Pedagogy of Memory. Kiev, 1948 (in Ukrainian); Perception of time. M., 1962; Engineering psychology. Kiev – Odessa, 1975.

eljkin mendl
has abstract: ELKIN Mendel (1874, Bobruisk, Minsk Province - 1962, New York), actor, playwright, publicist. He graduated from a dental school in Kharkov, worked as a dentist. In Bobruisk he played on the amateur stage (in Yiddish and Russian). From 1900 it was printed in gas. and zhurn. in Russian lang. ("News", "Rech", "Rodina", "Tr and Isk-vo"), was edited by. socialist gas. "North-West. region ”, actively worked in the Bund. In 1912 joint. with A.D. Kirzhnits, released several. gas rooms. "Bobruisker Vokhnblat", founded the publishing house "Menachem" in Minsk, where the works were published. P. Hirshbein. After 1917 he came to Petrograd, where, together with A. Weiter, he founded a Jewish chamber theater; worked as the head. dep. claim to the People's Commissariat of Belarus. republics. In 1919 he left for Vilna, in 1920 - for Warsaw. Was dir. Jewish t-ditch, printed Art. on lit. themes, in 1922 ed. zhurn. "Yiddish Theater". Since 1923 - in the USA. One of the founders of the theater. about-va, ed. every month "Tealit", creator of children. t-ra, etc. In 1936 he was among the founders of the Center. Jewish archive and library under N.-I. in-those IVO, where until 1962 he worked as a librarian. The author of a number of prosaic, poetical. and dram. manuf., including monograph Minusinsk Proselytes, Wild Tribes in Mongolia, Siberian Jews; the plays Mottle Tremp (1928), The Suffering of Oedipus (1935); per. "Candida" (after B. Shaw), "Doctor Cohn" (after M. Nordau; both - 1923), p. Baikal Steppes (Baikal Steppes, 1934), rom. "Far fremde zind" ("For the sins of others", 1944).

eljkis igorj shimanovich
has abstract: ELKIS Igor Shimanovich (b. 1940, Moscow), doctor, healthcare organizer. Dr. med. Sciences (1997). In 1972 he graduated from the 2nd MMI. Since 1960 - in the ambulance system of Moscow, since 1979 deputy. ch. doctor, and since 1994 gene. dir. - Ch. doctor. Published ca. 30 scientific. work on the organization of the ambulance service. Member board Ros. honey. associations (1996). Honored. doctor of the Russian Federation (1995) Cit .: Guidelines for the provision of first pre-medical care for injuries. M., 1994.

eljkonin daniil borisovich
has abstract: ELKONIN Daniil Borisovich (1904, Malaya Pereshchepina, Poltava province. - 1984, Moscow), psychologist. Dr. ped. Sciences (1962), prof. (1965), bp. APN RSFSR (1965), part-candidate APN USSR (1968). Brother of V.B. Elkonin. Pupil of LS Vygotsky. Graduated from a neuropsychiatric. branch of LGPI them. A.I. Herzen (1927). Ped. started his activity in 1922 in the Dergachev colony for juvenile delinquents (Poltava province). Conducted by scientific-ped. work in LGPI (since 1928), Leningrad. communist. ped. in-those (since 1938). 1941–45 - at the front. In 1945–53 - in the Military-ped. in-those Sov. Army (Moscow), simultaneously. since 1946 in Ying-those general and ped. psychology of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, where he worked until 1984 (head of the laboratories of psychology of junior schoolchildren, psychology of adolescents, diagnostics of mental development of schoolchildren). Developing theoretical. Vygotsky's ideas, developed a wide range of children's problems. and ped. psychology. E. developed an effective method for teaching children to read based on sound analysis of words, made an experiment. ABC books. Studied the psyche. peculiarities of six-year-old children in connection with their inclusion in the school system. On the eve of the school reform (1984), he prepared a note to the Central Committee of the CPSU, warning against the arts. forcing det. development. Cit .: Development of speech in preschool age. M., 1958; Psychology of Learning Jr. schoolboy. M., 1974; Psychology of the game. M., 1978; Fav. psychol. works. M., 1989.

eljkonin viktor borisovich
has abstract: ELKONIN Victor Borisovich (1910, Malaya Pereshchepina, Poltava province. - 1994, Moscow), monumental artist, painter, graphic artist. Brother of D.B. Elkonin. Studied at VKHUTEIN. Member Society "4 Arts" (since 1930). In 1936 he worked at the Painting Workshop at the Academy of Architecture. In 1939 he painted the plafond of the parterre lobby Center. t-ra Kr. Army. 1941–45 - at the front. Naib. Izv. monum. works: panel "Moscow" for the World. exhibitions in Brussels (EXPO-58), 4 panels for owls. exhibitions in the USA (jointly with A.D. Goncharov, A.V. Vasnetsov, B.P. Milyukov, New York, 1959), decoration of the building of the USSR Embassy in Pakistan (stained glass windows, 1971), tapestries "Rus. cities "and" Moscow - the capital of the Sov. Union "for the reception hall of the USSR Embassy in Paris (1977) and many others. others Performed by machine tool. painting - ser. "Fishing nets", "Model with candles", "Chairs". Issued several. dec. book, including: "Our street" D. Vendrovsky (1967), "Devotion" I. Kharik (1970), "Forest silence" N. Lurie (1972), "Light" Sh. Gorshman. Participant of all-Union, rep., Moscow exhibitions; from 1932 participated in exhibitions abroad: owls. Isk-va in Konigsberg (1932), owls. graphics in Madrid and Marseille (1933), modern. Isk-va in the USA (1933), owls. graphics and books. registration in Leipzig (1959), "30 years of the Moscow Union of Artists" (1962), "50 years of the Moscow Union of Artists" (1982). Personal exhibitions: in 1970, 1975 (jointly with N.M. Elkonina-Rosenberg), in 1985, 1992 in Moscow. gal. "Today", in 1993 in French. gal. "Les Oread", 1996 at the State Tretyakov Gallery. Works are kept in the State Tretyakov Gallery, State Russian Museum, Pushkin Museum, other museums of the Russian Federation, private collections. decomp. countries, including Germany, France, Switzerland, Netherlands, USA.

eljkonina-rozenberg nadezhda mikhaylovna
has abstract: ELKONINA-ROSENBERG Nadezhda Mikhailovna (1910, Feodosia, Tauride Gubernia - 1980, Moscow), painter, graphic artist, muralist. She studied in Rome (1925–26), from 1927 - at VKHUTEIN at monum. department of the picturesque faculty. In 1930 she left her studies in connection with the reorganization of VKHUTEIN, joined the association "4 arts". In the 1940s. took part (together with L.A. Bruni) in the painting of the plafond Center. t-ra Kr. Army, depicting landscapes Wed-Rus. stripes. From ser. 1950s worked in the machine tool. graphics - painted in gouache, achieving a deep velvety scale (still lifes from the series "Fish", "Fruit"). Participated in the All-Union, Rep., Moscow. exhibitions. The works of E.-R. were presented at the exhibition "30 years of Moscow Union of Artists" (1962), "Exhibition of Art. 1920s-30s "(1991). Personal exhibitions: in 1975 (with VB Elkonin), in 1982 - see. exposition (both in Moscow). Prod. E.-R. are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, State Russian Museum, Pushkin Museum.

eljkonina mariya viktorovna
has abstract: ELKONINA Maria Viktorovna (b. 1935, Moscow), painter, graphic artist. Daughter of V. B. Elkonin and N. M. Elkonina-Rosenberg. In 1959 she graduated from art. Faculty of Moscow polygraph. in-that. Has issued more than 100 books, was awarded diplomas for the international. books. exhibitions in Leipzig (1959) and Vilnius (1987). Paintings: ser. "Candles", "Pyramids", "Interiors", "Figurative Space" - wood, oil, with the introduction of wood. relief. Personal exhibitions in Moscow (1980, 1983), Paris (1988). Participated in exhibitions in the USA (1990), Switzerland (1990), Italy (1991), etc. Her works are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, the State Russian Museum, the Dostoevsky Museum in St. Petersburg, the Museum of Modern Art. art in Paris, gallery of Dr. P. Ludwig (Germany), Gregory Museum (USA), in private collections. France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, USA, Canada.

eljman mark moiseevich
has abstract: ELMAN Mark Moiseevich (b. 1928, Odessa), architect, designer. In 1950 he graduated from architect. Faculty of Odessa Engineering-Construction in-that. He worked in the Institute "Giproteatr" in Moscow, then moved to the "Mosfilm" cinema, was engaged in advertising graphics. Laureate of architect. contests. Main works: a circus in Ulan Bator (Mongolia, 1960s), a theater in Cheboksary (1961), a circus in Ufa (1968). The author of the Memorial plaque in memory of the 40th anniversary of the execution of Chl. EAK (Moscow, 1992).

eljman misha
has abstract: ELMAN Misha (Mikhail Saulovich) (1891, Talnoe Umansky u. Kiev province. - 1967, New York), violinist. He has been performing since the age of 5. In 1901–04 he studied at St. Petersburg. cons. From 1904 he toured European countries, in 1908 he made his debut in the United States. From 1911 - in the USA, continued active conc. activity. In 1926 he organized a string quartet. In 1936–37 at Carnegie Hall (New York) he conducted a cycle of 5 concerts entitled The Development of Violin Music. He performed until 1967. The first performer dedicated. to him a violin concerto B. Martinu (1944), "Ecstasy-poem" by E. Isai. In E.'s repertoire, op. romantic. character. He played in ensembles (including with the singer E. Caruso). The author of the op-you, treatments of bunks. songs, violin pieces ("Romance", "Gondola", etc.), transcriptions and arrangements for violin fp. manuf. L. van Beethoven, R. Schubert, S. V. Rachmaninov.

eljna
has abstract: ELNA, a village in the Zhitkovichi district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Elno Mozyrsky u. Minsk province. In 1921, 42 Jews lived in Egypt. In 1903, Egypt was opened for the free settlement of Jews, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations in 1882. In 1942, 46 Jews were shot in Egypt.

eljno
has abstract: ELNO, see Elna.

eljnya
has abstract: ELNYA, city, regional center in the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1150. From 1522 - as part of Moscow. state-va. In 1612-54 - as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. From 1667 - part of Russia. In the 2nd floor. 17th century - a palace village, since 1776 - a district town of the Smolensk governorship, then - a province. In 1865 24 Jews lived in Egypt, in 1897 - 107, in 1901 - 30 Jewish families, in 1910 - 250 Jews, in 1926 - 567 (12, 7%), in 1939 - 289 Jews. In 1901 a synagogue was opened in Egypt. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery. From 1917 to 1933, Joseph-Chaim Urinzon was the rabbi in Egypt. In 1918 the Poalei Zion branch operated. In 1931, approx. E. had a Jewish collective farm. In March 1942, 230 Jews were shot in E.. I. I. Makovsky.

eljperin yuriy leonidovich
has abstract: ELPERIN Yuri Leonidovich (b. 1917, Davos, Switzerland), translator. Since 1935 - in the USSR. In 1941 he graduated from Moscow. state in-t foreign. lang. 1941–45 - in the army. He began to publish in 1952. Author of translations on it. lang. manuf. Russian writers. Translated rum. and rev .: "Virgin Soil Upturned" by M.A.Sholokhov, "Small Farm in the Steppe", "Holy Well" by V.P. Kataev, "Money for Maria" by V.G. Rasputin, "Heavy Sand" by A.N. Rybakov , "Colleagues" by V.P. Aksenov, "Daytime Stars" by O.F. Berggolts, "To Live Life" by V.P. Astafiev, "Not to the Court" by V.F. Tendryakov, etc. Translated poetry by Ya.V. Smelyakov , A.A. Akhmatova, K.Sh. Kuliev, S.Ya. Marshak, S.B.Kaputikyan and others; plays by Yu.K. Olesha, Yu.Smuul, A.N. Arbuzov. State pr. GDR in the region. arts and literature (1975).

eljsberg yakov efimovich
has abstract: ELSBERG Yakov Efimovich (ps. Ya. E. Shapirstein-Lers, J. Lers, J. Elsberg and others) (1901, Moscow - 1976, ibid.), Literary critic, critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1950). Studied in history-philology. Faculty of Moscow State University (1918-19). He began to publish in 1920. In the 2nd half. 1920s actively collaborated in the journal. “On lit. post. " E.'s works are peculiar to sociology. bias. Main subject - societies. activities and creativity of A.I. Herzen, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, M.Gorky. Since 1953 scientific. sotr. IMLI. Became. pr. (1949). Cit .: A.I. Herzen and "Past and Thoughts." M., 1930; Shchedrin's worldview and creativity. M., 1936; Shchedrin's style. M., 1940; A.I. Herzen. Life and creation. M., 1948; Saltykov-Shchedrin. Life and creation. M., 1953; Questions of the theory of satire. M., 1957; Features of the literature of recent years. M., 1961; Contemporary bourgeois literary theory. M., 1972.

eljshteyn natan vladimirovich
has abstract: ELSHTEIN Natan Vladimirovich (b. 1929, Chisinau - 2005, Tallinn), gastroenterologist. Doctor of Medical Sciences (1967), prof. (1972). In 1951 he graduated from Chernivtsi honey. in-t. In 1951–62 - in decomp. honey. institutions Estonian SSR. In 1962-68 Ch. therapist of Tallinn, in 1968–91 chap. therapist of the Ministry of Health of the Estonian SSR. At the same time. in 1967–96 head. dep. gastroenterology Ying-that exper. and clinics. medicine in Tallinn, since 1996 consultant in-that. In 1982–93 scientific. dir. the WHO Regional Center in the Estonian SSR. In 1970–95 before. Estonian scientific. about-va therapists. Ed. total dep. Big honey. encyclopedias (3rd ed.), ch. ed. advice zhurn. "Therapeutic Archives" (Moscow), "Gastroenterology" (Dushanbe). Author of monographs, including "Therapists and specialization of medicine" (Tallinn, 1973), "General medical problems of therapeutic practice" (ibid., 1983), "Medicine and time" (ibid., 1990). Honored. doctor of the Estonian SSR (1975). State pr. ESSR (1980).

eljsk
has abstract: YELSK, a city (since 1971), a regional center in the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mozyr district Minsk province. 682 Jews lived in Egypt in 1923 and 1231 Jews in 1939. Since 1907 Shmuel-Dovber Beregovsky (1881 -?) Was the rabbi in E. In the fall of 1941, 434 Jews were killed in Egypt and surrounding villages. In 1941, partisans operated in the Yemeni region. detachment, whose commissar was Efim Perlov. In 1988 a Jewish cemetery was desecrated in Ye. In 1998, several people lived in Ye. dozens of Jews.

eljsnits aleksandr germanovich
has abstract: ELSNITS Alexander Germanovich (1894, Rozhdestvenka, Moscow province - 1965, Leningrad), military engineer. Major General Engineer-Tech. service (1943), Dr. Sciences, prof. In 1916 he graduated from the school of warrant officers. Member of the 1st world. war. From 1918 - in the Red Army. In 1923 he graduated from the Higher. military. electrical engineering school of command staff. Served on teams. and Ing. positions. In 1932–49 the beginning. Department of Telephony Military. electrical engineering Academy (Military Electrical Engineering Academy of Communications). One of the leading experts in the region. military. telephony. Brigengineer (1940). In 1949–53 he was repressed. From 1953 - retired. He was awarded 4 orders.

eljtman iosif simonovich
has abstract: ELTMAN Joseph Simonovich (b. 1921, Odessa), architect. In 1949 he graduated from Odessa engineer-constructor. in-t. Laureate of architect. contests. Main works on the territory of Moldova: a memorial complex in Ungheni (1970s), a monument of military glory in Causeni (1970s), a monument to the victims of fascism in Soroca (1970s).

eljtsin boris mikhaylovich
has abstract: ELTSIN Boris Mikhailovich (1875, Zvenigorodka, Kiev province - 1937), politician. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Novorossiysk University (Odessa). Since 1897, members Odessa s.-d. union, then joined the group associated with the editorial office of gas. Iskra, since 1903 - Bolshevik. In 1903-17 he served as a zemstvo doctor and led a school desk. work in the Urals, was repeatedly arrested. In 1917-18 before. Executive Committee of the Ufa Council. In 1918-19, members. collegiums of the People's Commissariat, int. cases. In 1919–20 before. Ufa Provincial Committee of the RCP (b). In 1920-21 the People's Commissar of Socialist. provision of Ukraine. In 1921–25 before. Glavpolitprosveta. In 1926-28, deputy. prev. socio-cultural section of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR. In 1928 he was expelled from the party on charges of participation in the Trotskyist opposition, soon arrested and sent to the Solovetsky special purpose camp. In the summer of 1936 he was arrested again. Shot.

eljyash nikolay iosifovich
has abstract: ELYASH Nikolay Iosifovich (1916, Kerch, Tauride Gubernia - 1990, Moscow), art critic, teacher. Cand. lawsuit (1962), prof. (1975). Graduated from the Crimean ped. Institute (1937) and theatrical scholar. Faculty of GITIS (1950). From 1938 appeared in print on issues. theory, history and modern. ballet practice. In 1951–57 he taught at Moscow. choreography uch-shche, in 1950-90 - at GITIS. The author of the book. and more than 500 st. Honored. activist of art in the RSFSR (1974). Op .: Spectator about ballet. M., 1963; Russian Terpsichore. 2nd ed. M., 1970; Ballet of the peoples of the USSR. M., 1977.

eljyashberg mikhail evgenjevich
has abstract: ELYASHBERG Mikhail Evgenievich (b. 1936, Minsk), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1984), prof. (1992). In 1959 he graduated from physical. Faculty of Tomsk University. In 1959–63 he worked in special. Research Institute, since 1963 - at the All-Russian Research Institute organic. synthesis of Min-va chemical. and petrochem. Industry of the USSR (head of laboratory of molecular spectroscopy, head of department of physical and chemical research). Created art systems. intelligence to establish the structure of molecules by their infrared spectra and the spectra of nuclear magnets. resonance. He proposed a method for isolating characteristic. frequencies in infrared spectra using the solution of logical systems. ur-ny. Introduced the apparatus of mat. logic in molecular. spectroscopy and constructed mat. model of structural group spectral analysis. He proved the possibility of using the calculation of infrared spectra for the diagnosis of isomers of similar structure. Developed and implemented methods for calculating infrared absorption spectral curves of saturated hydrocarbons. Author of 130 tr. in the region. molecular. spectroscopy, monograph: "Molecular spectral analysis and electronic computers" (1980, in co-authorship with LA Gribov and VV Serov) and "Interpreted vibrations. spectra of hydrocarbons - derivatives of cyclohexane and cyclopentane ”(1988, in co-authorship with Gribov and Yu.Z. Karasev).

eljyashev lev efimovich
has abstract: ELYASHEV Lev Efimovich (1863, Moscow - 1946, New York), politician. One of the founders of the Cadet Party (1905), member. its Central Committee. Dep. 1st State Duma. In 1918 he was arrested by the Bolsheviks, escaped from prison to the Ukraine, from there to Turkey, then to Germany. In 1925–40 - in France, one of the organizers and hands. Resp.-Democratic. associations (left wing of the Cadet party). Since 1940 - in the USA.

eljyashkevich samuil abramovich
has abstract: ELYASHKEVICH Samuil Abramovich (b. 1912, Kiev), specialist in the region. receiving television devices, popularizer of tech. TV media. He graduated in 1939 Moscow. electrical engineering in-t of communication. 1941–45 at the front. In 1948–49 he was engaged in technical. TV service. receivers on Mosk. telecentre. In 1950-64 he participated in the introduction of television. funds for the military. ships and submarines, was engaged in the design of televisions. Since 1964, leading engineer. KB Rubin TVs, participated in the development of new models, in the creation of techniques, in the preparation of reference manuals for setting up and adjusting Rubin TVs of all types (until 1989). Author of the first in the country (early 50s) popular scientific publications, reference manuals, manuals for radio amateurs and TV viewers and other books, including those translated into other languages ​​and published in many others. countries of the world in more than five million copies.

elkan moisey
has abstract: ELKAN Moisey (Moisey-Elkan Yuosefovich) (?, Tulchin, Podolsk province - 1822, Petersburg), rabbi, doctor. Rabbi in Tulchin. In 1811 he composed a hymn in Hebrew and French. lang., dedicated. Alexander I. Presumably the author of the plural. ed. "Guidelines for Teaching the History of the Jewish People." Since 1820, on the recommendation of min. spiritual affairs and plank beds. education A.I. Golitsyn, adopted in the number of honors. librarians Imp. public library to describe the book. in other Hebrew.

elovka
has abstract: ELOVKA, see Eglaine.

eltushkovo
has abstract: ELTUSHKOVO, see Yaltushkov.

eluashvili ruben
has abstract: ELUASHVILI Ruben (1858 - 1922, Istanbul), rabbi. In 1887 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. From 1902 ch. rabbi of Kutais and at the same time. ch. rabbi of Jewish communities Zap. Georgia. An active opponent of Zionism, E. argued on this topic with D. Baazov. In 1917 he founded a department in Georgia. "Agudat Israel". Since 1921 - in Turkey, rabbi of the community of Georgian Jews in Istanbul; founded a synagogue and a yeshiva.

ember agaron
has abstract: EMBER Aharon (1878, Kovna - 1926, Baltimore, USA), orientalist, Egyptologist. Since 1891 - in the USA. Graduated from Johns Hopkins University, from 1911 assistant prof., From 1924 prof. dep. Semitic lang. Research E. Led to the search for early forms of Proto-Semitic languages. in the Egyptian language, to-ry E. considered the most ancient Semitic language. Opened phonological. the relationship of the Egyptian and Semitic languages. and his theory of the development of abstract expressions on a concrete basis. He actively participated in the life of the Jewish community of Baltimore, headed the Talmud Torah of Baltimore, one of the founders of the Jewish publ. libraries in the city.

emdin lev abramovich
has abstract: EMDIN Lev Abramovich (1895, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1950, Leningrad), phthisiatrician. Doctor of Medicine. Colonel honey. service. After graduating from Kharkov honey. Institute (1922) specialized in phthisiology in Petrograd. tuberculous in-those; in 1924-30 head. region tuberculosis dispensary in Leningrad. In 1930–38 the head. therapeutic. dep. Leningrad. Research Institute of Tuberculosis and at the same time. head physician of the medical unit of the plant "Bolshevik". In 1938–41 the head. Lengorzdravotdel, Assoc. Department of Faculty of Therapy Military-sea. honey. academy, later prof., early. course of tuberculosis in the same place, simultaneously. (from 1946) Dir. Research Institute of Tuberculosis. In 1949, in connection with the so-called. "Leningrad. deed "dismissed from the military-mor. service, removed from the post of director. in-that. Dep. Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR (1938–47). Cit .: Health protection of workers of Leningrad. L., 1939; Allergy and immunity issues in tuberculosis. L., 1948.

emdin pavel iosifovich
has abstract: EMDIN Pavel Iosifovich (1883, Chausy, Mogilev province. - 1959, Rostov-on-Don), neuropathologist, neurosurgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1914), prof. (1924). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kazan University (1909). He worked in L.O.Darshkevich's clinic. In 1920–24 the head. neurological. department of the clinic in Rostov-on-Don. Since 1924 - in the Rostov honey. in-those where the nerve organized and headed the clinic. diseases and neurosurgery (later - a specialized center for the South of the European part of the RSFSR). In 1952–3 he was repressed. Sci. tr. E. dedicated. changes in striated muscles after nerve ligation (doctoral dissertation), neurooncology, surgeon. and radiation therapy for brain tumors. He was one of the first in the USSR to describe the clinic and histopathology of the epidemic. lethargic. encephalitis. In 1941–45 he developed the doctrine of the phases of the wound process in the brain, proposed a method of surgeon. treatment of peripheral injuries. nerves. Described a syndrome caused by lesions of the spinal nerve roots in sacral tumors (“sacral herringbone” syndrome), proposed a method for replacing skull defects. Together with his students, he was the first in the USSR to widely apply research methods. brain - pneumoencephalo and ventriculography, developed a method of cisternal puncture. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1941).

emeljyanovka
has abstract: EMELYANOVKA, a village in the Nizhnegorsk region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Tavricheskaya lips. Main in the 1830s. Jewish and Ukrainian settlers from Kherson province. moved to E. approx. 80 Jews from Ukraine and Belarus.

emiljchino
has abstract: EMILCHINO, urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1585, was part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1897, 1,049 Jews (42.3%) lived in Egypt, in 1926 - 1,383 (38.3%), in 1939 - 1,115 (21%), and in 1989 - 77 Jews (0.9%). Main occupation of Jews in 19 - early. 20th century - petty trade and decomp. crafts. During the years of Civil. During the war, the Jewish population of Egypt suffered from pogroms, plunder and epidemics. In apr. In 1919, the troops of the Directory carried out a pogrom in Egypt. July 1941 Egypt was occupied by the Germans. troops, to-rye in August. 38 Jews were shot, the rest of the Jewish population was exterminated in Sept. 1941. In Nov. - Dec. 1943 partisans compound gen. MI Naumov, in whose ranks many Jews fought, released Ye. And held him for 22 days. In 1999, approx. 30 Jews in E. N.M. Quiet.

enakievo
has abstract: ENAKIEVO (in 1928-36 - Rykovo, in 1936-43 - Ordzhonikidze), a city (since 1938) in the Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1883. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Bakhmutsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1920, Egypt was home to 1,888 Jews, in 1923 - 2,141, in 1926 - 2,396 (9.8%), in 1939 - 3,293 Jews. In 1903, Egypt was opened for free settlement of Jews, as an exemption from action. Provisional Rules ”1882. In 1917, a society of Jewish artists operated under the direction of Ye. F. Becker and V. Zilberberg. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Egypt, staged by units of the Volunteer Army. In 1921, a branch of the Evsection was organized. 28 Feb. 1942 Jews of Ye. Were gathered in four barracks. In apr. 1942 approx. 500 Jews were shot in Gorlovka. 29 Sep 1942 30 Jews were removed from Egypt and exterminated. 1948 was rejected a petition gr. Jews E. about the opening of the synagogue due to the inconsistency of the existing premises with the conditions of prayers. houses; there was illegal activity in E. minyan. In 1997, "Hesed" (director Emil Friedman) began to function in Egypt. In 1998, approx. 1 thousand Jews YN Grigorieva

enchmen emmanuil semenovich
has abstract: ENCHMEN Emmanuil Semenovich (1891, Tiflis - 1966, Moscow), biologist. Supporter of simplified reflexology. approach to explaining human behavior. In the 1920s. came out with a nihilistic. positions in relation to science, philosophy, culture. Formulated the so-called. the theory of new biology, which in fact represented a caricatured sharpened version of reflexology; in particular, he saw in psychology a betrayal of the interests of the working class, the worldview declared “exploited. fiction ", etc. Yelena's ideas gained wide popularity among the left-wing radical intelligentsia and stimulated a sharp scientific. discussion, edges allowed to reveal clearly vulnerable places of the vulgar-materialistic. concepts. Cit .: Eighteen theses on the "theory of new biology", Pyatigorsk, 1920; Theory of New Biology and Marxism, Petrograd, 1923.

endzeba
has abstract: ENDZEBA, a village in the Kvareli region (Georgia). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Telavsky u. Tiflis province. From 1921 to 1991 it was part of the Georgian SSR. In 1926, 12 Jews lived in Egypt.

endzheyuv
has abstract: ENDZHEYUV, a city (from 1271) in the Kieleck Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the county town of Andreev, Keletskaya province. In 1897, 2,050 Jews (43.4%) lived in Egypt, in 1921 - approx. 3,500 Jews. Jews were forbidden to settle in Egypt until 1862. This ban was strictly observed. Main occupation of the Jews in the late. 19th century was the manufacture of clothing and trade. Aron Weinberg (1858 -?) Was the rabbi in Egypt from 1890. In the spring of 1940 a ghetto was created in Egypt, in which St. 6 thousand people 16 oct. 1942 approx. 6 thousand Jews were deported to Treblinka. The ghetto was liquidated in Feb. 1943, when c. 200 people were sent to a labor camp and approx. 30 people shot.

engelj valeriy viktorovich
has abstract: ENGEL Valery Viktorovich (b. 1961, Moscow), public figure, financier. Cand. ist. Sciences (1994). In 1983 he graduated from the East. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V.I. Lenin. The theme of the thesis is "American-Israeli relations in 1968–73." In 1983–84 one of the hands. youth ist. seminar. In 1986–89 teacher. Hebrew, in 1987–93 Rev. Jewish ist. about-va. In 1990 - one of the founders of the Association of Jewish Studies and Jewish Culture in the USSR (since 1992 - International Association of Jewish Studies and Jewish Culture), in 1990–95 Pres. associations. Since 1989, member. Council of conferences of Jewish nat. org-tions of the USSR (since 1991 - VAAD), in 1991–93 members. Pres. VAAD, since 1993 Of the Council of the VAAD of Russia. In 1993, the initiator of the creation of Kongr. nat. associations of Russia (KNOR), in 1993–97 vice-president. Congress, since 1997 member. Council. Topic of Cand. diss. “The Jewish question in Russian-Amer. relations in the con. XIX - early. XX centuries. " (on the example of a "passport" question). Finance-econom. he began to engage in activities in 1990. In 1991–93, gen. dir. moscow representation of the Belgian company "Belcorp", in 1993–94 gen. dir. Israeli-Russian joint production "Isra - Volga - Moscow", since 1994 prez. investment company SDM-Invest.

engelj yuliy
has abstract: ENGEL Julius (Yoel) Dmitrievich (1868, Berdyansk, Tauride Gubernia - 1927, Tel Aviv), composer, music critic and folklorist. In 1890 he graduated from law. Faculty of Kharkov University, at the same time. studied in muses. uch-shche. In 1893–97 he studied at Moscow. cons. from S.I.Taneev (counterpoint), M.M. Ippolitov-Ivanov (composition) and A.F. Gedike (fp.). He wrote music - critical. Art. In 1897-1918 sotr. gas. "Rus. Vedomosti ", since 1898 head. muses. dep. Was printed in gas. "News of the day", "Rus. muses. gas. "," Muz. contemporary ”, etc. In 1906 (together with EE Lineva) he organized Nar. conservatory. Researcher and promoter of Jewish muses. folklore. In ethnogr. trips recorded samples of Jewish bunks on a phonograph songs. The songs collected by E. were published in 3 volumes in the publishing house of P.I. Yurgenson (cover design by L.O. Pasternak). He has toured with concerts as a lecturer and popularizer of Jewish music in various. cities of Russia. From 1908 onwards. member Society of Jewish music in St. Petersburg and post. prev. moscow branch of about-va. After 1917 he collaborated in music. dep. People's Commissariat for Education. From 1920 he worked in Malakhovka in a Jewish child. home. In 1922–24 - in Germany. From 1924 - in E.-I., participated in the organization of the cons. in Tel Aviv, gave concerts and lectures. The author is numerous. musicologist. Art. In 1901 he published under his editorship. Russian per. 5th it. ed. “Muses. dictionary "H. Riemann, adding to it more than 800 own. Art. about rus. musicians. Published “A short music. dictionary "(1907; 2nd ed. - 1909) and" Pocket muses. dictionary "(1913). Conducted by muses. dep. in the 4th ed. "Encyclopedic. dictionary "t-va br. A. and I. Granat (1899). Author of over 50 muses. op. - chamber instrumentation, wok., Chorus., Treatments of nar. Jewish songs. In 1922, at a concert of Jewish music organized by E. in Moscow, his music for S. Ansky's play "Gadibuk" (translated and revised b…

eniseysk
has abstract: YENISEYSK (before 1676 - Yeniseisky prison), city (since 1676), regional center in Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1619.Since 1708 - district, from 1724 - Ch. the city of the Yenisei province, from 1782 - in the Tomsk region. Tobolsk governorship, since 1804 - the district town of Tomsk, since 1823 - Yenisei province. In 1861, 211 Jews lived in Egypt, in 1864 - 155, in 1897 - 543, in 1904 - 416, in 1910 - 735 (6.9%) , in 1917 - 680, in 1920 - 239, in 1926 - 252 (4.2%), in 1939 - 107 Jews. Jewish exiles appeared in Egypt in the middle. 19th century Between 1859 and 1860 there was a wooden synagogue (official permission for its establishment was obtained from the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1910). In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery. Between 1913 and 1914 there was an Society for Assisting Poor Jews. By 1915, a sanatorium for Jewish teachers had been opened in Egypt. G.M.Shneerson.I.V. Us

eniseyskiy ostrog
has abstract: YENISEI OSTROG, see Yeniseisk.

enosovich itskhok-iosif
has abstract: ENOSOVICH Yitzhok-Joseph (1909, Ezev - |), poet, publicist. Graduated from a Polish school. In 1928–39 he was engaged in various jobs. He published poems, short stories, essays about literature and art, theater, reviews, publicistic. Art. in pl. periodic. ed. In 1933 he published his collection of works in Lodz. verse. Roihike farthogn (Smoky Sunrises), in 1938 - Sat. "Shtilkite" ("Silence"). His poetry was published in Moscow in 1941. Sat. Bafrayung (Liberation). In 1941–45 he lived in Alma-Ata. In 1945–48 - in Poland, in 1948–51 - in France. Since 1951 in Argentina. In 1951, his poem A stub in shtetl (A House in a Town) was published in Paris. The discussion was caused by his book. "Mit Yiddish Schreiber in Rusland" ("With Jewish writers in Russia"), ed. in 1959 in Buenos Aires.

enotaevka
has abstract: ENOTAEVKA, village, regional center in the Astrakhan region. (Russian Federation). Since 1785 - the district town of Enotaevsk, Astrakhan region. Caucasian governorship, then - Astrakhan province. Since 1925 it has been a rural settlement. 23 Jews lived in Egypt in 1864, 12 (0.3%) in 1910, 3 in 1926, and 1 Jew in 1939. part of the Jewish population of Egypt in the 19th century. were retired soldiers and artisans.

enotaevsk
has abstract: ENOTAEVSK, see Enotaevka.

entin david abramovich
has abstract: ENTIN David Abramovich (1888, Shumyachi Klimovichsky u. Mogilev province. - 1957, Leningrad), dentist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. (1931). Major General Med. service (1943). In 1913 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Yuryevsky University. Member of the 1st world. war, military doctor. Since 1918 - in Kr. Army. In 1924 he graduated from the Military Academy. In 1929-50 the beginning. created by him the Department of Dentistry of Maxillofacial Surgery of the Military Medical Academy. In 1942–51, Inspector Ch. Military-dignity. management (chief dentist) of the Red Army (Soviet Army). Since 1951 professor-consultant of VMA. From 1954 - retired. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1943). He was awarded 5 orders.

enukashvili ruben shalvovich
has abstract: ENUKASHVILI Ruben Shalvovich (b. 1946, Kutaisi, Georgian SSR), linguist. Cand. philol. Sciences, Assoc. (1975). In 1969 he graduated from Tbilisi University. In 1969–71 bibliographer of the Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR. In 1971–75 he taught at ped. in-those in Tbilisi, in 1975-92 - in Tbilisi University, in 1980-92 deputy. Dean of Philology f-that. In 1974–91 he led the course cargo. lang. for those entering universities on cargo. television. Since 1992 - in Israel. Ed. zhurn. "Drosha", sotr. cargo. dep. radio station edition. The Voice of Israel, ed. gas. "Rtsmena", scientific. sotr. Jewish un-that in Jerusalem. The author of works on philology cargo. and other cargo. language.

epeljbaum abram lazarevich
has abstract: EPELBAUM Abram Lazarevich (1878, Poltava province -?), Politician. From 1903 p. SERP, party member. conf. in Vienna, led the party. work in Yekaterinoslav, Rostov-on-Don and Crimea. At the end of the economy. dep. Kiev commercial Institute (1913) served in the Society of Mutual Life Insurance, then - head. the office of the Society of Manufacturers and Breeders (Yekaterinoslav). After Feb. Revolution of 1917 headed by the lip. to-t of the United Jewish Socialist. slave. party (OESRP), since 1918 authorized by its Central Committee in Zhitomir and Kiev, at the same time. in 1919 p. collegiums of the municipal department Kiev Provincial Executive Committee. Since 1919, member. Central Committee of the OESRP in Ukraine and before. her Yekaterinoslavsky lips. to-that, at the same time. in 1920–21 head. dep. gubernatorial council of national economy, managing director and member. collegiums of lips. Commissariat of Labor. Since 1920 Cand. in part. The Central Committee of the OESRP, after its unification with the Bund - Cand. in part. Central Committee, then member. Central Committee of the Kombunda and before. his Yekaterinoslavskiy provincial committee. Since 1921 in the RCP (b), head. communal department and Chl. econom. Council of the Mogilev district will execute. to-that, chl. Bureau of the Evsektsiya Ukoma RCP (b).

epeljbaum mikhail iosifovich
has abstract: EPELBAUM Mikhail Iosifovich (1894, Odessa - 1957, Leningrad), actor, singer (baritone). Studied at the Warsaw cons. He made his debut at the Kiev Opera House in op. "Demon" by A.G. Rubinstein. As an artist, he toured with the troupes of I.I.Korik and A.M. Vainshtein (1910, 1912), M.P. Henfer (1911), L.L. Rappel (1913, 1915/16), A. Fishzon (1914/15), N.S. Lipovsky (1916/17) and others; performed in T-re muses. comedy and drama at hand. I.P. Brandesko (Moscow, 1922), repeatedly worked with K.M. Jung. Among the naib. frequently performed roles: Avesalom ("Shulamith") and Bar-Kokhba in the same name. op-te A. Goldfaden, court singer Bartello ("Kol-Nidre" by I. Latainer), Deif ("Shir ha-Shirim" by A. Shor), Ezriel ("Semka Lec" by Maises), Dr. Schatz ("Lebedit un Lustig "I.-L.Sh.Baumvol). Acted as a drama. actor (including in the role of De Silva in the post. "Uriel Acosta"). He wrote down and processed Jewish bunks. melodies, to-rye performed in concerts, touring in many countries of Europe, America, Africa (1927–33). In 1941–45 he worked at the Novosibirsk Concentration. unification. In 1949 he was arrested and sentenced to 10 years in prison. After his release in 1954, he resumed conc. performances, worked in Leningrad. Philharmonic. Honored. art. RSFSR (1955).

epeljbaum yuriy izrailevich
has abstract: EPELBAUM Yuri Izrailevich (b. 1920, Moscow), architect. In 1945 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Before the beginning. 1960s - Ch. arch. projects in Giprogor Gosstroy RSFSR, since 1964 - in the Central Research Institute of Experimental. dwelling design (workshop manager). Main works: projects for the development of residential areas, highways, residential and communities. buildings in Novokuznetsk (1948–54), ser. standard projects of low-rise residential buildings (1952–54), project experimental. residential districts in Gorky, public-bargaining. center in Nizhnekamsk (1959-60), 9-14-floor. residential buildings in Togliatti, residential buildings by individual. projects to the center. pl. and ch. highways of Arkhangelsk (1975), complexes 9-14-storey. residential buildings in the center of Barnaul and in the new part of Ulyanovsk (1976–79), a complex of 14 floors. residential buildings and communities. buildings in the center of Tobolsk, residential complexes in Yaroslavl, Cherepovets (1980–81). Honored. architect of the Russian Federation (1992).

epeljboym berish
has abstract: EPELBOIM Berish (1887, Wukin, Lublin Province - 1945, Philadelphia, USA), writer, publicist. He wrote in Yiddish. He made his debut in 1912 with a story in лодód gas. From 1914 - in Odessa, collaborated in Jewish gas. In 1920 he returned to Poland, from 1922 - to the USA. The author of the book. "Dark Roads", "In a Storm", "On the Road", "Once Upon a Time", "With Mendele Moikher-Sforim", plays "Battle", "Wanderers".

epeljboym iosif shmerelevich
has abstract: EPELBOIM Joseph Shmerelevich (1893, Hinceşti, Bessarabian province. - 1962, Chisinau), rabbi. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. In the 1920s and 30s. actively participated in the work of the Chisinau organization "Agudas Yisroel", helping Jews who fled from Russia. Participated in the creation of a home for the elderly, the opening of the first Chisinau Jewish wife in Bessarabia. religious school "Beis Yaakov". In 1928 he published gas. in Yiddish "Di voh", wrote in it under ps. Joseph Schatz. In the 1930s. released every month. Der Stub Journal. He taught the basics of Judaism at the Magen David gymnasium and in Romanian. gymnasiums. Author of the Judaism textbook Pninei ha-dat (The Pearl of Religion, 1938). Since 1945, the rabbi of Chisinau.

epifanj
has abstract: EPIFAN, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Kimovsky district of the Tula region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1578. From 1777 - the district town of the Tula governorship, then - the province. From 1926 it was a rural settlement. In 1910 there were 21 Jews living in Egypt, in 1926 - 3, in 1939 - 13 Jews.

eppelj asar isaevich
has abstract: EPPEL Asar Isaevich (b. 1935, Moscow), writer, translator. In 1957 he graduated from MISS. He was engaged in journalism, published in Moscow. gas. Translated Polish. poetry, F. Petrarch, D. Boccaccio, G. Senkevich, Serbian nar. songs by V. Karadzic, Scotland. and Irish. ballads, B. Brecht, R. Kipling, Auden, V. Nezval, B. Pasolini, Amer. poets of the 17th century and others. Translated into Russian. lang. and for the first time published the works. Polish-Jewish prose writer Bruno Schulz. The author of the book. for children, libretto and poems for the musical "Bindyuzhnik and the King" ("Sunset") based on the play "Sunset" and "Odessa Stories" by IE Babel. The musical was shown in the USSR and the USA. Scriptwriter and poems for two-ser. artist f. "Binder and the King". Since 1989, based. acts as a prose writer. Stories publ. in the journal. "New World", "Friendship of Peoples", "October", "Time and We", in the alm. April and Sagittarius. Since 1994 he has been the head of the column "Squaring the circle" in gas. "Mosk. news". Awarded Polish. ord. "For services to Polish culture." Works: Travyanaya street. M., 1994; Champignons of my life. M., 1996.

epshteyn
has abstract: EPSHTEIN (real fam. Pinsky) Moishe-Mordkhe Girshevich (1875, Ozarichi Bobruisk u., Minsk province. - 1977, Jerusalem), rabbi. Brother of Sh.G. Pinsky. Rod. in the family of the Lubavitch Hasidim. He studied at the "Tomkhey-Tmimim" yeshiva in Lubavichi. In the 1900s –20s. rabbi in the Mogilev province. From the beginning. 1930s rabbi of Leningrad. In 1937 he was arrested and soon released. In 1950 he was arrested again, in 1954 he was released. In 1954–76 unofficial. rabbi of the Hasidic community of Leningrad. Since 1976 - in Israel.

epshteyn avraam
has abstract: Epstein Abraham (1892 - 1942), economist, sociologist. Since 1910 - in the USA. He specialized in the problems of the elderly and their economics. support, has become a leading attorney in finance. assistance to pensioners. By his active actions, he prepared the ground for the adoption of the Act on social services. support 1935. In 1939 the federal government introduced amendments to the Act, taking into account many. E.'s recommendations. In 1927, Amer organized. association of social. support for pensioners and the elderly, which in 1933 was transformed into Amer. association of social. support. In 1934-37 the US representative in the League of Nations as a consultant on issues. social support of the population. He taught at Brooklyn College and New York University. Main Tr .: "Black Migrants in Pittsburgh" (1918), "Face to Old Age" (1922), "The Problems of Retired Workers in Industry" (1926), "The Troubles of Old Men" (1928), "Insecurity, America's Problem" (1938 ).

epshteyn david arkadjevich
has abstract: EPSHTEIN David Arkadievich (Arie-Leibovich) (1898, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1985, Moscow), chemist-technologist, methodologist. D. ch. APN USSR (1968). In 1922 he graduated from chem. Faculty MVTU. He studied there in graduate school and taught at the workers' faculty, then - at the department of technology of mineral substances. In 1932–51 - in the Military. academy of chem. protection. In 1951–85 - in Moscow. mountains. in-those improvement of teachers and in n.-i. in-takh APN RSFSR (USSR). The lab was in charge. app. chemistry, then lab. polytechnic education in the study of the foundations of science. Main work in the region. theoretical foundations of chem. technology, chemistry and technology of bound nitrogen, the development of urgent problems of bunkers. education, polytechnic. education, teaching theory, methods of teaching chemistry. In 1959–65 he took an active part in revising the content of school education. One of the authors of the textbook "Inorganic Chemistry", which survived several. editions. Cit .: Synthetic. Nitric acid. M – L., 1933; Chemistry and technology of bound nitrogen. M. - L., 1935 (textbook for technical colleges); Catalysis and its development in the course of school chemistry. M., 1955; Combustible minerals and their chemical. processing. M., 1959; The problem of polytechnization of secondary schools. M., 1977.

epshteyn efraim
has abstract: Epstein Ephraim (1829, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1913, Chicago), surgeon. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1850 - in the USA. In 1856 he graduated from theological. seminary in Androver (Massachusetts), in 1859 - medical-surgeon. College of Columbia University. He worked as a surgeon in Thessaloniki and Bitola (Macedonia), served as a military man. doctor in the Austrian navy during the war with Italy (1866). After returning to the United States, he was engaged in medical practice. In 1880 he was promoted to pastor of the Baptist Church in Yankton (state of South Dakota), but because of religion. disagreements with the flock soon left the church. Took part in the creation of un-that - the first higher. educational institution in pcs. South Dakota, which opened in 1882 in Vermilion. The first rector of this university. He worked in Vermilion until 1885, then taught at a college in Bethany (West Virginia), was engaged in honey. practice.

epshteyn esfirj danilovna
has abstract: Epshtein Esfir Danilovna (b. 1954, Gorky), chess player. Int. master (1972). Trainer. Participant of 7 championships of the USSR (1972–84), including in 1976 took 2nd place. Winner and medalist of the international. tournaments: in Leningrad (1972, 1st - 2nd), Halle (1974, 1st), Novgorod (1976, 1st), Sochi (1980, 4th). Since 1990 - in the USA. As part of the US national team, a participant in the World. chess. Olympiads (1992).

epshteyn german veniaminovich
has abstract: Epshtein German Veniaminovich (1889, Vilna - 1935, Moscow), parasitologist, protozoologist. Prof. (1926). Graduated from natural sciences. separation physical-mat. f-that (1912) and honey. f-t (1915) Moscow. un-that. Since 1918 Art. Assistant of the Department of Zoology at the 1st Moscow State University. In 1919 he participated in the organization of Ying-that infec. diseases them. I.I. Mechnikov, headed (until 1935) a protozoologist. separation. At the same time. (since 1923) worked at the Department of Histology Biol. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University, supervised (since 1924) created by him at the department lab. protozoology. Since 1926 - in Ying-those Microbiology of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR (prof.); in subsequent years he was also in charge of the fish diseases sector of the All-Russian Research Institute of Pond and Fish. x-va, dep. protist genetics Ying-that experiment. biology, dep. protozoology in dep. honey. parasitology of VIEM. Sci. tr. E. dedicated. ch. arr. parasitic. protozoa, as well as rickettsioses, spirochetosis, leptospirosis, bacterial cytology. Established (1928, jointly with S.I. Tarasov) the existence of a natural focus of leptospirosis in the center. parts of the RSFSR. He proposed original methods for staining blood elements, as well as blood parasites. One of the organizers of Rus. protistological ob-va (1921). Cit .: Pathogenic protozoa, spirochetes and fungi. M. - L., 1931; Workshop on parasitic protozoa and spirochetes. M. - L., 1940; Parasitic amoeba. M. - L., 1941.

epshteyn grigoriy yakovlevich
has abstract: EPSHTEIN Grigory Yakovlevich (1897 - 1964, Leningrad), orthopedic traumatologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1935), prof. (1936). In 1921 he graduated from Petrograd. in-t honey. knowledge. In 1921–34, an intern at the Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, in 1934–36, Head. by branch will restore. surgery of the Central Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics; in 1936–40 head. Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics of the 3rd Leningrad Institute. honey. in-that; in 1941–46 deputy. dir. and dir. Leningrad. Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics; in 1946–51 head. the chair will restore. surgery LIDUV; in 1954–64 head. traumatological. dep. Leningrad. n.-i. children orthopedic. in-ta them. G.I. Turner. Main scientific. tr. dedicated problems children. traumatism, treatment of congenital hip dislocations, scoliosis, org-tion of traumatology. helping children, as well as treating gunshot wounds to the extremities, false joints. He developed a technique for osteoplasty. Vol .: Treatment of false joints and delayed consolidation. L., 1940; Gunshot wounds to the limbs. Foot injuries. L., 1946 (et al.); Pediatric traumatology and reconstructive surgery. L., 1964 (et al.).

epshteyn ieguda
has abstract: EPSHTEIN Yehuda (1870, Mogilev province - 1946, Johannesburg), painter. He studied at the drawing school in Vilna, then in Vienna at the Academy of Arts with Eisenmenger. Prize for the painting "Polish Jews playing chess", M. Beer Ave. in Berlin for the painting "Saul and David". In 1920 in Vienna he received the title of professor. Since the 1920s. - in Italy.

epshteyn iekhezkielj
has abstract: EPSHTEIN Yehezkiel (Isidor) (1894, Kovna - 1962, London), rabbi. He studied at the yeshiva in Slobodka. From the beginning. 1900s - in France, since 1911 - in Great Britain. He studied at the yeshiva in Pressburg, in 1926 he graduated from the University of London. Passed the exam for the title of rabbi. In 1921-28 he was a rabbi in Middleborough. Since 1928, librarian at the Rabbinical Seminary in London, since 1948, rector. Translated into English. lang. and edited the Talmud. Author tr. on questions Jewish law and Jewish philosophy. Author of articles on Judaism for the Britannica encyclopedia.

epshteyn ierokhim yakovlevich
has abstract: EPSHTEIN Ierohim Yakovlevich (1899, Grodna - 1981, Moscow), civil engineer. In 1924 he graduated from Leningrad. horn. Institute, in 1931 - Higher. engineer-building courses. From 1916 he worked at construction sites. In 1918–20 - in Kr. Army. From 1933 ch. Ing. and early. Office of the building of the Kuznetsk metallurgical comb-that. In 1938 he was repressed; worked at the building of the Norilsk Combine. In the 1960s and 70s. deputy. early Office cap. building complex. Honored. builder of the RSFSR (1963). Linen. etc. (1966).

epshteyn iosif moiseevich
has abstract: EPSHTEIN Joseph Moiseevich (1895 - 1980, Moscow), urologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1939), prof. (1949). In 1922 he graduated from honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University. In 1924-68 he worked at the Department of Urology in the same place (from 1930 - 1st MMI), headed the department since 1949. Sci. tr. dedicated tuberculosis of the genitourinary system, physiology and pathology of urination, causes and treatment of urinary incontinence in women, kidney and ureteral injuries, urinary tract anomalies, etc. Chl. reign of Vses. and before. Moscow about-in urologists. Cit .: Current issues of urinary incontinence in women. M., 1932 (et al.); Kidney tuberculosis. M. - L., 1941; Military trauma of the genitourinary organs and its treatment. M., 1947 (et al.); Urinary incontinence. M., 1949; Urology. M., 1959 (2nd ed. - 1966).

epshteyn mark isaevich
has abstract: Epshtein Mark Isaevich (Moisey Tsalerovich) (1899, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1949, Moscow), sculptor, graphic artist, theater artist. In 1911-18 he studied at the Kiev Art. school for sculpt. departments. In the 1920s. E. formed as a master Monum. sculptures: "Statue of a Woman" (1919), "Motherhood", "Loader" (both - 1927), "Man with a Cradle" (1929) - a production in which E. solved the problems of organizing volumes, identifying dynamics, balance forms. Since 1918, member. art section of the Kiev "Culture League". In 1923–32 he headed the Jewish art-prom. school, worked as an illustrator book. and zhurn. publishing house "Kultur-League". For black and white graphics E. is characterized by the laconic compositional solution. In 1926–30 he took part in the design of the performances of the Jewish T-dvs of Kharkov and Odessa ("Ristokraten", "Koimenkerer") and T-ra Kunst-Winkle in Kiev ("Trust", "10 days in alarm"). In 1927-28 he completed the graphic art. ser., dedicated life of Jewish farmers. colonies. Member of the association sovr. masters of Ukraine (OSMU, 1927–32). After moving to Moscow (1932) he performed the memorial. MI Kalinin (Kalinin), bas-reliefs on the facade of the Mus.-ped. state in-ta them. Gnesins in Moscow, portraits, including T.G. Shevchenko, acad. A.D. Arkhangelsky.

epshteyn mechislav germanovich
has abstract: EPSHTEIN Mechislav Germanovich (1830, Warsaw -?), Financier. Rod. in the family of a banker. In 1871 he founded the Warsaw Accounting Bank - one of the first joint stock companies. banks in Ros. empire. Member bank council. He took an active part in the railway. construction, financing of the industry, director-manager of the share. about-va sugar and refinery plant "Germanov", about-va sugar plant "Constance", share. about-va sugar and refinery plant "Lyshkovice". He was the Belgian consul in Warsaw.

epshteyn mikhail naumovich
has abstract: Epshtein Mikhail Naumovich (b. 1950, Moscow), literary critic, culturologist. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Moscow State University. He began to publish in 1976. Published art. on the problems of literature in the journal. "New World", "Friendship of Peoples", "Questions of Literature" and others. humanitarian intelligentsia "Club of Essayists" (1982-87), "Image and Thought" (1986-88), "Laboratory of Contemporary Culture" (1988-89). Since 1990 - in the USA. In 1990–91 he was a fellow of the Institute of Kennan in Washington, then prof. University Emory (Atlanta). In his works he explored the ways and patterns of the new artist. thinking, manifested in the art of sovr. avant-garde, religious and philosophical searches of the late Soviet era, paradoxes of everyday mythology and its ideological refraction. Vol .: Paradoxes of novelty. On the literary development of the XIX – XX centuries. M., 1988; Nature, the world, the secret of the Universe ... The system of landscape images in Russian poetry. M., 1990; Relativistic models in totalitarian thinking: a study by Sov. ideological language. 1991; Paternity. 1992; New sectarianism. Types of religious and philosophical attitudes in Russia. 1993.

epshteyn moyshe-iekhielj
has abstract: EPSHTEIN Moishe-Iekhiel (1890, Ozharov of Opatovsky u. Radom province - 1971), rabbi. In 1913 he passed the exam for the title of rabbi. In 1927–53 - in the USA. Since 1953 - in Israel. One of the leaders of the party "Agudat Yisroel" and member. Council of Sages of the Torah - ch. organ of this party. Main tr. - "Esh dat" ("The Fire of Faith", vols. 1-11, 1956-64) and "Beer Moshe" ("The Well of Moses", v. 1-2, 1979). State pr. Israel (1968, rabbinical literature) for scientific. activity.

epshteyn pavel zigmundovich
has abstract: Epstein Pavel Zygmundovich (Paul Sophus) (1883, Warsaw - 1966, Pasadena, California, USA), theoretical physicist. Member Nat. US Academy of Sciences (1930). In 1901–05 he studied at Moscow. un-those, then worked there for P.N. Lebedev. In 1911–13 he trained under A. Sommerfeld in Munich. In 1919–21 privat-doc. Zurich University. Since 1921 - in the USA, prof. California technol. Institute (Pasadena), since 1953. prof. Main tr. on the theory of diffraction, quantum. theory, theory of atomic structure, thermodynamics, theory of elasticity, fluid mechanics. Constructed a theory of diffraction by a parabolic. cylinder. Formulated (independently of K. Schwarzschild) a general quantum. theory of multiple-periodic. systems and applied it to explain the splitting of spectral lines in electric. field (Stark effect). Author of a textbook on thermodynamics (1937).

epshteyn shakhno
has abstract: Epshtein Shakhno (A.B.) (1883, Ivye Oshmyansky u.Vilenskaya province. - 1945, Moscow), publicist, public figure. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1903 in the Bund. From 1905 printing. into gas. Folkszeitung. Member of the 7th Congress of the Bund. Arrested. In 1909-17 - in the USA. Comp. in the Jewish socialist. press, led active societies. work. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia. He actively published in the Jewish and Russian press, edited individual publications, including Komunistiše shtim. In 1919–21 sotr. in Evsektsiya, headed the association of Yiddish writers. In 1921-29 - again in the USA, published in the left-wing press, ed. communist. gas. Freigite, Der Gamer. In 1929 he returned to the USSR, Ch. ed. Kharkiv zhurn. "Di dig Velt." From ser. 1930s - in Moscow, sotr. into gas. Yiddish. Since 1942 Responsible. sec. EAK, ed. his organ is gas. Einikite. Author of the book: "Der shney" ("Snow". New York, 1911); Knut Hamsun (Warsaw, 1912); "Dos arbets-folk in I. L. Pereses verk" ("People-worker in the works of I.-L. Peretz". Yekaterinoslav, 1918); "Freelings Toy" ("Spring Death". Kovno-Berlin, 1921); Inem land fun der socialist revolution (In the country of social revolution. New York, 1928, published in Kharkov in 1929 and 1933); "Baim oifgang" ("At sunrise". M., 1929).

epshteyn solomon borisovich
has abstract: EPSHTEIN Solomon Borisovich (b. 1925, Vitebsk), painter, graphic artist. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1953 he graduated from the Faculty of Painting of IIZhSA. Creativity E., dedicated. ch. arr. compositional dynamism is inherent in the portrait: “Viktor Khara sings” (1961), “Entering the image. (Innokenty Smoktunovsky) "(1971)," Portrait of V.N. Gribov "(1979)," Cinema Artist Isaac Schwartz "," Bella Manevich "(both - 1988), large-format canvas" Mstislav Rostropovich is Playing "(1960-90 .), performed family portraits: “The family of the veteran Otech. War of Arkady Furems "(1985)," In Kamchatka. Tea ”(1993),“ Art Lessons. Self-Portrait with Daughter ”(1993–94). Still life plays an important role in revealing the spiritual world of the characters in some works: "Portrait of NP Akimov" (1971), "Self-portrait with family" (1978). Works in the landscape genre: he created small sketches depicting the state of nature ("Neva. Big Shipyards", 1969, "Morning on the Neva", 1971), and paintings with deep content ("Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery", 1962, "On the Oka" , 1979, etc.). Since 1952 participates in all exhibitions of the Leningrad State University. branch of SH. In 1983, a personal exhibition took place. E.'s works are kept in museums of the Russian Federation, in private collections. USA, Israel, Norway, Germany, Japan and other countries.

epshteyn yakov solomonovich
has abstract: EPSHTEIN Yakov Solomonovich (1902, Kiev - 1958, Moscow), a specialist in the field of electrical engineering. In 1927 he graduated from the Kharkov technol. in-t. In 1927–41 he worked at the Kharkov electromechanical. s-de (engineer - head of the group). In 1941–45 at the Kemerovo electromechanical. z-de, then in Proektno-restore. Trust of the USSR People's Commissariat for Electrical Industry. Since 1946 the designer of Moscow. electrical machine building. w-yes. Under the arm. E. developed ser. synchronous electric machines recognized in the 1930s. the best in the world. practice of electrical engineering. In the 1940s and 1950s. led the organization of production-va new ser. electric machines and other electrical equipment. Became. pr. (1949).

epshteyn zalman
has abstract: Epstein Zalman (1860, Lyuban, Bobruisk u., Minsk province - 1936), publicist. Brother of I. Epstein. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He studied at the yeshiva in Volozhin. In 1890-1900 sec. Odessa Palestinian to-that. He began to publish in 1881 in Gamelitz. Under ps. Shelomo Gaelkoshi E. published a cycle of nostalgic. romantic. short stories about the life of the town. The author of Art. about L.N. Tolst and I.S. Turgenev. Hebrew was published in the journal. "Ben-Ami", "Ha-Zman", "Ha-Shiloah", "Ha-Tsefira", in Yiddish in gas. Der tog. From 1925 - in E.-I.

epshteyn zhan
has abstract: Epstein Jean (1897, Warsaw - 1953, Paris), film director, screenwriter, film theorist. He studied in Switzerland, Lyons un-those, where he studied mathematics and medicine. At the same time. worked in a lab. br. Lumiere was an assistant to L. Delluk, was engaged in film criticism. From 1922 he made short films on his own. f .: "The Red Hotel" (1922), "Faithful Heart" (1923), "The Beautiful Nivernezka" (1924), "The Lion of the Mughals" (1924), "Afisha", "Double Love" (both - 1925), who appeared predecessors of the coming poetry. realism in French. cinema. Naib. means. f. E .: "The Fall of the House of Escher" (1928), doc. tapes "Finis Terrae", "Mor'Vran" (both - 1929). In subsequent years, E. shot several. commercial f., as well as approx. 20 short films. f. commissioned by the UN and UNESCO. One of the greatest theorists of cinema, Art. and book. E. Influenced Europe. cinema. The author of the book: "Today's poetry", "Hello, cinema!" (both - 1921), "Lyrosophia" (1922), "Cinematography Seen from Etna" (1925), "Photogeny of the Elusive" (1935), "Intelligence of the Machine" (1946), "Cinematograph of the Devil" (1947), "Spirit cinema "(1955). He wrote prose, author of two novels.

erbshteyn boris mikhaylovich
has abstract: ERBSHTEIN Boris Mikhailovich (1901, Petersburg - 1964, Kuibyshev), theater designer, graphic artist. He studied drawing with a distant relative - I.I.Brodsky. In 1918–23 - in Petrograd. art-uch. maternal in cl. K.S. Petrov-Vodkin and at the same time. (1918–20) at the Scenic Skills Courses. fast. from V.E. Meyerhold. Member Society "Young Art", "Free Workshop" (Petrograd, 1917). The first stage work - costumes for graduates Theater. school (Leningrad). In the scenography of E. post. performances: "The Crime of Nelly Watson" by VF Trakhtenberg, "The Arsonists" by AV Lunacharsky, "American Blood" by E. Sinkler - in Drum. t-re (all - 1924); "Michael Kramer" G. Hauptmann (1924), "Face-to-face confrontation" br. Tour and L.R. Sheinin (1938) - in Academic. t-re drama them. A.S. Pushkin; “Catherine II” by J. Offenbach (1925), “Black Amulet” by NN Strelnikov (1927), “Seller of Birds” by K. Zeller (1936) - in the T-re of Musical Comedy; BALavrenev's "Rift" (1927) in the Young Theater; "Red Poppy" by R.M. Glier (1928) in Academic. t-re op. and ball .; Don Pasquale by G. Donizetti (1931), Fadetta by L. Delibes (1936), Rigoletto by G. Verdi (1936) - in MALEGOT; "The Miser" by Moliere (1938), "The Constellation of the Hounds of the Dogs" by KG Paustovsky (1939) - in the Novy T-re, etc. In 1932 he was arrested "for anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda" and exiled. In 1938 he returned to Leningrad. In 1941 he was again arrested "for espionage." Released in 1947, he worked in t-ts of small towns, where he designed approx. 60 performances, including in the Gorky Opera House - "Aida" by Verdi and "Pan Voevoda" by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov (1958), "Native House" by B.S.Romashov (1958) - in Academic ... t-re drama them. A.S. Pushkin.

erburg i.
has abstract: ERBURG I. (real name and surname Irina Ilyinichna Ehrenburg) (1911, Nice - 1997, Moscow), translator, writer. Daughter of I.G. Ehrenburg. In 1918–24 she lived in Russia, then in Paris, where she graduated from the school and faculty of psychology at the Sorbonne. In 1933 she returned to Moscow. In 1934 she published essays "Notes of the French. schoolgirls ". Translated from French. lang. more than 20 books, including: "The Life of Alexander Fleming" by A. Morua, "Toulouse-Lautrec" by A. Perrusho, "Hope" by A. Malraud, book. A. Style, P. Dex, R. Vaillant, J. Laffitte and others. During the war of 1941–45 she wrote essays for the Soviet Information Bureau, gas. "Cr. Star "," Coms. true". In the end. 1942 - early. 1943 corr. arm. gas. "Let's destroy the enemy." Prepared by full. publication of the "Black Book" (edited by Ehrenburg and VS Grossman). Author unpublished. book memoirs "And she lived", to-ruyu made children. rec. period of Civil. war and military. diary 1941–45. After the death of her father (1967), she was actively involved in the preparation and publication of his works, including the 7th book. memoirs "People, years, life", Sobr. op. in 8 volumes.

erdelevskiy konstantin moiseevich
has abstract: ERDELEVSKY Konstantin Moiseevich (Kopel Moshkovich) (1876, Elizavetgrad, Kherson province - 1908, Vinnitsa, Podolsk province), politician. From ser. 1890s Social-Democratic participant movement in Odessa, in 1903 joined the anarchists - "Makhaevites". In 1904 - in Yekaterinoslav, one of the organizers of the "Party for the Struggle against Small Property and All Power". In 1905, members. gr. anarchist communists in Elizavetgrad, was preparing a terrorist. acts and bomb making, 17 Dec. 1905 organized the explosion of Liebman's coffee shop in Odessa. Arrested on December 31. rendered arms. resistance, feigned insanity in prison, placed in a psychiatrist. hospital in Odessa, then transferred to St. Nicholas in Petersburg, from where he fled. In the end. 1906 went abroad, in Geneva headed gr. anarchist communists "Rebel", edited by the same name. gas. In 1907, members. “Groups of rus. anarchists-communists "in Vienna, since autumn - one of the hands. "Combat intern. detachment of anarchist communists ". From the end. 1907 - in Russia, participated in the creation of combat groups. anarchists in the south. cities. In the spring of 1908 he was arrested, released for lack of evidence, and again went abroad, where he participated in the activities of the anarchist. groups. In the fall of 1908 he returned to Russia to coordinate the actions of the anarchists, and was hunted down by the police for a conspiratorial. apartment in Vinnitsa, in tech. 13 hours together with the anarchists S. Lifshits and A. Lisyansky provided arms. resistance, after setting the building on fire, committed suicide.

eremeevka
has abstract: EREMIEVKA, see Veremievka.

eremichi
has abstract: EREMICHI, a village in the Korelichi district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novogrudok u. Grodno, from 1842 - Minsk province. In 1920–39, it was a part of Poland in Novogrudok Voivodeship, and in 1939–91 it was a part of the BSSR. In 1897, 258 Jews (29.8%) lived in Egypt, in 1921 - 113 Jews. Since 1894, Eliezer was a rabbi in Egypt. Meretsky (1862 -?) The Jewish population of Egypt was destroyed during the Holocaust.

erenburg iljya grigorjevich
has abstract: ERENBURG Ilya Grigorievich (1891, Kiev - 1967, Moscow), writer, publicist, public figure. Excluded from the 6th grade. gymnasium for participation in the roar. org-tion. In 1908 he was arrested, emigrated to Paris, continued to roar. activity, then moved away from the Social-Democratic Party. He began to publish in 1910 (collection "Poems", Paris). Then came the poetry. collection "I live", "Dandelions", "Everyday life", "Children's", "Poems about the eves", "Thoughts", etc. In 1915-17, corr. Russian gas. (These materials are collected in the book "Face of War", 1920). In July 1917 he returned to Russia; Oct the revolution did not accept, which manifested itself in Art., publ. into gas. Moscow and Kiev (Sat. "In the hour of death". SPb., 1996), and in poetry written from November. 1917. In 1921-24 he lived in Berlin, actively collaborated in the Sov. print. Rum. "The Unusual Adventures of Julio Jurenito and His Students ..." (1922) and "The Wild Life of Lazik Roitshvanets" (1928) - philosophical-satirical. panorama modern life of Europe and Russia. In subsequent books. ("The Life and Death of Nikolai Kurbov", 1923, "Love of Zhanna Ney", 1924, etc.) the author's focus is on the conflict of duty and feelings, the opposition of man to ob-wu. Then in the production. E. intensified criticism of the "bourgeois. morality "(" Thirteen Tubes "," Trust DE "- both books - 1923). In the beginning. 1930s returned to the USSR. Rum. "Day Two" (1933) dedicated. builders of the 1st five-year plan. In 1936–39 he took part in civil. war in Spain as corr. Izvestia. About the events of the beginning. 2nd world. war is narrated in rum. The Fall of Paris (1940–41). From 1941 to 1945 E. performed almost daily in the Sov. and nick. press from Art. and pamphlets (collected in the three-volume War. M., 1942–44, Chronicle of Courage. M., 1974). The events of the war are reflected in the rum. The Tempest (1946–47). Name of pov. "Thaw" (1954), which reflected the mood of the owls. people in the …

erenlib abram lazarevich
has abstract: ERENLIB Abram Lazarevich (Yanovsky Bronislav Boleslavovich) (1898, Lyulin - 1938, Moscow), an employee of the special services. Battalion Commissar (1936). Member RSDLP since 1916. Comp. owls. military. intelligence since 1921. Together with his brother, he founded a bargaining in Berlin. company "Vostvag" - the first in the commercial network. pr-th Intelligence. management (RU) of the Red Army abroad, where he worked until 1925, contributed to the development and improvement of the residences of the RU Red Army in Germany. In 1926 he was sent to D. Vostok, to China, where he established a branch of Vostvag and created a new market. the firm. In 1937 he was recalled from abroad and arrested. Shot Brother E. - Aron (Yanovsky Sigismund Boleslavovich) (1897, Minsk - 1937, Moscow), an employee of the special services. Battalion Commissar (1936). Member RSDLP since 1917. Comp. RU Red Army from 1922. Until 1925 he worked in Berlin, assistant of the USSR Embassy in Germany. In 1925-29 to the center. apparatus of the RU RKKA, office. early 2nd (undercover) dep. He graduated from the one-year Advanced Course in Intelligence (1929). From 1929 to the mark. work, in particular, opened a branch of "Vostvag" in Urga (Mongolia). Summoned from London in 1937 and arrested. Shot.

erevan
has abstract: YEREVAN (until 1936 - Erivan), city, capital of the Republic of Armenia. Main in 782 BC e. Since 1828 - part of Ros. empire. Since 1849 - the center of the Erivan province. In 1918-20 it was the capital of the Republic of Armenia, in 1920-91 it was the Armenian SSR. In 1863 10 Jews lived in Egypt, in 1896 - 165, in 1897 - 270 (0.9%), in 1904 - 520 (including permanent residents - 73, temporarily - 447), in 1910 - 270 (0.9%), in 1926 - 60, in 1939 - 236, in 1959 - 584 (0.1%), in 1970 - 654 Jews (in including 27 Georgian Jews, 10 Mountain Jews, and 4 Bukharian Jews). In 1819–26, Jews from other cities were artisans. In 1891 in the Erivan province. lived approx. 50 Jewish families - immigrants from Persia. In Ye. There was the Sheikh-Mordechai synagogue (closed in 1928) and a rabbi not recognized by the authorities. To the end. 1897, in view of the streamlining of the registration of the Jews of the Transcaucasus, the Ministry of Internal Affairs. affairs subordinated the Erivan city Jewish society, as it did not have its own rabbi, the rabbi of Tiflis (modern Tbilisi). ch. dir. Rus. dram. A.G. Ridal was a doctor in E. In 1940 A.L. Klebansky actively participated in the commissioning of a plant for the production of synthetic. rubber in E. In 1990 in E. Osn. Society of Armenian-Jewish friendship "Arev", in 1991 a Jewish community was established, headed by the representative of M.-M. Schneerson Gershem-Meir Burshtein (b. 1961, Yerevan). In 1991 a Sunday school "Torah Or" was established, in 1992 - an evening yeshiva, in 1994 - a Jewish cemetery, in 1996 - a synagogue and "Orot Hesed". Since 1997 ed. weekly "Coelet". In 1999, approx. 1 thousand Jews in E. Vladimir (Waldemar) Abramovich Boberman (1897 - after 1948), painter. Since 1923 - in Germany, the author of works in the style of impressionism.

erin boris vladimirovich
has abstract: ERIN Boris Vladimirovich (1921, Moscow - 2008), director. Graduated from the Theater. uch-shche them. M.S. Shchepkina (1948), GITIS (1953). 1941–45 - in the army. From 1957 dir., In 1964-68 ch. dir. Belarusian t-ra them. Y. Kupala (Minsk). Since 1972 - in Kiev Rus. dram. t-re them. Lesia Ukrainka, in 1968–85 staged performances at the Theater named after Y. Kupala (Minsk) and T. Y. Kolas (Vitebsk), in rep. Youth Theater (Minsk). Among the post. E .: in T-re im. Y. Kupala - "Fox and Grapes" by G. Figeyred (1957), "Forgotten by all" and "Eccentric" by N. Hikmet (1958, 1964), "Lyavonikha in Orbit" by AE Makaenko (1961), "The Fourth" K.M.Simonov (1962), "Chamber" by S.I.Aleshin (1963), "Into a Blizzard" by L.M. Leonov (1965), "At the Bottom" by M. Gorky (1968), "Playing with a Cat" I. Erkenya (1976); in T-re im. Y. Kolas - "The Wedding of Krechinsky" by A. Sukhovo-Kobylin (1981), "Elena's Island" by Y. Shaban (1982), "Filumena Marturano" by E. de Filippo (1983); in the Youth Theater - "Blue Snow" by Shaban (1975), "Twelfth Night" by W. Shakespeare (1976), "Nakhalenok" after M.A.Sholokhov (1980). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Ukrainian SSR (1984).

erlikh aleksandr genrikhovich
has abstract: ERLIKH Alexander Genrikhovich (1912, Petersburg - 1985, New York), political scientist, economist. Doctor of Philosophy (1953), prof. (1955). Son of G.M. Erlikh, brother of V.G. Erlikh, grandson of S.M. Dubnov. Since 1918 - in Poland. From the gymnasium. years he participated in the revolutionary movement, was repeatedly arrested. In the beginning. 1930s studied at Berlin un-those, expelled in 1933, continued his education at Warsaw free un-those. From 1939 - in Lithuania and the USSR, in 1941–42 - in Canada. From 1942 - in the USA, worked in the department. Slavic studies of the New York publ. b-ki, at the same time. studied at the New Institute for Social Research. In 1949–54 he worked at Cambridge University, specialized in the study of owls. economy. In 1955–82 prof. owls. Economics of Columbia University (New York). Author tr. on the problems of economic. development of the USSR, including monograph. "Sov. industrialization 1924-1928 "(1960).

erlikh genrikh
has abstract: Erlich Heinrich (Gersh-Wolf) Moiseevich (1882, Lublin - 1942, Kuibyshev), politician, publicist. Son-in-law of S.M. Dubnov. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In his youth he joined the Bund. In 1904 he was arrested and expelled from Warsaw University for participating in a demonstration against anti-Semitism. After his release - in Germany, he studied political economy at Berlin University. In 1905 he returned to Warsaw, worked at the party. periodic. publications. In 1906 he entered the legal profession. Faculty of Petersburg un-that, at the end of which (1908) settled in Warsaw, was engaged in advocacy, continued illegal. school desks. work. In 1909 he was arrested again, after his release he left for France, in 1910 he returned to Warsaw. In the years of the 1st world. war in Petrograd, part. editorial boards of the Bund editions "Ditsayt", "Day", "Jewish News". After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Executive Committee of the Petrosovet, on the 1st All-Russia Congress of Soviets elected member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee, in the fall of 1917 Time. Council Ros. republics (Pre-parliament). On Chrezvych. Congress of the RSDLP (united) (Dec. 1917) elected member. Central Committee. From 1918 - in Poland, in the 1920s – 30s. one of the leaders of the Polish. Bund, member. his Central Committee, leading party. publicist, ed. gas. Volkszeitung, 1931-39 member. Executive Committee Socialist. International. The author of the book. (in Yiddish) “In the struggle for revolution. socialism "(1934)," The main thing in Bundism "(1935)," Forverts and the Bund "(1935). In the fall of 1939 he fled to the USSR, was arrested in Brest, approx. He spent 2 years in prisons in Moscow and Saratov. On Sept. 1941 released, with the approval of the Sov. authorities, together with V. Alter, developed a plan for the creation of Mezhdunar. Jewish antifash. to-that. In oct. 1941 evacuated to Kuibyshev, in December. 1941 arrested, soon shot in a loca…

erlikh semen lazarevich
has abstract: ERLIKH Semyon Lazarevich (1868, Chisinau - 1930, Odessa), pathomorphologist, specialist in laboratory diagnostics. After graduating in 1894 honey. Faculty of Kharkov University until 1900 worked as a laboratory assistant at the Department of Pathology in the same place. In 1900–30, he headed the clinical diagnostics he created. lab. and Institute of laboratory diagnostics in Kharkov. One of the founders of laboratory diagnostics in Russia. Main scientific. tr. E. dedicated. methods of laboratory diagnostics for decomp. pathological. states. Installed laboratory diagnostics. signs of adrenal tumor (hypernephroma), investigated the histogenesis of neurogenic tumors; developed a method of layer-by-layer research. human secretions when decomp. diseases. Head of scientific. schools of laboratory doctors, among the students of E.: A.Ya. Altgauzen, E.I. Freifeld et al. Vol .: To staining dry blood preparations with methylene blue and eosin. Kiev, 1909; Calcified decay and calcified elastic fibers in sputum in tuberculosis. Kiev, 1920; On the question of neurogenic fibromas, Kharkov, 1925 (et al.).

erlikh viktor genrikhovich
has abstract: ERLIKH Victor Genrikhovich (1914, Petrograd - 2007), literary critic. Doctor of Philosophy (1951), prof. (1959). Son of G.M. Erlikh, brother of A.G. Erlikh, grandson of S.M. Dubnov. Since 1918 - in Poland. In 1937 he graduated from the Warsaw Free University. In 1937–39 lit. ed. zhurn. "New life". From 1939 - in Lithuania and the USSR, in 1941–42 - in Canada. Since 1942 - in the USA. In 1942–43 sotr. Jewish Encyclopedia (in Yiddish). From 1943 - in the army, in 1944–45 - at the front, fought in Europe. In 1945–48 he studied Russian. literature at Columbia University. In 1948-62 the professor. at the University of Washington (Seattle), in 1961-63 deputy. dir. Institute of the Far East and Russia in the same place. In 1963–68 and 1970–77 - at Yale University, head. dep. Slavic languages. and lit-ry. In 1973–77 he was vice-president. American Slavic Association. The author of the book. on the history of Russian. Literature, Cit .: Russian formalism. SPb., 1996.

erman yakov zeljmanovich
has abstract: ERMAN Yakov Zelmanovich (1896-1918), revolutionary. R. in the family of a small merchant. He studied at Petrograd. polytechnic in-those. Member RSDLP since 1915. In 1917 - before. Tsaritsyn mountains. thoughts and councils. In 1917-18 - before. Of the Executive Committee of the Tsaritsyn Council. He took an active part in the formation of the Kr. Army. Member All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Mortally wounded on the way to Tsaritsyn.

ermanskiy
has abstract: ERMANSKY (real family. Kogan) Osip Arkadievich (1867, Akkerman of Bessarabian province - 1941, Moscow), polit. activist, publicist, memoirist. The son of a small artisan. He studied law. f-those Novoros. university (Odessa). For participation in the student. movement in 1888 was exiled to the Caucasus. In 1891 he emigrated to Switzerland, where he met G.V. Plekhanov, P.B. Axelrod, V.I. Zasulich, R. Luxemburg. From 1892 - member. s.-d. org-tion. After graduating from the Zurich Polytechnic (1895) he returned to Russia; one of the hands. Union of Social-Democrats k-tov and org-tions of Southern Russia "and gas. "Southern worker". In 1902 he emigrated again, after the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903) - a Menshevik. From 1905 he worked in St. Petersburg, a delegate to the 4th (United) Congress of the RSDLP (1906). After 1907 he studied literature. activities, ed. a number of gas. In the years of the 1st world. war is one of the hands. Petrogr. The "Initiative Group", which stood on internationalist positions, was the author of a number of antiwar wars. leaflets, collaborated in the Menshevik. press. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 ed. center, the Menshevik organ Rabochaya Gazeta (March-May). Delegate of the 1st All-Russia. Congress of Soviets (June); elected member All-Russian Central Executive Committee from the Menshevik faction. In Sept-Dec. ed. and sotr. left-Menshevist. gas. "Spark". Participant Democratic. meetings (Sept.), part. Pre-Parliament (Oct.), one of the leaders of the Menshevik Internationalist faction. After Oct. 1917 advocated the creation of a "homogeneous socialist. pr-va ". In the end. nov. - early. Dec delegate Excessive Congress of the RSDLP. He offered the Mensheviks to join the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in order to “create a counterbalance to the Bolsheviks. tactics ". In the spring of 1918, together with the Central Committee of the Mensheviks, he moved to Moscow, ed. g. "Workers International". In 1919 he was elected a member of th…

ermler fridrikh markovich
has abstract: ERMLER Friedrich Markovich (real name and name Breslav Vladimir Markovich) (1898, Director of Vitebsk province - 1967, Leningrad), film director. Participant of Civil. war. In 1923–24 he studied at the acting faculty of Leningrad. in-that screen art. Filmed in episodic. roles ("Red Partisans", "Tea", both - 1924). He worked in the script department. to / st "Sovkino". Organizer of the KEM (Film Experimental Workshop). Dir. "Lenfilm". He made his debut eccentric. comedy "Scarlet fever" (1924). In 1926 joint. with E. Ioganson put f. "Children of the Storm" and "Katka-Bumazhny Ranet". In 1928 he filmed the story of EM Zamyatin "The Cave" (f. "House in the Snowdrifts"). Naib. Izv. f .: "Parisian Shoemaker" (1928), "Fragment of the Empire" (1929), "Counter" (1932, jointly with S.I. ), “The Great Citizen” (1938–39), “She Defends the Motherland” (1943), “The Great Turning Point” (1946, Bolshaya Prospect on the Moscow City Festival in Cannes), “Unfinished Story” (1955). Last E.'s work - doc. f. "Before the Court of History" (1965) is a kind of monologue by a long-term prisoner of owls. prisons, emigrant V. Shulgin. Nar. art. USSR (1948). Became. etc. (1941, 1946 - twice, 1951).

ermler mark fridrikhovich
has abstract: ERMLER Mark Fridrikhovich (b. 1932, Leningrad), conductor. F.M. Ermler's son. In 1956 he graduated from Leningrad. cons. by class N.S. Rabinovich. Since the same year, the conductor of the Bolshoi Theater. Under control. E. were op: "Eugene Onegin" and "The Queen of Spades" by P. Tchaikovsky, "Ivan Susanin" by M. I. Glinka, "The Stone Guest" by A. S. Dargomyzhsky, "Prince Igor" by A. P. Borodin , "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh ...", "The Tale of Tsar Saltan", "Sadko" by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov; "Boris Godunov" and "Khovanshchina" by M.P. Mussorgsky, "The Wedding of Figaro" by V.-A. Mozart, "Fidelio" by L. van Beethoven, "Carmen" by J. Bizet, "Traviata", "Aida", "Othello »J. Verdi. Conducted the premiere of op. "The Story of a Real Man" by SS Prokofiev and a number of op. owls. comp. From the end. 1980s - In Great Britain. Nar. art. RSFSR (1980). State pr. RSFSR them. M.I. Glinka (1978).

erofey pavlovich
has abstract: EROFEY PAVLOVICH, urban-type settlement (since 1934) in the Skovorodinsky district of the Amur region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1909 as a railway station in the Amur region. In 1939 in E.P. lived 61 Jews.

ershichi
has abstract: ERSHICHI, a village in the Ershichi district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Roslavl u. Smolensk province. In 1939, 13 Jews lived in Egypt.

ershov
has abstract: ERSHOV, a city (since 1963), a regional center in the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - Posad Novouzensky u. Samara province. In 1939, 10 Jews lived in Egypt.

erusalimskiy arkadiy samsonovich
has abstract: ERUSALIMSKY Arkady Samsonovich (1901, Stary Bykhov, Mogilev province - 1965, Moscow), historian, Dr. Sciences (1938). From merchants. families. In 1919–21 he studied history. dep. Faculty of Societies, Sciences of Samarkand University. Since 1921 in Moscow. Graduated from public-ped. dep. Faculty of Societies, Sciences of the 1st Moscow State University (1923). He studied at the graduate school of the Institute of History RANION. In 1924 - early. 1925 in scientific. a business trip in Berlin and Paris, was engaged in the study of international. relations of Germany in the 2nd half. 19th century In 1925–41 - Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of World Economy and World Politics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, prof. Institute of Red Progressure (1930–32), MIFLI (1932–39), Higher Diploma. schools (1939–41), East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1944–56). In 1941–45 early. foreign dep. gas. "Cr. Zvezda ", being at the front, visited the Majdanek concentration camp (Poland), was present in Karlshorst on 8.5.1945 when the act of unconditional surrender of Germany was signed. Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1956, 62 headed the Commission of Historians of the USSR - GDR, since 1956, head of the department. Germ. Academy of Sciences in Berlin, member. owls. delegation at the UNESCO meeting in New Delhi (1956), participated in the "round table" on peace consolidation and disarmament in Warsaw (1961). During the preparation of the trial in the "case of doctors" (1952) one of the few refused to sign the "letter of repentance" Heb. intelligentsia to I.V. Stalin, E. - specialist in the history of Germany and international. relationships in modern times. Ed. and deputy. prev. commission for the publication of the publication "Intern. relations in the era of imperialism: Documents from the archives of the tsarist and Provisional pr-va. 1898-1917 "(Ser. 2, 1900-1913, M.-L., 1938-40; Series 3, 1914-1917, v. 1-10, M.-L., 1931-38). Ed.…

erushalmi eliezer
has abstract: ERUSHALMI Eliezer (1903, Settlement of Minsk province - |), writer, publicist. In 1925 he graduated as an external student. school, studied the humanities in Kharkov, Kovensky and Konigsberg un-takh, received the degree of Doctor of Science. A publicist made his debut in the literature. articles in riga rus. gas. "Today". He began to write in Yiddish in 1927. At the same time. was also printed in Hebrew. In 1941 he ended up in the Siauliai ghetto (Lithuania), where he headed a public school. In 1942-1943 tech. secretary in the apparatus of the Judenrat, wrote down the stories of the ghetto prisoners. In 1944 he managed to escape into the forest to the partisans, then served in the Sov. Army. June to Sept. 1945 in Lodz (Poland) - Member. Heb. ist. commission, then moves to Italy, conducts work among the Hebrews. refugees. Since 1949 in Israel. The first book is a short Heb. history in Yiddish - published in 1946 in Rome. The book was published there in 1947. about the life and work of H.-N. Bialik. In 1959, the book was published in Tel Aviv. "The Death of the Jews of Lithuania" in Hebrew, based on materials collected by Ye. In the Siauliai ghetto. In 1958, the book was published in Jerusalem. "The history of Siauliai", and in 1960 in Berlin, the book. about the children of the ghetto. For the novel "From the northern forests to the Carmel mountains" E. was awarded the World Heb. Congress.

erzakovich boris girshevich
has abstract: ERZAKOVICH Boris Girshevich (1908, Akmolinsk - 1997), musicologist, composer. Doctor of Lawsuit (1966). Ch.-c. AN KazSSR (1967). In 1930 he graduated from the Omsk muses. technical school (class of fp.), in 1949 - Alma-Ata cons. in the composition class of E.G. Brusilovsky (studied polyphony with V.A. Sushkov). In 1931–43 he worked in the decomp. muses. institutions of Alma-Ata, in 1944–48 - deputy. dir. opera and ballet t-ra. In 1939-48 - Responsible. Secretary of the Organizing Committee of the Union of Composers of Kazakhstan. In 1950–87 he taught at the Alma-Ata cons. (courses of polyphony, arrangement, history of Kazakhs, music), since 1970 - prof. At the same time. worked in the system of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR: in 1945-68 - scientific. sotr., head. sector of lawsuit, head. sector theater, and image. Isk-va of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, since 1969 head. dep. Music Institute of Literature and Art of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR.E. made a great contribution to the formation and development of prof. muses. culture of Kazakhstan. From 1931 he worked on collecting, processing and studying Kazakh, muses. folklore (about 2500 samples recorded); published Sat. "Nar. songs of Kazakhstan "(Alma-Ata, 1955)," Songs of Kenenpa Azarbayev "(1955), etc .; processed and published Sat. manuf. bunk bed composers-singers Mukhita, Birzhan, Abai, Zhayau Musa. The intonation structure and thematism are Kazakh. songs formed the basis of his own. cit .: Overture in Kazakh. themes (1936), the poem "Tulegen Tokhtarov" (1944) for orc., 2 string quartets (1937, 1948), sonatas for piano, collection of works. "Little Musician" (20 pieces on Kazakh themes, 1960), wok. cit., music for performances, etc. In numerous. musicological works of E. Kazakh, music is explored in decomp. aspects: historical, genre, music and stylistic. A number of works are devoted to specific representatives of Kazakhs. muses. culture. Among the main. tr. Е .: “Creative …

eshkol
has abstract: ESCHKOL (Shkolnik) Levi (1895, Oratov Lipovetsky u. Kiev province. - 1969, Jerusalem), statesman. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1911 he studied at the Higher. Jewish school in Vilna, joined the "Tseirei Zion". From 1914 - in E.-I., was an agricultural worker. workers in Petah Tikva, then in Rishon LeZion. In 1918–20 he served in the Jewish Legion, in 1920 he took part in the creation of the Degania Bet settlement. From 1934 he was engaged in the rescue of Jews in Germany. In 1937-51, the director. irrigation. company "Mekorot", at the same time. since 1940 p. Nat. management of Gagana, in the 1940s. worked in her finance. dept. In 1942–45 sec. Party Mapai. During the War of Independence - Deputy. min. Defense, one of the founders of the Israel Defense Forces. Since 1949 - Treasurer of the Jewish Agency, at the same time. in 1948–63 it was headed by the Land Department (on the initiative and under the direction of E., 371 new settlements were created and St. 60 expanded). In 1952–63 min. Finance of Israel, initiator of the building of the National. plumbing. In 1963–67 the premiere was held. and min. defense of Israel. A quarter in Jerusalem and an area in southern Israel (Hevel Eshkol) are named after E.

eshkoli agaron-zeev
has abstract: ESCHKOLI Aharon-Zeev (1901, Lodz - 1948, Jerusalem), writer, literary critic, ethnographer. Doctor of Philosophy (1928). In 1920–24 he studied at Berlin University. In 1925-30 and 1937-39 - in Paris. Since 1930 - in E.-I. In 1928 he defended his doctorate. diss. about Kabbalah and Hasidism. In 1939 he founded teaching in Jerusalem. Institute and headed it. 1941–45 - soldier. rabbi in the Jewish Brigade Brit. army. The author of the book. on the history of messianic movements in Jewish history, Hasidism, the lost tribes of Israel.

eshurin efim
has abstract: YESHURIN Efim (Chaim) (1885, Vilna - |, New York), publicist, bibliographer. He studied in Russian-Hebrew. school, graduated from the city. He worked as an assistant. pharmacist at the pharmacy. Accepted the act. participation in the activities of the Bund. In 1906–07 he lived in Paris, from there he left for the USA. He settled in New York. In 1921–59 he was a cashier at the Forverts publishing house, was actively involved in societies. work. Lit. the operation began in New York. Heb. gas. in 1918. Published Art. about socialist. movement in the United States, on pedagogy, literature. From 1936 he took up the Hebrew. bibliography, printed art. in Forverts about the life and work of Heb. writers. There was also ed. pl. publications on literature and culture.

esilis khaim
has abstract: ESILIS Chaim (dates unknown), prose writer. He was a carpenter in the metro Soklets of Podolsk province, composed funny stories. One of these stories - "The second railway from Karbinets to Yurkach" was published in 1874 in Zhitomir. It told about small-town cabbies-balagul, to-rye united in a "trust" to resist the railway. Written by this man. simple language, strewn with proverbs and jokes. Sholem Aleichem highly appreciated E. humor. E. - the author of the book. "Boruch whisper" (Warsaw, 1880).

esjman iosif gavrilovich
has abstract: ESMAN Iosif Gavrilovich (1868, Vileika, Minsk province - 1955, Baku), specialist in the region. hydraulics and hydraulic engineering. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the AzSSR (since 1945). R. in the family of a zemstvo doctor. Graduated from Petersburg. technol. Institute (1892). Engineer worked. by rail transport and water supply. In 1902-22 he taught at St. Petersburg. polytechnic in-those (from 1913 prof.), in 1917 - dean of mechanic. f-that. In 1922-45 prof. and head. Department of Hydraulics, Azerbaijan Polytechnic. Institute in Baku (since 1928 - rector). At the same time. in 1924–53 - consultant to the Azneft trust. Honored. active Science of the AzSSR (1927). work dedicated. hydraulics and hydraulic power, in particular, the study of the movement of viscous fluids through local resistances, turbulence of flows, as well as the creation of a theory and calculation methodology for piston and centrifugal pumps. Introduced the concept of stickiness. Developed the theory of gas movement in metallurgy. furnaces, proposing in 1910 for mat. calculations formulas named after him. Supervised the design of oil pipelines and pumping stations. Prev Baku department Rus. tech. about-va (1923–26). Hero Tr. (1932). His name was given in 1943 Energetich. Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the AzSSR. Prev Scientific and technical about-va of builders of the AzSSR (1929–44). Cit .: Hydraulics. In 2 hours, St. Petersburg, 1911; On the theory of gas movement in metallurgy. ovens, Baku, 1924; Centrifugal pumps, M.-L., 1927 (3rd ed. 1931); Fundamentals of uneven fluid movement in an open channel, M.-L., 1934; Nasosy, M.-L., 1935 (3rd ed., M., 1954).

esjmony
has abstract: ESMONS, see ESMONS.

eskin aleksandr moiseevich
has abstract: ESKIN Alexander Moiseevich (1901, Moscow - 1985, ibid.), Theatrical figure. In 1919–22 he studied honey. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1920 he created self-employed people. team - 1st Moscow student music-vocal-dram. the "Gaudeamus" circle, played in the vaudeville "Because of the Mouse", arranged concerts for the benefit of poor students, invited famous actors to participate in them. All R. 1920s organized lectures of the People's Commissar of Education A.V. Lunacharsky, the proceeds from which went to the fund of young talents. In 1925-28 he lived in Georgia, participated in the organization of tours of the Moscow Art Theater and Theater. Sun Meyerhold in Tiflis. In the 1930s. administrator in the t-ral of Moscow. Since 1936, Dir. House of the actor in Moscow, prepared its opening (Feb. 1937) and permanently directed it. Author of memoirs "In our house" (M., 1973; 2nd ed. M., 1980). Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1967) E.'s daughter - Margarita (b. 1933, Moscow - 2009, ibid.), editor of television programs, theater administrator. In 1956–80 on Central Television, ed. , deputy. ch. ed. programs for youth. In 1980 she headed the department. preparation of the opening and closing ceremonies of Olympus. games in Moscow. Since 1987, Dir. Centre. at home of the actor.

essen mariya moiseevna
has abstract: ESSEN Maria Moiseevna (party ps. Beast) (1872, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1956, Moscow), party leader. From the beginning. 1890s participated in the roar. movement, chl. s.-d. circles in Yekaterinoslav, Saratov, Kharkov, Odessa, since 1897 members. Kiev "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of Slaves. class ". In 1899 she was arrested and exiled to the Yakutsk region. She fled in 1902, soon emigrated. In 1903, members. Petersburg. to-that RSDLP, joined the Bolsheviks. In 1904 she was co-opted into the Central Committee of the RSDLP. In 1905, members. Petersburg, in 1906 - Moscow. to-tos of the RSDLP, participated in the organization of combat squads in St. Petersburg. In 1907 from polit. activity has departed. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Dep. Tiflis Council slave. dep., in 1918 joined c. Social-Democratic internationalists, joined the RCP (b) in 1920. In 1921–25 the head. dep. agitation and propaganda of the Tiflis Committee and Zakavk. regional committee of the party. From 1925 - in Moscow, worked at the State Publishing House, in 1927–30 - at the Istpart under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and Lenin's Institute, taught at the Communist. in-those journalism, in 1933–42 sotr. Goslitizdat. Cit .: In the era of the birth of the party. 2nd ed. M., 1934; The first assault. M., 1957; Meetings with Lenin. M., 1972.

essentuki
has abstract: ESSENTUKI, a city (since 1917) in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1798 as Russian. military border post Essentuksky, since 1860 - the village of Essentukskaya, Pyatigorsk okr. Tersk Region In 1926, 127 Jews (0.5%) lived in Egypt, and in 1939 - 581 Jews. 1942 Egypt was occupied by the Germans. troops. At the same time. a Jewish community was created under the chairmanship of a local Jewish lawyer; and the registration of the entire Jewish population of Ye. 2-5 Sept. 1942 in the village of a glass factory near [[Mineralnye Vody, the Jewish population of Ye. And evacuated Jews from Leningrad (present-day Petersburg), Chisinau and other us. points - approx. 500 people The executions were carried out by the SS and Russian. by the police. 29 oct. In 1942, 483 Jews were shot. In 1948, a Jewish petition to open a synagogue in Ye. Was rejected. P. Goldstein, A.B. Super.

essentukskaya
has abstract: Essentuki, see Essentuki.

essentukskiy
has abstract: ESSENTUKY, see Essentuki.

estis nikolay aleksandrovich
has abstract: ESTIS Nikolay Alexandrovich (b. 1937, Khmelnik, Vinnitsa region), painter, graphic artist. In 1958 he graduated from Moscow. graphic artist uch-shche. In the 1970s. cycles have been created: “Based on the production. Garcia Lorca "(1970-75, lithograph.)," Wings "(1978-79, boom., Temp.). Among other works: the cycles "Birds" (1983-93, boom., Temp.), "Figures" (1983-93, boom., Temp.), "Towers" (1990-93, c., Temp., boom., temp.), a number of comp. under the numbers (x., temp.). The themes "Birds", "Figures" E. develops many. years, repeatedly returning to this or that canvas or graphic. sheet. Writes Ch. arr. tempera on canvas, paper, creates the rhythm of color combinations; using thin brushes, complements painting with complex graphics. Since 1966 personal exhibitions of E. took place in Moscow, Orel, Zlatoust, Tallinn, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk; in 1991 - in Israel, Finland, in 1996 and 1997 - in Germany, Norway (more than 30 exhibitions in total). E.'s works are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, the Pushkin Museum, other museums in Russia, in the collections of many. countries, including Hungary, Germany, Greece, Israel, Spain, Italy, Poland, France, USA.

estis oleg nikolaevich
has abstract: ESTIS Oleg Nikolaevich (b. 1964, Moscow), graphic artist. Son of N.A. Estis. In 1985 he graduated from Moscow. artist uch-shche "In memory of 1905". In 1977 he began working in books. and machine tool. graphics, collaborated in “Det. Literature "," Little Boy "," Crocodile "," Theater "," Results ". Ser. Gorodok (1990–93) testifies to E.'s connection with Jewish traditions, conveys the atmosphere of small-town life. "Paradoxical Portraits" (1994–96) carry certain features of surrealism, at the same time the ser. Leafing through Bram. From 1979 post. participant of all-Union, rep., Moscow, international exhibitions. International laureate competition of caricatures "Ancona-87" (Italy), 1st Ave on the international. exhibition of cartoons in Bulgaria (1987), Grand Prix International. competition "Music" in Belgium, 1st Ave at the 2nd Intern. showroom fig. for the press in Brazil (1993). Four solo exhibitions took place in Moscow (1994–96). Machine tool exhibitions. graphics were held in Russia, Finland, Brazil, Germany. Works are in private collections in Hungary, Germany, USA, Finland, Israel.

estrin yakov borisovich
has abstract: Estrin Yakov Borisovich (1923, Moscow - 1987, ibid.), Chess player. Int. master (1975), grandmaster (1966), international. ICCF Correspondence Arbitrator (1969). Honored. trainer of the RSFSR (1977). Shahm. theorist and writer. Lawyer. Bronze. medalist of the Moscow championship in 1949. Winner of the international. tournaments in Albena (1973) and Leipzig (1976). World champion (1972–75) and USSR (1960–62) by correspondence. Winner of the 8th correspondence course Olympiad (1977–80) as part of the USSR national team. Comp. "Small debut encyclopedia" (M., 1985). Cit .: Defense of two horses. M., 1970; Grunfeld Defense. M., 1979 (et al.); Opening course. 6th ed. M., 1980 (et al.).

estrin zaljman nakhimovich
has abstract: Estrin Zalman Nakhimovich (1906 - 1982, Petrozavodsk), operetta artist. From 1930 after graduating from Moscow. theater. studio worked in the Youth Theater, T-re op. and the ball. in Sverdlovsk. In 1945–55 - in Moscow. region t-re op-you, in 1955–82 - in the Petrozavodsk music and drama. t-re. Played approx. 50 roles. Among the best roles of E.: Volyapyuk ("Silva" by I. Kalman, 1958), Njegos ("The Merry Widow" by F. Legar, 1961), Jailer, Zupan ("The Bat", 1957, "The Gypsy Baron", 1964, both - I. Strauss), Garbuz ("Sevastopol Waltz" by K. Ya. Listov, 1961), Popandopulo ("Wedding in Malinovka" by B.A. Alexandrov, 1956), Prince ("Kumokha" by R.S. Pergament, 1959) ... Took part in ballet performances: Aibolit (Doctor Aibolit by IV Morozov), Michaud (The Rivals by P. Hertel), Sancho (Don Quixote by L. Minkus). Put the muses. comedy "Beauty Contest" by A.P. Dolukhanyan (1970, jointly with D. Utikeyev). Honored. art. RSFSR (1959), people. art. Karelian ASSR (1966).

estulin isay veniaminovich
has abstract: ESTULIN Isai Veniaminovich (1917, Moscow - 1982, ibid.), Physicist. Dr. Tech. sciences. In 1941 he graduated from physical. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1941–45 he worked in defense. plant in the Urals. In 1945–68 - at Moscow State University, in the laboratory. atomic nucleus of SINP. Since 1968 - in Ying-those kosmich. research Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In the 1950s. E. developed a new direction in physics - spectroscopy of gamma radiation, arising from the capture of slow neutrons by nuclei. He was engaged in the development of methods and the creation of precision equipment for registration and spectroscopy of gamma radiation. He proposed an original method for measuring the absolute intensity of gamma radiation using a slit flat ionization chamber; conducted experiments to measure the polarization of nuclear gamma radiation. Later studies. associated with the registration of a hard e-magn. cosmic radiation. objects on arts. satellites of the Earth.

etingen lev efimovich
has abstract: Etingen Lev Efimovich (b. 1930, Leningrad), anatomist. Dr. med. Sciences (1966), prof. (1967). In 1955 he graduated from Leningrad. sanitary-hygienic in-t. In 1955–58 he was a post-graduate student of the Department of Normal Anatomy of the 1st MMI, from 1958 an assistant, from 1967 the head. Department of Normal Anatomy of the Tajik med. Institute (Dushanbe). Sci. tr. E. dedicated. the study of the structural foundations of the human immune system, the impact of high mountains on decomp. systems of the body, the structure of the circulatory and lymphatic. systems, changes in the circulatory system in extreme conditions (with hypoxia, hypokinesia, vibration, etc.), lymphatic features. systems of vertebrates in phylo- and ontogenesis, age-related changes in lymphatic. nodes and blood vessels. Cit .: The lymphatic system of the urogenital organs of man. Stalinabad, 1961 (et al.); Ovarian vascular system in health, pathology and experiment. Dushanbe, 1965; Lymph node. M., 1978 (et al.); Man and highlands. Dushanbe, 1982 (et al.); Essays on functional anatomy. Dushanbe, 1987 (et al.); The human immune system. M., 1996 (et al.).

etinger yakov gilyarievich
has abstract: Etinger Yakov Gilyarievich (1887, Minsk - 1951, Moscow), cardiologist. Prof. (1935), Dr. med. Sciences (1937). In 1909 he graduated from Natural-Math. f-t Konigsberg un-that, in 1913 - honey. Faculty of Berlin University. In 1914–17, a military resident. hospital, in 1918–20 early. hospital in Kr. Army, in 1920–21 head. separation of mountains. hospitals in Vitebsk. In 1922-29 he was an assistant, in 1929-31 privat-doc. Department of propaedeutics, int. diseases honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University (1st MMI). At the same time. (1922–33) head. therapeutic. branch of Moscow. hospitals them. Medsantruda. Head departments of propaedeutics, int. diseases (1932–41) and medical therapy (1941–49) pediatric. Faculty of the 2nd MMI. In 1950 he was arrested in connection with the preparation of the "Doctors' Plot" and died in the Lefortovo prison. Sci. tr. E. dedicated. decomp. problems of cardiology (including heart damage in rheumatism), pulmonology. Introduced means. contribution to the development of the electrocardiographic method. diagnostics of acute myocarditis, myocardial infarction. Member reign of Vses. about-va therapists.

etinger yakov yakovlevich
has abstract: Etinger Yakov Yakovlevich (b. 1929, Minsk), orientalist, Africanist. Dr. East Sciences (1970), prof. (1975). Born into the family of a professor-cardiologist L.Ya. Sitterman, in 1947 he was adopted by prof. Ya.G. Etinger. In 1941–42 he was in a ghetto in Minsk, fled and hid for more than two years. Since 1944 - in Moscow. In 1950–54 he was imprisoned. In 1955 he graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1956–89 - at Ying-those world. economy and international. relations of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of 10 books. and more than 300 st. according to international-polit. and national ethical problems of developing countries, problems of Stalinism, polit. repression and anti-Semitism in the USSR. Responsible ed. and the author of a number of collective monographs. Participant pl. int. conf. and seminars. One of the organizers of the Memorial Society (1988), co-ed. Moscow associations of victims of polit. repression, deputy. prev. of the human rights association “Cit. world ", chl. Board of Governors Intern. associations of historians to study the roots, causes and consequences of Stalinism in the USSR and other countries. Member Coordinator. council and board of scientific and educational. center "Holocaust", "Association of Jews, former prisoners of ghettos and Nazi concentration camps", "Mosk. tribunes ", Intern. Federation of Human Rights, Vol .: Expansion of the Federal Republic of Germany in Arab Countries and Africa. M., 1963; Interstate relations in Africa. M., 1967; Interstate organizations of Asia and Africa. M., 1976; Developing countries at the UN. M., 1979.

etingof boris evgenjevich
has abstract: ETINGOF Boris Evgenievich (1887, Vilna - 1958, Moscow), politician. From 1903 p. RSDLP, was repeatedly arrested and exiled. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07. Affairs. 2nd All-Russia. Congress of Soviets (October 1917), was a member of the 1st Bolshevik. edition of gas. "News". In 1918, the People's Commissar for Education of the Terek Sov. republic, in 1918-19 ed. gas. "Nabat" (Baku) and "Communist" (Vladikavkaz). At the end of the Civil. war - in the People's Commissariat of the RSFSR, the People's Commissariat of the USSR (head of the department of the Bl. East), in 1927-29, general. consul in Turkey. In 1929–31, dir. printing house VTsIK, head. publishing houses "Power of the Soviets" and "Federation". In 1933–34, deputy. early Glaviskusstva of the RSFSR People's Commissariat for Education. In 1934–36, members. Top. Ships of the USSR, simultaneously. prof. Department of State and Law Mosk. jurid. in-that. In 1936 he was expelled from the party, reinstated in 1954. Author of a number of essays on the history of the Revolution. movement in Russia.

etingon
has abstract: ETINGON (Eitingon) Naum Isaakovich (Leonid Alexandrovich) (1898, Mogilev - 1981, Moscow), an employee of the special services. Major General of State Security (1945). He graduated from the East. Faculty of Military. Academy of the Red Army (1925). Since 1919 in the organs of the Cheka, before. Smolensk province Cheka, deputy. prev. OGPU of the Bashkir ASSR. In 1925-28 he was in intelligence work in China (in 1925-27 he was vice-consul of the USSR in Beijing, in 1927-28 he was in an illegal position). In 1928–30 - in Turkey, press officer of the USSR embassy. In the 1930s. to the center. apparatus of the OGPU-NKVD. In 1936–38 he participated in civil. war in Spain, deputy. foreign resident dep. NKVD A.M. Orlov (ps .: Gen. Kotov), ​​upon returning to the USSR - again to the center. apparatus of the NKVD, participated in the development of the plan for the assassination of L.D. Trotsky, in 1940 directly supervised its implementation. In 1941-51 deputy. early subdivisions of the NKVD-NKGB-MGB, engaged in intelligence-sabotage. activities behind enemy lines. In 1951 he was arrested on charges of belonging to a Zionist organization. Released in March 1953. After the fall of L.P. Beria, he was arrested again and sentenced to 12 years in prison. After his release (1964) he worked as an editor at the International Book Publishing House.

etkin valentin semenovich
has abstract: ETKIN Valentin Semenovich (1931, Novoshakhtinsk North Caucasus Territory - 1995, Moscow), radio physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1964). After graduating from the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. VI Lenin (1954) taught there. One of the organizers of the Problem Radiophysic. lab. at in-those. Head of the School of Radiophysicists. Since 1966 - at the Institute of Cosmology. research USSR Academy of Sciences (IKI), head. dep. Main tr. by radiophysis. and aerospace. methods of sounding underlying surfaces. Participated (with co-workers) in long-term aerospace. observations north-east. parts of the Quiet approx. One of the organizers of the joint venture. Russian-Amer. research in the region. aerospace oceanology; in 1992 jointly. with scientists of un-that J. Hopkins carried out a large-scale experiment "PRECHERT-92", in which he was involved in growing. and Amer. flying laboratories, research. court, cosm. satellite "Almaz-1". Eco-friend suggested direction of conversion military-app. aerospace research ("ECOS"). The author of St. 300 scientific. publications. State pr. USSR (1983). Works: Parametric microwave systems on semiconductor diodes. M., 1964 (co-authored with E.M. Gershenzon); Semiconductor amplifiers and microwave converters. M., 1983 (et al.).

etkind aleksandr markovich
has abstract: ETKIND Alexander Markovich (b. 1955, Leningrad), psychologist. Cand. psychol. Sciences (1985). After graduating from Leningrad State University (1976) he worked at Psychoneurological. in-those them. V.M. Bekhterev. In 1988–90 scientific. sotr. Institute of History of Natural Science and Technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Moscow). In 1990–93 Art. scientific. sotr. branch of the Institute of Sociology RAS in St. Petersburg. Author approx. 100 works on social and clinics. psychology, political. sociology. Scientific-publicist had a wide resonance. Art. (in collaboration with L.Ya. Gozman), dedicated. psychol. analysis of societal-political. the situation in Russia at the turn of the 1990s, in particular. the perception of this situation by Jews. In the book. “Eros of the impossible. The history of psychoanalysis in Russia ”(St. Petersburg, 1993),“ Sodom and Psyche. Essays on the Intellectual History of the Silver Age ”(Moscow, 1996) E. presented a broad overview of the cultural life of Russia in the 1st half. 20th century, history of psychology. science, in particular. detailed the role of M. Wolf, L.S.Vygotsky, A.B. Zalkind, S.N. Spielrein, M.E. Eitingon.

etkind efim grigorjevich
has abstract: ETKIND Efim Grigorievich (1918, Petrograd - 1999, Paris), literary critic, translator. Prof. (1952), Dr. philol. Sciences (1965). Brother of M.G. Etkind. In 1941 he graduated from philology. Faculty of Leningrad State University. 1941–45 - in the army. In 1948, during the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism," he was expelled from the graduate school of Leningrad. in-that foreign. lang. He taught at the Tula ped. in-those, in 1952–74 prof. LGPI in Leningrad. Sci. research dedicated problems poems. translation. Was a witness for the defense at the trial. the trial of I.A. Brodsky (1964). Author of "Letters to Young Jews Striving for Emigration", trans. foreword G. Böll to rum. AI Solzhenitsyn "In the first circle", published in "samizdat". In the beginning. 1970s was persecuted for supporting Brodsky and Solzhenitsyn, was expelled from the Writers' Union, fired from LGPI. Since 1974 - in France. In 1975-85 he taught Russian. literature at the Sorbonne. Released with gr. French Slavicists two-volume translation of A.S. Pushkin, op. M.Yu. Lermontov, an anthology of Rus. poetry from A.D. Kantemir to Brodsky, where he translated the verse. O.F.Berggolts, B.A. Slutsky, I.L.Selvinsky, E.M. Vinokurov, with him. translators - a one-volume book by AA Akhmatova and others. "The trial of Joseph Brodsky" and others. book, including "Poetry and Translation" (1963), "On the Art of Being a Reader" (1964), "Conversation about Poems" (1970), "Berthold Brecht" (1971), "Rus. poets-translators from Trediakovsky to Pushkin "(1973)," The Crisis of One Art "(1985)," Symmetrical Compositions in Pushkin "(1991)," There Inside "(1996).

etkind mark grigorjevich
has abstract: ETKIND Mark Grigorievich (1925, Leningrad - 1979, ibid.), Art critic. Cand. lawsuit (1961). Brother of E.G. Etkind. From 1934 he studied at Wed. artist school at the Academy of Arts. In 1943–48 - in the army (in 1943–45 - at the front). In 1952 he graduated from the Faculty of Theory and History of Art IZHSA. Taught history of arts at Leningrad State University. choreography uch-shche (1953–57), worked as an art. artist ed. leningr. branch of the publishing house "Art" (1957–64), taught a course in Russian history. and owls. art for graphic arts. f-those LGPI (1964–76). He specialized in Russian. artist culture of con. 19 - early. 20th century and owls. artist culture of the 1920s. Published more than 100 works in collections and departments. ed. He was engaged in the work of the artist. VM Khodasevich, SG Nivelstein, SB Yudovin and others. Collaborated on radio and television. Works: Graphics by S. Yudovin. L., 1956; N.P. Akimov is an artist. L., 1960; Alexander Nikolaevich Benois. 1870-1960. L. - M., 1965; Rus. art of con. 19 - early. 20th century M., 1968; Nathan Altman and theater. M., 1969; The world is like a great symphony. A book about the artist Čiurlionis. L., 1970; Boris Kustodiev. M., 1982.

ettinger evgeniy ljvovich
has abstract: ETTINGER Evgeniy Lvovich (1908 - 1985, Moscow), specialist in the field of electric drive and converter technology. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1969), prof. (1973). Graduated from Moscow Power Engineering Institute in 1930. He worked in Leningrad at the Elektrosila plant and the Izhora plant in Kolpino, then at the Kashirsky electric locomotive plant. In 1935 he headed the lab. in Vses. electrical engineering in-those in Moscow. From 1948 - in the Elektroprivod trust (later - VNIIelektroprivod), from 1957 - in the Electrotechnical Research Institute. prom-sti. Main scientific. works are related to the use of converters in electric drive systems. Developed original machine valve systems, the foundations of the theory of valve electric drive and high-speed valve excited hydro and turbine generators for long power lines. Developed high-speed excitation systems with controlled converters for powerful generators and synchronous compensators. State pr. USSR (1968). Cit .: Adjustable electric drive with controlled rectifiers. M. - L., 1940 (co-author); Valve electric drive. M., 1951; State and development prospects of machine-valve systems. M., 1977 (et al.).

ettinger pavel
has abstract: ETTINGER Pavel (Pinchas) Davydovich (1866, Lublin - 1948, Moscow), art historian, art critic. Studied at the Riga Polytechnic in the commercial. f-those. From 1899 - in Moscow. In 1903, as an artist. reviewer began to collaborate in Moscow. gas. "Rus. Gazette "(ps. Amateur). Since 1912, member. to-that artist ed. the Red Cross Sisters of Charity community; worked in the magazine. "Rus. bibliophile ”,“ The capital and estates ”, gas. "RUssia morning". From 1913 onwards. h. Imp. Moscow public and Rumyantsev museums, member. Moscow t-va artists. Since 1918 sotr. dep. museums and protection of ancient monuments and art of the People's Commissariat for Education. He acted as an expert, Ch. commissions and to-tov, organizer of exhibitions, post. consultant of museum expositions, including international ones. Since 1924 scientific. sotr. Gakhn. Studied the state of the present. app. art, creativity rus. artists living abroad. Published his work in the journal. “Among Collectors”, “Print and Revolution”, “Art”, “Creativity”, “Book News”, “Architecture of the USSR” (1920–40). Separate ed. came out the book. E .: "Stanislav Noakovsky", "Book signs of Favorsky". He took an active part in the work of the Society of Friends of the Book as a member. book study sections. signs. Collected by St. 11 thousand Russian works and owls. masters. In 1940 a member. jury of Goslitizdat for awarding prizes for the best polygraph. design of publications.

ettinger shloyme
has abstract: ETTINGER Shloyme (1800, Warsaw - 1856, Zamosc, Lublin province), playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1830 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Lviv University. Author of the play "Serkele" (Ioganinsberg, Prussia, 1861). He printed poems and fables in decomp. Jewish publications.

ettinger shmuelj
has abstract: ETTINGER Shmuel (1919, Kiev - 1988, Jerusalem), historian. Doctor of Philosophy (1956), prof. (1965). From 1936 - in E.-I., he studied at the Jewish University in Jerusalem. In the beginning. 1940s one of the founders of the Union of Jewish Communists. In the end. 1940s broke with the communists and devoted himself to the study of Jewish history. Since 1952 he taught at the Jewish University, in 1956 he defended his doctorate. diss. “The Jewish population in Ukraine during the period from the Union of Lublin to the pogroms of 1648–1649”, from 1965 prof. modern Jewish history ibid. The author of St. 150 scientific. works, ch. region scientific. interests - the history of Jews in Russia and the USSR, East. roots of modern anti-Semitism and the history of Hasidism. As a representative of the so-called. Jerusalem School of Jewish Studies, E. unswervingly followed the principle of the unity and continuity of Jewish history. Member ed. council and ed. ist. zhurn. "Zion", one of the founders and hands. Israeli East. about-va, Center for the Study of Jewish History. Shazara, East. center them. Dinura, Center. archive of the history of the Jewish people, Mezhdunar. center for research. anti-Semitism, head of the Center for Research. and documentation east-europ. Jewry and Society for isl. Jewish Communities, publishing the "Concise Jewish Encyclopedia". The initiator of creation and hands. a number of research and publishing projects, including the Biblioteka-Aliya publishing house (ed. and one of the authors of the two-volume Sketch of the History of the Jewish People, which survived nine editions in 1972–93). Works: Russia and the Jews ... Sat. Art. Jerusalem, 1993.

etush vladimir abramovich
has abstract: ETUSH Vladimir Abramovich (b. 1923, Moscow), actor. Prof. (1976). In 1940 he entered the Theater. uch-shche them. B.V.Shchukin. In 1941–43 - at the front, in 1943, after being wounded, he returned to the school, at the end of which he was admitted to the T-r im. Evgeny Vakhtangov (1945). The first means. role - Lounes ("Two Verones" by W. Shakespeare, 1952). Among other works: Blenderblend ("Millionaire" B. Shaw, 1964), Coupeau ("Trap" by E. Zola, 1965), Jourdain ("Bourgeois in the Nobility" by Moliere, 1969), Benckendorf ("The Commander's Footsteps" by V. N. Korostyleva, 1972), Ludovic Mericourt (“Bless you” by P. Chenot, 1983), servant Arie Leib (“Sunset” by IE Babel, 1989), etc. In 1953 he made his film debut in the poignant role of Seyid-Ali ("Admiral Ushakov"). E. created a whole gallery of diverse comedy roles: Saakhov ("Prisoner of the Caucasus", 1967), Bruns ("Twelve Chairs", 1971), Pietro ("Shadow", 1972), Shpaak ("Ivan Vasilievich Changes Profession", 1973), Karabas-Barabas (TV / f "The Adventures of Buratino", 1975), King Gaston ("Donkey's Skin", 1982), etc. On television he played in television performances: "We are men" by MT Baydzhiev, "Game without rules" E. Shaffer, "Solaris" by S. Lem. Naib. interesting is the role of Giulio Ferather in the one-man show "The Voice" by S.V. Gansovsky. Since 1945 they have been teaching. work in the Theater. uch-shche them. B.V.Shchukin. Since 1987 - rector. Nar. art. USSR (1984) E.'s daughter - Raisa (b. 1955, Moscow), actress. Since 1976 - in Moscow. t-re satire. Honored. art. RF (1994).

even-shoshan
has abstract: EVEN-SHOSHAN (Rosenstein) Avraham (1906, Minsk - 1984, Jerusalem), linguist. Rod. in the family of the leader of the Zionist movement Haim-David Rosenstein. From 1925 - in E.-I. In 1932 - one of the founders of Gas. for children "Itoneinu". In 1943 he graduated from the Jewish University in Jerusalem. In 1951–54 - head. dep. language of Hebrew in the Ministry of Culture and Education. Since 1954 - director. pedagogical college in Jerusalem. Comp. "New Dictionary of the Hebrew Language" (1947) and "New Concordance of TANAKH" (1977–80). The author of plays and the book. for kids. State Israel Ave (1968) Brother E.-Sh. - Zvi (1898, Minsk - 1968), public figure. One of the leaders of the left-wing Zionist movement in Russia. Founder of the World. Union of Zionist Socialists (1921). Since 1926 - in E.-I. He took an active part in the work of the Histadrut. The author of the book. "Toldot tnuat ha-poalim ba Eretz Yisrael" ("History of the Labor Movement in E.-I.", 1966).

evenbakh semen markovich
has abstract: EVENBACH Semyon Markovich (1870, Kharkov - 1937, Kiev), theater designer. Studied at the Kharkov and Odessa drawing schools. He worked in the opera houses of Kharkov (1889–90), Kiev (1901–16), Petrograd (1916–17), designed the opera performance "The Merchant Kalashnikov" by A.G. Rubinstein. In 1921–37 artist. Kiev t-ra op. and the ball. Among the performances designed by E., "Sadko" by N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov (1903), "Dubrovsky" by E. F. Napravnik, "Faust" by S. Gounod (1924), "The Night Before Christmas" by Rimsky-Korsakov "( 1928), Natalka Poltavka by N. V. Lysenko (1935).

evenson aleksandr moiseevich
has abstract: EVENSON Alexander Moiseevich (1842 - 1919, Kiev), chess player, chess journalist. Graduated from law. f-t un-that. Ed. chess. dep. gas. Kiev Thought (1914). Vseros winner. amateur tournament (1913). Killed during a pogrom.

eventov isaak stanislavovich
has abstract: EVENTOV Isaak Stanislavovich (1910, Warsaw - 1989, Leningrad), writer, literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1970), prof. (1974). Graduated from History-Philology. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1931). 1941–45 - at the front. In 1945–52 sotr. IRLI AS USSR, in 1949–61 he taught at Leningrad State University, in 1955–76 - at Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute. A.I. Herzen. Dealt with Russian problems. lit-ry 20 century. Author approx. 20 books, including: "Mayakovsky satirist" (1941), "Boris Lavrenev" (1951), "Sergei Yesenin" (1957), "Mikhail Koltsov" (1959), "Awakening of new forces. Lenin on poetry ”(1977), and others. critical biogr. book about the work of D. Bedny, participated in the publication of his works. Based on personal observations and archival materials, he wrote a memoir and essay book. "Long-term meetings" (L., 1991), which included essays about V.V. Mayakovsky, S.A. Yesenin, M.M. Zoshchenko, A.A. Akhmatova. The power of sarcasm. Satire and humor in the works of M. Gorky. L., 1973; Sergey Yesenin. Biography of the writer. L., 1978; 2nd ed. - 1987; Three poets: V. Mayakovsky, D. Bedny, S. Yesenin. Studies and sketches. L., 1980.

eventov lev yakovlevich
has abstract: EVENTOV Lev Yakovlevich (1889, Gomel, Mogilev province. - 1962, Moscow), politician, economist. Dr. econ. Sciences, prof. Since 1904, members SICKLE. Arrested in 1907 for participating in the preparation of an attack on a mail train, sentenced to 4 years in hard labor. Since 1912 - in a settlement in Irkutsk Gubernia, since 1916 a proofreader in the printing house gas. "Siberia" in Irkutsk. After Feb. 1917 members (from Aug. - prev.) of the Executive Committee of the Gomel Council. During the occupation of the city by Germ. troops of the secretary. illegal. lips. council of trade unions. In 1918–20 he was the managing director of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, in 1920 - the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, in 1920–21 he was a member. Central Committee of the United Jewish Slave. party, after its unification with the Bund - before. Moscow organization and member. Central Committee of the Kombund. In 1921–22 members. RCP (b), deputy. head organizational department of the MK party, then in the Central Committee of the trade union of chemical workers. In 1922–25 he studied economics. department of the Institute of red professors. In 1925-30 before. section the world. x-va of the State Planning Committee of the USSR, participated in the development of the 1st five-year plan for the development of the Nar. x-va of the USSR. Since 1930 prof.-consultant of the Institute of Economics. research State Planning Committee of the USSR. Since 1938 - in Ying-those world. x-va and the world. Politics of the USSR Academy of Sciences (head of a number of departments). In 1948-50 the head. lab. econom. research Centre. n.-i. pharmacy in-that. Since 1951 - in the Tula ped. in-those, then - at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V.I. Lenin. The author of works on the problems of the world. x-va and the economy of the USSR: "Foreign. capital in the oil industry (1874-1917) "(1925)," Foreign. capital in Russian industry "(1931)," Military. economy of England "(1…

evgenovka
has abstract: EVGENOVKA, a village in Velikonovoselkovsky district of Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1843. In 19 - early. 20th century - a village in Mariupol u. Ekaterinoslavskaya province. 19th century moved to E. St. 100 Jews who received land for agricultural use. activities.

evje
has abstract: EBIE, see Vevis.

evpatoriya
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ЕВПАТОРИЯ, город (с 1784) в Автономной Республике Крым (Украина). В 5—2 вв. до н. э. — греч. колония Керкенитида, в 16— 17 вв. — тур. крепость Гезлёв. С 1783 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1802 — уездный город Таврической губ. С 1921 — районный центр Крымской АССР, с 1945 — в Крымской обл. РСФСР, в 1954—91 — УССР.В 1794 в Е. проживало 699 караимов, в 1847 — 30 евреев, в 1865 — 1228 караимов, в 1867 — 325 евреев и 1524 караима, в 1889 — 565 евреев и 2630 караимов, в 1897 — 1592 еврея (8,8%) и 1505 караимов (8,4%), в 1910 — 3294 еврея и караима (10,9%), в 1914 — 3405 евреев и 3690 караимов, в 1926 — 2659 евреев (в т. ч. 250 крымчаков) и 991 караим (15,5%), в 1939 — 4249 евреев и караимов (9%), в 1959 — 2600 (4,3%), в 1970 — 2500 (3,1%), в 1979 — 2300 евреев и караимов (2,5%).Евреи жили в Е. с 1810. С кон. 18 в. Е. — духовный центр караимов (в Е. находилась резиденция гл. караимского гахама, а также Таврическое и Одесское духовное правление караимов). В нач. 19 в. в Е. была сооружена синагога (позднее именовалась Главной, Купеческой или Торговой; в 1911—12 полностью перестроена по проекту арх. А.Л. Генриха), действовала кинасса. Духовным наставником караимской общины в 1803—44 был Иосиф-Шлойме Луцкий (1768, Луцк — 1844, Евпатория), сын к-рого А.Луцкий основал в Е. религ. школу, пользовавшуюся большим авторитетом среди караимов России (в школе преподавал А.С.Фиркович). В 1830—60-х гг. в Е. существовала типография, печатавшая книги на иврите.В сер. 19 в. караимским гахамом в Е. был М.Султанский. В 1860—78 бургомистром и гор. головой Е. был С.М.Панпулов, ставший в 1862 попечителем Караимского уч-ща, а в 1879 — таврическим и одесским гахамом. В 1906—10 и 1915—17 гор. головой был Семен Эзрович Дуван (1870, Евпатория — 1957, Болье, Франция), в 1910—13 — Абрам Исаакович Нейман (1864, Евпатория — сер. 1930-х гг.), в 1913—15 — Моисей Маркович Ефет (1867—1944), в 1919—20 — Соломон Давидович Джигит (1873—1937). В 1895 в Е. открыты талмуд-тора и Алекс…

evreyskaya avtonomnaya oblastj
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ЕВРЕЙСКАЯ АВТОНОМНАЯ ОБЛАСТЬ (ЕАО), входит в состав Хабаровского края (Российская Федерация). Пл. 36 тыс. кв. км. Центр — Биробиджан. Население 209,9 тыс. чел., евреи — 4,2% (1996). Образована постановлением Президиума ВЦИК от 7 мая 1934.Летом 1927 на Д. Восток была отправлена экспедиция КОМЗЕТа для изучения возможности создания там еврейских с.-х. поселений (т. н. «Биробиджанский проект»). На основе ее рекомендаций Президиум ВЦИК 28 марта 1928 поручил КОМЗЕТу надзор за их созданием. Переселение евреев на терр. будущей ЕАО началось в апр. 1928. В 1930 образован Биробиджанский авт. (Еврейский нац.) р-н, секр. райкома ВКП(б) назначен И.Левин. С 1930 начала выходить еженед. (с 1934 — ежедн.) газ. «Биробиджанер штерн», с 1936 — журн. «Форпост».В 1928—33 в край прибыло св. 19,6 тыс. евреев-переселенцев, однако из-за тяжелых бытовых и климатич. условий 11,4 тыс. чел. вернулись обратно. Помощь в орг-ции переселения оказывали Агроджойнт, ЕКО, Амер. об-во еврейской колонизации в СССР (ИКОР), Амер. к-т по поселению иностр. евреев в Биробиджане (АМБИЖАН), а также нек-рые прокоммунистич. еврейские орг-ции Канады, Зап. Европы и Юж. Америки (из этих стран в ЕАО в нач. 1930-х гг. прибыло ок. 1400 евреев).В ЕАО было образовано 5 адм. р-нов: Биробиджанский, Бирский (позднее — Облученский), Михайло-Семеновский (позднее — Ленинский), Инский (позднее — Смидовичский) и Сталинский (позднее — Октябрьский). Офиц. языком наравне с русским стал идиш. 1 окт. 1934 СНК СССР принял постановление «О мерах по хоз. и культурному развитию ЕАО», содержавшее программу освоения края, куда направлялись специалисты из др. регионов СССР. В 1934—35 по путевкам ЦК ВКП(б), Далькрайисполкома и Далькрайкома партии в ЕАО прибыло св. 700 сов. и хоз. работников.21 дек. 1934 пленум облисполкома избрал руководство ЕАО: пред. облисполкома стал И.И.Либерберг, его 1-м зам. — Ф.С.Хомяков, 2-м зам. — М.К.Певзнер, секр. облисполкома — Д.М.Коган. На 1-й обл. парт. конференции (4—6 июня 193…

evreyskaya derevnya
has abstract: JEWISH VILLAGE, see Zhidkaimis.

evreyskaya sloboda
has abstract: JEWISH Sloboda, see [[Krasnaya Sloboda.

evreyskiy selyanin
has abstract: JEWISH VILLAGE, does not exist now. Former. Jewish agriculturalist. village in Skadovsky district of the Kherson region (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 1930s In the beginning. oct. 1941 the entire Jewish population of Ye.S. was shot.

evreyskiy vydybor
has abstract: JEWISH SELECTION, see Choice.

evzerov mordkhe
has abstract: EVZEROV Mordkhe (1883, Nezhin, Chernigov province - 1941), bibliographer. Studied in Russian. g-zii, from a cut was expelled for a roar. activity. In 1906–07 he worked in the administration of the Bund gas. Der Veker and Folks Zeitung in Vilna. From 1907 to the beginning. 1st world. war was in Geneva, worked abroad. committee of the Bund, then returned to Russia. He is known as the Bund bibliographer, collected about 10 thousand bibliographic. units about the Bund press, to-rye disappeared during the war. From his bibliographer, works are published: “Heb. slave. movement in numbers, 1876-1922 "and" Press of the Bund, 1896-1922 "in collection. "25 Years" (Warsaw, 1922), and "On the Bibliography of the Bund" in collection of works. Arbeterluech (Warsaw, 1923). He fell victim to one of the actions to exterminate the Jews of the Vilna ghetto.

eyberg mark solomonovich
has abstract: Eiberg Mark Solomonovich (? -?), Publisher, journalist. In 1906–07, the editor-in-chief gaz. "Contemporary", gas. "Thought", which has repeatedly changed its name: "Life", "New Life", "New Thought", "Free Thought", weekly. zhurn. "The morning is wiser than the evening" (1908), gas. Rumor (1909), the first four issues of the weekly. zhurn. "Crooked Mirror" (1909-10), dep. gas rooms. "Capital Penny" (1911), weekly. zhurn. The Capital Word (1911–12).

eydeljman boris ljvovich
has abstract: EIDELMAN Boris Lvovich (1867, Kiev - 1939, Moscow), leader of the revolutionary movement. In 1890 he entered the un-t in Kiev, where he entered the Social-Democrats. circle. From 1893 he conducted propaganda among the workers, in 1895–96 he was a member of the Kiev slaves. to-you of the 1st and 2nd compositions, in the Social-Democrats gr. "Working business", then in gr. Rabochaya Gaz., One of the organizers of the Kiev Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class. Affairs. and before. 1st Congress of the RSDLP (1898), member. Central Committee. After the congress he was arrested, exiled for 8 years to Sredne-Kolymsk, from where due to illness he was transferred to Yakutsk. In 1905 he returned to Petersburg and was arrested again. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07. Gradually moved away from desks. work. In 1907-10 he studied honey. f-those un-that in Kiev. After Oct. Revolution of 1918 worked in the People's Commissariat of Labor. In 1919–25 he taught social science at the school. All-Russian Central Executive Committee, joined the RCP (b). Since 1925 - retired. Published a number of Art. on the history of the initial stage grew. s.-d. (before the 1st Congress of the RSDLP), some of them were published in the form of the book. "1st Congress of the RSDLP" (Moscow, 1926).

eydeljman khava mikhaylovna
has abstract: EIDELMAN Khava Mikhailovna (1898, Kamenets-Podolsk - 1983, Israel), actress. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1920 she was accepted into the troupe of t-ra "Habima", where she played plural. performances. Among the roles: Yakhna ("Gadibuk" by S. An-sky), Young Woman ("Golem" by G. Leivik), Pura ("The Eternal Jew" by D. Pinsky), etc. In 1926 she went on tour to Europe with the t-rum , in 1927 left the t-r and returned to Moscow. She taught at the Academy of Ext. trade (1936–54). In 1968 she taught Hebrew at the ulpan in Druskeniki, participated in the work of the ulpan in Leningrad. Since 1970 - in Israel. In 1972 she was released under ps. H. Mikhaeli "A textbook for classes based on the textbook of A. Rosen and Ben-Sheref" (Hebrew for Russian speakers).

eydeljman natan yakovlevich
has abstract: EIDELMAN Natan Yakovlevich (1930, Moscow - 1989, ibid.), Historian, literary critic. Cand. ist. sciences. Son of Ya.N. Eidelman. In 1952 he graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University, taught in the evening. school, scientific. sotr. Moscow region ethnographer. museum in Istra. In 1963 publ. first book. E. "Herzenovsky" Bell ", then under ps. N. Natanov's earlier work "A Journey to the Country of Chronicles" (1965), etc. By the end of the 1960s. finally the circle of scientific. interests of E.: societies. and cultural movement in Russia 18 - early. 19th century Prod. E. were distinguished by strict documentation and at the same time. the fascination of the plot. In scientific. monograph E. widely used archival documents, including those first introduced into the scientific. everyday life. Among the ist. manuf. E. naib. Izv. pov., dedicated. Decembrists: "Lunin" (1970, ZhZL), "Apostle Sergei. The Story of Sergei Muravyov-Apostle "(1975)," Big Jeannot. The Story of I. Pushchin "(1982)," The First Decembrist "(1990, about VF Raevsky), etc. Participated in the preparation of the ed. monuments of the Russian Free Press, spoke with Art. in scientific. Sat. and mass journals. In the end. 1980s worked in the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Works: Secret Correspondents of the "Polar Star". M., 1966; Herzen is against autocracy. The Secret Political History of Russia in the 18th – 19th Centuries and the Free Press. M., 1973; Our union is beautiful ... M., 1980; Alexander Radishchev. A story about the life-feat of the Russian revolutionary thinker. M., 1983; "Revolution from above" in Russia. M., 1989; From the hidden history of the XVIII-XIX centuries. M., 1993.

eydeljman yakov naumovich
has abstract: EIDELMAN Yakov Naumovich (1896, Zhitomir - 1978, Moscow), journalist. In the beginning. 1920s studied at the Jewish theater. studio "Amanut" in Kiev. In the 1920s and 30s. theater. journalist in decomp. moscow ed. In 1942–45 - at the front. In 1946-50 he was a journalist at the Radio Committee. In 1950 he was arrested on charges of "Jewish bourgeois nationalism" and sentenced to 10 years. In 1955 he was released. From 1956 he wrote for the Jewish "samizdat". The author of the polemic. monograph "Dialogues".

eydinov grigoriy borisovich
has abstract: EIDINOV Grigory Borisovich (1908, Baku - 1977, Minsk), party and statesman. In 1928–31 at the Komsomol. and desks. work in Moscow and Moscow. region Since 1935 - in Belarus, beginning. political department of MTS, secretary Shklovsky, 1st sec. Kormianskiy RK party, in 1938–40 early. department, in 1940–41 the 3rd secretary, in 1941–44 secretaries. Central Committee of the CP (b) of Belarus, headed by the North-West. operational gr. Central Committee, one of the organizers and hands. partisas. movement in Belarus in 1941–44, 1st deputy. prev. Belarusian. partisan headquarters. movement. Since 1944, deputy. prev. Council of People's Commissars (from 1946 - Council of Ministers) of the BSSR, before. State Planning Committee of the BSSR; member Central Committee of the CP (b) of Belarus (1940–49) and its Bureau (1940–47). Dep. Supreme Soviet of the BSSR (1938–51). In 1948–67 he worked in the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, then deputy. prev. State Committee of the RSFSR CM on the use of labor resources. Dep. USSR Armed Forces (1946-50).

eydis arkadiy ionovich
has abstract: EYDIS Arkady Ionovich (b. 1913, Mogilev, Podolsk province), aircraft designer. He graduated from the Center in 1937. correspondence Aviation in-t. He worked as a mechanical engineer for aircraft construction, a designer. In the 1960s. deputy. gene. constructor. Developer of onboard equipment for aircraft. Linen. etc. (1967).

eydlin lev zalmanovich
has abstract: EIDLIN Lev Zalmanovich (1910, Chernigov - 1985, Moscow), orientalist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1969), prof. (1969). Graduated from MIV (1937). He taught at MIV (1937–41), VIIYa (1941–52), worked at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences (from 1944). Author approx. 200 scientific. tr. on Chinese literature, culture, t-ru, problems of the artist. per., art. and monograph., comp. and per. poetic. collection of books “Chinese classic. poetry "(1975, 1984)," Poets of China and Vietnam "(1986)," Poetry of the Tang era of the 7th-10th centuries. " (1987) and others. ed. collective collection of books and monographs: "Theoretical problems of studying the literatures of D. East" (Moscow, 1977); "Lit-ra countries of the D. East" (M., 1979). Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1970). Cit .: About the Chinese literature of our days. M., 1955; Chinese literature. Brief sketch. 1962 (et al.).

eydlin yuliy iljich
has abstract: EIDLIN Julius Ilyich (1896, Yekaterinoslav - 1958, Leningrad), violinist, teacher. Prof. (1935). He studied violin with IV Alekseenko in Yekaterinoslav. In 1911-17 he studied at St. Petersburg. cons. from L.S.Auer, a graduate of S.P. Korguev. In 1924-26 he taught in Baku, in 1926-28 - at the First Muses. technical school in Leningrad. From 1927 he led the class. quartet, from 1931 - class. violins price Leningrad. cons. Representative of Leningrad. violinist. schools, the creator of a harmonious teaching system, in the main. on the study of the violinist. op. I.-S. Bach, L. van Beethoven, I. Brahms, P. Tchaikovsky. He paid great attention to the artist. the side of performance and the intellectual beginning in interpretations. Among the students of E. - laureates of international. competitions M.I.Vaiman, B.L. Gutnikov, E. Kamilarov. Son E. - Leonid (b. 1918, Petrograd), sculptor. Author of monuments to V.I.Surikov, N.A. Nekrasov, bas-reliefs to astronomers of the Middle Ages in the building of the Pulkovo Observatory.

eydus khaim tevelevich
has abstract: EIDUS Chaim Tevelevich (literary ps. U. Khayama) (1896, Kraslava Dvinsky u. Vitebsk province. - 1972, Moscow), orientalist. Dr. East Sciences (1940), prof. (1941). Brother of J.T. Eidus. In 1914-17 he studied at the Psychoneurological Department. Institute (Petrograd), graduated from Japan in 1924. branch east. dep. (f-ta) Military. Academy of the Red Army. In 1917 he conducted political education among Jewish workers in the leather trade union. prom-sti (Vitebsk), worked in the K-those on the affairs of prisoners returning from Germany ("Pleinbege"). In 1918 - in Kr. Army, deputy. early of the political department of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Lithuanian-Belarusian. Sov. Republic. In 1919–20 he worked underground in Vilna. In 1925-26 the consul of the USSR in Japan (Osaka), in 1926-31 deputy. head colonial sector of the Profintern, in 1931–72 - in Ying-those world. x-va and the world. politics under the Communist. academies, in the Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the same time. in tech. pl. years of teaching. work. Author approx. 180 scientific. tr., including 18 monographs Main directions of scientific. issl .: concept ist. the development process of Japan from ancient times to the present day; econom. and polit. problems of modern and recent history of Japan; development of state. foreign policy. relations between the USSR and Japan and other works: Essays on the labor movement in the countries of the East. M., 1922; Modern Japanese imperialism. M., 1932; Japan. 2nd ed. M., 1938; Japan and the United States in the Pacific War. Tashkent, 1943; Essays on the new and recent history of Japan. M., 1955; History of Japan from ancient times to the present day. M., 1968 Brother E. - Peisakh (1904, Vilna - 1941), process engineer. Cand. tech. Sciences (1938). Graduated from chem. and technol. f-you MHTI (1930). At the same time. worked at the mill as an engineer…

eydus lazarj khaimovich
has abstract: EIDUS Lazar Khaimovich (b. 1920, Vilno), physicist, radiobiologist. Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1953), Dr. Biol. Sciences (1964), prof. (1967). Son of H.T. Eidus, nephew of J. T. Eidus. Graduated from physical. Faculty of Moscow State University (1941) and engineer. Faculty of Leningrad military-air academy Kr. Army (1945). In 1946–53 - at the FIAN. Since 1954 - at the Institute of Biophysics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, head. lab. (1964–91), ch. scientific. sotr. (since 1991). Sci. tr. by research. interactions of high-energy particles in wide atm. showers. Author of funds. works on the study of the primary mechanisms of action of ionizing radiation on biol. macromolecules, radiation cell death, protection against radiation, tumor therapy. The author of St. 300 scientific. publ. and 10 monographs. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1989) Vol .: Nonspecific reaction of cells and radiosensitivity. M., 1977; Physicochemical foundations of radiobiological processes and protection from radiation. 2nd ed. M., 1979; Oxygen in radiobiology. M., 1984 (et al.).

eydus yakov tevelevich
has abstract: EIDUS Yakov Tevelevich (1907, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province. - 1975, Moscow), chemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1941). Brother of H.T. Eidus. In 1930 he graduated from Moscow State University, until 1934 he worked there. In 1934-75 - at the Institute of Organic. Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the USSR (in 1969–75 head of laboratory for catalytic reactions of carbon monoxide), in 1944–45 and. about. prof. in Moscow. oil. in-those. Main scientific. work in the region. catalysis and organic synthesis. Let's experiment. confirmed the assumption of the intermediate formation of surface methylene radicals in the synthesis reactions on the basis. carbon monoxide and hydrogen. In 1960 he completed the research. hydrocondensation of carbon monoxide with olefins; and hydropolymerization of olefins by the action of small amounts of carbon monoxide or oxygen. In 1970, he formulated the concept of astechiometric. components in catalysis. He proposed new catalysts for the synthesis of hard-to-reach carboxylic acids and esters under conditions of homogeneous acid catalysis. In 1972 he developed a new cobalt-zirconium catalyst for the synthesis of high-melting ceresins. Works: Syntheses of organic compounds based on carbon monoxide. M., 1984.

eyfman boris yakovlevich
has abstract: EIFMAN Boris Yakovlevich (b. 1946, Rubtsovsk, Altai Territory), choreographer. Graduated from Choreography. school in Chisinau (1964) and choreographer department Leningrad. cons. (1972). In 1970–77 he was choreographer Choreographer. school in Leningrad, where he carried out the post: "Towards Life" on muses. D.B. Kabalevsky, "Meetings" and "Souls are beautiful impulses ..." on muses. R.K. Shchedrina. Put on a ball. "Gayane" by A. I. Khachaturian (Leningrad. Small theater, 1972; in a new edition - "T-r Wielki" Lodz, 1975), "Firebird" by IF Stravinsky (T-r op. And ball named after S.M. Kirov, 1975). In 1977 he created Leningrad. ans. ballet (St. Petersburg theater of modern ballet) and became his artist. hands. The first program (1977) ans., Post. E. col. with M.-EO.Murdmaa and D. Seifert, consisted of 5 dances. fragments and small bal .: "Only love" on music. Shchedrin, "Under the Cover of Night" for music. ball. B. Bartok "Wonderful Mandarin", "Two-Voice" on music. amer. rock-ans. "Pink Floyd", "Temptation" for music. R. Wakeman, "The Interrupted Song" to music. 1st movement of the Fourth symphony. I. Kalninsha. Then followed: "The Firebird" (1978), "The Idiot" on muses. Sixth (Pathetic) symph. PI Tchaikovsky (1980), the program "Autographs", which included 4 chamber balls. to the music. A. Vivaldi, L. van Beethoven, T. Albioni and A. G. Schnittke, "Crazy Day ..." by P.-O. Beaumarchais on music. G. Rossini (1982), choreography. scenes "Shakespeare Passion" on music. I. Brahms and Middle-century. lute muses. (1983). Carried out the post. ball. "Lieutenant Romashov" based on the pov. AI Kuprina "Duel", music. VA Gavrilin (1985), "Pinocchio, or Adventures in the Land of Fools" on music. J. Offenbach in T. Kogan's processing (1990), "Murderers" based on rum. E. Zola "Teresa Raken" on music. I.-S. Bach, G. Mahler, Schnittke (1991) and others. E. - the creator of the TV. f.-bal .: "Variations on a Rococo theme", music. Tchaikovsky (1968), "Brilliant Divertissement", mus…

eyg aleksandr
has abstract: EIG Alexander (1895, Minsk - 1938, Jerusalem), botanist. From 1909 - in E.-I. In 1917-18 - in the ranks of the Jewish Legion of Brit. army. He studied botany at the Jewish University (Jerusalem). In 1926–38 the head. dep. botany Experiment. s.-kh. stations (since 1929 - part of the Jewish University). In 1931–33, a participant in scientific research. expeditions to Syria, Turkey and Iraq, from 1937 taught botany at the Jewish University. E.'s collection served as the basis for the herbarium biol. f-that un-that. Conducted research. in the region. general botany, geobotany. First published a description of pl. plant species, table phytogeographic. areas (1931). Among the works of E. - "Contribution to the knowledge of flora E. - I." (1926), "Vegetation E.-I." (1927), "Vegetation of the belt of light soils of the coastal plain of E.-I." (1939).

eygeles mikhail
has abstract: EIGELES Mikhail (Moisey) Arnoldovich (1897, Grodna - 1985, Moscow), mining engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1946), prof. (1949). Graduated from the Don Polytechnic in 1925. Institute in Novocherkassk. In 1932-85 he worked at the Institute of Applied Sciences. mineralogy in Moscow (since 1935 - VNII of mineral raw materials), in 1950–70 the head. lab. beneficiation of ores. In the 1930s. supervised the development of methods and technologies. schemes of flotation beneficiation of fluorspar ores, on the basis of which the first in the USSR were designed and put into operation. factories - Polesskaya, Aurakhmatskaya, Takobskaya. Since the 1950s. in the main. worked on the creation of methods for the beneficiation of rare metals. raw materials. Author of 30 inventions, monographs, textbooks, scientific. articles. Became. pr. (1952). Works: Theoretical foundations of flotation of non-sulfide minerals. 2nd ed. M., 1964; Reagents-regulators in the flotation process. M., 1977.

eyger yakov borisovich
has abstract: EIGER Yakov Borisovich (1862, Shaki Vladislavovsky u. Suvalka province. - 1932, Leningrad), doctor, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. After finishing honey. faculty (1893) worked as a doctor in the Obukhov hospital, children. a doctor in St. Petersburg; ed. zhurn. "Medical Contemporary". He was engaged in the development of the early. education in OPE; one of the founders of OZE, member. Society of lovers of the ancient Hebrew language. Author honey. and publicist. Art. about physical development and dignity. the state of the Jewish population in Russia, about the Jewish school. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 played an active role in the life of the Jewish community. In 1918 he was elected from the Zionists to perform. Bureau of the Jewish Petrograd. communities. In 1921-22 joint. with other Jewish doctors he tried to restore the work of the liquidated OZE. In 1922-23 - one of the founders of the Commission for the survey of issues. Jewish health care, after its closure - the Commission for the Study of Psychophysics. the state of the Jews under the EIEO (1924–27). In 1922 - one of the founders of Petrograd. Jewish help center (PECOPO). In 1925-29 before. LEKOPO.

eyges iosif romanovich
has abstract: EIGES Iosif Romanovich (1887, Bryansk - 1953, Moscow), musicologist, literary critic. Son of R.M. Eiges, brother of K.R. Eiges. Graduated from Moscow. cons. by class php. (1914). At the same time. studied in history-philology. f-those Mosk. un-that. In 1918–19 he read literary music. lectures in the slave. clubs. From the beginning. 1920s taught playing on php., collaborated as literary-muses. criticism, including in the journal. "Print and Revolution", worked in the State. Academy of Art. sciences. Main the theme of books (all published in Moscow) is the role of music in the life and work of Russian. writers: A.S. Pushkin (1937), M.Yu. Lermontov ("Literary heritage", v. 45–46, issue 2, 1948), A.P. Chekhov (1953). Published a number of works on aesthetics and on individual, in the main. related to music, manuf. Russian writers-classics, among whom "The melody of one song to the words of Nekrasov" (collection "Zvenya", vol. 6. Moscow-Leningrad, 1936).

eyges konstantin romanovich
has abstract: EIGES Konstantin Romanovich (1875, Bogodukhov, Kharkov province - 1950, Moscow), composer, teacher, pianist. The son of R.M. Eiges, brother of I.R. Eiges. Graduated from Moscow. cons. (1905). In the 1910s. wrote muz.-critical. Art. for diff. zhurn. After 1917 he performed in music. lecture halls, workers' clubs. In the 1920s. head dep. specialist. muses. education muses. dep. People's Commissariat for Education, Deputy. prev. commission for the reform of muses. education; headed the sector of philosophy in the State. in-those muses. Sciences. In 1919-26, the director. Moose. technical school them. Yaroshevsky in Moscow. Taught (music - theoretical subjects) in Moscow. Centre. correspondence ped. in-those (1939–41), in the Sverdlovsk cons. (1941–43), Higher. uch-shche military. conductors in Moscow (1944), B.V.Shchukin at the T. Evgeny Vakhtangov (1944–46). As a composer, he continued the traditions of S.I. Taneev and A.N. Skryabin. Wrote a treatise "On the Nature of Music" about S.V. Rachmaninov and Taneev. Author of the cantata "Song of the Prophetic Oleg" (1905), chamber instrumental. ans., including fp. trio, dedicated Taneev (1947), plays for fp., Including for children; cycles of romances on words of rus. and it. poets. Among lit. tr. - “The main questions of muses. aesthetics "(Moscow, 1905)," Articles on the Philosophy of Music "(Moscow, 1912). Son E. - Oleg (1905, Moscow - 1992, ibid.), pianist, composer, teacher. He studied with his father, in 1928-29 he improved in Berlin. Graduated from Moscow. cons. by class compositions (1930). He taught at the Sverdlovsk (1939–48) and Gorkovsk (1949–58) cons., Led the class. chamber ans., then compositions in Muz.- ped. in-those them. Gnesins (1959–74). He gave concerts until the beginning. 1980s, performed including his own. op. and op. father. The author of the op. "Resurrection" (after Leo Tolstoy, 1967, not post.), 15 symphony. (1930–80), 2 concerts with orc. - for FP. (1935, 2nd ed. 1952) and for violin (1963), pl…

eyges oljga vyacheslavovna
has abstract: EIGES Olga Vyacheslavovna (1910, Smolensk - 1996, Moscow), graphic artist, muralist. In 1939 she graduated from Moscow. in-t fig. lawsuit. She worked as a decorator, including in the T. Evgeny Vakhtangov (1931), designed performances on club stages. In the 1930s. made posters for Vses. bargain. chambers, publishing house "Art". In 1941–45, she created a politician. posters: "Women, replace the men who went to the front", "The stronger the rear, the stronger the front" (both - 1941), etc. Since 1943 - in the Monum Workshop. painting at the Academy of Architecture of the USSR under the hands of. L.A. Bruni. Participated in the execution of the painting of the plafonds of the underground. lobby of the Izmailovskaya metro station (1943), plafonds in the People's Commissariat of the USSR Navy (1944, all according to sketches by A.D. Goncharov), plafonds in the residential building of the USSR People's Commissariat of Defense in Moscow (1945), interiors of the sanatorium of the Ministry of Aviation. industry of the USSR in Podlipki Mosk. region, pavilions of VDNH ("Moscow region", "Veterinary", "Far East"). Has established a number of circus. posters. Machine tool. manuf. - landscapes, still lifes, portraits - mostly. sketch character, made in oil, aqu., pencil. She worked at the Graphic Works. art, at the Combine decor. claim Mosk. mountains. branches of the artist. fund of the RSFSR. From 1936 she participated in exhibitions. Works are in museums in Russia and Uzbekistan.

eyges roman mikhaylovich
has abstract: EIGES Roman Mikhailovich (Ruvim Moiseevich) (1840, Vilna - 1926, Mtsensk, Oryol province), doctor. Valid. State Councillor. After finishing honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1870) worked as a doctor in the Kharkov province. During the Russian tour. War of 1877–78 - an evacuation doctor in the Kiev VO; went to Bulgaria, where under the hands. NI Pirogova performed ether anesthesia during operations. In 1879-1906 he was a district doctor in Oryol, Kursk and other provinces. In 1906-12 and from 1917 - in Mtsensk, where he worked in the outpatient clinic and control commissions. Son E. - Vladimir (1876 - 1949), prof. mathematics, head. Department of MADI. Daughter E. - Nadezhda (1883 - 1975), teacher-pedologist, organizer of the first day nursery in the USSR, author of works on preschool pedagogy. Son E. - Benjamin (1888 - 1956), painter, member. Association "Jack of Diamonds", Assoc. painting polygraph. and the Textile Institutes.

eykhenbaum
has abstract: EICHENBAUM (Gelber) Yakov Moiseevich (1796, Christianpol, Galicia, Austria - 1861, Kiev), poet, mathematician, teacher. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, independently studied mathematics and a number of European languages, thanks to which he was able to translate Euclid's Elements (from German, 1819, unpublished) and the then popular Course of Pure Mathematics by LB Franker (part 1- I published in 1857 in Warsaw under the title "Hohmat ha-shirim"; Part 2 remained unpublished). As a mathematician, he attracted attention when he discovered a significant error in Franker's calculations. He made his debut in poetry Sat. "Kol Zimra" ("The Voice of the Song". Leipzig, 1836). The popularity and recognition of E. brought the poem "Ga Krav" ("Battle". London, 1839) - a poeticized statement of the rules of the game of chess. In 1844, at the request of I.-B. Levinzon, he received the post of caretaker (director) of the Chisinau Jewish school, from 1849 inspector and teacher of Jewish subjects at the Rabbinical school in Zhitomir.

eykhenbaum boris mikhaylovich
has abstract: EIKHENBAUM Boris Mikhailovich (1886, Krasny Smolensk province. - 1959, Leningrad), literary critic, critic. Dr. philol. Sciences, prof. Graduated from History-Philology. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1912). He taught in 1918–49 at Petrograd. un-those (LSU). First book. - "Pushkin the Poet and the Rebellion of 1825" (1907). Tr. E. dedicated. Russian literature of the 19th and 20th centuries, to the works of N.V. Gogol, L.N. Tolstoy, M.Yu. Lermontov, I.S.Turgenev, N.S.Leskov, A.A. Akhmatova and others. Naib. E. significant merits in the preparation of ed. Coll. op. Tolstoy, Lermontov, Turgenev. E. proved himself as an outstanding textual critic, commentator, editor. Tr. E. are distinguished by originality of concepts, liveliness and elegance of presentation, novelty of material and depth of research.

eykhengoljts mark davidovich
has abstract: EIKHENGOLTS Mark Davidovich (1889, Kremenchug, Poltava province. - 1953, Moscow), literary critic, translator. In 1914 he graduated from historical philology. Faculty of Moscow un-that on romano-germ. branch. He specialized in French. lit-re. I went out for scientific. classes in France and Italy. From 1918 he taught poetics, history of Western Europe. lit-ry and t-ra at f-those societies. Sciences of Moscow State University, at the Higher. lit.-artist in-those them. V.Ya.Bryusova, Ying-those words and in a number of specials. theater. schools. He also worked at the Research Institute of Languages. and literature, Ying-those red professors, MOPI and MGPI. Consisted of Dr. State Academy of Art. sciences. First appearance in print - Art. in the bibl. dep. gas. "Morning of Russia" (1915). Published in the journal. "Theater Bulletin", "Print and Revolution". Main research dedicated to the works of E. Zola and G. Flaubert. Prepared the first scientific-commentary. Coll. op. Zola (1928–35) and Flaubert (1933–38), as well as Fav. op. Flaubert (1947). Brother E. - Alexander (1897, Moscow - 1970, ibid.), Bibliographer. In 1919 he graduated from Moscow State University. In 1924–27 the head. b-coy Ying-that red professors, in 1927–37 hands. bibl. dep. libraries of IMEL. In 1937–70 prof. Moscow state library. in-that. Author of works on the history and theory of bibliography.

eykhenvaljd anton aleksandrovich
has abstract: EICHENWALD Anton Alexandrovich (1875, Moscow - 1952, Leningrad), composer, conductor. He made his debut as a conductor in 1894. Conducted in plural. t-rah op. and the ball. The author of the ball. "Firebird", post. in Paris. In 1923-28 - in exile. The author of symph. production, music for violin and cello, as well as songs.

eylenberg samuelj
has abstract: EILENBERG Samuel (1913, Warsaw - 1998, New York), mathematician. Member Nat. US Academy of Sciences. In 1934 he graduated from Warsaw University. Since 1939 - in the USA. In 1940–46 he taught at Michigan University, in 1946–47 prof. University of Indiana. Since 1947 prof. Columbia University. Main results in the region. Algebraic Topology and Homological Algebra (Eilenberg - McLane Spaces), Works: Homological Algebra. M., 1956 (in co-authorship with A. Cartan); Foundations of algebraic topology. M., 1958 (co-authored with N. Steenrod).

eyngorn isser-iosif
has abstract: EYNGORN Isser-Joseph (1866, Keidany of Kovensky district and province - 1925, Warsaw), teacher. He taught natural science in the agricultural sector. school "Mikve Israel" in E.-I., then in decomp. uch. institutions of Warsaw. Book. E. "Torat avodat ha-adama" and "Torat ha-tsemakhim" laid the foundation for the development of Hebrew biol. terminology. Under ps. A. Rogovin published in Yiddish in Warsaw at the Nar. Jewish un-that scientific-popul. books. According to the textbook E. "Limudey ga-teva" (1922) taught in Jewish gymnasiums. He translated into Hebrew "Philosophy of Art" I. Ten and Prince. T. Carlyle "Heroes and the veneration of heroes."

eyngorn maks
has abstract: EINGORN Max (1862, Grodna - 1953, New York), gastroenterologist. Doctor of Medicine (1884), prof. (1899). Studied in high fur boots in Riga, Kiev, Berlin. Since 1885 - in the USA. In 1888-1922 - in the New York honey. school - assistant prof., prof. Creator of new systems (including new instruments) for the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases by gastrodiaphania. Author of monograph. "Stomach Diseases" (1896), "Diseases of the Internal Organs" (1900), "Practical Problems of Diet and Nutrition" (1905), "Lectures on Dietetics" (1916), "Duodenal Research and Its Possibilities" (1920).

eyngorn mikhail solomonovich
has abstract: EYNGORN Mikhail Solomonovich (b. 1932, Leningrad), percussion instrument, xylophonist. Graduated from Leningrad. cons. (1955). He gave concerts as a xylophonist, being a soloist of Lengostrada, since 1959 - Mosconcert. Laureate of Vses. competition of pop artists (1958). In 1972–77 - in Israel, since 1977 - in the USA, he gives recitals.

eyngorn mozes
has abstract: EINGORN Moses (1896, Volkovysk, Grodno province. - 1966), doctor, publisher. In 1908–15 - in E.-I. Graduated from college in Herzliya. Since 1915 - in the USA. In 1917-18 - in the army, a participant in the 1st world. war. In 1922 he graduated from honey. Faculty of New York University. He was engaged in medical practice; in charge of the gastroenterologist. a branch of a hospital in the Bronx. Has published a number of papers on diseases of the stomach and intestines. In 1926 he founded (with E. Goldstein) "Garofe ha-ivri" (the only medical journal in Hebrew outside E.-I.) and was its publisher (until 1965). Developed a dictionary of honey. terms in Hebrew. He also participated in the creation of honey. libraries in Israel.

eyngorn vyacheslav semenovich
has abstract: EYNGORN Vyacheslav Semenovich (b. 1956, Odessa), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1986). Graduated from mat. f-t. He performed successfully in a number of Vses. tournaments of young masters (1979, 2-3rd; 1980, 3rd; 1981, 3-4th). Bronze. medalist of the USSR Championship (1984). Participant of the interzonal tournament in Zagreb (1987, 8-11th). Winner and medalist of a number of international tournaments: Moscow (1985, 2nd m .; 1986, 1-2nd m.), Bor (1985, 1-2nd m .; 1986, 1-3rd m.); Belgrade (1986, 1–2 nd). As part of the Ukrainian national team, a participant in the World. chess. Olympiads (1992).

eynis vladimir ljvovich
has abstract: EINIS Vladimir Lvovich (1890, Ekaterinodar - 1978, Moscow), phthisiatrician. Prof. (1929), Dr. med. Sciences (1935). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Freiburg un-that (1913), worked in tuberculosis sanatoriums in Germany. In 1915 he returned to Russia, a phthisiatrician to lay down. institutions North. Caucasus. In 1920–23, Assistant to Therapeutic. clinics, in 1923–26 head. Department of semiotics of the Kuban honey. in-that (Krasnodar) and simultaneously. (1921–26) dir. organized by him the North Caucasian Tuberculosis Institute. In 1926-29 he taught a course of tuberculosis at the 1st Moscow State University, in 1929-52 the head. organized by him by the Department of Tuberculosis of the 2nd Moscow State University (from 1930 - the 2nd MMI) and at the same time. (1928–56) dir. organized by him Mosk. tuberculosis institute; in 1956–78 head. therapeutic. department of the Central Research Institute of Tuberculosis. Main tr. on questions functional state of the cardiovascular system in patients with tuberculosis, clinical criteria. cure tuberculosis. One of the founders of the classification of tuberculosis, adopted in 1948 in the USSR. He paid a lot of attention to the treatment of tuberculosis (dietetics, climatic and chemotherapy, surgical treatment). Prev Vses. and Mosk. about-in phthisiatricians. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1958). Cit .: Diet of a tuberculosis patient. M., 1928; Fundamentals of treatment of a patient with pulmonary tuberculosis. M., 1934, 4th ed., 1956; Tuberculosis. M., 1961.

eyntsshteyn roybn
has abstract: EINZSTEIN Roibn (b. 1917, Vilna), historian. He studied in Vilna, at Free University in Brussels. In London he was published in the magazine. Juish Sushi Stadis, Juis Quaterly, BBC contributor. Author of works dedicated. owls. lit-re of the 2nd world period. war, the participation of Jews in it and the death of the Polish. Jewishness, as well as monographs published in Great Britain and the United States: "Jewish Resistance in Nazi Occupied Eastern Europe" (1974) and "The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising" (1979). Member of the collective tr. “Jews in the Sov. Russia after 1917 (3rd ed. London – New York, 1978), no. Institute of Jewish Problems in London.

eyshishki
has abstract: EISHISHKI, see Eishishkes.

eysk
has abstract: EISK, city, regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1848. In 19 - early. 20th century - adm. the center of the department of the Kuban Region. 165 Jews lived in Egypt in 1881, 69 in 1897, 74 (1.2%) in 1910, 104 (0.3%) in 1926, and 198 Jews in 1939. E. had a Jewish cemetery. In the fall of 1942, several were shot in E. hundreds of Jews, mostly. refugees from Ukraine. In 1998, approx. 250 Jews in E. R. Nikonova.

eytingon maks
has abstract: EITINGON Max (Mark) Efimovich (1881, Mogilev - 1943), psychoanalyst, philanthropist. Doctor of Medicine (1909). Since childhood he lived in Germany. He studied philosophy. f-those of Marburg un-that, then took up medicine. He worked in Switzerland as a psychiatrist. clinic Burghelzli near Zurich joint. with izv. psychiatrists E. Bleuler, C.G. Jung, K. Abraham and others. In 1907 E. was the first from abroad. specialists visited Z. Freud in Vienna; their communication grew into close cooperation and personal friendship. E. Was unity. psychoanalyst who possessed cr. personal capital. This made it possible to regularly provide material assistance to colleagues in need, and sometimes to Freud himself. E. also funded decomp. scientific. and published. projects. On funds E. based psychoanalytic. publishing house, in which many others saw the light. tr. Freud and his colleagues. In 1920 E. subsidized, founded, and headed the Berlin Psychoanalyst. in-t, on the model to-rogo similar institutions were subsequently created in different. countries. In 1929 and 1932 he was elected president. Int. psychoanalytic. associations. Since 1933 - in E.-I. Founded and led the Palestinian Psychoanalyst. about-in, thereby laying the foundation for the spread of Freud's ideas in E.-I.

eyvin iegoshua geshelj
has abstract: EYVIN Yehoshua Geshel (1891, Vinnytsia, Podolsk province - 1970, Israel), writer, editor. He studied medicine, but later left the profession and began to study literature. From 1924 in E.-J. In 1928 he became one of the founders of the revisionist movement, at the same time he began to edit the revisionist press, regularly publishing. there Art. The first lit. E.'s work appeared in Odessa. gas. "Ga-Olam", then in other editions. In 1959 he won first place in Israel. Bible Competition. Author of the book: "Sipurim" (1928); "Be-sod ha-lalim" (1930) and others.

eyvin shmuelj
has abstract: EYVIN Shmuel (1896, Odessa - 1982, Kfar Sava, Israel), archaeologist. From 1905 - E.-I. After graduation he served in the Turkish army (1916–18) and was awarded a military medal. In 1923 he graduated from University College in London, where he studied Egyptology, and the East School. lang., specializing in Arabic; in 1928–29 he studied at the graduate school of Berlin University. M.A. In the 20s and 30s and 50s. took part in many archaeological expeditions in E.-I., Egypt, Iraq, in 1933 he directed the excavations of the biblical city of Ay near Jerusalem. Since 1935 - Member. K-ta language. Hebrew (from 1953 - the Academy of the language. Hebrew), in 1935–42 - secretary for research of the same K-ta, in 1944–46 - before. Jewish Society for the study of E.-I. In 1944-48 Ch. translator from Hebrew and into Hebrew under the pr-ve E.-I. In 1948-59 he worked as a director. Dept. antiquities of the Ministry of Education and Culture of Israel, since 1959 - prof. Department of Biblical History and Archeology of Tel Aviv University. He took part in editing editions: "Bible Encyclopedia" (1944–62), "Bulletin of the Israeli Archeology. ob-va "(1945–49)," The Encyclopedia of Judaica "(since 1961)," B-ka of Palestinology "and others. Author of more than 350 publications in periodicals in Israel, the United States, Europe and Africa. Main works: "The History of Hebrew Writing" (1939), "The War of Bar-Kokhba" (1946), "Antiquities of Our Country" (with M. Avi-Iona, 1955), "Archaeological Work in Israel, 1948-55" ( 1956, in Hebrew and English), “The Decade of Archeology in Israel” (1961) and others. pr. Israel for research on Jewish studies (1968).

eyzenbaum antoni
has abstract: EISENBAUM Antoni (Aron) (1791, Warsaw - 1852, ibid.), Public figure, teacher, editor. In 1823–24 he published the first weekly in the Vistula region. Nadvislinsky Observer in Yiddish and Polish. lang. The author of the memorandum addressed to the imp. Alexander I, on the need to improve the life of Jews in the Kingdom of Poland. In 1826 he was appointed inspector, then director. The school of rabbis in Warsaw, which, according to E.'s plan, was to become a secular analogue of the yeshiva. At the same time. E. was the censor of literature in the Hebrew language, published in the Polish provinces.

eyzenshtadt bentsion
has abstract: EISENSTADT Benzion (1873, Kletsk of Slutsk district, Minsk province - 1951, USA), rabbi. From ser. 1890s published in the press in Hebrew biographies of prominent rabbis. The author of the book. "Rabanei Minsk" ("Rabbis of Minsk". Vilna, 1899). Since 1903 - in the USA. Author of biogr. book and comments. to the Talmud.

eyzenshteyn ieguda-david
has abstract: EISENSTEIN Yehuda-David (1854, Mezhirechye of Sedletskaya Province - 1956, New York), historian, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1872 - in the USA. One of the founders of the Jewish agricultural. settlement "Mitsis" in New Jersey. He headed the Colel America fund, to-ry collected and sent money to E.-I. One of the founders of the Society of Hebrew Lovers in New York. Since 1891 he devoted himself entirely to societies. activity, was published in the press and lit. collection of books in Hebrew, published in New York, he also wrote in English. lang. and Yiddish. Comp. encyclopedias "Otsar Israel" (1907-13). He translated the US Constitution into Hebrew and Yiddish. The author is numerous. tr. on Jewish philosophy, literature, culture, history.

eyzenshteyn mikhail osipovich
has abstract: EISENSTEIN Mikhail Osipovich (1867, Petersburg - 1921, Berlin), architect. Valid. State Councillor. In 1893 he graduated from St. Petersburg. in-t citizen Ing. Worked early. branch lines of communication of the Livonian lips. board. Since 1919 - in Germany. Representative of eclectic modernity. Main works - more than 15 apartment buildings in Riga: at Strelkovaya street. (1897, 1905), Suvorovskaya st. (1898), Melnichnaya st. (1901), Elizavetinskaya st. (1901, 1903), on the street. Albert (1903–06), Alexandrovskaya st. (1905), Samarinskaya st. (1911) and others Son E. - Sergei (1898 - 1948), director, film theorist. Doctor of lawsuit, prof. (1937). Staged fictional films: "Battleship Potemkin" (1925), "October" (1927), "Ivan the Terrible" (1st ser., 1945; 2nd ser., 1958). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1935). Became. pr. (1941, 1946).

ezerna
has abstract: EZERNA, see Ezerna.

ezernitsa
has abstract: EZERNITSA, see Ozernitsa.

ezerosy
has abstract: EZEROS, see Zarasai.

ezerska andzya
has abstract: EZERSKA Andzia (1885 - 1970, New York), writer. Since 1901 - in the USA. She worked at a sewing factory, was a cook. First. Sat. stories E. "Hungry Hearts" (1920), which reflected the writer's good knowledge of the living conditions of the East Side, established her reputation as a realist. Follow her, man. also touched on the difficult adaptation of Heb. immigrants to Amer. reality. Author of the book: "The oppression of generations", L., 1926; "Salome from the Backyard", L., 1927, etc. In 1950, publ. her autobiography. manuf. "Red ribbon on a white horse."

ezhov
has abstract: EZHOV (real fam. Tsederbaum) Sergei Osipovich (1879, Odessa - 1939, Moscow), polit. activist. R. in the family of an employee Rus. Society of Shipping and Trade, brother of L.O. Martov. Studied at Petersburg. un-those, but was soon arrested. From 1896 - participated in the Social-Democratic Party. movement, in 1898 one of the hands. petersburg. "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class". Since 1901, the representative of Iskra in the West. edge. In 1902 he was arrested and exiled to Siberia, in 1903 he fled. After the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903) - Menshevik. In 1905–07 he worked as a Menshevist. editions, in Jan.-Apr. 1906 - member. united. Central Committee of the RSDLP. During the years of reaction, "liquidator", worked in trade unions, workers' insurance bodies. Since 1911 - one of the hands. petersburg. "Initiative group" of the Mensheviks, sotr. gas. "Ray". In 1912 he was arrested, in 1913 he was exiled to Cherdyn, Perm province. In 1915 he returned to Petrograd, from 1916 in Moscow. In the years of the 1st world. war "centrist" .After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Of the Executive Committee of the Council of Workers' Dep., One of the hands. moscow Mensheviks. In the beginning. May - cases. Vseros. conf. Mensheviks, elected member. Organizer to-that (OK), and then the OK bureau. In aug. - business. Unite, Congress of the RSDLP; elected member Central Committee of the RSDLP from the internationalist minority of the congress. Participant in the creation of fractions. center - Center. Bureau of Menshevik Internationalists. In the end. nov. - early. Dec - cases. emergency Congress of the RSDLP, re-entered the Central Committee. From Dec. - comrade (deputy) before. Vseros. Council of Workers' Cooperation, ed. g. "The voice of workers' cooperation". Since 1922, he was repeatedly arrested and exiled on charges of anti-Soviet. activities. 2/25/1939 shot by the sentence of Voyen. Collegiums of the Top, courts of the USSR. Cit .: New law on sickness funds…

ezhuv
has abstract: EZHUV, a village (in 1793-1870 - a city) in the Skierniewice Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - a city, then - Posad Yezhov of Brezinsky u. In 1793 there were 5 Jewish families in Egypt, in 1808 - 27 Jews (4.6%), in 1827 - 61 (8%), in 1857 - 308 (25%), in 1897 - 733 (38% ), in 1921 - 1,048 Jews (40%) Jews lived in Egypt from the beginning. 18th century In 1825-62 Ye. Was closed for free settlement of Jews as a border area. paragraph. In the 1870s. the E. community became independent. At the same time, a Jewish cemetery was founded. From 1852 Shloyme Weinberger was rabbi of E., then Yakov Landau (1834-1898), and from 1875 a tzadik in Tsekhanuv. Jews E. took an active part in Polsk. the uprising of 1863–64. In the end. 19th century Rabbi E. was Moishe Yoel, in 1908-27 - Moishe-Menachem-Mendel Kogan (? -1927), since 1927 - Yosef Alfus, who died along with the entire community during the Catastrophe. During the 1st world. war grew. authorities hanged 3 Jews on charges of spying for Germany, several. Jews were exiled to Siberia. In the 1920s and 30s. in Ye., there were branches of Jewish parties and youth movements. 2nd world. During the war, the number of Jews in Egypt, together with refugees, was approx. 1600 people In 1940 a ghetto was created. 1 jan. 1941 Jews of Egypt were sent to the Warsaw ghetto. Joseph Shavinsky (1904-1979, Tel Aviv), writer (in Yiddish), since 1949 - in Israel.

eziory
has abstract: EZIORS, see Lakes.

eznas
has abstract: EZNAS, a city (since 1956) in the Prienai region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 14th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ezno Troksky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847, 83 Jews lived in Egypt, in 1866 - 170 (31%), in 1897 - 303 (24.1%), in 1923 - 286 ( 29%), in 1940 - approx. 300 Jews (27%) Jews lived in Egypt from the 1st half. 19th century Until 1912, Egypt did not have its own cemetery; the dead were buried in the Butrimonis cemetery. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings bank operated in Egypt. m-in. In 1915, the Jews were evicted from Egypt to the int. districts of Russia. After 1918, the majority returned to Egypt. The Jews of Egypt earned their living from trade, crafts, and agriculture. x-vom. In 1931, out of 18 shops, 16 were owned by Jews. In 1937, among the Jews of Egypt there were 4 bakers, 3 shoemakers, 3 butchers, a carpenter, a tinsmith, a photographer, and a hairdresser. A branch of the Jewish agricultural sector worked in Ye. credit society. Up to the 1st world. During the war, children studied in the cheder. In the 1920s. the school of the Tarbut network was opened. She worked as a library with books in Yiddish and Hebrew. There were divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. Cells of the Beitar and Gordonia youth movements were active. There were philanthropists. org-tion, self-help fund, hevra kaddish. Homemade. the youth theater gave performances, the money for which went to charity. There was a synagogue in Ye. The rabbis of Egypt were: from 1884 - Zvi-Hirsh Horvits, from 1903 - Moyshe Stul, from 1907 - Itskhok Belitsky, in the 1920s and 1930s. - Moishe Litvak (? —1941). Herm. troops occupied Egypt on June 25, 1941. On July 16, 1941, 89 Jews from c. Jews from Staklishkes were taken to the Prenai district and shot there. 28 Aug 1941 70 people were sent to Alytus and shot. 3 Sep 194…

ezno
has abstract: EZNO, see Eznas.

ezupolj
has abstract: EZUPOL, see Zhovten, Ivano-Frankivsk region.

fabelinskiy immanuil lazarevich
has abstract: FABELINSKY Immanuil Lazarevich (b. 1911, Graevo Shchuchinsky u. Lomzhinskaya province.), Physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1955), prof. (1969), ch. USSR Academy of Sciences (1979). In 1936 he graduated from Moscow State University, in 1936–41 he worked there, in 1941–43 - at the Institute of Theoretical Physics. Geophysics Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1943 - at FIAN, head. sector (since 1966). At the same time. taught at MEPhI and MIPT. Sci. work dedicated. physical optics, nonlinear optics, molecular acoustics. Discovered stimulated scattering of the Rayleigh line wing, stimulated temperature scattering. He was the first to observe the dispersion of the speed of sound in a liquid, to establish the regularities of the propagation of ultrasound and hypersound in viscous media. Determined the relaxation time of the anisotropy from the depolarization spectra of light scattered in a liquid. Discovered and investigated the fine structure of Rayleigh scattering. The author of St. 130 scientific. Works, Vol .: Molecular Light Scattering. M., 1965; On the history of the discovery of Raman scattering. M., 1982.

fabrikant aleksandr osipovich
has abstract: FACTORY Alexander Osipovich (1881 - 1963), agronomist. Prof. At the end of the Kiev Polytechnic. Institute (1907) served in the Ministry of Agriculture. From ser. 1920s prof. Moscow s.-kh. academy. In 1930 he was arrested in the case of A.V. Chayanov, released in 1931. Arrested again in 1947, released in 1953 Brother F. - Vladimir (? -?), Member. party of the Socialist-Revolutionaries, at the end. 1917 - early. 1918 a liaison person who was on illegal. position of A.F. Kerensky.

fabrikant lev borisovich
has abstract: FACTORY Lev Borisovich (1915, Avdeevka Bakhmutskiy u. Yekaterinoslavskaya gubernia - 1978, Moscow), civil engineer. In 1949 he graduated from the Kharkov Engineering and Construction Institute. 1941–45 - in the army. He worked in building. organizations of Stalingrad, Voskresensk (Moscow region). In 1962-68 the beginning. Ulyanovsk construction management, manager of the Promstroy trust, deputy. early "Glavulyanovskstroy". In 1968–71 the beginning. complex of construction of the memorial of V.I. Lenin. In 1971–78 the beginning. region department for construction and architecture of the Ulyanovsk region. Council of Working People's Deputies. Linen. etc. (1972).

fabrikant moisey borisovich
has abstract: FACTORY Moisey Borisovich (1863, Shumilovo, Podolsk Gubernia - 1951, Kharkov), surgeon, dentist. Doctor of Medicine (1907), prof. (1921). In 1889 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University. In 1889-1907 resident physician clinic of Kharkov University. In the same years, several. months improved in Germany and worked in Shumilov. In 1907-21 the head. organized by him the course of surgery of the Kharkov Dental School, in 1921-50 head. the Department of Surgery organized by him. Dentistry Kharkov Dentistry in-that. Main direction of scientific. F.'s activities - maxillofacial surgery. Developed questions. pathology of the mandibular joint, diagnosis and therapy of benignities. and malignancies. tumors of the face, tongue, salivary glands and oral cavity, periarticular phlegmon. Described differential diagnosis of diseases of the maxillofacial system, proposed a classification of tuberculous bone lesions and methods of treatment. Headed by scientific. School of Maxillofacial Surgery. Member board of Kharkov honey. about-va, poch. h. World. associations of dentists and the World. associations for the fight against bone tuberculosis. Honored. scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1943).

fabrikant valentin aleksandrovich
has abstract: FACTORY Valentin Alexandrovich (1907, Moscow - 1991, ibid.), Physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1939), prof. (1939), acad. APN USSR (1968). Son of A.O. Fabrikant. Graduated from Moscow State University in 1930. In 1930-50 - in the All-Union Union. e-tech. in-those, head. lab. (since 1932). At the same time. taught at MPEI (since 1930), head. department (1944–77). Sci. tr. by physical electronics, plasma physics, physics methodology. In 1931 he began research. by luminescence (at the suggestion of S.I. Vavilov). Joint. with sotr. created the first luminescent lamps in the USSR and developed the technology for their industrial. production. He pointed to the possibility of obtaining an inverted population of energy levels, proposed methods for its creation (including the method of optical pumping) and formulated the principle of amplification of an electromagnet. radiation when passing through a medium with an inverted population (1939–51). Put the classic. experiment on the diffraction of alternately flying electrons (with LM Biberman and NG Sushkin, 1949). Evil medal to them. S.I. Vavilov Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Became. pr. (1951).

fadeeva
has abstract: FADEEVA (nee Tuchinskaya) Irma Lvovna (b. 1938, Berdichev, Zhytomyr region), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1990). Graduated from East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1963). In 1963–73 she worked as a translator in Tunisia and other countries. 1973–78 scientific. sotr. Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1978 - Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of scientific. works on the history of countries Wed. and Bl. East on Wed. century and new time. Vol .: Ottoman Empire and Anglo-Turkish relations in the middle. XIX century. M., 1982; Officer. doctrines in the ideology and politics of the Ottoman Empire (Ottomanism - Pan-Islamism) XIX - early. XX century. M., 1985; The concept of power in Bl. East: Middle Ages and Modern Times. M., 1993.

faerman iljya ljvovich
has abstract: FAERMAN Ilya Lvovich (1890, Khasav-Yurt, Tersk region - 1964, Moscow), surgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1925), prof. (1935). In 1914 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Berlin University. In 1914-18 the military. doctor in the Southwest and Caucasian fr. In 1918–21, a resident surgeon. clinics of the North Caucasus University in Rostov-on-Don; in 1921–25, assistant surgeon. clinics Azerb. honey. in-that in Baku. In 1926-29 he worked at the hospital. N.A. Semashko in Moscow; in 1929–30 head. department propaedeutic. surgery of the 2nd Moscow State University; in 1931–35 head. surgeon department of the hospital № 23 named. Medsantruda; in 1935–41 head. Department of General Surgery of the 1st MMI; in 1941–43 chap. surgeon of evacuation hospitals of the Omsk region and at the same time. head departments of general and faculty surgery of the 2nd MMI evacuated to Omsk; in 1943–54 head. department propaedeutic. surgery Mosk. honey. Institute of the People's Commissariat of Health (Ministry of Health) of the RSFSR (since 1950 - Ryazan Medical Institute); in 1954–64 head. surgeon dep. Central Research Institute for Examination of Working Capacity and Labor Organization of Disabled People. Sci. F. works dedicated. question surgeon treatment of diseases of the spleen, blood vessels, substantiation of the principles of examination of the ability to work at a surgeon. diseases, etc. He was one of the first in the USSR who used biopsy of bone marrow, spleen, liver for diagnostics purposes, and specified indications for spleen removal. He was the first in the USSR to carry out an operation to create arts. the vagina from the sigmoid colon, developed an operative access to the cervical spine is nice. trunk and plastics of the sphincter of the anus. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1942) Vol .: Diseases of the Spleen. M. - L., 1928; Obliterating endarteritis and thrombophlebitis. M., 1958; Issues of examination of working capacity with sets. chronic diseases of the joints. M., 1972 (et …

fain yuriy borisovich
has abstract: FAIN Yuri Borisovich (1928, Leningrad - 1989, Tyumen), geologist. Cand. geological-mineralogical Sciences (1985). In 1952 he graduated from Molotov University. In 1952–62, engineer. positions in oil exploration in Bashkiria. In 1963–82 - in Glavtyumenneftegaz (since 1966 deputy head of geology). In 1982–88 in Sib. Research Institute of the Oil Industry (Tyumen, since 1986 deputy director for scientific work in the field of geology). Linen. etc. (1970).

faktor maks
has abstract: FACTOR Max (1877, Lodz, Petrokiv province - 1938), entrepreneur. Since 1904 - in the USA. In 1909, he opened a shop selling perfumes and cosmetics in St. Louis (California). In the 1910s. founded and headed the Max Factor company, which became one of the largest companies in the production and sale of cosmetics in the United States.

faktorovich natan grigorjevich
has abstract: FAKTOROVICH Natan Grigorievich (1909, Odessa - 1967, Novosibirsk), conductor. Studied at the Odessa cons. (from I.V. Pribik and G.A. Stolyarov), in 1929 he graduated from the Kiev music-drama. in-t them. N.V. Lysenko (conducting class). In 1931–33, the orc was in charge. Centre. Houses of Kr. Army, since 1934 assistant conductor orc. Vses. radio. He headed a number of symphons. orc .: in 1936–39 - the Irkutsk Radio Committee, in 1939–40 and 1945–50 - the Chelyabinsk Philharmonic Society, in 1950–53 - the Novosibirsk Radio Committee, in 1953–64 - the Saratov Philharmonic Society. Conducted in opera performances of the Novosibirsk Theater, op. and ball., toured the country a lot. From 1964 he taught (from 1967 Associate Professor of the Novosibirsk Cons.). In the repertoire of F.: all symphonies by L. van Beethoven, J. Brahms, P. Tchaikovsky, production. comp. 20th century - S.S. Prokofiev, D.D.Shostakovich, N.Ya. Myaskovsky, A.I. Khachaturian. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1960).

falikman ikhil shmulevich
has abstract: FALIKMAN Ikhil Shmulevich (1911, Lyubar Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province - 1977, Kiev), writer. He graduated from a Jewish school, studied at the Kiev artist. school. The first story publ. in 1931 in the journal. "Di dig Velt." In 1932–33 - in Birobidzhan, sotr. region gas. "Birobidzhaner Stern". 1941–45 - at the front. Printed front. essays in gas. Einikite. Arrested in 1950, imprisoned until 1956. The author of the book. "Tsvishn sopkes" ("Among the hills". Kiev, 1937), "Ongeib freeling" ("The beginning of spring". Kiev-Lvov, 1940), "Menchen fun mine land" ("People of my country", 1945), "Dishine kumt fun mizrekh "(" Light Comes from the East ", 1948)," Der Schwarzer Vint "(" Black Wind ", 1968)," Der urtail iz oysgefilt "(" The Verdict Enforced ", 1971)," Fire un ash "(" Fire and Ash ", 1975).

falin lev iosifovich
has abstract: FALIN Lev Iosifovich (1907, Smolensk - 1969, Moscow), histologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1941), prof. Graduated from Smolensk honey. Institute (1928), since 1929 postgraduate student, since 1932 assistant at the Department of Histology, in 1937–53 head. department. Since 1953 - at the Moscow Museum of Modern Art. Main directions of scientific. activity - nerve morphology. systems, dental. histology and embryology. Found (1956) that the receptor endings of the nerves of the pulp of the teeth are predominantly. to the branched end bushes category. Reproduced in the experiment teratoid tumors of the glands. Works: Atlas of micrographs on normal histology and embryology. M., 1957; Histology and embryology of the oral cavity and teeth. M., 1963; Development of the sex glands in human embryogenesis. M., 1968; Human Embryology: Atlas. M., 1976.

faljk rafail aleksandrovich
has abstract: FALK Rafail Alexandrovich (1856, Libava Grobinsky u. Kurland province. - 1913, Tubingen, Germany), chess player, chess journalist. Ed. chess. dep. into gas. "Courier", "Morning of Russia", "Moscauer Deutsche Zeitung" (1886-1903), to-rye were sources of information for growing up. chess players. Member of the 1st All-Russia. tournament (1899). Champion of Moscow (1901).

faljk robert rafailovich
has abstract: FALK Robert Rafailovich (1886, Moscow - 1958, ibid.), Painter, theater designer. Son of R.A. Falk. In 1901–05 he studied in the class. drawing and painting KF Yuon and in the private studio of II Mashkov, in 1905–12 - at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture. In 1910 - one of the founders of the artists' society "Jack of Diamonds". Since 1916, member. association "World of Art". He painted portraits, landscapes, still lifes, nudity. In 1918–20 prof. painting Free artists. workshops, member. collegiums for pictures. Isk-va at the People's Commissariat for Education, Ph.D. GakhN, Dean of the Living Faculty of VKHUTEIN. In the 1920s. designed the performances "Night in the Old Market" based on the poem by I.-L. Peretz, "The Journey of Benjamin III" after Mendele Moikher-Sforim in Moscow. GOSET. In 1925, members. Society of Artists “Mosk. painters ", in 1926-28 members. AHRR. In 1928–37 - in creative work. business trip in France. Since 1937 - in Moscow. Designed the performances: "Solomon Maimon" by M. Daniel (post. S.M. Mikhoels), "The Spaniards" (together with his son - V.R.Falk) after M.Yu. Lermontov (both - in the GOSET, 1940), in BelGOSET - "The Enchanted Tailor" by Sholem Aleichem (post. N.B. Leuter). In 1941–45 he wrote ser. Wed-Asian landscapes, after returning to Moscow - mid. still lifes, landscapes of the Moscow region. In 1947–57 he designed the performances “The Forest is Noisy” by A. Bart and G. Linkov in Moscow. GOSET (post. Mikhoels), "Lion in the square" by IG Erenburg in the State. moscow Chamber Theater (post. A.Ya. Tairov), "Only Truth" by J.-P. Sartre in T-re of satire (post. V.N. Pluchek). F.'s work was influenced by impressionism, post-impressionism, fauvism, and cubism. F. attached great importance to the problems of plasticity of pictorial solutions to the volume of things. In 1906 he first participated in an exhibition (Ryazan) under the ps. Clough Trebor, in 1910-17 - in exhibitions of the "Jack of Diamonds" Society, "The …

faljkovich anatoliy solomonovich
has abstract: FALKOVICH Anatoly Solomonovich (1923, Baku - 1994, Haifa, Israel), actor. In 1942 he graduated from the Baku Higher. theater. uch-shche. In 1942–45 - in the army. Since 1945 - in the Baku Russian. dram. t-re. Created a gallery of images of his contemporaries: Yashin ("On Friends-Comrades" by V.Z.Mass and M.A. Chervinsky, 1948), Victor ("Youth" by L.G. Zorin, 1950), Platonov ("Ocean" by A.P. . Shteina, 1960), Cheshkov ("A man from the side" by IM Dvoretsky, 1970), Sagadeev "Thirteenth chairman" A.Kh. Abdullin, 1981), etc. From rus. classics played the roles: Murov ("Guilty Without Guilt" by A.N. Ostrovsky, 1948), Alyosha ("Humiliated and Insulted" by F.M.Dostoevsky, 1956), Unknown ("Masquerade" by M.Yu. Lermontov, 1959) , Satin ("At the Bottom" by M. Gorky, 1980) and others. Among the roles of F. obstinate "W. Shakespeare, 1964) and others. He starred in the films" Collapse "," Postal Novel "," Peters "," Kamo "," My Destiny "," Emergency Order "," Payback ". He died on stage while touring Israel. Nar. art. AzSSR (1972). State ave. AzSSR (1972).

faljkovich boris moiseevich
has abstract: FALKOVICH Boris Moiseevich (1893, Tashkent - 1931, ibid.), Economic leader. Since 1919 sec. the metalworkers' union, since 1920 members. collegiums and early. the administrative department of the national economic councils, in 1922–24 he was director. plant "Internationale" in Penica, in 1924-26 head. regional department of Polesotorg. In 1927–31 the manager and before. of the board of Uzbektorg, member. collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs and deputy. People's Commissar, in 1931 People's Commissar for Supply of the UzSSR.

faljkovich iljya markovich
has abstract: FALKOVICH Ilya Markovich (1898, Gomel, Mogilev province. - 1979, Moscow), linguist. Graduated from linguistic. Faculty of Moscow State University. He taught Yiddish at universities. In the end. 1920s actively participated in the reform of Hebrew spelling and in the development of new spelling rules. Author of the textbooks "Yiddish for Adults" (M., 1929; 2nd ed. - 1936), "Yiddish. Phonetics, vocabulary and grammar "(Moscow, 1940). 1941–45 - at the front. In 1943–48, members. EAK. In 1945–48 Ch. ed. moscow publishing house "Der emes", ed. pl. artist manuf., released by the publishing house. Author of monograph. a review of the Yiddish language in a 4-volume book "Languages ​​of the Peoples of the USSR" (1967), an essay "On the Yiddish language" in a large "Russian-Jewish (Yiddish) dictionary" (1984, publishing house "Russian language"), a cycle of Yiddish lessons, publ. in 1974–78 in the journal. "Sovetish gameland". Cit .: The art of the lecturer. M., 1960.

faljkovich yoelj-berish
has abstract: FALKOVICH Yoel-Berish (?, Dubno, Volyn province -?, Odessa), playwright, translator. One of the representatives of the Haskal movement in Volyn. In 1820 he translated into Old Hebrew one of G. Lessing's dramas. Last years of his life he spent in Odessa, spoke at the trials in cases of blood libel against Jews. He is the author of the plays Reb Haiml Kotsin (Reb Chaim - A Respected Man, 1864) and Rohele Di Zingern (Singer Rachel, 1868).

faljkovskiy aleksandr pavlovich
has abstract: FALKOVSKY Alexander Pavlovich (1912, Cherkasy, Kiev province. - 1992, Moscow), theater and circus artist. In 1930 he graduated from VKHUTEMAS in Moscow (painting studio). Until 1948 he worked in Moscow and other cities in t-ts, then in a circus. In 1958-1971 Ch. thin Union State Circus. From naib. significant works: clownery "Around the World" (1948), thematic. performances "Friendship of the Brave" (1949, jointly with A.A.Sudakevich), "For Peace, for Friendship" (1952), pantomime "The Steamer Is Going" Anyuta "(1961)," Bakhchisarai Legend "(1963)," Treatment laugh "(1965), circus. scenic Yu.V. Nikulin's costume. Member of the editorial board of the journal. "Sov. stage and circus ". Honored. artist RSFSR (1969). Works: Artist in the circus. M., 1978.

faljkovskiy fedor nikolaevich
has abstract: FALKOVSKY Fedor Nikolaevich (1874 - 1942), writer. From 1894 he published in gas. stories, sketches, plays. In 1903 there was a post in St. Petersburg. F.'s first play "The Dream of Life". Author pl. plays, including "On Fire", "Magnificent", "Merry Story", "Wilderness", "Awakening", post. to petersburg. and provincial scene.

faljkovskiy georgiy edvardovich
has abstract: FALKOVSKY Georgy Edwardovich (b. 1935, Moscow), cardiac surgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1979). Graduated from the 1st MMI, worked in Leninsk-Kuznetsky. In 1961–67, postgraduate student, assistant of the Department of Operative Surgery and topographic. anatomy of the 1st MMI; in 1967–91 Art. scientific. sotr., hands. dep. young children with congenital heart defects Research Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery. N.A. Bakuleva. Since 1991 - in Israel. Surgeon at the Shaare Zedek Hospital (Jerusalem). F. investigated the problems of heart transplantation, including the statistics of DOS. causes of complications, heart failure, acute and chronic. transplant rejection, infec. processes. He proposed methods for protecting the graft, heterotopic model. heart transplants in dogs, which made it possible to study the conditions of graft rejection and to evaluate tests for early diagnosis of the rejection reaction. Showed that naib. an early sign of an acute transplant rejection reaction is a violation of electrical conduction. excitation in the myocardium, determined the possibility of developing immunological. the body's resistance to cardiac tissue during heart transplantation. Cit .: Heart transplant. Clinical and theoretical questions. Tbilisi, 1977 (et al.); Heart transplant issues. M., 1979.

faljkovskiy leonid aleksandrovich
has abstract: FALKOVSKY Leonid Aleksandrovich (b. 1936, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Son of A.P. Falkovsky. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1977). Graduated from Moscow State University in 1960. In 1960–64 - at Ying-those physical. problems of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1964–66 - at the Institute of Theoretical. and experiment. physics, since 1966 - at the Institute of Theoretical Physics. physics to them. L.D. Landau of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Region scientific. interests - the theory of surface phenomena, semimetals and superconductivity. He formulated the boundary condition ("F.'s condition") for the electron distribution function, which makes it possible to analyze the transition from specular reflection to diffuse. He constructed (with A.A. Abrikosov and B.A. Volkov) a theory of semimetals like bismuth, consistently taking into account the difference in their spaces. lattice from simple cubic. He predicted (with Abrikosov) inelastic light scattering in superconductors and calculated the magnitude of this effect. He proposed a theory of magnetoplasma oscillations. The author of St. 70 scientific. publications.

faller yakov
has abstract: FALLER Yakov (1885, Lukov, Sedletskaya Province - 1951, New York), playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1906 - in the USA, he studied at Columbia University, studied the basics of drama. At the same time he published poems, stories, essays in periodicals. ed. Yiddish. In 1916 he published in New York the drama Frae Libe (Free Love), in Warsaw in 1922 - the comedy Der Sholiekh (The Messenger). The author of the plays: "Der Eybiker Plonter" ("Eternal Confusion"), "Di unclofene" ("The Runaways"), "Shotns" ("Shadows"), "Leutn es zih" ("Is it worth it?"), "Cerisene neshomes "(" Torn Souls ")," Galbe nakht "(" Midnight ")," Der krankker mench "(" Sick ")," Dos ummeglehe "(" Impossible "), etc. Nesk. from written by F. in English. lang. plays post. in Washington, Pittsburgh, Atlantic City and New York.

farada
has abstract: FARADA (real family member Ferdman) Semyon Lvovich (b. 1933, Moscow), actor. In 1962 he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School. He worked as an engineer for eight years, at the same time. studied in the pop studio of Moscow State University "Our House". Participated in performances for students. theme, as well as in the play "The Laughter of the Fathers" (based on the production of VV Mayakovsky, ME Koltsov, IA Ilf, AP Platonov, KI Chukovsky, etc.), Russian. booth "The Legend of Tsar Max-Emelyan" based on the poem by SI Kirsanov and others. In 1970-72 - on prof. stage (Moscow Music Hall, Moskontsert, Rosconcert). Since 1972 - in the T-D drama and comedy on Taganka. Among the roles of F .: Isidor Artemyevich and corporal Partzvenia ("Fasten your seat belts!" G.Ya. Baklanova, 1975), boss Boss, barman Sokov and entertainer Bengalsky ("The Master and Margarita" after M.A.Bulgakov, 1977), Makler ("Exchange" by Yu.V. Trifonov, 1978), Timoshkin ("Alive" by BA Mozhaev, 1989), etc. In the cinema he played approx. 100 roles, including in the movie "Garage" (1980), "My friend Ivan Lapshin" (1984), "The Man from Boulevard des Capucines" (1987), "Parrot Speaking Yiddish" (1990). Filmed also in TV / f, post. MA Zakharov based on the scripts of GIGorin: “The same Munchausen” (1979), “The House That Swift Built”, “Formula of Love” (both - 1985). Honored. art. RSFSR (1991).

farber debora aronovna
has abstract: FARBER Deborah Aronovna (b. 1924, Kiev), physiologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1967), prof. (1971), acad. RAO (1992). Graduated from biol. Faculty of Moscow State University (1947). Since 1949 she worked at the Institute of Neurosurgery named after N.N.Burdenko of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, since 1964 - in the Research Institute of Physiology of Children and Adolescents of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR (now - Institute of Age Physiology of RAW), since 1993 h. scientific. sotr. Conducted by scientific. research in the region. age physiology. Member Pres. RAO (1993–97), member reign Mosk. about-va physiologists, chl. editorial boards "Human physiology" and "Vopr. psychology ". F. - author and co-author of St. 200 scientific. Works: Functional brain maturation in early ontogenesis. M., 1969; Sensory mechanisms of the developing brain. M., 1977; Structural and functional organization of the developing brain. L., 1990.

farber gersh
has abstract: FARBER Gersh (1893, Ekaterinoslav -?), Translator. From his youth he was associated with the Jewish theater, staged performances of dramas. circles price Yekaterinoslav | During the 1st world. During the war he lived in Petrograd, until 1927 - in Moscow. Published Art. and per. into gas. "Petrograder togblat", "Emes" and others. Author of the comedy "Der Yidisher Premier" ("Jewish Premier"), ed. in 1917 in Yekaterinoslav. F.'s translations were published in the book: A.P. Nechaev. "Wonders of the Earth" (Pg., 1917), K. Bedit. "Tales of distant India" (M., 1919), LD Trotsky. "A new stage (international situation and our tasks)" (Gomel, 1922), K.A. Timiryazev. The Life of Plants (Moscow, 1925).

farber kalman
has abstract: FARBER Kalman (1879, Bessarabian Gubernia - 1951, Cordoba, Argentina), publicist, playwright. Since 1904 - in Argentina. Actively participated in cultural and societies. life of the Jewish community of Cordoba. There was a correspondent. a number of Amer. Jewish gaz., published stories from Bessarabian and Argentine life. The play "Oif kidesh-gash" ("Self-sacrifice") and other dramas. manuf. fast. in the Jewish m-ts of Argentina.

farber khaim-gersh
has abstract: FARBER Chaim-Gersh (1889, Bessarabian province -?), Poet. Since 1904 - in Argentina. He made his debut in literature in 1912 lyric poet. and satirical. poems, short stories from the life of Jewish colonists. Published in Jewish periodicals. ed. OK. 600 verse. for children and 800 fables. Mn. from the verse. F. set to music. The author of the book., Ed. in Buenos Aires: "Far briederlech un schwesterleh" ("For brothers and sisters" - poems for children, 1925), "In a Yidisher colony" ("In a Jewish colony" - poems for children, 1936), "Shlof-lid "(" Lullaby ", 1936)," Fablen "(" Fables ", 1936), translated into Yiddish the poems of H.N.Byalik, Ya.I. Fikhman and others.

farberov mark iosifovich
has abstract: FARBEROV Mark Iosifovich (1899, Mogilev province - 1986, Yaroslavl), organic chemist. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1948), prof. (1949). Participant of Civil. war. In 1927 he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School. In 1927–38 - at the Yaroslavl rubber and asbestos plant (chief chemist and deputy chief engineer). From 1947 - to teach. work in the Yaroslavl Technol. in-those (head of the department of technology of basic organic and petrochemical synthesis). Since 1958 simultaneously. scientific. hands. problem lab. in-that. Completed by funds. research in the region. dienes based on olefins and formaldehyde, developed prom. method of producing isoprene. Created scientific. school of chemists (the so-called Yaroslavl school of industrial chemists). Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR.

farbman m.s.
has abstract: FARBMAN M.S. (1880, Odessa -?), Journalist. Studied at the Odessa Drawing School. Joined the Socialist-Revolutionaries. In 1906 he participated in the publication of the "Historical-Revolutionary Almanac", ed. V.L.Burtseva. In 1908-13 he headed the literary. publishing house "Pantheon". In 1915-17 special. corr. English gas. Manchester Guardian and Amer. gas. Chicago Daily News, 1917-18 London correspondent. gas. "New life". Since 1920 - in Moscow, corr. gas. Chicago Daily News, Manchester Guardian and Observer.

farbman rafail borisovich
has abstract: FARBMAN Rafail Borisovich (1893, Kursk - 1966), party leader. Since 1910, members RSDLP, Bolshevik, led the roar. work in Kiev. In 1914 he was arrested and exiled to the Tobolsk province. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Kiev to-that RSDLP (b), deputy. prev. Trade Union Council. At the 2nd All-Ukrainian. Congress of Soviets (1918) elected member. VUTSIK, participated in the creation of the CP (b) of Ukraine, at its 1st congress elected a member. Central Committee (1918). Participant of Civil. war. Since 1920 - in Moscow, at the desk. work. Affairs. 9th and 10th congresses of the RCP (b). In 1920–21, supporters of the so-called. gr. democratic centralism, in 1927 adjoined the so-called. united opposition, expelled from the CPSU (b), reinstated in 1932, expelled again in 1933 "for Trotskyism", arrested.

farbo aleksandr
has abstract: FARBO Alexander (real name and surname Sender-Zisha Farber) (1888, Kalushin Novominskiy district of Warsaw province - 1940, Warsaw), poet, playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He made his debut in literature in 1911 verse. in Warsaw gas. "Gaynt", published in other periodicals. ed. Ed. a number of ed., including gas. "Moment", released lit. zhurn. "Mine pillar". Sat. poems "Dur glanc un nepl" ("Through shine and fog") was published in Warsaw in 1917 with a foreword. N.G. Prilutsky. Drama F. "Benya Kenger" in 1921 post. Warsaw Jewish t-rum "Central". He is the author of the drama "Die Welt Gate Unther" ("The World is Dying". Warsaw, 1929). Together with N. Tifelev and other authors published in 1929 in Warsaw collection of works. prose "Zeks un drysik competition-novel un derceilungen" ("Thirty-six competitive short stories and short stories"). The author of several. novels, publ. in periodicals.

farbshteyn david-tsvi
has abstract: FARBSHTEIN David-Zvi (1868, Warsaw - 1953), politician, lawyer. Brother of J.-G. Farbstein. He studied in Switzerland, from 1894 - in Zurich, was engaged in advocacy. From the 2nd floor. 1890s one of the leaders of the Zionist movement in Switzerland, member of the World. Zionist Congr., first prez. Swiss branch of the Keren ha-Yesod foundation (1920), in 1918–39 dep. Swiss Parliament. Since the 1890s. one of the leaders of the Swiss Social-Democrats The author of works: “The right of free and non-free workers according to Talmudic. law in comparison with ancient, especially Roman, law "(1896)," Zionism and the Jewish question "(1898)," The position of the Jews in relation to the problem of proselytes "(1950), etc. During the creation of the State of Israel F. proposed organize the administrative structure of the Jewish state-va like the Swiss Federation.

farbshteyn yegoshua-geshelj
has abstract: FARBSTEIN Yehoshua-Geshel (1870, Warsaw - 1948, Jerusalem), politician. Brother of D.-Ts. Farbstein. An active participant in the Palestinian movement in the Kingdom of Poland, from mid. 1890s prominent Zionist, member of the World. Zionist Congr., was the first to pose the problem of the relationship between Judaism and Zionism. One of the founders of the Mizrahi movement (1902), its leader in the Kingdom of Poland. In 1908-18 prez. Polish the Zionist organization. During the 1st world. war was involved in organizing aid to Jews who suffered from the war. action. In 1918–31 prez. movement "Mizrachi" in Poland, at the same time. headed by the Polish. branch of the Keren ha-Yesod foundation. In 1916–26, members. mountains. Council of Warsaw, dep. Polish Seimas of the 1st convocation. From 1931 - in E.-I., in 1931-33 member. Execute. to-that World. Zionist organization, in 1938-45 members. Community Council in Jerusalem; held senior management posts in the World. movement "Mizrahi".

farfelj vladimir solomonovich
has abstract: FARFEL Vladimir Solomonovich (1904, Petersburg - 1979, Moscow), physiologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1946), prof. (1947). In 1927 he graduated from biol. Faculty of Leningrad State University. In 1927–33 a graduate student, Art. scientific. sotr. Leningrad. Institute of Occupational Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, in 1933-37 Art. scientific. sotr. Vses. in-that experiment. medicine, in 1934–47 head. fiziol. lab. Inst. Nat. culture, in 1947–58 head. fiziol. lab. MOPI, in 1958-60 head. fiziol. lab. Ying-that age physiology, in 1960-72 head. Department of Physiology Center. in-that physical. culture, in 1972–79 professor-consultant of the department. diving Institute of hygiene of water transport. One of the founders of the physiology of sports in the USSR. Proved with fiziol. point of view methods of teaching and training athletes. Revealed a number of patterns of changes in the work of decomp. systems of the body when performing physical. exercise. Formulated the concept of the role of feedbacks in the training process and created fiziol. physical classification exercise. Described a number of fiziol. processes in the body of athletes, contributing to high achievements in various. sports. Established tests to determine the level of fitness of the body. Member reign Mosk. scientific. about-va physiologists. Cit .: Research on the physiology of exercise. M., 1939; Athlete nutrition. M., 1950 (et al.); Physiology of sports. M., 1960; Motion control in sports. M., 1975.

fastovskiy yakov
has abstract: FASTOVSKY Yakov (1851 -?), Poet. Until 1888 he was a home teacher in Warsaw, Grodno, Zhitomir and Odessa. In 1888-1906 in Odessa he was engaged in bookselling. Joint. with I. Trubnik he published the bilingual "Rusish-Yiddish Reader" with parallel texts (Zhitomir, 1893), reprinted many times. Published poetry in Sat. Sholem Aleichem "Yiddish Folks Libraries", in other ed. Together with B. Levin published in 1904 in Odessa collection of works. verse. "Ziftsin funem garzn" ("Sighs of the heart"). Verse. from this Sat. "Di Yiddish Cigarette-mahern" ("Jewish Cigarette Case"), set to music unknown. the author, it became a bunk. song.

fatalibekova elena abramovna
has abstract: FATALIBEKOVA Elena Abramovna (b. 1947, Moscow), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1977). Graduated from a philologist. Faculty of Moscow State University. Daughter of chess players A.B. Polyak and world champion among women O.N. Rubtsova. USSR champion among girls (1963). Champion of the USSR (1974) and Moscow (1964, 1974, 1985, 1986) among women. A contender for peace. championship in the end. 1970s Participant of four interzonal tournaments (1971–82), best result: Tbilisi (1976, 1st). An active positional chess player.

fater isaakhar
has abstract: FATER Isaakhar (b. 1912, Drobin Plotsky u. And lips.), Musicologist. Rod. in the cantor's family. Graduated from the Warsaw cons. He taught the history of music at the gymnasium. From 1939 - in the USSR, in Baranovichi, worked as an inspector of muses. education at school. Was repressed. In 1944–45 the head. state Philharmonic in Leninabad. In 1945–51 - in Poland, France, Belgium, collaborated as a musician. critic in the gas. Unser Worth (Paris), taught. In 1951–62 - in Brazil, from 1962 - in Israel. Author pl. essays and theoretical. Art., dedicated. Jewish secular and religious. music, as well as the book. Remember (1954), Jewish music in Poland between the two world wars (1970), Jewish music and its problems (1985), Religious and secular foundations of Jewish music (1988).

fayans kazimir
has abstract: FAIANCE Casimir (1887, Warsaw - 1975, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA), physicochemist, radiochemist. Graduated from Leipzig University (1907). He worked in Heidelberg, Zurich, Manchester (with E. Rutherford) high fur boots. In 1911-17 he taught at the Higher. tech. school in Karlsruhe, in 1917–35 prof. un-that and deer. (1932–35) Institute of Phys. chemistry in Munich. Since 1936 - in the USA, prof. Michigan University (1936–57). Discovered protactinium (1913, with O. Goering). He formulated (1913, independently of F. Soddy) the displacement rule for the decay of radioactive elements. Established (with F. Panet) the rule for coprecipitation of radioactive elements (Faience – Paneth rule). Investigated undissociated compounds in strong solutions of electrolytes, deformation of electronic shells in inorganic. compounds, adsorption on the surface of salt-like compounds. In 1956, Michigan University instituted the. F. for his work in chemistry. Foreign ch.-c. RAS (1924). Cit .: Radioactivity and the latest development of the doctrine of chemical elements. Berlin, 1922, Odessa, 1922, 1923; Physicochemical workshop. L., 1931 (et al.)

fayer yuriy fedorovich
has abstract: FAYER Yuri Fedorovich (1890, Kiev - 1971, Moscow), conductor, violinist. In 1905 he played orc. Kiev mountains. t-ra. From 1906 he studied at Moscow. cons. in cl. I.V. Grzhimali, also studied with G.N. Dulov. From 1907 he toured with an orc., To-ry was a principal. from the musicians of the Bolshoi Theater, in Kislovodsk, Yekaterinodar, Kharkov, Sevastopol, Rostov-on-Don. From 1910 he gave concerts as a soloist, at the same time. worked as 1st accompanist Nem. mountains. t-ra in Riga. Since 1911 he taught the violinist there. playing music. uch-shche Imp. Rus. muses. about-va and made his debut as a conductor. From 1914 - in Moscow, resumed his studies with Dulov as a cons., Which he graduated from in 1917. At the same time. played orc. Big t-ra. Since 1919, assistant chief. conductor A.F. Arends at the Bolshoi Theater, from the beginning. 1920s - conductor, in 1923–63 ch. conductor of ballet performances. He worked with R.M. Glier ("Red Poppy", "The Bronze Horseman"), S.S. Prokofiev ("Romeo and Juliet", "Cinderella", "The Tale of the Stone Flower"), A.I. Khachaturian (" Gayane "," Spartacus "), D.L. Klebanov (" Aistenok "), B.V. Asafiev (" The Flame of Paris "," Bakhchisarai Fountain "), V.M. Yurovsky (" Scarlet Sails "), A. A. Crane ("Laurencia"). The uniqueness of the talent of F.-conductor is in the combination of prof. qualities of a musician with a keen knowledge of the specifics of the stage and classical technique. dance, a cut created the accuracy of the choreography. interpretation, harmony of music and dance. The author of the book. “About myself, about music, about ballet” (Moscow, 1970). Nar. art. USSR (1951). Became. pr. (1941, 1946, 1947, 1950).

faygenbaum bendzhamen
has abstract: FEIGENBAUM Benjamin (Benjamin) (1860, Warsaw - 1932, USA), trade unionist, journalist. Rod. in a Hasidic family. In his youth, he was fond of socialist. ideas. From 1884 - in Belgium, sent correspondence to "Ha-Magid", "Ha-Am" and other Jewish publications. From 1887 - in Great Britain, collaborated periodically. ed. in Yiddish, published a number of pamphlets and articles, in which the socialist was promoted. ideas, was published in socialist. gas. "Arbeiter Friday". From 1891 - in the USA, joined the United Jewish Trade Unions, collaborated in gas. Juish Daily Forward, Arbeiter Zeitung, lit. every month "Tsukunft" (at some time was ed.). The author of leaflets, in which he called on Jewish workers to fight for social liberation. Consistent supporter of Jewish assimilation. Author of popular science. works that rejected the religion and traditions of Judaism and preached socialism. From 1906 onwards. sec. association of Jewish workers "Arbeiter ring" ("Workers' circle").

faygenbaum itskhok
has abstract: FEIGENBAUM Yitzchok (1826 - 1911), rabbi. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Since 1848 members Council of Rabbis of Warsaw, from the beginning. 1860s headed the rabbinical court there. In 1893 he founded every month. "Shaarei Toire" - the first periodical. ed. of this type in the Russian Empire, in which the works were printed. naib. Izv. rabbis of that time and for whom F. wrote programmatic articles. After F.'s death, the publication of zhurn. continued by F.'s son, Israel-Isser (the journal was published until 1939). F. actively supported the Palestinian movement, was a member. Warsaw Society "Menuha ve Galakha", which founded in E.-I. settlement Rehovot. On behalf of the society, I bought land for him.

faykind moyshe
has abstract: FAYKIND Moishe (1864, Turek Kalisz province - 1935, Petrokov, Poland), publicist. In 1883–86 he studied history and philosophy at the Higher. School of Jewish Studies in Berlin. He was a private teacher, was engaged in advocacy. Being a ratman in the mountains. council and in the community, fought for the rights of Yiddish. Lit. activity began lane. in Hebrew manuf. German classics. From 1884 he published in gas. in Yiddish and Hebrew ist., scholar., journalistic. Art., feuilletons. Since 1912 the state. sotr. gas. Lodzer Tageblat. From 1916 he worked in gas. "Lodzer folksblat", "Unzer togblat", "Naer folksblat", collaborated in Jewish journals. On him. and Polish. lang. The author of the book: "Di Kozrim" ("Khazars"), "Oifpolishe felder" ("In the Polish fields"), "Gute idn in Poiln" ("The Righteous in Poland"), "Der Poilisher Id" ("Polish Jew" ), “Idn fun amol un gaynt” (“Jews before and now”).

fayn yoni
has abstract: FINE Yoni (b. 1914, Kamenets-Podolsk), poet, artist. Since 1923 - in Poland. Studied at art. Academy of Vilnius University. In 1944–53 - in Poland, Japan, China, Mexico. Since 1953 - in the USA. He taught the theory of art. In 1947 he released the first collection of works. poems "A tlie unter der shtrik" ("The Hangman"). In 1983 in Tel Aviv came out Sat. fav. manuf. F. "Gute Orhim" ("Good Guests"). The first exhibition of paintings by F. took place in the National. Museum of Mexico. F.'s works were exhibited in the USA, Canada and other countries. The author of ill. to their products. and book. other Jewish writers. Co-ed. Worldwide Jewish Congr. culture, one of the ed. zhurn. Tsukunft (New York).

faynberg evgeniy ljvovich
has abstract: FAYNBERG Evgeny Lvovich (1904, Putivl, Kursk province - 1937, Moscow), party leader. In 1920–22 - in Kr. Army. In 1922–23 the head. dep. agitation and propaganda and secretary. Kursk Provincial Committee of the RKSM, in 1923 - 25 head. departments watered. education and agitation and propaganda of the Kazakh Regional Committee of the RKSM in Orenburg. In 1925–27 - in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the Komsomol. In 1928-29 sec. Komsomol of Uzbekistan. In 1929–30 members. editorial board gas. "TVNZ". At the 8-10th congresses of the Komsomol elected member. Central Committee. In 1930–32 - in the Komsomol work in Baku. In 1933 sec. Central Committee of the CP (b) of Azerbaijan, then early. political department of the Kazan railway district, member. Tatar Regional Committee of the CPSU (b). Affairs. 17th Congress of the CPSU (b) (1934). In 1935-37 sec. Central Committee of the Komsomol. Repressed. Vol .: We educate Soviet youth in the spirit of communism. Kiev, 1936; On the new program of the Komsomol. M., 1936.

faynberg iosif
has abstract: FINEBERG Joseph (1855, Simferopol, Tauride province - 1902, Jaffa), public figure. Studied chemistry in high fur boots in Switzerland and Germany. Impressed by the Jewish pogroms, he left Russia in 1881, and from 1882 to E.-I. Together with Z.D. Levontin, he acquired a plot of land and founded the settlement of Rishon Lezion. In the same year he met in France with a bar. E. Rothschild, to-rogo persuaded to provide assistance to Jewish settlers in E.-I. From 1887 he was engaged in commercial activities, opened a pharmacy in Jaffa. Brother F. - Israel (Lyulik) (1865, Sevastopol - 1911, Hadera), a public figure. Was close to the Biluys, from the end. 1880s - in Hadera, organized the planting of eucalyptus trees to drain the soil, tried to create an agricultural plant. farm. He died of malaria. The nephew of F. (son of Israel F.) - Avshalom (1889, Hadera - 1917), studied agricultural. science in France, worked for agricultural. station in Atlita. During the 1st world. war, one of the organizers of the LILI movement, collected intelligence for the British. command. Killed on the Sinai Peninsula. In 1967 he was reburied on Mount Herzl in Jerusalem.

faynberg izrailj
has abstract: FINEBERG Israel (1887, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1952, Los Angeles), trade unionist. From the beginning. 1900s - in Great Britain, since 1912 - in the USA. Member New York Center. slave. council (1918–20), vice-president. Int. the trade union of ladies' tailors (1922–35, 1938–53). Conducted by prof. organizational work in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Portland, Vancouver, etc. Created a financial union fund for retirees. Member of the Board of Directors of IVO, Treasurer Center. organization of culture in Yiddish, a prominent figure in the Liberal Party of the piece. New York.

faynberg leon
has abstract: FEINBERG Leon (Leib) (lit. ps.L. Grebnev, Alter Ego, L. Amarant) (1897, Kodyma Baltsky u.Podolsk province -?), Poet. In 1915 he entered Moscow. un-t, since 1917 - in the Red Guard, participated in battles against the troops of the Ukrainian Directory, was an adjutant of Ya.B. Gamarnik. In the spring of 1919 he was captured by the Denikinites, through the efforts of H.N.Byalik (a relative of Gamarnik) he was saved from execution. From 1919 - in E.-I (arrived on the steamer "Ruslan"). One of the founders of the kibbutz near Jerusalem. Since 1921 - in the USA. Poems in rus. lang. began writing in his youth. In Moscow he joined gr. Imagists, was published in the magazine. "Niva", "Chronicle" M. Gorky, published 4 poems. Sat. in Russian lang. (Odessa, 1914; Moscow, 1919; Berlin, 1923; New York, 1947). In the USA he collaborated in Russian. gas. New York and Chicago, then worked periodically. print in Yiddish. Publ. poems, publicistic. Art., per. artist manuf. from rus. and English. lang. in Yiddish. Has released several. sb-kov per. from Yiddish to Russian lang. let's lie. amer. Jewish poets. Author of poems published in New York. collection of books "Erev Shtrem" ("On the Eve of the Storm", 1926), "Groys-Shtot" ("Big City", 1931), "David Blank" (1934), "Haver Lebn" ("Comrade Life", 1938) , "In Keynes Land" ("In a Nobody's Country", 1940) and others, compiled the "Anthology of American Jewish Poetry" (New York, 1947), published an anthology of Russian. poetry in the lane. in Yiddish (New York, 1950), translated into Yiddish manuscript. M. Gorky.

faynberg natan
has abstract: FINEBERG Nathan (1895, Kovna - 1988, Israel), lawyer. Studied international. law in Zurich and Geneva. In 1919–21 he headed the department. Min-va for Jewish Affairs in Lithuania. In 1922–24 sec. Set of Jewish delegations in Paris. In 1925-27 and in 1934-35 - in E.-I., he was engaged in private law. practice. In 1931–33 he taught at the University of Geneva. Since 1945 - at the Jewish University (Jerusalem), since 1947 he taught the course of the international. law (since 1949 prof.); the first dean of the Faculty of Law of the Jewish University (1949–51). Since 1962, he has represented Israel at the Hague International. arbitration. Author of works on the status of Jewish communities in Europe after the 1st world. war, on the history of the Jewish Resistance movement, the problems of Arab-Israeli relations. Participated in the publication of the "Jewish Yearbook on International. law "(1949), published collection of articles. Art. according to int. right in memory of Sir G. Lauterpacht (1962). Main works of F.: "The question of minorities at the 1919–20 peace conference." (1929), "Some problems of the Palestinian mandate" (1936), "The Arab-Israeli conflict in the international. right ”(1970).

faynberg yakov borisovich
has abstract: FINEBERG Yakov Borisovich (1918, Zolotonosha, Poltava province - 2005), physicist. Prof., acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1979). Graduated from Kharkov University (1940). Since 1946 - in Kharkov Phys.-Tech. in-those, since 1972 head. dep. At the same time. in 1949–72 he taught at Kharkov University. Sci. research on physics and technology of accelerators, plasma physics, plasma electronics, the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion. Developed the theory of linear accelerators on traveling waves, linear plasma betatron, proposed variable-phase focusing, acceleration by waves of charge density in plasma and in uncompensated electron and proton beams. He predicted (with A.I. Akhiezer) and theoretically substantiated the beam plasma instability, discovered (jointly) it experimentally and investigated its properties. Co-author of the discovery of the effect of anomalously high plasma resistance at high current densities and its turbulent heating. One of the founders of plasma electronics. The author is numerous. scientific. works.

fayner german
has abstract: FINEER German (1898, Bessarabian province - 1969), political scientist. From the beginning. 1900s - In Great Britain. Graduated from the London School of Economics, taught there in 1920–42. Member Labor Party, participated in the work of the London City Hall. In 1946–65 prof. polit. Sciences at the University of Chicago. F. was one of the first to introduce teaching comparative in high fur boots in Great Britain. political science and management of the society as an academic. items. The author repeatedly. reissued. textbook of political science "Theory and practice of modern. government "(1932), book. "Road to reaction" (1945), in a cut he proved that the state. planning and social protection are not contrary to the principles of democracy. Among other works of F. - “Eng. local government "(1935)," Presidency: crisis and revival "(1960).

fayngar aleksandr moiseevich
has abstract: FAYINGAR Alexander Moiseevich (ps. Alexander Hamadan) (1908, Derbent, Dagestan region - 1943, Sevastopol), journalist. In 1929–32 he became a diplomat. work, in 1932–38 sotr. int. dep. gas. "True". From the summer of 1941 - military. corr. When leaving Sevastopol (1942) he was captured. Shot, op.: American Silhouettes. M., 1936; Anger. M., 1939; Sevastopol residents. M., 1942; Correspondent's notes. M., 1968 Brother F. - Isakhar (1894, Derbent - 1957, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences, prof. In 1920 sotr. trade mission of the USSR in Germany, in 1945 an expert of the reparations plan.

faynman khaim
has abstract: FINEMAN Chaim (1886 - 1959), politician, teacher. Since 1890 - in the USA. In 1911–33 he headed the department of the English. lang. Temple University (Philadelphia). One of the founders (1904) and activist of "Poaley Zion" in the USA. In 1919–20, on behalf of the US Zionists, he studied the situation in E.-I., upon his return he was elected president. US Zionist Organization. One of the founders (1934) and ed. zhurn. "Juish Front". Son F. - Daniel (b. 1915), philologist. Since 1953 - in Israel, taught English. lang. in Jewish un-those (Jerusalem), in 1964–69 he headed the department of English. lang. in Tel Aviv un-those, at the same time. in 1966–69 dean of the Faculty of Laws in the same place.

faynshmidt isaak iljich
has abstract: FEINSHMIDT Isaak Ilyich (1875, Oryol - 1940, Kharkov), phthisiatrician, therapist. Prof. (1923). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (1899), worked there as an external physician at the faculty therapeutic. clinic. In 1901–03 he trained in Germany, studied pathological anatomy and bacteriology under the direction of. R. Virkhov and A. Wasserman. In 1904–05 military. doctor. In 1905–23, an intern, an assistant to a hospital therapist. clinics of Kharkov University, Art. therapy assistant at the Kharkiv Women's Med. in-those. Since 1923 head. Department of Tuberculosis, Kharkiv honey. in-that, simultaneously. (since 1924) head. faculty therapist. clinic. In the period from 1907 to 1934, he repeatedly worked in clinics in Germany, Belgium, Great Britain, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Poland, where he studied the formulation of the fight against tuberculosis. Organizer and director. Ukrainian Tuberculosis Institute (Kharkov). Prev Ukrainian Society of Physicians, Chl. prez. Academic Council of the People's Commissariat of Health of the Ukrainian SSR (for therapy, tuberculosis and pharmacy), member. of the editorial board of the journal. "Medicine", "Fight against tuberculosis". F.'s works dedicated. problems of pneumonia, tuberculosis, treatment of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, etc. Hon. Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1935) Works: On the issue of tuberculosis and hyperthyroidism. Kharkov, 1926; Dispensary anti-tuberculosis work. Kharkov, 1934; Methodology and practice of timely detection of tuberculosis in adults and children. M., 1938.

faynshteyn arje-leyb
has abstract: FEINSTEIN Arie-Leib (1821, Domachev, Brest district. Grodno province - 1903, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province), historian. In 1866 joint. with A. Finkelstein wrote "Ir Tehila" - the history of the Jewish community of Brest-Litovsk. In 1896 he published a commentary. to the psalms. The author of the research. talmudic. sources about the dynasty of King David "Migdal David" ("Tower of David", 1895), comment. to the Passover Haggadah (1900).

faynshteyn moyshe
has abstract: FEINSTEIN Moishe (1896 - 1964, New York), poet, teacher. Since 1912 - in the USA. He taught at the Jewish Teachers' Institute. The author of the book. “Shirim ve-Sonetot” (“Poems and Sonnets”, 1935), “Halom ve-Goral” (“Dream and Fate”, 1937) - descriptions of a journey to E.-I., “Avraham Abulafia” (1957). Sat. fav. manuf. Al-Safr ha-Sof (On the Eve of the End, 1964) was published posthumously.

faynstoun morris
has abstract: FINESTONE Morris (1878, Warsaw - 1943, New York), public and trade union leader. Studied at art. school in Warsaw, worked as a woodcarver. For participation in the roar. movement was arrested. From ser. 1890s - in Great Britain, joined the Labor Party. Pres. London. woodcarvers union. Since 1910 - in the USA, one of the organizers (since 1928) of the trade union of manufacturers of umbrellas and canes. From 1915 sec. (later executive secretary) of the United Jewish Trade Union. In the 1920s and 30s. an active participant in the Zionist movement, one of the organizers of the Society for Aid to Jewish Emigration, Vice-President. Jewish worker to-that. Publisher gas. Juish Daily Forward, Ch. of the editorial board of the journal. New Dealer.

fayntsimmer aleksandr mikhaylovich
has abstract: FAYNTSIMMER Alexander Mikhailovich (1906, Ekaterinoslav - 1982, Moscow), film director. In 1922–24 he studied metallurgy. f-those of Yekaterinoslavsky forge. in-that. In 1927 he graduated from dir. Faculty of State College of cinema. He worked at the Mezhrabpomfilm cinema. In cinema since 1927 - assistant to V.I. Pudovkin and Yu.A. Raizman. As dir. debuted in f. Hotel Savoy (1929). From 1929 dir. "Belgoskino", in 1940 - 56 - to / st "Lenfilm", from 1956 - to / st "Mosfilm". Put ok. 20 game f., Among which: "Lieutenant Kizhe" (according to Yu.N. Tynyanov, 1934), "Tanker" Derbent "(1940)," Kotovsky "(1943)," Gadfly "(after E.L. Voynich, 1955). He worked in the detective genre: "Fifty-Fifty" (1973), "Without the Right to Make a Mistake" (1975), "Tavern on Pyatnitskaya" (1978), "The Artist's Farewell Tour" (1980). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the BSSR (1934), the Lithuanian SSR (1954). Became. pr. (1950, 1951).

fayntukh solomon evseevich
has abstract: FAYNTUKH Solomon Evseevich (1899, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1985, Kharkov), composer, conductor. In 1919–22 he studied at the Kharkov cons. In 1927 he graduated from the Kharkov music-drama. in-t. In 1920–23 - artist. hands. and conductor of the Capella of the People's Commissariat for Education of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1932-50 (with interruptions) St. Kharkov cons. In 1934–37 hands. experimental opera studio (Kharkov), in 1937–40 - Jewish symphony. ans. (ibid.). In 1941–44, conductor and comp. in t-ry Tashkent. In 1944–46 artist. hands. and conductor of symphony. orc. Philharmonic in Voroshilovgrad. In 1947, a member of gr. comp., which created the State. anthem of the Ukrainian SSR. Author instr. oratorio, suites, songs, op-t "Rain", "Witch", "Rural marriage" and music to many others. performances, including for the Odessa Jewish theater and the Birobidzhan dramas. theater.

fayntukh yakov samoylovich
has abstract: FAYNTUKH Yakov Samoilovich (1892, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1974, Odessa), composer. In 1930 he graduated from the Odessa cons. In 1914-17 and 1919-22 - in the army. From 1935 he taught at the Odessa cons. In 1941–45, comp. Uzbek and Rus. t-ditch in Samarkand. Author of op-t "Rosita", "Tamila", symph. suites, including for Jewish bunks. themes (1935–36), romances, music for films and plays.

fayteljson menakhem-mendelj
has abstract: FEITELSON Menachem-Mendel (1869, Mikhailovka of Melitopol district. Tauride province - 1912, Yekaterinoslav), publicist. He worked in the Hebrew lingua. assoc. Melitopol. Into the gas. "Gamelitz", "Ha-Tsefira", "Ha-Shiloakh" and other periodicals. ed. published articles, essays on the problems of Jewish literature, Jewish writers.

faytlovich zhak
has abstract: FAYTLOVICH Jacques (Yaakov) (1881, Lodz, Petrokiv Province - 1955, Tel Aviv), orientalist. Graduated from Ecole suprem (Paris). In 1904–05 during the exp. to Ethiopia he studied the customs and customs of the "Ethiopian Jews" - the Falash. He organized to-you aid to the Falashas in Italy and Germany. In 1908–09 - again in Ethiopia, he interceded before the imp. Menelik II about helping the falashas. During the post. visiting Ethiopia (1913–14) organized mobile schools. In 1915–20 he taught at the University of Geneva. In the beginning. 1920s - in USA. With the support of Amer. the Jewish community opened the first school for Falash children in Addis Ababa in 1923. After the 2nd world. wars - in Tel Aviv, continued philanthropist. and will enlighten. activity among the falashas. Author of the works: "Notes on a journey to the country of Falash" (1905), "Abyssinian sayings" (1907), "Falash from the point of view of a researcher" (1907), "New Abyssinian sayings" (1909), "Abyssinian verses" (1910) , "Falash letters" (1913), etc., as well as essays and art. in Amharic, intended for distribution among the Falash. F. bequeathed his library to the Tel Aviv municipality.

fayvush yakov aronovich
has abstract: FAYVUSH Yakov Aronovich (1895, Shavli, Kovno province - 1938, Moscow), radio engineer. Brigadier engineer (1935). In 1916-17 - in the army, a participant in the 1st world. war. In 1917 he graduated from the Peterhof school of warrant officers and the Officer's electronic-technical. school in Petrograd. Since 1918 - in Kr. Army, tech. and Ing. positions in the troops and in the Communications Department of the Red Army. Graduated from un-t in Rostov (1920). From 1924 - in the units of the RU Red Army, in charge of radio intelligence, from 1934 deputy. early, early dep. radio intelligence. Author of the book: “Radio intelligence in decomp. phases of modern war "(1923)," Radio intelligence: organization and application "(1925)," Wiretapping of telephone conversations "(1929). Translated into Russian. lang. a number of works on reconnaissance by means of communication in foreign. armies. Repressed.

fazylov markiel aronovich
has abstract: FAZYLOV Markiel Aronovich (b. 1954, Samarkand), checker player. Grandmaster in Russian checkers (1982). By specialty engineer-technologist. USSR Champion 1980, 1981. Author of the book. "My Selected Parties" (1982).

feder
has abstract: FEDER (real family. Barlash) Shmuel-Zainvl (1857, Klevan, Rivne u. Volyn province - 1915, Lviv), poet, musician. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From his youth he composed poetry and songs. Acted as a badchen at weddings. After being drafted into the army, he deserted and lived in Galicia. He worked as a painter, tailor, woodcarver in synagogues, played the violin, wrote his own. melodies. Collaborated on a Jewish weekly. in Yiddish price Lviv | Published several. collection of verses, among them - "Shira Khadasha" ("New Poems". Lvov, 1891), in which he also included short stories and scenes (2nd ed. under the same title. - Warsaw, 1894) ... During the 1st world. During the war he was severely beaten by the Cossacks, died of wounds.

feder adoljf
has abstract: FEDER Adolf (Aizik) (1887, Odessa - 1943, Auschwitz), painter, graphic artist. Studied at the Odessa Art. uch-shche. Party roar. movement, part. Bund. From 1906 - in Germany, then in Switzerland. Since 1908 - in France, where approx. years he studied at the School of Fine Arts in Paris, worked in the studio of A. Matisse. Since 1910 he exhibited his works at exhibitions in the salons of the Independent (a member of the salon since 1912), Autumn, Tuileries and in the National. about-ve graceful claims. In the 1920s. collaborated in Paris publishing. "Clarte", "Le Monde" and in Russian. lit.-artist chronicle "Blow". F. often turned to Jewish topics. In 1924 he participated in the exp. in E.-I., organized by A.E. Kogan. In the 1920s and 30s. exhibited works in France, in 1922 participated in an exhibition of 10 Parisian artists in New York, in 1928 he sent paintings "Composition", "Woman from Algeria" and "Girl with toys" to Moscow for Russian. sect. exhibition "Modern. French Art ". F. painted portraits, still lifes with an emphatically revealed pattern. From graphic. works received fame ill. to manuf. A. A. Rambo, J. F. Kessel, P. Benardi. Presented in modern museums. art in Paris ("Portrait of a Woman", "Woman from Bethlehem") and Brussels ("Fruit Seller", "Woman at the Cauldron"), in the mountains. the museums of Le Havre (Young Man) and Grenoble (Young Guitarist).

federmesser naum yakovlevich
has abstract: FEDERMESSER Naum Yakovlevich (1886, Sevastopol, Tauride Gubernia - 1959), participant of the revolutionary movement, economic leader. Member RSDLP since 1904, Bolshevik. Was exposed for a short time. arrest, was under police surveillance. In 1914-17 - in the army. In 1917, before. div. soldier. to-that, after Oct. rev-tion - head of div. In 1918, members. the city council of Tashkent and the TurkCEC. From July 1918, member. Military-roar. headquarters, in 1919 Commissioner for War. cases and chl. Revolutionary Military Council of the troops of the Turkestan Sov. rep., in 1919–20 the Turkestan okrvoenkom, commander and military commissar of the Department. border div. In 1926–27 he studied at the faculty of the local economy and law of the Central Asian University, at the same time. headed the co-op. section Econ. meetings Wed Asia. In 1927–31, authorized by the Central Control Commission of the CPSU (b) in the Surkhan-Darya okrug. Uzglavdortrans, member. Central Executive Committee of the UzSSR. In 1931–35 the beginning. Pamirstroy (building of the highway No. 1, Osh-Frunze). In 1936, the beginning. Glavdortrans of the NKVD BSSR (Minsk), early. management of the road Moscow-Podolsk-Lutsk (Roslavl), in 1937 deputy. dir. trust "Kommungrazhdanstroy" (Smolensk). In 1937–46 he was imprisoned. After release - a locksmith, art. mechanic of MTS, master of equipment repair Since 1952 he has been a locksmith in the Tajik Geological Administration.

fefer isaak
has abstract: FEFER Isaak (Itzik) Solomonovich (1900, Shpola of Zvenigorodsky district of Kiev province - 1952, Moscow), poet, publicist. In his youth he belonged to the Bund. Participant of Civil. war. He made his debut as a poet in 1919 in gas. "Communistische background" (Kiev), first sat. poems "Spener" ("Slivers") published in 1922. Among F. ", 1928)," Gevetn "(" Competitions ", 1930)," Leader of un poems "(" Poems and Poems ", 1934)," Rotharmish "(" Red Army ". New York, 1942, ill. M Z. Chagala), "Shotns Fun Warsaw Ghetto" ("Shadows of the Warsaw Ghetto", 1945). From ser. 1920s one of the leading Yiddish poets in the USSR, he headed the editorial board of Jewish literature. periodic. ed. in Ukraine, later in Moscow. Prod. F. were included in the programs cf. and higher. Jewish schools institutions of the USSR. Since 1941 one of the hands. EAK, in 1943 together with S.M. Mikhoels made a trip to the USA, Great Britain and other countries of the anti-Hitler coalition, where he conducted agitation. campaign in support of the USSR. In 1948 he was arrested in the EAK case. Shot. Works: M. Poems, 1931; Selected Poems. M., 1935. Poems and poems. M., 1958; Poems. M., 1969.

fel-elin sarra
has abstract: FEL-ELIN Sarra (1895, Krinki of Grodno district and province - 1968, Los Angeles), poet, writer. She studied at the Grodno gymnasium. From 1910 she participated in the roar. movement. During the 1st world. war worked in the organization of assistance to refugees and orphans. In 1918 she was a school teacher. Since 1920 - in the USA. Ed. collection of articles "Californier Font". Prev IKUF. Constantly printed in gas. "Morgen Freigite". The author of the book. "Treat Noh Street" ("Step by Step". Boston, 1937), "Lichtike Weisers" ("Light Arrows", ibid., 1946); Oif di fligl fun holm (On the Wings of Sleep. Warsaw, 1961), Mench un Zeit (Man and Time. New York, 1965). Participated in the composition. anthology "America in Yidishn Worth" ("America in Jewish Literature." New York, 1955).

feld
has abstract: FELD (real fam. Feldvorem) Yehuda (1906, Warsaw - 1942, ibid.), Writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. First production: rum. in 3 hours "Mehl Kuliks lebn" ("The Life of Mehl Kulik". Warsaw, 1933), rom. "Forest Gintl" ("Pearl the Dog", ibid., 1938). He worked in gas. "Tog" in Warsaw. One of the organizers of the underground communist. press, in the Warsaw ghetto he collected the ghetto archive. Found in the ghetto archives. F. "In di zaitn fun Gomen zveitn" ("In the time of Haman II") publ. in Warsaw in 1954 with a foreword. B. Mark.

feljd yakov naumovich
has abstract: FELD Yakov Naumovich (1912, Kiev - 1995, Moscow), radiophysicist. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1947), prof. (1947). Graduated from the Polytechnic of Communications in Kiev (1931). In 1932–41 he worked at the Center. radio lab. in Leningrad and taught at LIIS. In 1941–45 - at the military. s-de. In 1946–47 - at the FIAN. From 1946 - to the Center. n.-i. radio engineering. in-those: early. lab., beginning. dep., since 1976 leading scientific. sotr. At the same time. in 1947–92 prof. MAI, MIPT, Voen.-vozd. Ing. academy named after N.E. Zhukovsky and MIREA. Region scientific. interests - electrodynamics, theory and technology of antennas. Developed general research methods. diffraction, scattering and excitation of el.-magn. waves. Generalized the theory of reciprocity, the principle of duality, the method of variation of constants for solving equations in partial derivatives. He proposed a solution to boundary value problems and the theory of analysis and synthesis of receiving and transmitting antennas. Supervised the experimental design radio engineering. developments. Etc. them. A.S. Popov, USSR Academy of Sciences (1986). Medal to them. M.V. Keldysh (1990) Vol .: Fundamentals of the theory of slotted antennas. M., 1948; Antennas for centimeter and decimeter waves. M., 1955 (in co-authorship with L.S. Beinenson); Antenna feeder systems. M., 1959 (in co-authorship with Beinenson).

feljdbaum aleksandr aronovich
has abstract: FELDBAUM Alexander Aronovich (1913, Ekaterinoslav - 1969, Moscow), specialist in the field of computer technology. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1953). In 1937 he graduated from the Moscow Power Engineering Institute, in 1941 - mechanic and mathematics. Faculty of Moscow State University. From 1937 he worked at Vses. e-tech. in-those, since 1945 - in the Military. art. academy named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky in Moscow. Since 1961 hands. lab. self-adjusting systems in Ying-those of automation and telemechanics. Main scientific. tr. associated with the development of the theory of linear systems and the creation of computers. He formulated (1948) the optimal control problem as a variational problem and gave its solution for a number of practical workers. cases. In the end. 1950s performed fundamental work in the development of the theory of dual control, in particular. in solving the problem of synthesis of optimal control of systems with incomplete information. Participated in the development and creation of the first analog computers in the USSR. machines. Became. pr. (1953) Vol .: Introduction to the theory of nonlinear circuits. M., 1948; Computing devices in automatic systems. M., 1959; Theoretical foundations of communication management. M., 1963.

feljdman
has abstract: FELDMAN (Feldman-Konrad) Natalia Isaevna (1903, Novomoskovsk, Yekaterinoslav province - 1975, Moscow), philologist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1972). Graduated from the Faculty of Societies. Sciences Leningrad State University (1924), LIHVYA (1925). In 1931–34 she taught at LIFLI, in 1941–49 - at Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (from 1945 Assoc.). Author approx. 80 scientific. works on japan. linguistics and literary knowledge; ed. and with a foreword. F. ed. "Japanese-Russian. dictionary "(1951, 1960, 1965, 1966) and" Big Japanese-Russian. dictionary "(vols. 1–2, 1970–71). Translated into Russian. lang. a number of products japanese. lit-ry. State pr. USSR (1972). Works: Japanese language. M., 1960; Japanese proletarian literary movement in documents. M., 1972.

feljdman aleksandr isidorovich
has abstract: FELDMAN Alexander Isidorovich (1880, Kherson - 1960, Moscow), otorhinolaryngologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1934), prof. (1934). Graduated from honey. f-t un-that in Lausanne (Switzerland). Since 1910 - in Moscow, in Staroekaterininskaya and Morozovskaya (1914–21) hospitals. In 1914-18 at the same time. in charge of the ear hospital. After the creation of Moscow. region n.-i. clinics Institute (MONIKI) (1923) headed the ENT clinic, in 1931 created. on its basis, the Department of Ear, Throat and Nose Diseases of the TsIUV. In 1952 he was arrested in the "case of doctors", in 1953 he was released. Sci. tr. dedicated mastoiditis, otogenic sepsis, acute inflammation cf. ear (1948). Monogr. "Diseases of the Esophagus" (1949) was the first in Russian. scientific. lit. pounds. work on this issue. Et al. (with SI Wulfson) of the manual “Diseases of the ear and upper respiratory tract. ways to children. age ". Scientific and practical F.'s activity contributed to the development of endoscopy and surgery. techniques in otorhinolaryngology. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1940). Brother F. - Konstantin (1881, Odessa - 1968, Moscow), journalist. Member RSDLP since 1903, Menshevik. In 1905, an agitator from the RSDLP on the battleship Potemkin, in 1920–25 he was deputy. prev. Sovkino. In 1926–36 the theater. critic in the gas. "Evening Moscow", in 1936-48 head. lit. part of the T-ra Revolution. From 1948 he was engaged in the lane. with French lang., including manuf. L. Boussinara, V. Hugo. F.'s daughter - Valentina F.-Zagoryanskaya (b. 1907), otorhinolaryngologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1946). Graduated from the 2nd Moscow State University (1925). Since 1930, consultant at the State Academic Bolshoi Theater of the USSR, head. (until 1977) ENT department of the 6th mountains. clinics hospitals in Moscow. F.'s granddaughter - Marina Evgenievna Zagoryanskaya (b. 1935), otorhinolaryngologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1986). Deputy director by scientific. the work of the Center for Audiology a…

feljdman boris aleksandrovich
has abstract: FELDMAN Boris Alexandrovich (1907, Steblev of Kanevsky u. Kiev province. - 1985, Moscow), printer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1985). Graduated from Moscow. polygraph. Institute (1936). From 1927 - in the printing house gas. Pravda, in 1937–61, director. printing houses, simultaneously. in 1948–61 first deputy. dir. publishing house "Pravda", in 1961-64 deputy. dir. and ch. Ing. publishing house, in 1964–84 dir. publishing house "Pravda". At the same time. taught at Moscow. polygraph. in-those. Author of 10 books, ch. arr. by organization and technological. improving the polygraph. prom-sti Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR.

feljdman boris mironovich
has abstract: FELDMAN Boris Mironovich (1890, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1937, Moscow), military leader. Corps Commander (1935). In 1905-11 members. Socialist-Revolutionary Party. From 1912 he served in the army as a volunteer, a participant in the 1st world. war, graduated from the school of warrant officers. Since 1918 - in Kr. Army, commanded a detachment, regiment, division. In 1919 he graduated from the accelerated course of the Academy of the General Staff, served in staff and command positions. In 1921, the beginning. headquarters of the Nar.-rev. army of the Far East Republic, in 1922-26 he commanded a number of corps. In 1925 he graduated from the Higher. academic. courses at the Military. Academy of the Red Army, in 1926–31 early. headquarters of Leningrad. VO, part. Leningrad. city ​​committee of the CPSU (b), cases. 16th Party Congress. From July 1931 the beginning. GUK RKKA, awarded the order. Cr. Banner. From 1934 to the beginning. Directorate for the command staff of the USSR People's Commissariat of Defense. In 1937 he was appointed deputy. teams. troops of Moscow. IN. Arrested in 1937. Shot.

feljdman boris moiseevich
has abstract: FELDMAN Boris Moiseevich (b. 1938, Omsk), checker player. Master of Sports (1964), Intern. master in the game of correspondence (1984). World champion in correspondence the game of hundred-cell checkers (5th championship, 1967–71). Drafts journalist. Since 1994 - in Israel.

feljdman david
has abstract: FELDMAN David (? -?), Literary critic, translator. In the 1920s and 30s. sotr. in the journal. "Di dig Velt." The initiator of the creation in Ukraine and the head of lit. association "Boy". Comp. and per. (together with L.M. Kvitko) "Anthologies of Ukrainian Prose" (Kharkov, 1930). Translated into Yiddish. Russian and ukr. writers, including I.E. Babel. Repressed.

feljdman david isaakovich
has abstract: FELDMAN David Isaakovich (b. 1922, Kiev), lawyer. Dr. jurid. Sciences (1966), prof. 1941–42 - at the front. In 1945 he graduated from Moscow. jurid. in-t. He taught at Kazan University. Participated in the work of the Mezhdunar. associations int. rights in Helsinki, Madrid. 1975–92 members. Of the Executive Committee of the Sov. associations int. law and editorial board of "Sov. yearbook int. rights". Author of 12 monographs. and many others Art. on problems of international legal recognition of new state-in and pr-in, history of international. right, int. legal personality and methodology of science international. Prava, Cit .: Recognition of States in Modern International Law. Kazan, 1965; International law: problems of methodology. M., 1971 (et al.); The doctrine of Kant and Hegel on international law and modernity. Kazan, 1977 (et al.); System of international law. Kazan, 1983; History of International Law. M., 1990.

feljdman dmitriy moiseevich
has abstract: FELDMAN Dmitry Moiseevich (1902, Odessa - 1963, Moscow), cameraman. From 1918 he worked as a laboratory assistant at the c / st, from 1924 - an operator. Filmed f. to / from Odessa, Moscow, Yerevan, Baku, Tbilisi. Among the f .: "Ukhaby" (1928), "Ghost that does not return" (1930), "Quiet Don" (1931), "Petersburg Night" (1934), "Pepo" (1935, with A.I. Bek-Nazaryan), “David-bek” (1944, jointly with Bek-Nazaryan), “They came down from the mountains” (1955), “Splinter” (1957), “Otar's widow” (1958), “Twelve companions "(1962). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Armenian SSR (1958).

feljdman grigoriy aleksandrovich
has abstract: FELDMAN Grigory Alexandrovich (1884 - 1958), economist, mathematician. He studied in Germany, graduated from Moscow. tech. uch-shche (1912). After Oct. Revolution of 1917 worked at the Supreme Council of the National Economy, the State Planning Committee of the USSR (1923–31), taught at the Planning Academy (1931–35). Participated in drafting five-year and long-term (10-15 years) plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR. He was engaged in the analysis of the dynamics of economic development of the USA and the USSR, developed an economic and mathematical model and the concept of economic growth rates, calculated (close to real indicators) the national income of the USSR for 1926-50.

feljdman grigoriy petrovich
has abstract: FELDMAN Grigory Petrovich (1910, Kremenchug, Poltava province - 1963, Moscow), composer. Graduated from Moscow. conservatory on class. piano by K.N. Igumnov (1930) and by class. compositions by N.Ya. Myaskovsky (1941), historical faculty of Perm ped. Institute (1932). 1941–45 - in the army. He headed the composing studio in Makhachkala (1948–49). Author of symphonic suites, overtures, concerts, chamber ensembles, piano pieces, songs; processed for voice and piano approx. forty songs, including ten Jewish.

feljdman leybl
has abstract: FELDMAN Label (1896, Skopishki Novoaleksandrovsky u. Koven province -?), Publicist, ethnographer. Since 1910 - in the South. Africa. Since 1947, member. reign of the South African Jewish Federation of Culture. Author of the book: "Idn in Dorem-Africa" ​​("Jews in South Africa". Vilno, 1937); Idn in Johannesburg (Jews in Johannesburg. Johannesburg, 1956); “100 yor indier in Dorem-Africa” (“Indians in South Africa: 100 years”, ibid., 1961); “Matsudi, viazo their bin gevorn a diment-greber” (“Matsudi, how I became a diamond miner,” ibid., 1964).

feljdman naum iljich
has abstract: FELDMAN Naum Ilyich (1918, Melitopol, Tauride Gubernia - 1984, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1974), prof. (1980). In 1941 he graduated from the mechanic-mat. Faculty of Moscow State University. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1946–49 he was a post-graduate student of mech.-math. Faculty of Moscow State University. Student of A.O. Gelfond. He worked in Moscow. geological prospecting institute and at Moscow State University. F. belonged to fundamental results in number theory, in particular, the theory of transcendental numbers and the theory of Diophantine equations. Works: Approximation of algebraic numbers. M., 1981; Seventh problem of Hilbert. M., 1982.

feljdman nekhemiy ljvovich
has abstract: FELDMAN Nehemiy Lvovich (1896–1937), economic leader. In 1916-17 he studied honey. Faculty of Kharkov University. Member of the Civil. war, beginning. Special dep. army, military commissar div., com. brigade CHON. In 1923-24 - before. plan. dep. Kharkiv Provincial Executive Committee, in 1924-26 military commissar of the div. and early. gubernpromkhoz, in 1926–28 deputy. prev. acc. about-va in Kharkov. From 1928 to the beginning. management of the Zernotrest in Moscow, since 1930 dir. Vses. in-that mechanization with. x., in 1933-34 early. Department of repair and operation of the USSR People's Commissariat of Agriculture, since 1934 deputy. early Moscow region land administration. Repressed.

feljdman valentin avgustovich
has abstract: FELDMAN Valentin Avgustovich (1864, near St. Petersburg - 1928, Kiev), architect, painter. Rod. in the family of an agronomist. Studied at Petersburg. AH (1882–89). Architect in Sevastopol and Kharkov. At the same time. in 1905-10 he taught at the Kharkov Technol. in-those. Since 1910 - in Kiev, taught drawing and architect. disciplines at the polytechnic. (1910–22), architect. (1922–24), artist. (1924-28) in-takh. Member and the founder of the Kiev tov-va artist. (1916-18); participant of exhibitions (1900–08) of a circle of local artists. (Kharkov); member and a member of the Society of Rus. watercolors (1880-1918); member about-va of Kiev artists (1914-19); member artist circle "Wednesday" (Sevastopol, 1912-14). Works by F.: building of the panorama "Defense of Sevastopol in 1854–55." (Sevastopol, 1902-04), monument. scuttled ships (Sevastopol, 1905). The author is numerous. landscapes. The follower is realistic. directions in the claim.

feljdman viljgeljm
has abstract: FELDMAN Wilhelm (1868, Warsaw - 1919, Krakow), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1886 he published Art. (in Polish), imbued with the idea of ​​assimilation. In the 1890s. - in Krakow, took part in the creation of the Galician Radical Progressive Party. In 1894–95 he studied at Berlin University. In 1896 he founded the gas. Zenik Krakowski. In 1901-14 ed. zhurn. "Criticism". In 1914-18 he worked in the Polish press bureau. Top. nat. to-that in Berlin. In 1918-19 - at the Polish Foreign Ministry. Leading ideologist of the Young Poland movement. Author of stories and dramas. works devoted to the problems of assimilation of the Jewish intelligentsia. The author of works on the history of the Polish politician. thoughts.

feljdman zinoviy petrovich
has abstract: FELDMAN Zinovy ​​Petrovich (1893, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1942, Moscow), composer. Author of marches for brass bands. The author of the "Jewish March". Winner of six prizes at the military marches competition in Moscow (1940).

feljdshteyn david iosifovich
has abstract: FELDSHTEIN David Iosifovich (b. 1929, Voronezh), psychologist. Dr. psychol. Sciences (1969). Graduated from East. Faculty of Stalinabad Ped. Institute (1951). In 1952–60, dir. Wed schools in Stalinabad, in 1961–70 dir. complex. boarding school. At the same time. in charge of the lab. experimental psychology and programmed teaching at Taj. state un-those (1965-70), since 1970 head. Department of Psychology Taj. state un-that. Since 1974 scientific. sotr., head. lab. mental. development and education in adolescence and youth. age research institute general and ped. psychology of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences in Moscow. Research in the region. age and ped. psychology. The author of the concept of level-by-level social. personality development in ontogenesis. Since 2001 - Vice President. RAO. Cit .: Formation of the personality of a child in adolescence. Dushanbe, 1973; Psychology of education of a teenager. M., 1978; Psychology of personality development in ontogenesis. M., 1989.

feljdshteyn mikhail solomonovich
has abstract: FELDSHTEIN Mikhail Solomonovich (1885 - 1939), politician, lawyer. Until 1917 privat-doc. Moscow un-that, then prof. in the same place. History specialist polit. teachings. In 1919 he was arrested by the organs of the Cheka on charges of belonging to the so-called. Nat. center and Tact. center - organizations, created. with the aim of overthrowing the Sov. authorities. In aug. 1920 Top. roar. the tribunal sentenced most of those arrested (including F.) to death, to-ry was replaced by imprisonment. In 1921 F. was amnestied.

feljdt pavel emiljevich
has abstract: FELDT Pavel Emilievich (1905, Petersburg - 1960, ibid.), Composer, conductor. In 1930 he graduated from Leningrad. cons. by class php. In 1924–34 he was an accompanist; in 1934–41 conductor Leningrad. Small Opera House. Conducted the ball. "The Bright Stream" by D. D. Shostakovich (1935), op. "Prisoner of the Caucasus" (1938), "Ashik-Kerib" (1940; both by BV Asafiev), "The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda" MI Chulaki (1940). Since 1941 conductor Leningrad. t-ra op. and the ball. Conducted the ball. "Gayane" by A. I. Khachaturyan (1942, 1952), "Cinderella" by S. S. Prokofiev (1946), "Ali-Batyr" ("Shurale") by F. Z. Yarullin (1950), "Taras Bulba" .P.Soloviev-Sedogo (1955), "Spartacus" Khachaturian (1956) and others. F. was a conductor and music. ed. ball. "Fadetta" by A. Delibes, "Catherine" on music. A.Adan and A.G. Rubinstein (at the same time the author of instrumentation; both - 1936), author of music. processing ball. "A Vain Precaution" by PL Gertel (1937). Author of the op-t "Don Maurizio" (1946), "The Whims of Jealousy" (co-authored with GN Nosov, 1947), ball. The Magic Diary (1956). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1957). Became. pr. (1951).

feljtsman osip bentsionovich
has abstract: FELTSMAN Osip Bentsionovich (Benediktovich) (1875, Odessa - 1919, Moscow), psychiatrist. Doctor of Medicine. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1900). From 1908 he worked as a psychiatrist at the Preobrazhenskaya. hospital in Moscow. One of the founders of children. psychiatry in Russia. In 1915 he founded a hospital school for mentally ill children; contributed to the organization of education and treatment of mentally retarded children; was among the first in Russia supporters and propagandists of Freud's doctrine of psychoanalysis, the author of one of the first works on this topic in Russia ("On the question of psychoanalysis and psychotherapy", 1909). Since 1911 he edited the "Psychotherapeutic Library" published in Moscow, in which the works of Freud and other psychoanalysts were published, as well as the works of F. Soch .: Auxiliary schools for mentally retarded children. M., 1912; Nervous children. M., 1915.

feljtsman oskar borisovich
has abstract: FELTSMAN Oskar Borisovich (b. 1921, Odessa), composer. Beginning muses. educated in the Odessa muses. school of P.S. Stolyarsky. In 1939–41 he studied at Moscow. cons. by class compositions by V.Ya.Shebalin. In 1941–42 conductor, head. muses. part of BelGOSET in Novosibirsk, in 1942–44 muses. hands. Novosibirsk youth t-ra. Since 1945 - in Moscow. Main place in the work of F. is the song. Songwriter: "My Black Sea", "Danube Wreath", "Motor ship", "My Vasya", "Lilies of the valley", "Good morning", "A song goes around in a circle", "I see nothing", "Waltz by candlelight "," A man in love "and others. Author of song cycles on the verses of R. Gamzatov" With love for a woman "and" This is us. " In 1987 he created the cycle "Songs of the Past" ("Four Jewish Songs" for folk texts). Author of the op-t "Suvorochka", "Air Castle", "The Mediterranean Sea rustles", "The Beautiful Miller's Woman", "Charley's Aunt" ("Old Comedy", 1973, Krasnodar), "Let the Guitar Play" (1975, Sverdlovsk), Donna Lucia, The Lion Left Home; the oratorio Motherland (1979), This Time (1985); op. for orc., chamber instrument. ensembles, film music and theater. performances. Honored. figure in the lawsuit in the RSFSR (1972), People art. RSFSR (1989).

feljtsman vladimir oskarovich
has abstract: FELTSMAN Vladimir Oskarovich (b. 1952, Moscow), pianist. Son of OB Feltsman. In 1974 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class php. Ya.V. Flier. Laureate of the Concertina-Prague competition (1967). In 1971 - 1st Ave. to Mezhdunar. competition them. M. Long and J. Thibault in Paris. In the 1970s. gave concerts a lot. In programs - manuf. French comp. J. F. Ramot, F. Couperin, S. Franck, C. Debussy, M. Ravel, O. Messiaen, as well as L. van Beethoven, R. Schumann, F. Chopin, S. V. Rachmaninov, S. S. .Prokofiev. Since 1987 - in the USA. Since 1988 he has been teaching at un-those in New York.

feljzen yuriy
has abstract: FELZEN Yuri (real name and surname Nikolai Berngardovich Freudenstein) (1895, Petersburg - 1943, Germany), writer, critic. Rod. in the family of a doctor. In 1912 he graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. From 1918 - in Riga, in 1922–24 - in Germany, from 1924 - in France. First publ. - in the journal. "New ship", in mid. 1920s Author of rum. "Deception" (Paris, 1930), "Happiness" (Berlin, 1932), book. "Letters about Lermontov" (Paris, 1936). F.'s prose and reviews were published in the journal. "Modern. notes "," Numbers "," Circle "and other periodicals. ed. In 1942 he was arrested while crossing the Franco-Swiss border.

feljzenshteyn milya
has abstract: FELSENSTEIN Mila (Rakhmiel) Lazarevich (1924, Kharkov - 2006, Lod, Israel), Hero of the Soviet Union (1943). Rod. in the family of the Lubavitch Hasidim. In the Red Army - from 1942. In 1943 he graduated from the Tashkent machine-gun school. Com. machine gun platoon, ml. leith. F. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for courage and heroism shown during the crossing of the Kerch Strait and the seizure of a bridgehead on the Kerch Peninsula in the Eltigen region. He was wounded in the battle. He was wounded again in 1944 in the battles during the liberation of Sevastopol. Since 1944 - in reserve. Graduated from the Kharkov technical school of light industry. Worked early. workshops at the light industry. Since 1974 - in Israel.

fenster boris aleksandrovich
has abstract: FENSTER Boris Alexandrovich (1916, Petrograd - 1960, ibid.), Dancer, ballet master. In 1936 he graduated from Leningrad. choreography uch-shche, in 1940 - ballet master courses at the school. From 1936 art., From 1944 pom. thin hands., in 1945–53 art. hands., in 1953–56 chap. ballet master Leningr. Small theater of opera and ballet. Danced the parts: Harlequin ("Harlequinade" by R. Drigo), Rene ("Fadetta" to music by L. Delibes), Colin ("A Vain Precaution" by P. Hertel), Adjutant ("Prisoner of the Caucasus" by BA Asafiev). The first are independent. fast. in Leningrad. choreography school: "Tom Sawyer" by A.P. Gladkovsky (1936), "Ashik-Kerib" by Asafiev (1940), "Bela" by VM Deshevov (1941). On the stage of the Maly Theater, he staged productions in the genre of a comedy ballet performance: "The Imaginary Groom" by MI Chulaki based on the comedy by K. Goldoni "Servant of Two Masters" (1946), "Robbers" by J. Offenbach (1948), and also staged dances in op. "Sicilian Vespers" by G. Verdi (1952), "Blue Danube" on music. Strauss (1956), op. “The Mute of Portici” by D. Ober (1960) and others. Staged a ball for children. "Doctor Aibolit" by IV Morozov (1948), "Youth" Chulaki (1949), "Twelve Months" by BL Bitov (1954). In 1956-59, Ch. ballet master T-ra op. and the ball. them. Kirov; put on a ball. "Taras Bulba", V.P.Soloviev-Sedogo (1955), "Masquerade" by L.A. Laputin (1960). At the same time. (1949–59) taught at Leningrad State University. cons. Nar. art. RSFSR (1957). Became. pr. (1948, 1950).

fenster toviy
has abstract: FENSTER Toviy (1864, Shumala, Lomzhin province - 1959, Rio de Janeiro), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1885–89 - in the army. Until 1915 entrepreneur, before. Jewish community of Volkovysk. In 1924-26 - in Danzig. In 1926–40 - in Belgium. The first stories were published in gas. "Di Yiddish Press" in Antwerp in 1926. Published in Jewish periodicals. ed. until 1939. He was in charge of the Jewish Nar. un-tom in Antwerp. In 1940–46 - in France, in hiding, he worked as a gardener in a church. In 1946-50 - in Belgium, from 1950 - in Brazil. In 1961 in Rio de Janeiro the favorites were published. manuf. F. "Geklibene font".

ferber ruvin simonovich
has abstract: FERBER Ruvin Simonovich (b. 1946, Riga), physicist, public figure. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1987), prof. (1989). Since 1971 after graduating from Phys.-Math. Faculty of the Latvian State University worked there. Since 1995 - head. lab. optical polarization of molecules Ying-that of atomic physics and spectroscopy at the Latvian University. Region scientific interests - physical optics, atomic physics, laser spectroscopy. The author of St. 140 prints works. Since 1991 he has been an active participant in the activities of the Jewish community in Riga. In 1991–93 - one of the organizers, vice-rector, rector of the Free Jewish University at the Israel Center for Education and Culture in the Diaspora (for the Baltic and Leningrad regions), since 1993 - Chairman of the Scientists' Club of the Shamir Foundation named after M. Dubin, created on the basis of this un-that. Since 1995 one of the organizers and co-chairman of the org. Committee of the International. conf. "Jews in a Changing World".

ferber tsvi-girsh
has abstract: FERBER Zvi-Hirsch (1879, Kovna - 1966, Great Britain), rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1911 - in Great Britain, rabbi in the West End synagogue in London. He was engaged in research. in the region. Jewish religion. legislation. Author of comments. to the Pentateuch and to the Passover Gagada "Kerem ha-Tsvi".

ferdman david lazarevich
has abstract: FERDMAN David Lazarevich (1903, Terespol, Belsky u. Sedletskaya province. - 1970, Kiev), biochemist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1935), prof. (1940), ch. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1939), Che. USSR Academy of Sciences (1946). In 1925 he graduated from the Kharkov Institute of Nar. education. In 1930–43, assistant, head. Department of Kharkov honey. in-that, simultaneously. in 1931–39 head. lab. Institute of Labor in Kharkov, in 1936–41 hands. lab. Ukrainian psychoneurological. in-that. In 1943-70 Deputy. dir. Institute of Biochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (Kiev), simultaneously. from 1944 - at the Kiev University. Main work dedicated. research exchange of phosphorus and nitrogen compounds and hydrocarbons. He proposed a method for treating muscle disease using adenosine triphosphate. He established the presence of glutamine in the tissues of animals and studied the processes of its metabolism in the body, on the basis of which a conclusion was drawn about the commonality of nitrogen metabolism in the animal and plant world. Works: Biochemistry of phosphorus compounds. Kiev, 1935; Exchange of phosphorus compounds. M. - L., 1940; Biochemistry of muscle diseases. Kiev, 1953; Biochemistry. 3rd ed. M., 1966.

ferdman shoul
has abstract: FERDMAN Shole (1907, Lutsk, Volyn province. - 1993, Kiryat Motzkin, Israel), writer, publicist, philologist, teacher. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Graduated from the Jewish Teachers' Institute in Vilna (1930). Studied at ped. in-takh of Lvov and Krakow. In 1930–39 he taught at Jewish schools. He was close to the Bund. The first ped. Art. publ. in 1928. In 1939–46 - in the USSR. Repressed. Since 1946 - in Poland. Compiled textbooks and uch. manuals for Jewish schools, including: "Shul un Geim" ("School and Home". Book for reading in the 2nd grade, co-authored with Kh. Slutskaya-Kestin. Warsaw, 1950); “Yiddish Shprah” (“Hebrew language.” Grammar and spelling, 2 hours, ibid., 1950–55); "Reader farn zibetn class" ("Reader for the 7th grade", ibid., 1955). Prepared for ed. book for ser. "Yiddish Shul Libraries" (Warsaw, 1950–62): biogr. writers, commentary, note. to manuf. Since 1957 - in Mexico. He translated into Yiddish "Letters about Old and New Jewry" by S. M. Dubnov (1959, with M. Ferdman). Since 1980 - in Israel. Worked on the "Big Dictionary of the Yiddish Language".

ferkeljman leonid aleksandrovich
has abstract: FERKELMAN Leonid Alexandrovich (1922, Rostov-on-Don - 1988, ibid.), Otorhinolaryngologist. Graduated from Rostov honey. Institute (1946). In 1956 he organized and headed the department of otorhinolaryngology in the Rostov region. hospital. One of the first in the USSR to use ultrasound to treat ear diseases. Developed methods of sparing therapy for internal diseases. and middle ear; invented a number of devices and instruments for otorhinolaryngological operations. Member reign of Vseros. scientific. about-va of otorhinolaryngologists. Honored. doctor of the RSFSR (1967), Hon. inventor of the RSFSR (1985).

ferteljmeyster eduard borisovich
has abstract: FERTELMEISTER Eduard Borisovich (b. 1947, Gorky), composer, teacher. Prof. (1985). Graduated from the faculty of choir conductors (1972) and the composer faculty (1981) of the Gorky cons. In 1983-92 teacher. in the music. uch-shche, head. muses. part of the Youth Theater. Since 1985 - in the Gorky cons., In 1994–96 vice-rector, since 1996 rector. Author of music for more than 60 performances, including the play by GIGorin "Memorial Prayer" (based on the production of Sholem Aleichem, post. In the Kazan Russian Drama Theater named after V.I. Kachalova). Based on this performance, he wrote a symphony. suite "Reb Tevye". Among other op. - chorus. concert-rhapsody on Jewish themes "Songs of the Heart", symph., production. for children. choirs, choir. cycles on poems by O.E. Mandelstam, S.A. Yesenin and other poets, instr. sonatas, songs.

fet
has abstract: FET (Shenshin) Afanasy Afanasyevich (1820, Novoselki Mtsensk u. Oryol province. - 1892, Moscow), poet. He graduated from the verbal department of philosophy. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1844). In 1840 he released the first collection of works. verse. "Lyrical Pantheon". In 1845–58 - for the military. service. In 1860–81 he lived on the estate, worked in the village. h-vom, wrote little. In 1881 he returned to Moscow, released 4 collection. "Evening Lights" (1883, 1885, 1888, 1891). Mn. verse. F. became popular romances. Translated into Russian. lang. op. Horace, Juvenal, Catullus, Tibullus, Ovid, Virgil, I.-V. Goethe, G. Heine and other poets, treatises by A. Schopenhauer. Author of memoirs. F.'s work had a meaning. influence on the poets of subsequent generations. op. M., 1959.

feyerberg mordekhay-voljf
has abstract: FEYERBERG Mordechai-Wolf (1874, Novograd-Volynsky, Volyn province - 1899, ibid.), Writer, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Initiator of the association "Maskilim" and "Hovevei Zion" in Novograd-Volynsky. He wrote poetry, under the influence of N. Sokolov switched to prose. 1st story "Yaakov ga-shomer" ("Watchman Jacob") was published in the journal. "Ha-Tsefira" in 1897. In the journal. “Ha-Shiloakh” published the stories “Ga-kmea” (“Amulet”, 1897), “Ba-erev” (“In the Evening”, 1898), “Ha-egel” (“Taurus”, 1899), etc .; in the journal. "Luakh Ahiasaf" in 1898 - "Ga-zalalim" ("Shadows"), "Leil Aviv" ("Spring Night"). Rum. "Lean" ("Where?") And two polemics. Art. about the Jewish literature were published. into gas. "Ha-Shiloakh" after F.'s death. research about I. Baal Shem Tov (not completed). Full collection op. F. ed. in Tel Aviv in 1941 by E. Steinman. Prod. F. reflected a spiritual conflict between adherence to tradition and the desire for assimilation.

feygelj iosif isaakovich
has abstract: FEIGEL Joseph Isaakovich (1899, Glubokoe Disnensky u. Vilna province -?), Gynecologist. Prof. (1931). In 1919–21 - in Kr. Army. In 1923 he graduated from honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University. In 1923-26 resident, assistant obstetric and gynecologist. clinics in the same place; in 1926–31 assistant professor. in Leningrad. in-those of obstetrics and gynecology; in 1931–41 and in 1945–51 head. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the 2nd MMI. In 1941–45, Ch. gynecologist Zap. and 3rd Belarusian. fr. In 1951–55 the head. gynecological Department of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the USSR Ministry of Health, in 1955–59 he headed the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Kalinin Med. in-that. Main scientific. tr. dedicated question stillbirth (demographic, social and clinical aspects); ensuring the normal course of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period; diagnosis of gonorrhea in women; hygienic regime during pregnancy and after childbirth, etc. Cit .: Stillbirth. M. - L., 1929; Diagnosis of female gonorrhea by reaction to gonococcal antigen. M. - L., 1941; Women's health and motherhood. M., 1960.

feygeljson eva mikhaylovna
has abstract: FEYGELSON Eva Mikhailovna (b. 1915, Vitebsk), mathematician, meteorologist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1962), prof. (1962). Graduated from Moscow State University (1939). In 1939–56 she worked at Ying-those theoretical. Geophysics Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1956 - in the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR - computer, Jr. scientific. sotr., Art. scientific. sotr., leading scientific. sotr. Region scientific. interests - distribution of optical. radiation in the earth's atmosphere, taking into account cloudiness, gas. components and aerosols. I solved the ur-tion of radiation transfer in the atmosphere. She headed the development of the project "Radiation and cloudiness" in the state. the program "Global changes in the environment and climate". Author approx. 200 scientific. works, 5 monographs. Vol .: Radiation processes in stratus clouds. M., 1964; Radiant heat transfer in the clouds. L., 1970.

feygenberg iosif moiseevich
has abstract: FEIGENBERG Iosif Moiseevich (b. 1922, Gomel, Mogilev province), psychophysiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1967), prof. (1970). After graduating from the 2nd MMI (1946) he worked at the Institute of Neurology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Since 1960 - at TsIUV. Since 1992 - in Israel. Centre. research topic - probabilistic prediction of movements and actions by a person on the basis of learned and updated experience. Developed the ideas of N.A. Bernstein, prepared for publishing. a number of his tr., including those considered lost. Following Bernstein, he considered the construction of movements as a specific manifestation of brain activity, the study of a cut contributes to the optimization of the solution of dec. cognitive tasks. Cit .: Brain, psyche, health. M., 1972; Clinic. violation of the interaction of analyzers. M., 1975; Probabilistic forecasting in human activity. M., 1978; Problematic tasks and their place in the educational process. M., 1989.

feygenberg rakhelj borisovna
has abstract: Rachel Borisovna FEIGENBERG (ps. Raquel Imri) (1885, Lyuban, Bobruisk u., Minsk province. - 1972, Tel Aviv), writer, translator, journalist. The first story (in Yiddish) was published in the journal. Dos naye lebn (1905). In 1911–12 she studied in Lausanne (Switzerland). First book. - "Mama" (Warsaw, 1911). In 1921–24 - in Romania and Poland. Since 1924 - in E.-I. He is the author of books about the life of Jews in Russia, about the pogroms in Ukraine: "Oif de bregn fun Dniester" ("On the banks of the Dniester", 1925), "A pinkes fun atoyter shtot" ("Chronicle of a dead city", 1926). She translated her works. from Yiddish to Hebrew, including Megilot Yehudey Rusia, 1905-1964 (Notes on Russian Jewry, 1905-1964, 1965).

feygenzon naftole-shraga
has abstract: FEYGENZON Naftole-Shraga (1800, Godutishki Sventsiansky u. Vilna province. - 1886, Vilna), teacher, linguist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, graduated from Russian as an external student. gymnasium in Vilna, was a teacher of Russian. lang. in headers. Author of a number of textbooks in Yiddish and other Hebrew languages, as well as the dictionary "Oytser loshn rusiya" ("Treasures of the Russian language"), containing 7000 rus. words from the lane. in Yiddish (Vilna, 1874), the manual “Der kinder-lerer far di rusishe shprahe” (“Children's textbook on the study of the Russian language”), containing a Russian-Jewish dictionary (Vilna, 1877), and others. lang. - Russian, Yiddish, Old Jewish. In diff. time published Art. in Hebrew on questions pedagogy in gas. "Ha-Magid", "Gamelitz" and "Ha-Tsefira".

feygin boris ljvovich
has abstract: FEYGIN Boris Lvovich (b. 1954, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1995). In 1976 he graduated from mech.-mat. Faculty of Moscow State University. Comp. Institute of Theoretical Physics. L.D. Landau RAS. Main the results are related to algebraic. topology, soliton theory, conformal field theory. Composition: Conformal field theory and cohomology of the Lie algebra of holomorphic vector fields on a complex curve. In the book: International Congress of Mathematicians in Kyoto. M., 1996.

feygin eliezer-itskhok
has abstract: FEIGIN Eliezer-Itskhok (?, Bialystok, Grodno province - after 1941, ibid.), Publicist. He was engaged in lit. research (first published - letters of AB Gottlober to the newspaper "Ha-Magid"). From 1899 - in St. Petersburg, sotr. gas. "Gamelitz", wrote to the newspaper. "Tog", printed articles, feuilletons, poems in Hebrew, in gas. Fraind is in Yiddish. Into the gas. "Der veg" (Yiddish) and "Ha-Zman" (Hebrew) led the law. separate, simultaneously was printed in gas. "Gaynt" and "Moment" (Warsaw), "Bialistoker Tageblat". After 1917 - in China, in Harbin. In 1920, together with A.D. Kirzhnits, he founded the first gas in China. in Yiddish ("Der weiter mizrekh").

feygin gerasim grigorjevich
has abstract: FEYGIN Gerasim Grigorievich (1901, Pokrov, Vladimir province - 1921, Kronstadt, Petrograd province), leader of the youth communist movement. From nov. 1917 members RSDLP (b). From Dec. 1917 members Union of Working Youth in Vladimir, ed. zhurn. "Youth". Since 1919, member. Vladimirsky provincial committee of the RKSM, with a detachment of Komsomol members voluntarily went to the front. Pom. military commissar, military commissar shooter. shelf to the South. and Zap. fr., demobilized due to injury. In 1920, members. Pokrovsky Ukom RKSM, member. Central Committee of the KSM of Belarus, Zap. Bureau of the Central Committee of the RKSM, commissioner of the territory. env. Belarus. Affairs. 2-3rd RKSM congresses. Since 1920 sec. Ivanovo-Voznesensky Provincial Committee of the RKSM, ed. gas. "Young textile worker", chl. Provincial Committee of the RCP (b). Affairs. 10th Congress of the RCP (b), died in the suppression of the uprising of sailors in Kronstadt.

feygin leonid
has abstract: FEYGIN Leonid (Lazar) Veniaminovich (b. 1923, Bobruisk, Minsk province), composer, violinist, conductor. In 1947 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class violin by D.F. Oistrakh, took lessons in composition from N.Ya. Myaskovsky (1949-50) and V.Ya.Shebalin (1950-56). In 1943–56 the soloist of the Moscow. Philharmonic. The author of the ball. “Star Fantasy” (1963, Moscow), “Don Juan” (1964, Tashkent), “Forty Girls” (after the eponymous Karakalpak epic, 1967, Tashkent). Created a ball. "Snow Maiden" to music from different. manuf. P.I. Tchaikovsky (1963). Among other works: 3 symphonies (1967, 1974, 1978); concerts for instruments with orc. - for violin (1948, 2nd ed. - 1954), for 2 violins and strings. orc. (1958), for trumpet (1973); chamber instr. ensembles, including 3 strings. quartet (1949–80), numerous. pieces for decomp. instr-tov, music for drama performances. t-ra and k / f. New orchestrations of op. "The Battle of Legnano" by G. Verdi (1960), "Don Procopio" by J. Bizet (1961), op-you "Doña Juanita" by F. Zuppe (1966), ball. "Don Quixote" by L.F. Minkus (1970). F. belong to numerous. processing of pieces from Western Europe. and Russian. classics (about 200) for different. compositions of tools, Ch. arr. for violin with piano, as well as wok instrumentation. manuf. (over 300). Since 1986 - in Great Britain.

feygin mark zakharovich
has abstract: FEIGIN Mark Zakharovich (b. 1971, Kuibyshev), politician. Graduated from law. Faculty of Samara State un-that. 1989–90 members party "Democratic. union ", since 1990 member. Nar.-labor. union grew. solidarists, from 1991 to. Samara club grew. solidarists. Participated in the creation. elects. association "Russia's Choice" and the same name. party. 1993–96 dep. State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation from the "Choice of Russia", member. Duma committee on issues. local government. 1997-2007 - Deputy. Ch. adm. Samara.

feygin moisey aleksandrovich
has abstract: FEYGIN Moisey Alexandrovich (1904, Rechitsa, Minsk province - 2008, Moscow), painter, graphic artist. In 1927 he graduated from VKHUTEMAS (Moscow), where he studied in the workshops of A.A. Osmerkin, I.I.Mashkov, D.P. Shterenberg. Among the paintings of various. years - still lifes, generalized to a metaphor. In graphic. sheets F. returns to the images embodied earlier in painting. F. often uses the technique of collage, followed by the imposition of a paint layer on the surface of foreign painting materials (eg, foil). In 1978 - an exhibition of the collective. with thin VV Fedotov, in 1994 and 1996 - personal exhibitions (Moscow). In 1990–91 he participated in exhibitions in Moscow – Washington and Washington – Moscow, exhibitions in Great Britain, Bulgaria, Germany, and the USA. Works are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, the State Russian Museum, the museums of Ivanov, Kemerovo and in the zarub. meetings.

feygin shmuelj-itskhak
has abstract: FEYGIN Shmuel-Yitzhak (1893, Krichev Cherikovsky u. Mogilev province. - 1950, Chicago), orientalist, Semitologist. Doctor of Philosophy (1923), prof. (1934). From 1912 - in E.-I., studied at the Jewish Teachers' Institute in Jerusalem. During the 1st world. wars - in the Turkish army. Since 1920 - in the USA, he studied Semitology at Yale University. In 1923–30 he taught Hebrew in Pittsburgh. Since 1932 - at the Institute of Oriental Studies of Chicago University, participated in the compilation of the dictionary of the Assyrian language. From 1934 he taught Jewish history at the Department of Jewish Literature at Chicago University. Author of scientific. works (in Yiddish and English) about TANAKH, east. lang., connections of other Jewish and Babylonian civilizations ("Mi-Sitrey ge-Avar", 1943; "Anshey Sefer", 1950, etc.), as well as essays on the life and work of a number of Jewish writers, scientists and societies. figures.

feygin valentin yakovlevich
has abstract: FEYGIN Valentin Yakovlevich (b. 1934, Kharkov), cellist, teacher. Graduated from Moscow. cons. (1957) and postgraduate studies at the cons. (1960) according to cl. cello S.M. Kozolupov. Soloist with Mosconcert since 1960. Tours different. countries. In 1970 he played in the FP. trio (with pianist I.M. Zhukov and violinist G.Feigin) in the cycle of ist. concerts. F. - the first performer of the production. for cello and fp. owls. comp .: "Poems" Latvian. comp. Y. Ivanov and sonatas of dag. comp. Sh.R. Chalaeva (both works - 1968). From 1974 - teacher. in Moscow. cons. (since 1984 assoc.). 1st pr. 6th World festival of youth and students (1957, Moscow), 3rd pr. Mezhdunar. Cello Competition P. Casals (1957, Paris), 3rd Ave Vses. competition of musicians-performers (1961, Moscow), 2nd ave. Mezhdunar. competition them. P.I. Tchaikovsky (1962, Moscow). Honored. art. RSFSR (1983).

feygin yakov grigorjevich
has abstract: FEYGIN Yakov Grigorievich (1903, Leskonogi, Chernigov province. - 1973, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1949), ch. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1939). Graduated from Geogr. branch of the 2nd Moscow State University (1931). In 1932–41 and from 1947 he worked at the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (in 1947–48 dir.). 1941–45 - at the front. In 1957–72 the head. sector of the Institute of Economics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of scientific. works on the problems of the theory of location of production and development produces. forces; ed. F. publ. collection of collections and collective monographs. “Features and factors of the distribution of branches of the people. x-va "(M., 1960)," Patterns and factors of development of econom. districts of the USSR "(Moscow, 1965) and other works: Placement of production under capitalism and socialism. M., 1954 (2nd ed. - M., 1958); Ways of developing the natural resources of Siberia and the Far East. M., 1956; Placement issues are produced. forces and development of econ. regions. M., 1964 (et al.).

feynberg-samoylova maelj isaevna
has abstract: FEYNBERG-SAMOILOVA Mael Isaevna (nee Bassehes-Khurgina) (1925, Kharkov - 1994, Moscow), literary critic. Daughter of I.Ya. Khurgin. Graduated from Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1949). Published since 1952. She commented approx. 200 letters from N.A. Nekrasov for Poln. collection op. (M., 1952). Region scientific. interests - A.S. Pushkin and Russian. liter 20 century F.-S. prepared for printing book. IL Feinberg "Reading Pushkin's notebooks" (2nd ed. M., 1985), "Abram Petrovich Hannibal - Pushkin's great-grandfather" (2nd ed. M., 1986), etc. More than 30 years was edited by. literary and memoir books. Compiled, prepared for ed. text and commented on "Memories of Boris Pasternak" (with EV Pasternak. M., 1993) and book. "Second birth" (jointly with NA Pasternak. M., 1993), in which the letters of BL Pasternak to his wife ZN Neigauz-Pasternak were first printed, as well as her inspiration. She studied the biography of M.I. Tsvetaeva, in private. the fate of S.Ya. Efron; comp. Sat. "Bolshevo" (Moscow, 1993, jointly with O. Zhdanova).

feynberg david faddeevich
has abstract: FEINBERG David Faddeevich (1840, Kovna - 1916, Petrograd), public figure. He served as an assistant. early stations on the St. Petersburg-Warsaw railway. d. Studied law. f-those Petersburg. un-that, studied law in high fur boots in Germany. Served on the board of Akts. about-va of the chain shipping company on Sheksna, which belonged to G.O. Gintsburg. In 1867 he attracted the attention of the French. polit. activist I.A. Krem'e to the so-called. the Saratov case. F. - the initiator of the creation of time. chapels with choral services (1868) in St. Petersburg, from 1869 sec. (later - h. secretary) of the board of St. Petersburg. Jewish community. He was one of the first to petition the government for permission to build the Choral synagogue in the city, was engaged in the arrangement of the Jewish cemetery (from 1908 he was a member of the committee on the construction of a new complex of cemetery buildings); one of the founders and poch. sec. reign of St. Petersburg. an orphanage. In 1891, F. accompanied A. White (a representative of the Baron M. de Hirsch Foundation) on a trip to the provinces of the Pale of Settlement in order to study the situation of Jews and the possibility of organizing their emigration, participated in the development of the charter of St. Petersburg. the EKO committee (since 1892 the chief secretary of this committee), was preparing the dispatch of consignments of emigrants to Argentina (in memory of F.'s merits, one of the Jewish colonies in Argentina was named "Feinberg"). F. - Chl. OPE, ORT, will take care. Council of Courses of Oriental Studies under the hands. Baron D.G. Gintsburg, member. to-ta Ob-va for scientific. Jewish publications, vice-president. About-va hygienic. cheap apartments for Jewish us. Petersburg. With the beginning of the 1st world. During the war, he participated in the creation of the Committee to help Jews - residents of the front. r-new. F. bequeathed his fortune and extensive archive to the Jewish community of …

feynberg evgeniy ljvovich
has abstract: FEINBERG Evgeniy Lvovich (1912, Baku - 2005), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1944), prof. (1944), acad. RAS (1997). Graduated from Moscow State University (1935). Since 1938 - at FIAN, head. dep. (since 1952). Prof. Gorky University (1944–46) and MEPhI (1946–54). Sci. tr. on nuclear physics, radiophysics, elementary particles, acoustics, philosophy. question science and arts. Developed and applied methods for solving problems of the theory of wave propagation along the earth's surface, taking into account its inhomogeneities and irregularities, statistical. the theory of noise immunity of receiving audio signals and correlations. method of their analysis. He initiated the study of coherent and diffraction inelastic processes. Explored sets. the birth of hadrons at peripheral. collisions, mechanisms of variation of cosmic. rays. Author approx. 200 scientific. publications. Etc. them. L.I. Mandelstam of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1951). State pr. USSR (1983). Evil medal to them. S.I. Vavilov, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1988) Vol .: Propagation of radio waves along the earth's surface. M., 1961; Two cultures: intuition and logic in art and science. M., 1992.

feynberg iljya ljvovich
has abstract: FEINBERG Ilya Lvovich (1905, Yurburg of Rossiensky u. Kovenskaya province. - 1979, Moscow), literary critic. Graduated from the legal department of the Faculty of Societies. Sciences of Moscow State University (1924). He worked as a lawyer until 1927. He began to publish in 1928. The first book. - about the 1st world. war - "1914" (1934). In the future, everything is scientific. F.'s interests are connected with A.S. Pushkin. 1941–45 military. corr. to Chernomor. and North. fleets. F.'s essays were published in the center. and naval seal. Among them - an essay about II Fisanovich ("Thirteenth Victory", newspaper "Pravda"). Main tr .: "Unfinished works of Pushkin" (Moscow, 1955; 7th ed. - 1979), "History of one manuscript" (Moscow, 196Z), "Reading Pushkin's notebooks" (Moscow, 1976; additional ed. - M., 1981), "Pushkin's Mysterious Sketch" (M., 1978), etc. Prepared anew for Poln. collection op. A.S. Pushkin text "History of Peter" (v. 8, 1962, 1974). Responsible sec. Pushkin Commission of the USSR Writers' Union, member. Pushkin Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences. See. ed .: "Abram Petrovich Hannibal - Pushkin's great-grandfather" (Moscow, 1983), fav. manuf. "Reading Pushkin's notebooks" (M., 1985) and others. Son F. - Alexander (1947, Moscow - 1981, ibid.), Philologist. Graduated from Moscow State University (1972), researcher of A.S. Pushkin, V.V. Nabokov, D. Joyce, E. Hemingway. The author of the book. "Notes on the" Bronze Horseman "(M., 1993).

feynberg leon
has abstract: FEINBERG Leon (1897, Podolsk province - 1969, USA), writer, poet, journalist. Studied at Moscow. un-those. In 1914 he published the 1st volume of verse. in Russian lang., written almost entirely under the influence of Russian. Symbolists. Since 1920 - in the USA. He continued to write poetry in Russian. lang., later switched to Yiddish. Member editorial board gas. Freigite, every month zhurn. Der gamer. Pres. Yiddish PEN Club. He wrote 15 rums, among which rums. in the verses Der farmishpeter dor (The Doomed Generation, 1954), Der Gebentsher Dor (The Wounded Generation, 1962), rom. "Der carpet dor" ("The Ruined Generation", 1967). Main theme of manuf. F. - the fate of the Jews in Russia.

feynberg leonid evgenjevich
has abstract: FEYNBERG Leonid Evgenievich (literary ps. L. Korn) (1896 - 1980), painter, art critic. Brother of S.E. Feinberg. In 1917, six paintings by F. were first presented at one of the moscow. exhibitions, in 1922 the Museum of Fine Arts exhibited 37 works by F. in oil. Among the products. - monumental panels. Author of works “Glazing and classical technique. painting "(1937)," Sonata form in the poetry of Pushkin "(chap. from it published in the collection" Poetry and Music ", 1978)," Secrets of the painting of the old masters "(co-authored with Yu.I. Grenborg, 1989 ), ed. and the author entered. Art. books by Feinberg et al. F. belong to the rep. about MA Voloshin ("Three summers visiting Max. Voloshin"), FI Rerberg, Feinberg and others. Author of 7 vols. poetry and philosophy. book "Ave mirabile".

feynberg samuil evgenjevich
has abstract: FEYNBERG Samuil Evgenievich (1890, Odessa - 1962, Moscow), pianist, teacher, composer. Brother of L.E. Feinberg. Prof. (1922), Doctor of Law (1940). Studied playing php. from A.F. Jensen, then from A.B. Goldenweiser at the Philharmonic. uch-shche and in Moscow. cons., graduated in 1911. At the same time. took lessons in composition from N.S. Zhilyaev. From 1912 he toured in Russia and other countries. Since 1922 - in Moscow. cons., from 1936 head. department of special php. F. was the first performer of a number of op. S.S. Prokofiev, N.Ya. Myaskovsky, A.N. Alexandrov, A.V. Stanchinsky, as well as one of the first owls. pianists, in the repertoire of which there were works. both volumes (48 preludes and fugues) of the Well-Tempered Clavier by J.-S. Bach and all of Beethoven's sonatas. F. is the author of 3 concerts for php. with orc. (1931, 1944, 1947, 2nd ed. - 1951), 12 sonatas (1915-60), suites, fantasies for fp. and others. In op. 1910–20s used elements of Jewish folklore, later - Georgian, Tatars. and Chuvash. (arrangements for voice from the piano “25 Chuvash songs”, 1937). F. owned processing for php. orc. manuf. Bach, A. Vivaldi, A. P. Borodin, cadenzas for concerts for fp. with orc. W.-A. Mozart, Beethoven and others. Author of the books "Pianism as Art" (M., 1965), "The Pianist's Mastery" (M., 1978). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1937). Became. pr. (1946).

feynberg saveliy moiseevich
has abstract: FEINBERG Savely Moiseevich (1910, Baku - 1973, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1949), prof. (1953). In 1932 he graduated from Azerb. polytechnic in-t, specializing in engineer-architect; in 1933–34 - in graduate school. Since 1934 - in the institute "Azneftproekt", since 1942 - at the building of aviation. plant in Baku. In 1942–43 he taught at the Higher. military-mor. uch-shche, in 1943-44 - at the front, demobilized from injury. In 1944–45 the beginning. strength groups in the LII of the People's Commissariat of Aviation. prom-ti. Since 1945 - in Ying-those chem. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1946–73 - in the Lab. No. 2 of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1956 - Institute of Atomic Energy) (senior scientific worker, head of the theoretical sector, deputy head of the department). At the same time. in 1947–73 he taught at MEPhI. Main works - in the region. theory of elasticity and plasticity, nuclear power; showed the possibility of obtaining generalized equations of mathematics. the theory of plasticity at ultimate stress. The initiator of creation and hands. project of the world's first nuclear power plant powerful. 5000 kW. One of the authors of the method of heterogeneous calculation of reactors (Galanin-Feinberg method), supervised the creation of a number of reactors decomp. purpose, including the research reactor SM-2, on which a record flow of thermal and fast neutrons was obtained, VVR-type reactors for ship nuclear engines and powerful nuclear power plants. Developed pulsed uranium-graphite reactors, supervised the creation of a giant pulsed reactor "RING" for research. neutrino. The author of St. 100 scientific. print works and approx. 20 inventions. Became. pr. (1949, 1953). Linen. pr. (1960). Etc. them. I.V. Kurchatov Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1973). State etc. USSR (1974). Cit .: Theory of nuclear reactors. M., 1978 (co-authored with S.B.Shikhov and V.B. Troyansky).

feynbrun-dotan naomi
has abstract: FEINBRUN-DOTAN Naomi (1900, Moscow - 1995), botanist. Doctor of Philosophy (1938), prof. (1960). She studied at Moscow. un-those, in 1923 she graduated from un-t in Cluj (Romania). Since 1924 - in E.-I. Since 1926, St. in the Jewish un-those (Jerusalem). Region scientific. interests - studying the flora of Israel. State Israel Ave (1991).

feynman zigmund
has abstract: FEYNMAN Zigmund (Osher-Zelig) (1862, Chisinau - 1909, Lodz, Petrokiv province), playwright, director, actor. He sang in the synagogue choir, in the choir of the A. Goldfaden troupe in Chisinau. In 1883–89 - in Romania, he created his own. theater. troupes. Since 1889 - in the USA. Organized Jewish dramas. troupe, was engaged in directing. The author of the plays: "Der Yidisher soldier" ("Jewish soldier"), "Dos dig menchele" ("Red man") (both - 1889), "Di froy, oder tsvei hasenes oif celohis" ("A woman, or Two weddings in spite of ")," Der Get "(" Divorce ") (both - 1890)," Gelt "(" Money ")," Dem Foters Klole "(" The Curse of the Father ") (both - 1891)," Der Yidischer Witsekenig, Oder a nakht in ganeiden "(" Jewish Viceroy, or Night in Paradise ") - ist. op., "Di kleinstetldike aristocrat" ("Small-town aristocrats"), "Di gasninder" ("Children of the street", 1898), etc. He died on stage.

feyteljberg ezhi
has abstract: FEITELBERG Jerzy (1903, Warsaw - 1951, New York), composer. Son of G. Feitelberg. Studied in 1922–26 at the Warsaw Consulate, in 1926–32 at the Berlin (Prussian) Music. academy. In 1933–39 he worked in Paris. Since 1940 - in the USA. He wrote Ch. arr. instr. music. Among the products. F .: violin. (1928, 1935) and cello (1931) concerts, orc. suites, 5 strings. quartets (1926–45). Etc. Amer. Academy of Arts (1945).

feyteljberg grigoriy
has abstract: FEITELBERG Grigory (Grzegorz) (1879, Dinaburg, Vitebsk Gubernia - 1953, Katowice, Poland), conductor, violinist, composer. The son of a soldier. conductor. In 1891–96 he studied violin under S. Bartsevich, comp. - at Z. Noskovsky in Muz. in-those in Warsaw. In 1896 he made his debut as a comp., Receiving 1 st prize in Leipzig for the First Violin Sonata with fp. Played (since 1896) in the orc. "T-ra Wielki" in Warsaw, since 1901 - in the Philharmonic. orc., with which he made his debut as a conductor in 1904. He entered the gr. Polish comp., who created the Young Poland organization in Berlin in 1905. Conducted in Warsaw (1906), Vienna (1912); from 1911 he toured European countries. Conducted the symphony. concerts in Petrograd and Pavlovsk, opera performances in T-re muses. dramas (1915–18) and the Mariinsky (1918–19). In 1920 he conducted at the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow, where he also performed with symphony. orc. From 1921 to 1924 he conducted the performances of S. Diaghilev's Russian Ballet in Paris and London. In 1923 he returned to Poland. In 1923–24 ch. conductor of the Warsaw Philharmonic and T-ra Wielki, in 1934–39 creator and artist. hands. Large orc. Polish radio. In 1939–47 - in the USA. In 1947 he returned to Poland. Supervised by symph. orc. Polish Radio in Katowice, toured. The author of the op. in neo-romantic. style: 2 symph. (1905–07), Polish Rhapsody (1913), sonatas for violin with fp. and other chamber instruments. op. Completed a number of symphons. op. M. Karlovich and K. Shimanovsky after their death. State pr. Poland (1951).

fialkov yakov anatoljevich
has abstract: FIALKOV Yakov Anatolyevich (Naftulovich) (1895, Kiev - 1958, ibid.), Chemist. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1945). In 1925 he graduated from the Kiev Polytechnic. in-t. In 1925-29 - in the Kiev Pharmaceuticals. in-those. In 1930–58 - at the Institute of General and Inorganic. chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, simultaneously. taught at the Kiev Institute of Advanced Training for Doctors, Kiev University and Kiev Polytechnic. in-those. Main tr. dedicated the study of complex compounds and physical and chemical. properties of solutions. Received new data on thermal. stability of salts of oxygen acids, investigated the equilibrium in the liquid phase of water-salt systems. Developed new and generalized existing pharmaceutical methods. analysis) Cit .: Methods of research. medicinal substances. M., 1946.

fidelj natan
has abstract: FIDEL Nathan (1895, Smila Cherkassky near Kiev province -?), Publicist, playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In the beginning. 1910s published poetry and essays in the Odessa gas. "Gut Morgen". After 1917 he published Art. and essays in periodical. press: "Odesar Arbeter", "Der Stern", "Jungvald", "Pioneer" and others. F.'s play "Erev Komune" ("On the Eve of the Commune") in 1920 was shown in the Odessa Jewish Theater. In the beginning. 1930s - in Birobidzhan.

fideljman elya
has abstract: FIDELMAN Elya (Alexander) (1825 or 1827, Minsk - 1892, ibid.), Poet. Rod. in the klezmer family. He was badchen. He worked as a clerk in the Minsk Jewish hospital and community. On the recommendation of P.Yu. Vengerova, 2 poems were published in Vilna. Sat. F .: "Di kleinstetldike hasene" ("Small town wedding", 1873) and "Leader of the zum zeitfartreibung" ("Poems for entertainment", 1877). Author of the drama "Shimshon ha-gibor" ("Bogatyr Samson", 1883).

figatner yuriy petrovich
has abstract: FIGATNER Yuri Petrovich (Yakov Isaakovich) (1889, Odessa - 1937), party and statesman. From 1903 - in the rev. movement, chl. RSDLP. He was repeatedly arrested, was in exile, lived in exile (in 1906–09 - in Belgium and France). In 1909 sec. Moscow to-that RSDLP. In 1910 he was arrested and sentenced to 7 years in hard labor. Released after Feb. Revolution of 1917. In 1917–22 - at the party. and prof. work in the North. Caucasus and Transcaucasia. From Jan. 1918 People's Commissar int. affairs of the Terek owls. rep., then on clandestine work in the Caucasus. In 1920, members. region to-that RCP (b) and before. Sovprof in Krasnodar, then member. Caucasian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and before. Caucasus Bureau of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. From 1922 before. Siberian Bureau of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, member. Siberian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), member. Sibrevkoma. In 1924–30 members. Pres. All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. In 1925-29 before. Central Committee of the trade union of Soviet trade employees. Since 1929, member. Pres. Supreme Economic Council of the USSR and early. Ch. inspections of the Supreme Council of the National Economy, simultaneously. member Collegiums of the NK RFL of the USSR. Since 1932, member. collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Heavy. industry of the USSR. Since 1936, member. collegiums of the People's Commissariat of the Forestry Industry of the USSR and early. Glavlesa. Member All-Russian Central Executive Committee, USSR Central Executive Committee, member. Central Control Commission (since 1925), member. Pres. Central Control Commission of the CPSU (b) (1927-30). Arrested in 1937. Shot.

figatner yuriy yurjevich
has abstract: FIGATNER Yuri Yurievich (1921, Tiflis - 1993, Moscow), historian. The son of Y.P. Figatner. In 1937 he was arrested, in 1947 released from the camp, he was serving his exile in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In 1951 he was arrested again, in 1954 he was released. In 1957 he graduated from Wed. school and entered the East. Faculty of Moscow State University. Graduated from Moscow State University in 1962. In 1962–67 ed. in the publishing house "Higher school", in 1967–93 - in the publishing house "Bolshaya Sov. Encyclopedia ", took part as ed. and author in a number of editions, including TSB-3, “Sov. ist. encyclopedias "," Encyclopedic. dictionary ", encyclopedias" Moscow "," Civil war and military intervention in the USSR 1918–20 ", etc .; responsible sec. encyclopedias "The Great October Socialist Revolution" (2nd and 3rd ed.). The last work is biogr. dictionary "Politicians of Russia in 1917" (1993), where F. was deputy. ch. ed. and the author of several articles.

fikhman itskhok fishelevich
has abstract: FIKHMAN Itskhok Fishelevich (b. 1920, Kishinev), Egyptologist, papyrologist. Dr. East Sciences (1975). Graduated from East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1950). Since 1960 scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Member Int. Association of Papyrologists (Brussels, 1967). Author approx. 50 scientific. works on papyrology and the history of Egypt 1 millennium AD e. Ed. F. published bibliogr. decree. "Otech. publications on Coptology and Greco-Roman Egypt ”(L., 1989). Prof. Haifa University, Cit .: Egypt at the turn of two eras. M., 1965; An introduction to documentary papyrology. M., 1987.

fikhman yakov iljich
has abstract: FIKHMAN Yakov Ilyich (1881, Balti, Bessarabian province - 1958, Tel Aviv), poet, publicist, critic, publisher. He taught Hebrew in his youth. He lived in different cities of Russia, Zap. Europe. Since 1912 - in E.-I. Member editorial board gas., journal. in E.-I., Warsaw, Chisinau. He released the book. Jewish writers (in Hebrew). Collaborated with I.-N. Brener, H.-N. Bialik, I.-H. Ravnitsky, J.-G. Klausner. First book. poems in Hebrew was published in Warsaw in 1911, the first collection. essays - in Odessa. F. belonged to the Bialik school, and his critical articles (dedicated both to European authors of different eras and to young representatives of Hebrew literature) were distinguished by their subjectivity, impressionist style, and at the same time. eclecticism and tolerance of judgments. At the same time F. often changed his assessments, adapting them to the specific problem under discussion. Trying to bring together the works and ideas of the most dissimilar authors: from famous European authorities to the authors of the reviving literature in Hebrew, he was criticized by Jewish writers. F. is inclined to a sublime language, archaisms, almost did not use new colloquial expressions, which began to enter into poetry in Hebrew. The poet of the transition period, the forerunner of changes in the Hebrew literature.

fikhtengoljts grigoriy mikhaylovich
has abstract: FIKHTENGOLTS Grigory Mikhailovich (1888, Odessa - 1959, Leningrad), mathematician. Prof. (1926), Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1935). Graduated from Novorossiysk University in Odessa (1911). He worked in Petrograd. e-tech. in-those (1915–20) and in Petrograd. (then Leningrad) university (from 1918). Main works in the region. function theory, func. analysis, mat. analysis, methods of teaching mathematics. Author of textbooks: "Foundations of Mat. analysis ”(6th ed., vol. 1–2. Moscow, 1968); "Differential rate. and integra. calculus ”(7th ed., vol. 1–2. Moscow, 1969). Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1940).

fikhtengoljts mikhail izrailevich
has abstract: FIKHTENGOLTS Mikhail Izrailevich (1920, Odessa - 1985, Moscow), violinist, teacher. Cand. lawsuit (1953), prof. (1970). He studied violin under P.S. Stolyarsky in Odessa (1925–36). Graduated from Moscow. cons. (1938) according to cl. A.I. Yampolsky. Since 1941 soloist of Moscow. Philharmonic Society, from 1957 - All. state conc. associations. From 1947 he taught at the Muz.-ped. in-those them. Gnesins. F. - the first performer of 3 projects. him sonatas I.S. Weinberg. The author is a violinist. conc. processing, transcriptions, editions, as well as scientific and methodical. benefits. Laureate of Vses. competition of musicians-performers (Leningrad, 1935; 2nd ave.) and Intern. competition them. E. Izay (Brussels, 1937; 6th ave.). Has toured to many. countries. Nar. art. RSFSR (1983). Sister F. - Lydia (b. 1924, Odessa), pianist, teacher. Graduated from Moscow. cons. (1946). In 1940–85 she gave concerts in a duet with her brother. In 1946–61 she taught at Moscow. music-ped. uch-shche, since 1961 in Muz.-ped. uch-shche them. M.M. Ippolitov-Ivanov (since 1997 - State music-pedagogical institute), at the same time. from 1987 - on Wed. specialist. muses. school to them. Gnesins. Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1985). F.'s daughter - Natalia (b. 1944), violinist, teacher. Granddaughter of M.M. Kaganovich. She graduated from the State. music-ped. in-t them. Gnesins. Since 1978 Rev. at the school. Gnesins.

filippovskiy tsvi-girsh
has abstract: FILIPPOVSKY Zvi-Hirsch (Gershl Philip) (1816, Verzhbolov of Volkovyskiy u. Suwalki province. - 1872, London), Hebraist, mathematician, publisher. writer. Since 1839 - in Great Britain. Published works. Jewish writers. The first work "Moed Moadim" - about the Jewish, Christian, Muslim and Karaite calendars, was published in 1846. In 1847–49 he published in London and Leipzig 2 no. "Ha-Asif" - Sat. Art. in other Hebrew, dedicated. research Hebrew manuscripts on literature, mathematics. While working in Edinburgh for an insurance company, he published in 1849 Mat. the work "Antilogarithms". Translated from lat. in English. lang. The Canon of Logarithms (1857). In 1851 he founded a society for the study and publication of monuments of the Jewish Middle-century. writing. In 1862 he published a pocket prayer book with his own. per. in English. lang. The author of the research. ideas of prophecy and messianism in the Jewish tradition.

filjshtinskiy isaak moiseevich
has abstract: FILSHTINSKY Isaak Moiseevich (b. 1918, Kharkov), orientalist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1993). Graduated from Moscow. Institute of History, Philosophy and Literature (1941) and Military. in-t foreign. lang. (1945), in 1945–49 he studied at the postgraduate course and taught at the latter. In 1949 he was arrested and sentenced to 10 years in prison. Released in 1955. Since 1958 - at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences, at the same time. from 1962 he taught at the IVYa at Moscow State University. For participation in the human rights movement in 1974 suspended from teaching, in the case of the ed. samizdat. zhurn. "Jews in the USSR" in 1978 was searched, interrogated, was fired from the Institute of Oriental Studies. Since 1991 Rev. at Moscow State University and at the Open Jewish University. Author of works for the middle century. Arab. history and literature; translated into Russian. lang. and published with his entry. Art. and comments. "Chronicle of the Egyptian historian al-Jabati" (M., 1962), nar. the novels "Sirat Antar" (M., 1968) and "Sirat Saif" (M., 1975), "Entertaining stories" of At-Tanukhi (Moscow, 1985) and others. Works: Arabic classical literature. M., 1965; Sketch of the Arab-Muslim culture of the 7th – 12th centuries. M., 1971 (co-authored with B.Ya. Shidfar); Arabic Literature in the Middle Ages. M., 1977; History of the Arabic literature V - early. X century. M., 1985; History of the Arabic literature X-XVIII centuries. M., 1991; We are walking under escort. M., 1994.

filler yuliy isaakovich
has abstract: FILLER Julius Isaakovich (b. 1932, Moscow), architect. In 1956 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Since 1963 - at the Mosproekt Institute. Main works (all in Moscow): the Cinema Center complex (1989, as part of a team), a complex of buildings of the Humanitarian Academy (1990, as part of a team), the building of the Higher School of Police (1992). Honored. arch. Russia (1993). State pr. RSFSR (1991).

filonenko maksimilian maksimilianovich
has abstract: FILONENKO Maximilian Maximilianovich (1885, Atkarsk - 1960, Paris), politician, lawyer. LI Kannegisser's cousin. During the 1st world. war - officer, chl. Socialist-Revolutionary Party. In May 1917, the commissar of the 8th Army under the command of L.G. Kornilov, in July - the top. Commissioner Time. pr-va at the Headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief. Russian army. An active assistant to BV Savinkov in restoring the army's combat capability and fighting the Bolsheviks. In the proposed new composition of the Savinkov and Kornilov F., the post of mines was proposed. foreign or int. cases. He did not support Kornilov's speech with the aim of establishing military in Russia. dictatorship. On Sept. 1917 removed from the post of headquarters commissar. In 1918, a participant in the anti-Bolshevik coup in Arkhangelsk, the leader of the right-wing "National Union" created after the coup. Since 1919 - in France. He was engaged in advocacy, was a defender in polit. the process of the singer N.V. Plevitskaya. In 1941 he was arrested in Paris by the occupation authorities. After the end of the 2nd world. war - a supporter of the return to the Sov. Union, conducted pro-Soviet propaganda.

fima
has abstract: FIMA (real name and surname. Efraim Roytenberg) (b. 1916, Harbin), painter, theater designer. Studied drawing and Chinese calligraphy, performed theater. fast. in China. From 1949 - in Israel, from 1961 - in France. The synthesis of Europ is embodied in F.'s work. and Far East. art, the influence of cubism, abstract expressionism and calligraphic rhythm is noticeable. stroke.

fin aleksandr abramovich
has abstract: FIN Alexander Abramovich (1908, Saratov - 1944, Moscow), designer of radar stations and radio communication equipment. In 1935 he graduated from Moscow Power Engineering Institute. He worked in the NII-20 radio industry (the first scientific research institute in the USSR in the field of radar), since 1938 Ch. Ing. Under the arm. F. developed radar. stations of the RUS-2S type (ground), Gneiss-2 and Gneiss-2M (aircraft), Guys-1 and Guys-2 (shipborne). Became. pr. (1943). Son F. - Victor (b. 1934, Moscow), a specialist in the field of impulse technology and programming. Cand. tech. Sciences (1970). Graduated from Moscow Power Engineering Institute (1959). Art. scientific. sotr. Research Institute of Precision Instruments. The author of St. 130 scientific. tr. and inventions.

finarevskiy iosif iljich
has abstract: FINAREVSKY Iosif Ilyich (b. 1935, Leningrad), specialist in the field of mining mechanics. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1977). Finish Leningrad. forge. Institute (1958). Since 1958 - at the All-Union Research Institute of Horn. mechanics and mine surveying (Leningrad), since 1968 head. lab., from 1987 Ch. scientific. sotr. He developed new methods of processing mine-surveying information, substantiated the optimal principles of forming digital mine-surveying models of quarries and solving applied problems on their basis. Proposed new photogrammetric technologies. surveys of quarries, hard-to-reach areas, as well as areas subject to displacement due to forges. works. Created the theory of high-precision triangulation construction for a wide range of mine surveying tasks. Member Int. Society of Photogrammetry, Chl. Int. Society for Mine Surveying (ISM). Works: Construction of Mine Surveying Networks Using Analytical Phototriangulation. M., 1987.

finfer peysakh
has abstract: FINFER Peisach (1830 - 1912, Vilna), rabbi. In the 1850s and 70s. rabbi in Veger, Darsunishki, Kazan. Since 1874 the rabbi in Vilna. He was engaged in the textual analysis of the Pentateuch. The author of the book. "Masoret ha-Torah ve-ha-Neveim" ("Tradition of the Torah and the Prophets." Vilna, 1906).

fingerman grigoriy
has abstract: FINGERMAN Grigory (1890, Bogopol Baltsky district of Podolsk province -?), Psychologist. Since 1891 - in Argentina. He took an active part in the Jewish youth movement. He studied medicine and philosophy at un-those, to-ry graduated in 1914. He headed the lab. practical psychology in Nat. Institute of Buenos Aires. Since 1925, deputy. dir., since 1934 dir. Institute prof. orientation. Prof. (1929) psychology at the Higher. nat. commercial school. Conducted by section. dram. lawsuit in gas. La Nation was published in the Jewish press. The author of the book. in Spanish lang .: "Psychological and aesthetic research", "Psychology lessons", "Logic lessons", etc. Translated into Spanish. lang. literature on philosophy, psychology, logic.

fingerman isroelj
has abstract: FINGERMAN Yisroel (David) (1857, Berezovka of Ananievsky u. Kherson province -?), Publicist, historian. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1891 - in E.-I. There was s.-kh. workers. He taught. From the end. 1900s - in Argentina. He lived in the village - x. settlement "Klara". The first art. published in gas. "Gamelitz", "Ha-Tsefira". In 1909–11 he edited every month. zhurn. Jewish agr. federation in Argentina "Der Colonist-Cooperator". The author of the production "Di gesichte fun der Yidischer colonization in Argentina" ("History of Jewish colonization in Argentina").

fininberg ezra iosifovich
has abstract: FININBERG Ezra Iosifovich (1899, Uman, Kiev province. - 1946, Moscow), poet, writer, playwright. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1917–22 he taught at school. He wrote poetry in Hebrew, Yiddish, Russian. lang. Since 1920 - in Kiev, led, together with M. Khashchevatsky, lit. app. to gas. "Komunische von". Member org-tions "Widerwux", "Boy", responsible. secretary, part. of the editorial board of the journal. "Di dig Velt" in Kharkov. The first collection of poems - "Autumn" ("Breathing"), "Leader" ("Poems"). In 1926, the book was published in Kiev. prose "Gallop". In 1927, UkrGOSET staged F.'s drama "Jungen" ("Boys"). He translated into Yiddish (including "Faust" by J.-V. Goethe), studied the history of literature, lit. criticism. Author of the play "Bam Dnepr" ("At the Dnieper", 1928), collection of poems: "Land un Liebschaft" ("Country and Love"), "In free fun yor" ("Morning of the Year"), "Di krign doern "(" The fighting continues ")," An erd an andere "(" Another land ") and others. In 1941–45 - at the front. Front. poems were included in collection: "Fun schlachtfeld" ("From the battlefield". M., 1943), "In risikn fire" ("In a giant flame", ibid, 1946).

fink ruvim
has abstract: FINK Reuben (1889, Goshcha Ostrozhsky u. Volyn province - 1961, New York), publicist, public figure. Studied in high fur boots in Washington, Philadelphia, New York. He taught chemistry, mathematics at high fur boots. In 1911, the publisher was gas. Life. Was printed in gas. "Tog", "Day", "Hint", was a regular. sotr. zhurn. Yiddish Kemfer in New York. In 1921–22 he edited the gas. Die Zeit in New York. Collaborated with other periodicals. ed. in Yiddish, Hebrew, English lang., paying special attention to the problems of Jewish life in the United States. In 1919–20, as a member of the US delegation, he took part in the work of the Paris Peace. conf. Since 1922 - in the insurance and bank. business. Vice President Union room. Jews and the Federation of Ukrainian. Jews in the United States. Founder and first prez. Leagues Against Employment Discrimination. The author of the book. in Yiddish and English. lang: "Der American Birger" ("Citizen of America", 1916), "Di constitution un a declaration of fun umopengikayt" ("Constitution and Declaration of Independence", 1918), "Vyazoy arinzubrengen cut the key to America" ​​("How to bring relatives to America ", 1919)," Passport un vises "(" Passports and Visas ", 1919)," America and Palestine "(1944). Translated into Yiddish. artist literature, including the play "Wolves" by R. Rolland.

fink viktor grigorjevich
has abstract: FINK Victor Grigorievich (1888, Odessa - 1973, Moscow), writer. Rod. in the family of a lawyer. From the beginning. 1890s - in France. Graduated from law. Faculty of Paris University (1913). Member of the 1st world. war as a volunteer Inostr. legion. Since 1916 - in Russia. He began to publish in 1927. The author of collection of stories "On the way from Egypt" (1929) and "Jews on earth" (book 1–2, 1929–30), rom. "Foreign Legion", based on the personal impressions of the author (1935), rom. "The Fate of Henri Lambert" (1943, under the name "Poor France", revised edition - 1958). In the book. "Literary Memoirs" (1960), a prominent place is occupied by the portraits of R. Rolland, J. R. Blok. F. - author of the play "New Homeland" (1933), pl. critical and publicist. articles.

fink yakov-isroel
has abstract: FINK Yakov-Isroel (1894, Novgorod-Seversky, Chernigov province - 1955, Paris), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1918 - in France. Received Ing. education. Printed Art. and per. scientific. works with europe. lang. in Yiddish. During the 2nd world. war member of the Resistance movement, edited gas. "Kamet" (in French). In 1941–44, corr. gas. "Pariser Giant". The author of the book. "Yegudey Tsarfat" ("Jews of France". Paris, 1951), which tells about the fate of the Jews of France in the years of the 2nd world. war.

finkelj dzhoshua
has abstract: FINKEL Joshua (1904, Warsaw -?), Orientalist. Since 1913 - in the USA. Graduated from the Jewish Theological Institute. In 1924-26 - in Egypt, where he discovered a number of other Jewish manuscripts, to-rye published in 1926. Since 1937 he taught Semitic languages. at Yeshiva-un-those in New York. Applied psychoanalyst. theories to the Jewish cultural phenomenon. Among the published works of F.: "Three essays on Al-Yahiz" (1926); Jewish Christian and Samaritan Influence on Arabs (1933); "Maimonides. Treatise on the Resurrection (1938); Old Israeli Traditions in the Qur'an, Abraham's Arabic Story (1938).

finkelj eliezer-david
has abstract: FINKEL Eliezer-David (1862, Makov Lomzhinskaya province - 1918, Warsaw), translator. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. He translated into Hebrew and Yiddish. scientific, artist literature from modern. European, Latin, Old Greek, Japanese, Arab. lang. Published in gas. "Ha-Tsefira", in a cut he worked from 1904, "Gamelitz", "Gaynt" (Warsaw) and others. Translated into Hebrew: "History of Jewish Literature" G. Karpeles, "History of the Jews from ancient times to the present" (5th volume) G. Gretz, "The Life of Animals" by A. Brehm. He translated many into Yiddish. manuf. world classics. Literature: F. Schiller, A. Dumas ("Lady with Camellias". Warsaw, 1912), E. Zola.

finkelj khaim-avrom
has abstract: FINKEL Chaim-Avrom (1887, Bialystok, Grodno province. - 1927, Kharkov), publicist, linguist, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Graduated from Kharkov Technol. Institute (1916). The first art. (in Russian) "On Proletarian Zionism" published in the journal. "Dawn" in 1905. Published in leg. and illegal. press in Minsk, Mogilev, Kiev, Odessa, Vilna. During the 1st world. war worked in the center. to-those EKOPO and OZE, reports on the activities of the organizations published in Vilna gas. Voh. After 1917 he published the 1st issue of the journal in Kharkov. "Tsukunft". One of the hands. OZET in Ukraine. In Kharkov he was published under ps. B. Lyumin, L. Pak and others in gas. "Der Stern", "Junge Guard", "Der Yidisher Poer", zhurn. "Di dig Velt." In the same place he published "Yidisher Technischer Verterbuch" ("Jewish Technical Dictionary", 1925), the work "Di metriche sistem fun vog un mes" ("System of Weights and Measures", 1925), the brochure "Neitike unitedes vegn Yidisher Erd-Ainordenung" ( "Necessary information about Jewish land management").

finkelj shimon
has abstract: FINKEL Shimon (Semyon Grigorievich) (1905, Grodna - 1999, Tel Aviv), actor, director. Doctor of Philosophy (1989). From the age of 15 he performed in a Jewish amateur troupe. In 1922 he entered Drum in Berlin. M. Reinhardt's school. Since 1924 - in E.-I. In 1927-31 - in the troupe "Habima", which toured different. countries. Together with the troupe he returned to E.-I. The first roles in this t-re: Bridegroom and Tzadik ("Gadibuk" by S. An-sky), Maral ("Golem" by G. Leivik) and others. with MA Chekhov in staging the play "Twelfth Night" by W. Shakespeare, where he played the role of Orsino. In 1960–61 and 1970–75, thin. hands. "Habims". He played in the performances of A.D.Dikiy "The Crown of David" by P. Calderon (Amnon), "Treasure" by Sholem Aleichem (The Butcher). In the main. played tragic, heroic, characteristic roles, including: Father ("Father" by A.Yu. Strindberg), Peer Gynt ("Peer Gynt" by G. Ibsen), Tevye ("Tevye the Milkman" by Sholem Aleichem ), Hamlet ("Hamlet"), Lear ("King Lear"), Shylock ("The Merchant of Venice"), Iago ("Othello"), Petruchio ("The Taming of the Shrew", all - Shakespeare). Among dir. works by F.: "Day and Night" by S. An-sky, "In the steppes of the Negev" by I. Moshenzon and others. He starred in films. Author of 11 books. autobiogr. character, including ed. in Tel Aviv: "Scene and Backstage" (1968), "In the labyrinth of my roles" (1970), "Results" (1971), "Theater, theater ..." (1974), "End of the game" (1977) , "In the shadow of battles" (1989), "Supplement" (1993) and others. Israel Ave (1969).

finkelj uri girshevich
has abstract: FINKEL Uri Girshevich (1896, Rakov, Minsk province - 1957, Minsk), literary critic. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied at the Kharkov Polytechnic. uch-shche, on filol. f-those of Minsk University. The first art. "Revolution and Jewish Literature" published in Sat. "Kunstring" in 1917. From 1918 he worked as a periodical. ed. Minsk and Kharkov: in the journal. "People's cause" was led by section. bibliography (1918), edited the 1st Jewish Red Army. gas. Rusta (1920), gas. "Di komune". From ser. 1920s worked in the Jewish sector of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR. Released, together with N.E. Oislander, Prince. Avrom Goldfudn. Materials for headlights and biography "(" Avrom Goldfaden. Materials for a biography. Minsk, 1926). On Sat. "Zeitshrift" (Minsk, 1927) published the work "Social Figures in Works. Goldfaden ". Collaborated in the Minsk daily. gas. "Veker", center. Minsk gas. Okryaber. 1941–45 - at the front, printed in gas. Einikite. The author of the book. "Mendele Moikher-Sforim" (Minsk, 1937), "Sholem Aleichem" (Moscow, 1938).

finkeljkraut daniil moiseevich
has abstract: FINKELKRAUT Daniil Moiseevich (1894, Warsaw - 1971, Jerusalem), actor. In 1918–20 he worked in Kiev in the theater. troupe I.-L. Baumvol "Our corner". From 1920 he studied at the theater in Moscow. studios at GOSET, since 1923 - an actor, then one of the leading actors of this t-ra. Among the roles: Rubinchik ("200,000" by Sholem Aleichem, 1923), Kent ("King Lear" by W. Shakespeare, 1935), Marshalik ("Robber Boytre" by MS Kulbak, 1936), Grandfather ("The Ovadis Family" PD Markish, 1937), Menasha ("Bar-Kokhba" by Sh.Z. Galkin, 1938), Polezhaev ("Restless Old Age" by L.N. Rakhmanov, 1939), Cardinal Sorini ("The Spaniards" by M.Yu. Lermontov, 1940), Shmarye ("Burning" by I.-L. Peretz, 1945), Ksendz ("Uprising in the Ghetto" by Markish, 1947), etc. Since 1971 - in Israel.

finkeljshteyn aba borokhovich
has abstract: FINKELSHTEIN Aba Borokhovich (1899, Stepantsy Kanevsky u. Kiev province. - 1978, Moscow), bibliographer. From 1922 he worked in gas. "Der emes". Participated in the creation of a polygraph in Moscow and Minsk. bases for Jewish publishing houses. Until 1940 deputy. dir. publishing house "Der emes". In 1945–48 head. gas. publishing house "Einikite". From 1948 he compiled a bibliogr. indexes of manuf. P.D.Markish, I.S.Fefer, L.M. Kvitko, A.D. Kushnirov and others. Printed bibliogr. reviews in zhurn. "Sovetish gameland".

finkeljshteyn boris konstantinovich
has abstract: FINKELSHTEIN Boris Konstantinovich (1870, Baku - 1931, ibid.), Surgeon. Doctor of Medicine (1897), prof. (1920). In 1894 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University. In 1895-1907 a surgeon in the mountains. hospital in Batumi. From 1907 - in Baku, head. surgeon parts in the mountains. hospitals. In 1920–23 the head. the department of general surgery organized by him, in 1923–31 - the department of hospital surgery (later named after F.) Azerb. honey. in-that in Baku. Sci. F. works dedicated. pathogenesis and surgery. treatment of subphrenic abscesses (diss., 1897), diagnosis and treatment of stomach ulcers, diseases of the liver, spleen, large intestine, indications for operations on the biliary tract. Cit .: On the issue of liver ruptures. SPb., 1901; To spleen surgery. SPb., 1910; General Surgery Guide. Baku, 1921; Surgical diseases of the biliary tract. L., 1929.

finkeljshteyn boris nikolaevich
has abstract: FINKELSHTEIN Boris Nikolaevich (1902, Petersburg - 1962, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences, prof. (1929). Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (1926). From 1928 - in Dnepropetrovsk, in Horn. in-those and Ying-those nar. education. In 1932–33, the director. Dnepropetrovsk phys.-tech. in-that and head. its theoretical. dep. (since 1932). From 1944 he worked at the Central Research Institute of Black and Color. metallurgy and taught at Moscow. Institute of Steel and Alloys, Head. department. Transactions on the theory of electrolytes, quantum mechanics, physics and chemistry of metals, metal science. Research F. on int. friction in metals formed the basis of methods for studying crystalline defects. lattice. He was the first in the USSR to start using the methods of nuclear magnetic resonance in metallurgy, in: Physical Foundations of Metal Science. M., 1949 (co-authored with Ya.S. Umansky and B.G. Livshits).

finkeljshteyn elena ljvovna
has abstract: FINKELSHTEIN Elena Lvovna (1906-1971, Leningrad), theater expert. Associate Professor (1944). In 1931 she graduated from the Higher. lawsuit courses at Ying-those history of claims. In 1932–39 Art. scientific. sotr. Leningrad. theater. museum. In 1937-66 - in Leningrad. theater. in-those, in 1946-65 head. Department of the Zarub. lawsuit. Co-author of the textbook "History of Western European Theater", translated documents for the "Reader on Western European Theater" (vols. 1-2. Moscow, 1937). The author of the book. “Pierre Augustin Caron Beaumarchais. 1732-1799 "(1957)," History of European art history, second half. XIX century. " (1966), Frederic Lemaitre (1968), Jacques Copo and the Theater of the Old Dovecote (1971), The Cartel of the Four. French theater. directing between the two wars. S. Dyullen, L. Juvet, G. Bati, J. Pitoev "(1974), n.-i. works, reviews and art. about modern theater.

finkeljshteyn eytan
has abstract: FINKELSHTEIN Eitan (b. 1942, Sverdlovsk), journalist. Cand. phys.-math. sciences. In 1967 he was expelled from the graduate school of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology for expressing sympathy for Israel during the Six Day War. After moving to Vilnius, he worked as an engineer. Activist of the Jewish nat. movement (since 1971), took part in seminars of Jewish refusenik scholars. The author of a number of Art. on Jewish questions, distributed in samizdat. All R. 1970s one of the editors of samizdat. zhurn. "Jews in the USSR". In the 2nd floor. 1970s took an active part in the human rights movement in Lithuania, collaborated with relig. and nat. leaders of the Lithuanian opposition. One of the founders of the Lithuanian Helsinki gr. (1976). Since 1983 - in Germany. In tech. a number of years sotr. zhurn. "Country and World" (Munich). In 1991–92 he published "Jewish Journal".

finkeljshteyn khaim
has abstract: FINKELSHTEIN Chaim (b. 1911, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province), teacher, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion, as well as secular education. Since 1930 - in Argentina. He worked in the region. Jewish cf. and higher. education. Deer. schools them. Sholem Aleichem in Buenos Aires. Member Worldwide council Akhdut Labor. Since 1940, member. Board of the Association of Jewish Organizations of Argentina. Since 1946 cases. Zionist Congr. Wrote Art. on the problems of pedagogy, culture, lit. essay. Publ. in Jewish ed. Argentina, USA, other countries in Yiddish, Hebrew, Spanish. lang. Drafted school programs, wrote textbooks. Published in Buenos Aires in 1967 collection of articles: "Vizie, vort un thief" ("Imagination, word, reality"), "Der gown fun Poltava" ("Genius from Poltava").

finkeljshteyn leo
has abstract: FINKELSTEIN Leo (real name and surname Leib Mlotek) (1895, Radom - 1950, New York), publicist, literary critic. He studied at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow at the departments of philosophy and polonistics. From 1923 - in Warsaw. Member Folksparty, then Bund. In 1932 on scientific. conf., dedicated. B. Spinoze, read an abstract in Yiddish. Lit. started his career in 1916: wrote plays in Polish. lang. "Broken Wings", "Conscience", to-rye were post. in the city of Kieltsy. A literary scholar was the first to publish in Yiddish. Art. in Warsaw gas. "Moment" in 1919. In 1923–25 he collaborated on a daily basis. "Dos folk", published the work "Symbol and Allegory in Jewish Literature", cycle of Art. on the philosophy of populism, Art. about the problems of European, Polish., Jewish literature. During the 2nd world. wars - in the USSR. From 1946 - in Poland, then in the USA. Published in periodicals. ed. USA, Canada, Mexico, South. America. Main topic publ. F. after 1945 - the death of the Polish. Jewry. The author of the book., Ed. in Warsaw: "Zwishn di shures fun Leyviks Goyle" ("Between the lines of" Golem "by T. Leivik", 1925), "A prov fun a synthesis zwishn Hegeln, Marksn un Spinosen" ("An attempt at a synthesis between Hegel, Marx and Spinoza" , both - 1932), "Ground-stroke fun der Yidischer philosophy" ("Basic features of Jewish philosophy", 1937); "Megilas Poiln" ("Scroll of Poland". Buenos Aires, 1947), "Dortn un do" ("There and here". Toronto, 1950), "Loshn Yiddish un Yiddisher Kiem" ("Yiddish language and Jewish essence." Mexico City, 1954).

finkeljshteyn moisey ionovich
has abstract: FINKELSHTEIN Moisey Ionovich (1922, Odessa - 1992, Riga), a specialist in the field of radar. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1967), prof. (1967). In 1939 he entered the Moscow State University, in 1941 he was sent to the Military-Vozd. Ing. Academy named after N.E. Zhukovsky, after graduating from the school (1945) taught in the military. schools in Feodosia, Novograd-Volynsk, Riga. Since 1960 - in Riga. in-those Ing. citizen aviation, head. Department of Radar. He proposed a method for synthesizing ultra-wideband video pulse signals for subsurface sounding. In 1976 he created a problematic scientific research. lab. Aviation subsurface radar, head of scientific. schools in this region. Participated in the exp. (1977) in the North. pole at atomic. icebreaker "Arktika", where he conducted tests created under his hands. apparatus for measuring ice thickness. Developed methods of cosmology. subsurface radar (projects "Phobos", "Mars"). Author approx. 150 scientific. publ., 27 inventions. Poch. polar explorer (1977), honored. worker of science and technology of the Latvian SSR (1982). State pr. USSR (1984). Works: Comb filters. M., 1969; Radiolocation of layered earth covers. M., 1977 (et al.); Radar basics. 2nd ed. M., 1983; Subsurface radar. M., 1994 (et al.).

finkeljshteyn noakh
has abstract: FINKELSTEIN Noach (1871, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1946), politician, journalist, publisher. From the 2nd floor. 1890s an active member of the Zionist movement in Brest-Litovsk. Then - in Warsaw, one of the developers of the plan for the creation of the Jewish nat. hearth in Uganda (the so-called "plan of Uganda"), later joined the "territorialists", was a member of the circle of the Zionist intelligentsia "Bnei Zion". In 1906, together with his brother Nehemia F. and S. Ya. Yakan, he began to publish gas. "Yiddishe Togblat", and in 1908 - daily. gas. "Gaynt", edges soon became the most popular. Zionist gas. in the Kingdom of Poland. In 1912, during the elections to the 4th State. Duma is one of the organizers of the campaign in defense of Jews against anti-Semitic harassment and against the boycott declared by the Polish right. parties to Jews. After the merger gas. "Gaynt" with "Dos Yiddish Folk" went to Paris, where in 1926–40 he published the Zionist gas. Der pariser gaunt.

finkeljshteyn vladimir solomonovich
has abstract: FINKELSHTEIN Vladimir Solomonovich (1896, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1937), physicochemist. Prof. (1929), ch. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1934). In 1919 he graduated from the Kiev Polytechnic. in-t. He worked in Dnepropetrovsk chemical-technol. in-those. Since 1932 at the same time. deputy. dir. and head. dep. theoretical and app. electrochemistry Ying-that physical. chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Main scientific. works - in the region. electrochemistry and heterogeneous catalysis. Supervised the work on the creation of the theory of electrolyte solutions, research. the mechanism of overvoltage and the kinetics of the cathodic discharge of metal ions, the mechanism of action of inhibitors during the dissolution of iron. Prepared for prom. introduction of technol. modes of etching of roofing iron, tin, metal. pipes, proposed methods for determining losses as a result of metal corrosion. products in a humid atmosphere. In 1937 he was repressed.

finkeljshteyn zinoviy isaakovich
has abstract: FINKELSHTEIN Zinovy ​​Isaakovich (1910, Kiev - 1989, Moscow), musician, teacher. In 1934 he graduated from music. uch-shche them. Gnesins on cl. php. EF Gnesina, in 1953 - Music-ped. in-t them. Gnesins. Ped. work began in 1932 in the music. school to them. Gnesins. In 1940–41 the inspector of music. uch. institutions Ch. account management institutions of the Committee for claims under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. 1941–45 - in the army. Since 1945 Rev. muses. seven-year school them. Gnesins. Together with Gnesina, he took an active part in organizing Moscow. Wed specialist. muses. schools them. Gnesins, in 1946–52 and 1956–89, dir. schools (in 1952–56 deputy director). An orc led. cl. and cl. ensemble. Made a great contribution to the creation of the repertoire for school orcs., Choir. cl. and decomp. ans .; engaged in processing, instrumentation and arrangement of classical. and modern manuf. ("Collection of works. I.-S. Bach and GF Handel". M., 1956; "Collection of works. For choir accompanied by strings. Orchestra". M., 1963). Conducted methodical. work on issues. muses. education, on the preparation of the account. programs for music. schools. Among the graduates of the F. school are V.A. Pikaizen, N.N.Shakhovskaya, E.I.Kisin. Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1979).

finn
has abstract: FINN (ps; real fam. Finn-Khalfin) Pavel Konstantinovich (b. 1940, Moscow), screenwriter. Son of K. Ya. Finn. In 1962 he graduated from the screenwriting department of VGIK. He worked in newspapers. Since 1969 - in fiction films. Scriptwriter for the film: "Mission in Kabul", "The Lost Ones" (both - 1971, co-authored with V.P. Vainshtok), "The Headless Horseman", "Broken Horseshoe" (both - 1973, et al. With Vainshtok), “Armed and very dangerous”, “Declaration of love” (both - 1978), “The wedding day will have to be clarified” (1980, jointly with V. concert of peoples, or the Breath of Cheyne-Stokes "(1992, jointly with S.D. Aranovich - about the" case of doctors ")," Shylock "," Revenge of the Jester "(both - 1993). Honored. figure in the lawsuit in the RSFSR.

finn ieguda
has abstract: FINN Yehuda (1866, Shaki Vladislavovsky u. Suwalki province. - 1945, London), publicist. From 1880 - in Great Britain, worked as a tailor in Leeds. Since 1886 - in the USA. In 1887 he founded the "Jewish Union of Workers' Education" in Boston, which became a club of socialists. The first art. published in London in Gas. M. Vinchevsky "Der Poilisher Idle". In the USA he published scientific-popular. Art. in periodic. ed. In 1893 he returned to Great Britain, collaborated in the Jewish socialist. ed. In 1906, the book was published in London. F. "A vikueh iber socialism" ("Conversations on Socialism"). In English. lang. anonymously published a brochure "The Voice of Foreigners".

finn shmuelj-iosif
has abstract: FINN Shmuel-Joseph (1818, Grodna - 1890, Vilna), philologist, historian, publisher, educator. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In the beginning. 1840s active participant in the Haskala movement. From 1848 he taught at the Vilna rabbinical school. He contributed to the reforms of Jewish schools. From 1856 - env. inspector and "learned Jew" under the trustee of vilensk. uch. env. He was engaged in scientific. research in the region. Jewish history, philology. Published biographies of Jewish scientists living in the Crimea and Turkey, Vol. about the Jews of Vilna, biogr. dictionary "Kneset Yisroel" ("Jewish Assembly"), dictionary of TANAKH, Russian textbooks. lang. Translated from him. lang. to other Jewish works. German-speaking Jewish writers. In 1874 he was translated into other Hebrew. "Charter on universal military service" in Russia. Elected as a vowel to the Vilna City Council. Tried to reconcile the orthodox and reformers in the Palestinian movement. He founded a number of periodicals. ed., including published in 1860-80 weekly. "Ha-Carmel" with app. in Russian and it. languages.

fino zhan
has abstract: FINO Jean (1858, Warsaw - 1922), publicist. Received a law degree. From the end. 1880s - in France, in 1890 he founded the "Journal of Journals" (in French). Author of publicistic. and philosophy. Art. and book. Book. F. "Philosophy of Longevity", ed. in Paris in 1900, received the avenue of the Academy of Sciences and was trans. on it., eng. and ital. lang. Author of the book: "Racial Prejudice" (Paris, 1905), "Philosophy of Happiness" (Paris, 1909; London, 1914), "France and Alcoholism in Wartime" (Westerville, 1915), "German Russia and Russian Russia" ( Paris, 1916), Modern Saints and Seers (Paris, 1918).

firkovich avraam samuilovich
has abstract: FIRKOVICH Avraam Samuilovich (ps. Evin Reshef) (1787, Lutsk, Volyn province - 1874, Chufut-Kale, Tauride province), historian. Rod. in a Karaite family. He taught at the Karaite school in Evpatoria. In 1830–31 he made a trip to Jerusalem. In 1831–33 he was a melamed and a resident of the Karaite community of Istanbul. In 1839–41, on the instructions of the Karaite chakham S. Babovich, he traveled across the Crimea and the Caucasus in order to identify, record and collect written monuments, which could confirm the antiquity of the Karaites' stay in this region. Later, together with his son-in-law Gabriel Simkhovich Firkovich (1805 -?), He studied systematically. study of Jewish and Karaite gravestones of the Crimea and the Caucasus. In 1849-50 he completed the second scientific. trip to the Caucasus. In 1863–65 he traveled to Bl. East, visited E.-I., Egypt, Syria, collected an extensive collection of Hebrew manuscripts, which was partially sold to Imp. A public library in St. Petersburg (the rest was sold to the library in 1876 by F.'s heirs). Coll. F. included St. 17 thousand manuscripts. A number of manuscripts from the collection. F. contain corrections of dates, names of scribes and names of places of correspondence (presumably made by F. himself in order to prove the origin of the Karaites from Jewish soldiers settled in the Crimea by the Persian king Kambiz). Ch. F.'s work - "The Book of Memorial Stones" (Vilna, 1872), in a cut publ. inscriptions from Jewish and Karaite gravestones of Crimea.

firsova sofjya mikhaylovna
has abstract: FIRSOVA Sofia Mikhailovna (1919, Yanovichi, Vitebsk district and province - 1999), economist, teacher. Dr. econ. Sciences (1969), prof. Graduated from econom. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1942). Since 1948 Rev. LEIS. During the “fight against cosmopolitanism”, she publicly supported her persecuted colleagues. In 1948 she was arrested and sentenced to 10 years in prison. Gave birth in prison. In 1954, after her release, she returned to Leningrad, taught at LEIS. The author of St. 60 publ. tr., including "Development of industries of electrical communications in the United States during the scientific and technological revolution" (L., 1968), "USA. Scientific and technical progress and reproduction "(L., 1978, et al.)," The economy of communications. Textbook for universities "(3rd ed. L., 1993).

fisanovich izrailj iljich
has abstract: FISANOVICH Israel Ilyich (1914, Elizavetgrad, Kherson province - 1944), Hero of the Soviet Union (1942). From 1932 - in the Navy. In 1936 he graduated from the Military. uch-shche them. M.V. Frunze. In 1941 he commanded the first owls. submarine that penetrated the naval. enemy base in Petsamo and sunk 2 transport ships. Member EAK. In apr. 1944 participated in the 3rd anti-fascist meeting of representatives of the Jewish people. Captain 2nd Rank F. died in the summer of 1944 in North. Atlantic, overtaking a captured Italian submarine from England. He was awarded 4 orders. Vol .: The story of "Baby". M., 1956.

fish gennadiy semenovich
has abstract: FISH Gennady Semenovich (1903, Odessa - 1971, Moscow), writer, poet. He graduated from the Institute of History of Art (1924) and Faculty of Societies. Sciences LSU (1925). Published in periodicals. ed. from 1922. The first collection of poems: "On the Neva" (1926), "Exploration" (1927). Later he wrote prose. The author of the cycle of pov. about Karelia: "The fall of Kimas Lake" (1932), "We will return, Suomi" (1933 - 34), "The third train" (1935), "Yalguba" (1936), "Oath" (1937), in The velvety tense plot matched the doc. basis. Since 1936 - in Moscow. He wrote scripts (with I. Sklut, post. F. "Girl with character"), plays. In 1939–40 and 1941–45 military. corr. Published "Northern Story" (1942) and pov. Birthday (1944). From 1939 to mid. 1950s also wrote scientific-popul. book in biology and s. h-woo. Starting from the end. 1950s traveled a lot to the Scandinavian countries and released several. collection of travel sketches. He translated poetry, including R.Kipling, published Art. on the problems of literature and art. Author of the book: "The First Rifle" (1939), "Stone Forest" (1947), "Hello, Denmark!" (1959), "Meetings with Suomi" (1960), "Norway is near" (1963), "At the Swedes" (1966). Son F. - Radiy (b. 1924, Leningrad), writer, literary critic, translator. Cand. philol. sciences. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1949 he graduated from Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies. Per. with tour. lang., author of artist. prose, lit.-vedch. and scientific-popul. articles.

fish rakhmielj
has abstract: FISH Rakhmiel (1901, Vilkomir, Kovno province - 1973, Moscow), journalist, editor. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow State University. In 1919–22 - in Kr. Army. The first story in Russian. lang. "Sivash" was published in Arm. gas. In 1922–25 he studied at the Higher. ped. courses in Kharkov. I started writing in Yiddish. He worked in Kalinindorf as a Hebrew teacher. and literature, editor at the publishing house "Der Emes". 1941–45 - at the front. In 1945–48 - at Der Emes. From 1961 post. author and consultant zhurn. "Sovetish gameland".

fishberg moris
has abstract: FISHBERG Maurice (Yehuda-Mordhe) (1872, Kamyanets-Podolsky - 1934, New York), physician, anthropologist. Member Amer. nat. Academy of Sciences (in 1909-11 - vice-president). Since 1889 - in the USA. After finishing honey. Faculty of New York University (1897) worked as a doctor in New York. In 1905, as a consultant on anthropology to the Committee of the US Congress on Emigration, he worked in Europe, studying certain aspects of the problem of emigration. In tech. pl. years was ch. physician at the Montefiore Tuberculosis Hospital and the Bedford Tuberculosis Sanatorium, at the same time. prof. clinics medicine in New York University and honey. Bellevue Hospital College (1915–28). F. was one of the first in the United States to use pneumothorax for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Author of monograph. "Tuberculosis of the lungs" (1916; 4th ed. - 1932), pl. Art. in medicine and anthropology for the "Jewish Encyclopedia" (1902–09), as well as for popular. ed. In tr., Dedicated. anthropology of Eastern-European and North African Jews (1905), the racial characteristics of the Jews and their environment (1910, 1912), came to the conclusion that the present-day. Jews are heterogeneous anthropological. elements. Author of the book: "Health and Sanitation of the Immigrant Jewish Population of New York" (New York, 1902); Physical Anthropology of the Jews (Lancaster, 1902); Materials for the Physical Anthropology of Eastern European Jews (New York, 1905); “Jews of North. Africa "(ibid, 1906); "Tuberculosis among the Jews" (ibid., 1908); "Jews: Race and Environment" (1911); "Racial characteristics of the Jews" (Munich, 1913).

fishbeyn leonid davidovich
has abstract: FISHBEIN Leonid Davidovich (b. 1909, Paris), architect. In 1937 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. 1941–45 - in the army. Worked in the institutes "Metroproject" and Ext. improvement and landscaping of Moscow, in the Chamber of Commerce. Participant of competitions for projects of pavilions "Grain" and "Arctic" at the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (1939), a hotel in Kiev (1941), a monument on the Kursk Bulge near the town of Ponyri (1948). Main works: small forms at the Exhibition of Economic Achievements of the USSR (1952), the Izmailovsky Park metro station (1944, jointly with BS Vilensky), decoration of the owls. exhibitions in Paris, Geneva, Delhi, Copenhagen (1960s).

fishelj garri
has abstract: FISHEL Harry (1865, Merech Troksky u. Vilna province. - 1948, Jerusalem), businessman, public figure. From 1885 - in the USA, where he was engaged in building. business and real estate trade. He actively participated in Jewish societies. life. After the adoption of the Balfour Declaration (1917), he contributed to the development of industry in E.-I. In 1933 he founded in E.-I. Foundation for the Encouragement of Young Rabbis Engaged in Talmud Research. During econ. crisis early. 1930s supported Yeshiva University. Since 1947 - in E.-I.

fisher berta
has abstract: FISHER Bertha (nee Mark) (1886, Libava Grobinsky u. Kurland province -?, New York), translator. In 1913 she graduated from St. Petersburg. cons. Since 1915 - in the USA, since 1922 - in Germany. Translator in Sov. representation, owls. delegation at the Genoa Conf. In 1927–39 - in the USSR, worked with G.V. Chicherin and M.M. Litvinov for the International Conference. conf. Since 1939 - in the USA. In the 1950s. published a rum. about the life of a Jewish family in Russia in the 19th and 20th centuries. Son F. - George (Yuri) (b. 1923, Berlin), Sovietologist. In 1927-30, 1934-39 - in the USSR. In 1931–33 - in Germany, from 1939 - in the USA. Graduated from Harvard University. In 1944–45, a liaison officer (captain) for the Amer. military-air base near Poltava, at the airfield in Saki during the Yalta conf. Prof. Columbia University Son F. - Victor (b. 1924, Berlin), statesman. Prof. In 1927-30, 1933-39 - in the USSR. In 1931–33 - in Germany. Since 1939 - in the USA. Graduated from Massachusetts Technol. in-t. Specialist in the region. designing cities. Senator pcs. Alaska.

fisher iosif zalmanovich
has abstract: FISHER Iosif Zalmanovich (1919, Minsk - 1995, Odessa), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1953), prof. (1963). Graduated from the Belarusian state. un-t (1941). 1941–45 - at the front. Since 1945 Rev. Belarusian state un-that. In 1963–81 the head. department of theoretical. Physics of the Odessa State. un-that. He developed the method of correlative functions proposed by NN Bogolyubov, and applied it to the study of general laws, thermodynamic. properties and stability criterion of the liquid state. Author of funds. works on molecular dynamics. light scattering theory. Showed the influence of hydrodynamic. effects on transport processes in condensed systems. Head of scientific schools. Vol .: Statistical theory of liquids. M., 1961.

fisher khakobo
has abstract: FISHER Jacobo (Yakov Alexandrovich) (1896, Odessa - 1978, Buenos Aires), composer, violinist, conductor. Rod. in the family of a musician. He studied violin with P.S. Stolyarsky. He graduated in 1917 cons. in Petrograd (class of violin S.P. Korguev, then L.S.Auer), studied theory and composition under the hands of. V.P. Kalafati and M.O. Steinberg. In 1919–23 he was concertmaster orc. State t-ra op. and the ball. (Petrograd). Since 1923 - in Argentina. One of the founders of the Association "National Renewal Group" (1929) and the League of Argentine Composers (1947). Since 1956 he taught composition at un-those and cons. The author of works: symph. suite on Jewish themes (1924), the poem "Shulamith" (after AI Kuprin, 1927; 2nd ed. - 1960), "3 symphonic laments inspired by the Talmud" (1930), 8 symphony. (1932–64), including the 5th - "Thus Spoke the Prophet Isaiah" (1947). Among other products: op. "Bear" and "Proposal" (both - after A.P. Chekhov, 1952, 1956); ballets, concertos for instruments with orc .: for violin (1942), 2 - for fp. (1945, 1954), for harp (1955); chamber instrumental, chorus. (psalms, cantatas), wok. et al. op. 1st Ave. Argentinean nat. cultural association (1943, for the 3rd symph.).

fisher yan efimovich
has abstract: FISHER Yan Efimovich (b. 1937, Kremenchug, Poltava region), statesman. Graduated from engineering-building. Faculty of Frunze Polytechnic. Institute (1959). He worked in the building system of the Osh region. 1985–86 min. the industry is building. materials of the Kyrgyz SSR. 1986–91 deputy. prev. CM of the Kyrgyz SSR, pre. State builds. to the republic. In 1991, the state secretary. Cabinet of Ministers, before. State commissions for emergency situations and civil. defense of the Kyrgyz SSR. In 1992, the state secretary. State Council under Pres. Republic of Kyrgyzstan. In 1993, before. State Commission of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan for Emergency Situations and Civil. defense. Since 1993 Vice Prime Minister of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. Since 1996 min. on cooperation with the states - members of the CIS.

fishler yakov ljvovich
has abstract: FISHLER Yakov Lvovich (b. 1922, Sokal, Poland), design engineer. In 1948 he graduated from the Ural Polytechnic. Institute in Sverdlovsk. Since 1948 - at the Uralelectrotyazhmash plant (since 1960, chief designer). The initiator of the specialization of the plant for the manufacture of transformers and reactors for transformers. technology. Supervised and took over directly. participation in the creation. unique series of transformer equipment for converters. units of Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk alum. plants, Volgograd chemical. combine, Novolipetsk, Cherepovets metallurgical. s-dov and other pr-tii. The initiator of the development and implementation in the production of dry converts. and distribute. transformers with original technology "Monolith" ("Transtorm"). Proposed new tech. solutions for the creation of unique transformers for semiconductor units. Author of over 60 inventions, monographs, articles. State pr. USSR (1982). Cit .: Transformer Converter. M., 1984 (co-authored with R.N. Urmanov); Transformer equipment for converters installations. M., 1989 (et al.).

fishman yakov-girsh
has abstract: FISHMAN Yakov-Girsh (1891, Saddle of Kholmsky near Lublin province - 1965, New York), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. The first story was published in 1910 in Gaz. Dos Schedlezer Worth. From 1910 - in Warsaw, teacher of Hebrew and Yiddish at a Jewish school. He published stories in periodicals. ed. and collection of books. In 1914 he returned to Sedlec and worked actively in the Gazomir club. He joined the Bund. In 1930–39 he worked in gas. Express in Warsaw. 1941–48 - in China (in Shanghai). Was printed in gas. Naye Welt - the organ of Jewish refugee writers. Since 1948 - in Canada, then - in the USA. Published in Jewish periodicals. ed. The author of the book: "Zumerdike tag" ("Summer days". Warsaw, 1938), "Geimishe vegn" ("Native roads". New York, 1954), "Frier un shpeter" ("Earlier and later." Buenos- Ayres, 1967).

fishman yakov moiseevich
has abstract: FISHMAN Yakov Moiseevich (1887, Odessa - 1961, Moscow), politician, chemist. Corps engineer (1935), major general tech. troops (1955), Dr. Sciences (1936). Since 1904, members Socialist-Revolutionary Party. In 1906 he was arrested on charges of preparing an assassination attempt on the pre. Odessa branch of the Union of Rus. people of Count A.I. Konovnitsyn and exiled to the Turukhansk region. In 1911-17 - in Italy. In 1915 he graduated from chem. Faculty of Neapolitan University, taught at the Neapolitan Polytechnic. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, entered Petrograd. to-t of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, after its split - member. Central Committee of the Party of the Left SRs. Member Petrogr. VRK, participant Oct. armed uprising in Petrograd, member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the 3rd and 4th convocations, from Feb. 1918 members Defense Committee of Petrograd, deputy. prev. Committee on the fight against drunkenness and pogroms. One of the organizers and hands. armed speeches of the Left SRs in July 1918 in Moscow, after its suppression - on illegal. position, sentenced in absentia to 3 years in prison. Participant of Civil. war in Ukraine. Since 1920 p. RCP (b). From 1921 - in the Intelligence Directorate of the Red Army, then assistant. military. attaché in Germany. From 1925 to the beginning. Military-chem. Directorate of the Supply Directorate of the Red Army (since 1928, part-time head of the Institute of Chemical Defense named after Osoaviakhim, one of the organizers of the military-chemical research in the USSR). Graduated from the Higher. academic. advanced training courses for command personnel (1928). In 1932–37 the beginning. Military-chem. management of the Red Army. Awarded hordes. Cr. Stars (1933). Arrested in 1937. In 1947 he was released, headed the Department of Chemistry of the Saratov Institute of Mechanization of Villages. x-va, then Assoc. Umansky s.-kh. in-that. In 1949 he was arrested again, in 1949–55 -…

fishzon avrom-alter
has abstract: FISHZON Avrom-Alter (1843 or 1848, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1922, Harbin, China), actor, theatrical figure, poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He sang in the synagogue choir; wrote couplets, sketches for Jewish singers. In 1875 it was part of the Jewish theater. troupes in Starokonstantinov. He fought for the right to speak in Yiddish. In 1874-1917 he directed the Jewish theater. troupes in Russia, Austria-Hungary, Romania. The author of the plays: "Duvidl the bartender", "Yankele the postman", "Shloyme Gorgl", "Itsek Meer Mendelss and Khancha Genandels", etc .; played in them ch. roles. On a weekly. Isrolik (Lvov) were published. F. published his first poems in Warsaw: Der Naer Singer (New Singer, 1884), Der Naer Misugener (New Madman, 1885), Nae Tswanzik Yiddish Folkslider (Twenty New Jewish folk songs ", 1903). In Odessa he published the book. "Dos lid fun emes" ("Song of Truth", 1913), dedicated. M.M. Beilis. In the journal. "Theater and Art" in St. Petersburg published "Notes of a Jewish Entrepreneur" (1913, No. 8-12), "From the Notes of a Jewish Entrepreneur" (1916, No. 32). During the Civil. war went with the troupe to Siberia, then to China. Author of rep. about the Jewish t-re "Notes of a Jewish actor" (published in Harbin, in the weekly "Siberia - Palestine"). He died on stage.

fitterman boris mikhaylovich
has abstract: FITTERMAN Boris Mikhailovich (Meerovich) (1910, Moscow - 1991, ibid.), Design engineer. Rod. in the family of the physician and publisher Meer F. (? - 1932). Studied at Moscow. mechanical in-those. In 1932 he participated in the development of the first owls. serial motorcycle NATI-750, created several. car models, the design of the first trolleybus in the USSR. In 1936 he designed the first owl. all-terrain vehicle (K-I NATI). As part of the KB them. Stalin created a family of all-wheel drive vehicles ZIS-36 and ZIS-32, on the basis of the latter later - the ZIS-152 armored personnel carrier. In 1941–45 he participated in the development of defense equipment, in the restoration of captured German. equipment, car modernization. In 1942 he began to develop drawings for a ZIS-110 passenger car. From 1943 ch. ZIS designer. In 1944 he modernized the BM-82 mortar. In 1950 he was arrested in the case of a "sabotage group at the ZIS plant." Sentenced to 8 years in prison. After rehabilitation, he worked at NAMI, taught. Became. etc. (1945).

fiyalkov khaim
has abstract: FYALKOV Chaim (1873, Motol Kobrin district. Grodno province - 1920, Kiev), teacher. H. Weizmann's cousin. He was brought up in the Weizmann house. In 1895 he graduated from the Jewish Teachers' Institute in Vilna. He taught at a Jewish school in Nikolaev. He studied in Germany and Switzerland. In 1905 he returned to Russia. One of the supporters of teaching Yiddish in Jewish schools. In 1916 he organized a network of Jewish schools in Kharkov province. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 - a representative of the Jewish secular schools under the Min-ve Nar. education. After Oct. the Revolution was engaged in lit. creativity, vopr. Jewish education. Published Art. on the organization of school libraries, teaching methods in schools. The author of the book. (in Yiddish) "Public education, forms and ways of out-of-school education" (Pg., 1918).

flaks efrem borisovich
has abstract: FLAX Efrem Borisovich (1909, Petersburg - 1983, ibid.), Singer (bass). In 1936 he graduated from Leningrad. cons. (studied with I.S. Tomars, A. Merovich and P.Z. Andreev). Took part in the performances of the Blue Blouse. Laureate of Vses. vocal competition (1939). From 1940 he taught at Leningrad. cons. In 1942–45 the soloist of Vses. radio committee, member of the front. conc. brigades at hand. V.P. Soloviev-Sedoy. In the 1940s and 70s. combined teaching and performing activities. First performer pl. popul. songs by I.O.Dunaevsky, Soloviev-Sedoy, B.A.Mokrousov, M.G. Fradkin, M.I.Blanter and others. He performed and recorded on records with a jazz orc. under control Ya.B. Skomorovsky, A. Semenov, N.G. Minkha, A.N. Tsfasman, with pop orc. Vses. and Leningrad. radio. In concerts he performed with large chamber programs (in the repertoire - productions of Russian and Western European classics). Honored. art. RSFSR (1960).

flakser fella
has abstract: FLAXER Fella (1900, Wloclawsk, Warsaw province -?, Tel Aviv), translator. She studied at Warsaw University. Participated in the Zionist movement. Since 1935 - in E.-I. She translated journalism and artist. Prod., published in periodical. ed. Yiddish. She translated into Yiddish the work of D. Ben-Gurion "On communism and Zionism ha-Shomer ha-Tsair". Translated manuf. owls. writers: including V.P. Kataev and M. Ilyin.

flakser menakhem
has abstract: FLAXER Menachem (1898, Ostrolenka, Lomzhinsk province -?), Publicist, poet, translator, literary critic. In 1918–39 - in Warsaw. In 1939–40 - in Vilna, secretary. associations of refugee writers. 1941–47 - in China (in Shanghai). Since 1947 - in the USA. Debuted verse. on Sat. Ringen (Rings. Warsaw, 1921). Published periodically. ed. poems, stories, essays, Art. by lawsuit, lit. In 1941–43 he worked in Shanghai in a trilingual. ed. "Unzer Lebn". From 1949 - in New York, worked in gas. Forverts. Compiled (with A. Pomerantsev) bibliography. decree. manuf. owls. Jewish writers for IVO. Author of monograph. "Unzer Express" ("Our Express", 1957), "Warsaw in Jewish Literature" (1966). He translated into Yiddish the works of A. Frans, B. Kellerman, R. M. Rilke, I. G. Ehrenburg. Comp., Author of comments, ed. manuf. Jewish writers. Participated in the preparation of bibliogr. materials for "Biographical. a dictionary of new Jewish literature in Yiddish ”(New York, 1965-1981).

flakserman galina konstantinovna
has abstract: FLAKSERMAN Galina Konstantinovna (Lia Abramovna) (1888, Yaroslavl - 1958, Moscow), participant of the revolutionary movement. Sister Yu.N. Flakserman. From 1902 - in the rev. movement, from 1905 - in the RSDLP, joined the Bolsheviks. In 1906 she was arrested, in 1907 she graduated from the gymnasium, studied at the Higher. wives courses in Moscow, simultaneously. was a volunteer Moscow. un-that, chl. university. student org-tion. In 1907, she was arrested again, released due to lack of evidence, and went into illegality. position. In 1908 she was arrested, kept in solitary confinement for two years, then exiled for three years to Arkhangelsk province. From 1913 - in St. Petersburg, collaborated in the magazine. "Contemporary", in 1915-17 - in the journal. "Chronicle". After Feb. Revolution of 1917 worked in the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b). In oct. 1917 at F.'s apartment a meeting of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b) took place, at which a decision was made to start arming. uprising. In 1919-21 - in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). In 1921–25 she worked in the State Publishing House, in 1925–28 - in the trade missions of the USSR in Germany and Italy, in 1928–30 - in the directorate of the IMEL, in 1931–58 she collaborated on various topics. publishing house. In 1933, for health reasons, she left the member. VKP (b).

flakserman yuriy nikolaevich
has abstract: FLAKSERMAN Yuri Nikolaevich (Veniamin Abramovich) (1895, Velikoye Yaroslavl district and province - 1995, Moscow), statesman, power engineer. Cand. tech. Sciences (1936). Brother G.K. Flakserman. In 1914–16 he studied physics and mathematics. f-those Mosk. un-that. From 1916 - in the army, he studied at the school of ensigns. Since 1917, member. RSDLP (b), member. Of the Executive Committee of the Nizhny Novgorod Council, member. Executive Committee Petrograd. Council. Affairs. 6th Congress of the RSDLP (b). Participant Oct. armed uprising in Petrograd, affairs. 2nd All-Russia. Congress of Soviets, pom. People's Commissar of Education, Deputy. People's Commissar of Property of the RSFSR. In 1919, before. Photo-film committee of the RSFSR People's Commissariat for Education. In 1920 - in the political department of the South. fr. In 1921–25 he studied electrical engineering. f-those MVTU, simultaneously. consisted of member., deputy. prev. collegiums Scientific and technical dep. VSNKh. Since 1925, dir. TsAGI. Since 1927 deputy. early Glavenergo VSNKh, simultaneously prof., head. department and dean of the org.-planning faculty of MPEI. In 1932–34 the beginning. and ch. Ing. building CHP Vses. teplotekhn. in-ta, then dir. and ch. Ing. CHP No. 9 Mosenergo. Arrested in 1937. In 1945 he was released. In 1945–47, deputy. ch. Ing. the Gazoslantsestroy trust (Kohtla-Yarve, Estonian SSR), since 1947 - the Bashneftestroy trust (Oktyabrsky town). In 1949 he was arrested again and exiled to the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In 1955 he was rehabilitated. Since 1956 deputy. early design and expert department. Min-va electrical stations of the USSR, in 1962–78 Ch. expert dep. Expertise of projects and estimates of the Ministry of Energy and Power Plants of the USSR. Works: G.M. Krzhizhanovsky. M., 1964; Energy Economics of the USSR. M., 1975 (in co-authorship with A.A. Chernukhin); In the fire of life and struggle. M., 1980; Heat power engineering of the USSR. 1921-1980, M., 1981.

flapan yakov
has abstract: FLAPAN Yakov (1897, Grodisk Blonsky u. Warsaw province. - 1936, Cordova, Argentina), writer, poet, theatrical figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1923 he studied at Ying-those it. lang. and literature in Berlin. The first story was published in the journal. "Vispe" in Kovno, published in the journal. "Di Yiddish Velt". Since 1924 - in Argentina. He worked as a hairdresser. Was one of the founders, hands. and dir. Jewish experiment. t-ra "Idrams" in Buenos Aires. Published poetry and stories in Jewish periodicals. ed. He joined the circles of left-wing Jewish writers in Argentina. Author of collection of stories: "In lager" ("In the camp". Kovno, 1923), "Trep" ("Steps". Buenos Aires ", 1930).

flatau edvard
has abstract: FLATAU Edward (1868, Plock - 1932, Warsaw), neuropathologist. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1892). Until 1899, he improved in neurology. clinics in Berlin, in the same place in 1894 published "Atlas of the Human Brain", translated into several. languages. From 1899 - in Warsaw, from 1904 he was in charge of a neurologist. a branch of one of the hospitals. In 1913 he organized and headed an experiment at Ying-those. biology neurobiol. lab. The creator of the Polish scientific. schools of neuropathologists. Installed eccentric in 1897. the location of long fibers in the spinal cord (Flatau's law). He described the naso-chin reflex and a number of symptoms in meningitis named after him, as well as one of the forms of encephalomyelitis (Redlich-Flatau disease). Was engaged in experiment. the creation of brain tumors by chem. and physical effects on brain tissue. One of the founders of the magazine. "Polish Neurology" and "Warsaw Medical Journal".

fleksor david samsonovich
has abstract: FLEXOR David Samsonovich (1871, Soroki, Bessarabian province - after 1917), lawyer. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1893). Since 1895 in the service in the Ministry of Agriculture and State. property. I took part in pl. development commissions decomp. bills, ch. arr. in the region. water law. Participated in the work of the Special Meeting on the Needs of Agricultural prom-sti, where he was one of the editors for the summary and processing of the works of local companies. F. - author and ed. the text of a number of legislations. acts of the Russian Empire. Until 1917 he was an official of special assignments of the 5th grade. under the chief manager of land management and agriculture, member-lawyer of hydrological to-that, chl. int. commissions for the development of water legislation.

flerov georgiy nikolaevich
has abstract: FLEROV Georgy Nikolaevich (1913, Rostov-on-Don Region of the Don Cossack - 1990, Moscow), physicist. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1968). Hero of Socialist Labor (1949). Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic in-t (1938), began to work in the LPTI in the lab. I.V. Kurchatov. 1941–43 - at the front. In 1943 - 60 hands. sector in Lab. No. 2 of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1956, Institute of Atomic Energy). In 1960–90, dir. Lab. nuclear JINR reactions. F.'s works dedicated. nuclear physics, nuclear. energy, space physics. rays. He proved (with LI Rusinov) that more than two secondary neutrons are emitted during fission of uranium nuclei. Joint. with K.A. Petrzhak discovered a new type of radioactive. transformations - spontaneous fission of uranium nuclei (1940). Under the arm. F. synthesized and investigated isotopes of elements with serial numbers 102-110. Developed methods of obtaining and accelerating heavy ions, supervised the research. on the synthesis of superheavy elements at multiply charged ion accelerators. Head of scientific schools. Author approx. 200 scientific. works. Became. pr. (1946, 1949). Linen. etc. (1967). State pr. USSR (1975).

fleyshits ekaterina abramovna
has abstract: FLESHITS Ekaterina Abramovna (1888, Kremenchug, Poltava province - 1968, Moscow), lawyer. Dr. jurid. Sciences (1940), prof. (1940). Rod. in the family of a lawyer. In 1907 she graduated from law. Faculty of the Sorbonne (Paris). In 1909 she returned to Russia. The first woman lawyer in Russia. Due to anti-Semitic harassment and opposition from the authorities, she was forced to leave the legal profession and practice lit. labor (at the same time teacher in workers' clubs). Since 1917, St. to Petrogr. un-those, then to Leningrad. finance-econ. in-those, simultaneously. in 1921–29 he was a legal adviser at a bank. In 1942-51 the head. Department of Cit. and bargaining. rights of Moscow. in-that ext. trade, prof. jurid. Faculty of Moscow State University, simultaneously. (from 1943) - at the All-Union Research Institute of Sov. legislation; taught at the University of Friendship of Peoples. P. Lumumba and at the Academy of external. trade. In 1963, she was the first among women lawyers to be awarded the title of Merit. scientist of the RSFSR. Since 1964 - at the department of owls. rights in MINH. Author approx. 100 scientific. works, including monograph. “Personal rights in civil. the law of the USSR and capitalist. countries "(1941)," Bourgeois. citizen the right to serve is monopoly. capital "(1948)," Settlement and credit legal relations "(1956)," Copyright "(1957, et al.).

fleyshman akiva
has abstract: FLEYSHMAN Akiva (1870, Dunaevtsy Novoushitsky u. Podolsk province. - 1932, New York), publicist, translator, teacher. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1897 - in the USA. He taught at yeshivas. Published Art. into gas. "Gamelitz" in St. Petersburg. In the period. ed. USA printed Art. in Yiddish and Hebrew about nat. Jewish problems, lit. essay, edited by the first journal. for Amer. Hebrew Teachers (New York, 1916). Author of rum. and per. manuf. artist literature in Hebrew and Yiddish.

fleyshman semen moiseevich
has abstract: FLEYSHMAN Semyon Moiseevich (1912, Tula - 1984, Moscow), specialist in the field of mudflow studies. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1964). He graduated from Leningrad in 1936. in-t engineer railroad transport. He worked in a survey party. 1941–45 - at the front. In 1947–65 - at the All-Russian Research Institute of Transport. building in Moscow. Since 1965 head. dep. mudflow geogr. Faculty of Moscow State University. For the first time he performed works on the rheology of mudflow mixtures; developed methods for modeling mudflows taking into account their specificity. properties, suggested the so-called. scale modeling. F. belong to the development of theoretical. fundamentals of mudflow movement and methods of accounting for them when building vehicles. and f. etc., anti-mudflow measures. Created the technique of Ing. survey of mudflow basins, prior to the design and construction of roads. The author of the first special in the USSR. uch. course "Sat down" for universities, uch. manuals (in collaboration with V.F. Petrov), scientific. articles.

fleyshman veniamin iosifovich
has abstract: FLEYSHMAN Veniamin Iosifovich (1913, Bezhetsk, Tver Province - 1941, Krasnoe Selo, Leningrad Region), composer. From childhood he studied violin. After graduating from ped. courses, worked as a rural teacher. In 1931 he entered the Leningrad State University. polytechnic in-t. At the same time. composed music and after the 3rd year in-that entered the Muz. uch-shche them. M.P. Mussorgsky (class of M.A. Yudin's composition), and after 3 years - in Leningrad. cons. (class composition by D.D. Shostakovich). Killed in the militia. Among the products. F. - one-act op. Rothschild's Violin (after A.P. Chekhov, 1938–41; wasp. 1960); F.'s unfinished score was completed by Shostakovich. In the stage action op. introduced a Jewish wedding orc., used intonations and modal features of Jewish muses. folklore.

flier yakov vladimirovich
has abstract: FLIER Yakov Vladimirovich (1912, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Vladimir province - 1977, Moscow), pianist, teacher. In 1934 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class php. K.N. Igumnov, in 1937 - graduate school under his own hands. 1st pr. At 2nd Vses. competition of musicians-performers in Leningrad (1935) and in the International. pianist competition in Vienna (1936), 3rd ave. at the Intern. pianist competition them. E. Izay in Brussels (1938). From 1935 he toured abroad. From 1937 he taught at Moscow. cons. (since 1947 prof., since 1965 head of the department). Among the students - B.M.Davidovich, L.N. Vlasenko, V.V.Postnikova, R.K.Shchedrin, M.V. Pletnev, D.E.Ratser and others F. - a brightly romantic performer. warehouse. Especially successfully performed (in the 1930–40s) fp. concerts by F. List, F. Chopin, P. Tchaikovsky, S. Rachmaninov. After lasts. a break in performances (1949–59), associated with a serious illness of the hand, returned to the end. activities, performed op. R. Schumann, J. Brahms, in the last. years - miniatures of Chopin (a triple album of records with recordings of all Chopin mazurkas performed by F. was released). Author of Art., Publ. in the music. periodic. print. Nar. art. USSR (1966).

flittner nataliya davydovna
has abstract: FLITTNER Natalia Davydovna (1879, Petersburg - 1957, ibid.), Art historian. Dr. East Sciences (1940), prof. (1940). Rod. in the family of a doctor. Graduated from History-Philology. branch of the Highest. wives (Bestuzhev) courses in St. Petersburg (1904) and St. Petersburg. un-t (1913). From 1917 she taught at Petrograd. (Leningrad) un-those, from 1919 in the Academy of Arts, at the same time. from 1919 - scientific. sotr. State The Hermitage. The author of St. 100 scientific. works on art and culture dr. East (gl. Arr. Dr. Egypt). Cit .: How we learned to read hieroglyphs. Pg., 1923; Culture and art of Mesopotamia and neighboring countries. L. - M., 1958.

flor salomon
has abstract: FLOR Salomon (Salo) Mikhailovich (1908, Gorodenka, Galicia, Austria-Hungary - 1983, Moscow), chess player. Int. grandmaster (1950), int. Arbitrator (1963). In 1930 he headed the national team of Czechoslovakia at the World. chess. Olympiad; winner of a number of cr. int. tournaments: in Hastings (1931/32, 1932/33, 1933/34), Moscow and Barcelona (1935), Kemeri (1937, 1939), Gothenburg (1939); won the matches - against G. Shtolts and M. Sultan-Khan. He was considered one of the contenders for peace. superiority, but the match F. with A.A. Alekhin (1938) did not take place due to the occupation of Czechoslovakia by Germany. Since 1939 - in the USSR. As part of the USSR national team, he participated in a number of international. matches with chess players from the USA, Great Britain, Hungary, Poland and others (1945–55). Until 1967 he played in the international. tournaments. One of the leading chess. journalists, journalist. Ogonyok (1951–83). Author pl. chess. book, including (in Russian) "The clock is not stopped" (1984).

fogelj david
has abstract: FOGEL David (1891, Satanov Proskurovsky u. Podolsk province. - 1944, Germany), poet, writer. From 1909 - in Vilna and Lvov, in 1912–24 - in Vienna. In the beginning. 1st world. war was arrested by the Austrian authorities, released in 1916. Since 1925 - in France. Since 1929 - in E.-I. In 1932 he returned to Paris. Later he lived in Austria, Germany, Poland. First verse. published in 1918 in periodicals. ed. "Ha-Tsefira" and "Gvulot", hereinafter - in decomp. lit. almanac. The only book. verse. "Lifney ga-shear ga-afel" ("Before the gates of darkness") was published in 1923. In 1929–30 F. published a novel. “Hayei nisuim” (“Married life”). He translated op. G. Hauptmann. In 1941 he was arrested in Lyon, died in a concentration camp.

fogelj iosif lazarevich
has abstract: FOGEL Iosif Lazarevich (b. 1921, Bobrik-Donskoy Epifanskoy u. Tula province.), Member of the partisan movement. From July 1941 - in Kr. Army, from Dec. 1941 - in the partisans (Belarus). From May 1944 com. partisas. brigade "Shturmovaya", operating on the territory. Minsk region Decorated with 3 orders. After the war he worked at the building of the Minsk Automobile Plant, since 1951 - at the mines of Podmosk. coal basin (in 1959 he graduated from the Moscow Mining Institute).

fogelj yakov ljvovich
has abstract: FOGEL Yakov Lvovich (1911, Ekaterinodar - 1957, Moscow), mechanical engineer. After graduating from the Moscow Aviation Institute, he worked for an aviator. s-de in KB A.A. Mikulin. Since 1943, leading designer, head. gr. calculators in the same place. He was engaged in the development of aircraft designs. blade machines (compressors, turbines). Participated in the creation of the AM-3 engine for the Tu-16 bomber and pass. aircraft Tu-104. Linen. pr. (1957).

fogeljman yuliy moiseevich
has abstract: FOGELMAN Julius Moiseevich (1904, Moscow - 1970, ibid.), Cameraman, film director. In 1929–61 the operator of the Mezhrabpomfilm cinema, Soyuzdetfilm, fr. film groups, Sverdlovsk, Riga cinema, "Mosnauchfilm", "Belarusfilm", "Tallinnfilm". I took off several. gaming and dozens of docks. and popular science. f., among which "Duma about the Cossack Golota" (1937), "Death of" Eagle "(1940)," Fifteen-year-old captain "(1945)," Boy from the outskirts "(1947)," Nesterka "(1955), "After the Storm" (1956), "Red Leaves" (1958), "Rain and Sun" (1960) and others. Directing works: "Before it's too late" (1957, jointly with V.P. Zhalakeyavichyus), "Friend Songs ”(1961, with R. Kasezalu).

fogeljson ber
has abstract: FOGELSON Ber (1803, Vitebsk - 1870, ibid.), Public figure. OPE representative in Vitebsk. In 1869, a dep. Vilnius Commission.

fogeljson lazarj izrailevich
has abstract: FOGELSON Lazar Izrailevich (1890, Vitebsk - 1980, Moscow), therapist, cardiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1936), prof. (1943). In 1913 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that. In 1913–17, a resident at a therapeutic. clinic D.D. Pletnev. In 1918–26 he served as a doctor in Kr. Army. In 1926-30 the head. therapeutic. dep. in Mediko-Biol. in-those in Moscow, in 1943-50 head. Department of Propedeutics, int. diseases of the 3rd MMI; since 1950 head. therapeutic. a branch in the Research Institute for the examination of the ability to work and employment of disabled people. Lechsanupra Kremlin consultant. Main scientific. tr. F. dedicated problems of cardiology, including surgery. treatment of angina pectoris (1924, jointly with P.A. Herzen), myocardial diseases, cardiac arrhythmias, etc. Author of the first in the USSR manual on electrocardiography (1929). The classification of arrhythmias proposed by F. was generally recognized in the USSR. Described phonocardiographic. picture of the so-called. gallop rhythm (a type of cardiac arrhythmia). Works: Fundamentals of clinical electrocardiography. M., 1929; Diseases of the heart muscle. M., 1932; Diseases of the heart and blood vessels. M., 1936; Clinical electrocardiography. M., 1957.

fogeljson solomon borisovich
has abstract: FOGELSON Solomon Borisovich (1910, Vitebsk - 1994, Leningrad), poet. In 1932 he entered dir. department of the Scenic College arts and at the same time. worked as a director-laboratory assistant at Akademich. t-re drama them. A.S. Pushkin (Leningrad). In 1935–46 - in the army, dir. t-ra Baltic Fleet, head. lit. part of ans. songs and dances. Lyrics writer V.P. Soloviev-Sedoy ("Conversation", "Sevastopol Waltz", "My native side"), D.A. Pritsker ("White-winged gulls", "Towards spring"), V.K.Sorokin ( "Sailor's Waltz", "At the Far Outpost", "March of the Border Guards"), M. Ferkelman ("Leningrad Waltz"), and others. Wrote lyrics for the movie "Heavenly Slow", "Good Morning", "She Loves You "," Beware, Grandma! "," Serf Actress "," Amphibian Man ", f. Leningrad. newsreel studio “Concert of artists Leningrad. stage and theater ”, poems for muses. comedy Solovyov-Sedoy "Queen's Pendants". Author of the poem "New Address" (published in the magazine "Youth", 1956). Works: Time to go. L., 1958; White-winged gulls. L., 1972; Wind from the sea. Poems, songs, poem. L., 1984.

fogelyavichus benjyaminas
has abstract: FOGELIAVICHUS Benjaminas (1907, Riga - 1962, Vilnius), editor, translator. Graduated from law. Faculty of Kaunas University. Since 1932 - in the Communist Party of Lithuania. In 1934–40 he was imprisoned. In 1949–55, Ch. ed. Publishing house polit. and scientific. literature of the Lithuanian SSR. Since 1955 - at the Department of Political Economy of Vilnius Pedagogical University. in-that. Translated into lit. lang. K. Marx's "Capital".

fomin efim moiseevich
has abstract: FOMIN Efim Moiseevich (1909, Kolyshki of the Vitebsk District and Gubernia - 1941, Brest Fortress), one of the organizers and leaders of the defense of the Brest Fortress. Regimental Commissar (1939). In 1929 he graduated from the soviet school, in 1931 - two courses of Leningrad. communist. in-that. From 1932 - in the Red Army. In 1933–35 he was an instructor in the political department of the shooter. divisions. In 1935–37, the company’s political instructor, at the same time. graduated from the courses of political workers (1937). In 1937–38 the commissar of the shooter. regiment, in 1938–41 the commissar rifleman. divisions. In March 1941, he was demoted to deputy. commander of the 84th rifleman. regiment to the Brest Fortress. He directed the defense of one of the districts of the fortress. Wounded, taken prisoner, shot. A memorial plaque was installed at the place of F.'s execution. Ord. Lenin (1957).

fontalin lev nikolaevich
has abstract: FONTALIN Lev Nikolaevich (b. 1922, Kharkov), immunologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1966), prof. (1980). Graduated from biol. Faculty of Moscow State University (1949). In 1953–62 - at Ying-those pathological. physiology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. In 1962–92 - at the Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology. Gamalei of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (senior scientific researcher, since 1967 head of laboratory). In 1957-59 in the middle. works proved the predominant role of lymphatic. nodes in the formation of antibodies. In 1958–65, he established that lymphocytes are carriers of immunological. memory and its natural carriers from one lymphoid organ to another. In 1972–80 F. (et al.) Developed several. methods of transplanting tissue from immunologically incompatible donors and even tissue from another species of animals to adult animals. In 1978–87, F. (et al.) Proposed a new concept of the mechanism of tolerance. The author of St. 150 prints works, including 3 monographs. Poch. member RANS (1992). Since 1995 - in Israel. Cit .: Immunological reactivity of lymphoid organs and cells. L., 1967; Immunological tolerance. M., 1978 (co-authored with L.A. Pevnitsky); Molecular cell mechanisms of immunological tolerance. M., 1993.

forbert adoljf
has abstract: FORBERT Adolf (1911, Warsaw - 1992, ibid.), Cameraman, director. Brother V. Forbert. In 1929–31 - in Australia, assistant operator. In 1931–39 he was the organizer and leader. movie lab. "Sector" in Warsaw. From 1934 he shot game films. In 1939–44 - in the USSR. In 1939–41 the newsreel operator Kr. Army. Since 1944 - at the Polish Army c / st. One of the founders of the Lodz Film School, prof. operator department (1948–83). Operator work in the artist. movies: "Horrors" (1938), "Forbidden Songs" (1946), "The Scourge of God" (1967). Among the doc. f .: "Majdanek - the cemetery of Europe", (1944, jointly with other operators), "The Swastika and the Gallows", "The Death of Berlin" (both - 1945, jointly with other operators). As dir. took off approx. twenty doc. f. Etc. Minister of Culture and Arts of Poland (1978). State pr. Poland (1950).

forbert vladislav
has abstract: FORBERT Vladislav (1915, Warsaw - 1991, Copenhagen), cameraman, director. Brother of A. Forbert. He began working in films in Australia (1929–31), then in a film lab. A. Forbert in Warsaw. Since 1935 the operator doc. f., since 1952 - play. In 1939–44 - in the USSR. Since 1944 - at the Polish Army c / st. Cinematography in feature films: Hours of Hope (1955), Nikodem Dyzma (1956), Free City (1958), A Place on Earth (1959), Interrupted Flight (1964), Three Steps on the ground ”(1965),“ In the first circle ”(1972, in Denmark, after the novel by AISolzhenitsyn), etc. As operator of doc. he shot films: "Dawn, Day and Night of Palestine" (1935), "Majdanek - the Cemetery of Europe" (1944, jointly with other operators), "The Swastika and the Gallows", "The Death of Berlin" (both - 1945, joint . with other operators), "The last party at Nuremberg" (1946). Among dir. works: "Treblinka" (1964), "Her Theater. Ida Kaminskaya "(1967)," 273 days below zero "(1968, jointly with E. Bossak). Since 1970 - in Denmark, taught at film schools and high fur boots. State pr. Poland (1950).

forem leyb
has abstract: FOREM Leib (1902, Zamosc, Lublin province -?), Writer, journalist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1921 - in the USA. He made his debut in 1922 in gas. "Freigite", published in Jewish periodicals. ed. Collaborated in gas. Forverts (New York), where in 1960 he printed ser. Art. about the famous court. processes (under ps. P. Elmar). In 1964–66 he published essays on the life of the South Amer. Jewish settlements. The author of the book. "Growth" ("Dew", short stories. New York, 1926), "Bouger Reinarsky" (ibid., 1938), "Carmen" (Mexico City, 1939), "Franklin D. Roosevelt" (Biography. New York, 1945).

forlerer mordkhe
has abstract: FORLERER Mordhe (1895, Warsaw - 1943, ibid.), Translator. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1914–20 - in Sweden. He translated from Yiddish and Polish. lang. Art. for the Swede. print. Since 1920 - in Poland. Published the lane. manuf. Swede. and Norwegian. writers in Jewish periodicals. ed., translated from Yiddish into Swede. lang. stories of Sh. Asha, I. Perle and others. Published in the lane. in Yiddish a number of books. - manuf. Swede. writers (S. Lagerlöf and others), F.M. Dostoevsky. Studied Yiddish handicraft terminology for IVO in Vilno.

fornberg karl
has abstract: FORNBERG Karl (ps. Isroel Rosenberg) (1871, Kovna - 1937, New York), publicist, translator. Doctor of Philosophy (1902). In 1890 he began to publish in the journal. "Sunrise". From 1898 he studied political economy, philosophy and history at Leipzig University. Joint. with S. Rosenfeld was the 2nd volume of the World. history (published as an appendix to the gas. "Yud"). Published work on political economy in it. and Russian. zhurn. Since 1903 - in the USA, sotr. zhurn. "Tsukunft", gas. Forverts. In 1906 he became the head of the journal. "Tsukunft". Published two brochures on the problem of emigration in Russian. lang. and two in Yiddish. Published in periodicals. ed. in Yiddish, in zhurn. "Sunrise", "Jewish World", wrote Art. for the "Jewish Encyclopedia". In 1913 he headed the publishing house of the Library International and in the same year founded the Literarischer Farlag publishing house. From 1914 ed. every month zhurn. "Literatur un lebn". In 1924 he began to publish weekly. "Di Yiddish Shtime". The author of the book. in Yiddish One Hundred Years of Jewish History in America, The Stuttgart Congress and Its Problems (1908), The History of the Socialist Movement, Socrates, His Life, Philosophy and Time (both 1914), The Jewish Wanderings (1917 ). He is the author of the history of Jewish emigration to America. Among the lane. F .: the first volumes of rum. "Jean Christophe" by R. Rolland, "What is to be done?" N.G. Chernyshevsky.

forsayt avrom
has abstract: FORESIGHT Avrom (1883, Smorgon Oshmyansky u. Vilna province - 1954, Jerusalem), writer. From the beginning. 1900s - in USA. In 1937 he published the collection. "Smorgon", published in pl. lit. and publicist. sat-kah. The author of the book., Ed. in New York: East. rum. Bar-Kokhba (1941), rom. about rus. rev-tion "In Roitn Gli" ("In Red Heat", 1947), ist. rum. "Tsum lichtikn morgn" ("To a bright tomorrow", 1953).

fortus mariya aleksandrovna
has abstract: FORTUS Maria Alexandrovna (1900, Bolshaya Aleksandrovka, Kherson province - 1980, Moscow), an employee of the special services. Major. Sister P.A. Myth. Since 1917, member. RSDLP (b). Since 1919 - in the organs of the Cheka. During the Civil. wars - in underground work in Kherson and Odessa, led a roar. propaganda among the sailors Anglo-French. fleet, reconnaissance. work at the headquarters of N.A. Makhno. Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (1928). In 1930–34 she was conducting reconnaissance. work in Spain. From 1934 - in Moscow, worked in the Comintern, responsible. ed. isp. ed. zhurn. "Communist. International". From Oct. 1936 participated in civil. war in Spain (senior military translator under R.Ya. Malinovsky, liaison officer under the chief Soviet military adviser, air force liaison officer), awarded horde. Cr. Banner. In the end. 1938 returned to the USSR, graduated from the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1941). From the summer of 1941 to the beginning. headquarters of wives. air regiment, then party organizer and com. intelligence in partisas. detachment D.N. Medvedev, participated in the training of intelligence officer N.I. Kuznetsov. In 1944–45, an officer of the intelligence department of the headquarters of the 3rd Ukr. fr. In 1945–55 - to the Center. gr. troops, then to Moscow. IN. From 1955 - retired. F. - the prototype of Ch. heroines of the movie "Salute, Maria!" The plot of the film "Alba-Regia" is based on the operation developed by F.

forzun yakov tsalevich
has abstract: FORZUN Yakov Tsalevich (b. 1924, Korostyshev, Zhitomir region), Hero of the Soviet Union (1944). In the Red Army - since 1942. Machine gunner Private F. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for courage and heroism shown in battle during the crossing of Zap. Dvina. Since 1946 - in reserve. He worked as a foreman at the Zhytomyr plant "Rembyttekhnika". Since 1991 - in Israel.

foy arkadiy mikhaylovich
has abstract: FOY Arkady Mikhailovich (1901, Tiflis - 1973, Saratov), ​​obstetrician-gynecologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1940), prof. (1943). In 1925 he graduated from honey. f-t Azerb. un-that. In 1926-29 he was a resident of the clinic of obstetrics and gynecology of the 1st Leningrad State University. honey. in-ta (LMI). In 1929–30 ch. doctor of the district hospital (Pskov region). In 1930–34 he was a resident of the clinic of obstetrics and gynecology of the 1st LMI. In 1934–35 the beginning. arm. hospital in Chita. In 1935–42 resident, assistant, Assoc. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the 1st LMI. In 1942–45 the head. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Krasnoyarsk honey. in-that. In 1945–52 prof. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the 1st LMI. In 1952–73 the head. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saratov honey. in-that. Studied the problems of drugs. labor pain relief, immunology wives. body with gynecological. pathology, hormonal disorders during pregnancy and childbirth. Developed new methods of preventing stillbirth and treating inflammatory diseases of women. genital area. Ch. obstetrician-gynecologist of the Saratov region Prev Saratov and Chl. reign of Vses. and Vseros. scientific. about-in obstetricians-gynecologists. Cit .: Clinic of pain relief and accelerated labor. L., 1941; Fighting stillbirth in the obstetric hospital. L., 1948; A new method of childbirth and the fight against the weakness of labor. Saratov, 1966.

foynitskiy david
has abstract: FOYNITSKY David (? - 1944), writer. The author of several. book for young people: "Zay alein and maister" ("My own master". Kharkov – Kiev, 1932), "Di soviet expedition tsum Zofn-pole" ("Soviet expedition to the North Pole", Kiev, 1938), "Noh der arbet "(" After work ", ibid, 1938, in co-authorship with S.V. Gutiansky) - collection of works. games, puzzles, puzzles, jokes, etc. Killed at the front.

fradkin efim samoylovich
has abstract: FRADKIN Efim Samoilovich (1924, Shadrin, BSSR - 1999), theoretical physicist. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1990). In 1942–46 he was in the army. After graduating from Lvov un-that (1948) - in FIAN, head. sector (since 1964). Sci. research dedicated principle. question theory of elementary particles, quantum statistics, field theory. Gave a functional formulation quantum. field theory (1950s), which allowed to go beyond the traditional. perturbation theory. Found continual solutions for the scattering matrix and for Dirac's ur-tion in an arbitrary external. field (1965). Received (1954) a system of completely renormalized equations for the Green's function in quantum. field theory, found (1977) a conformally invariant solution of these equations and critical. indices in the theory of second-order phase transitions. Formulated the requirement of asymptotic. freedom, realized on special decisions of the ur-ny of the renormalization group, as a guiding principle for building models of the Grand Unification. He proposed models of a unified theory of the weak, the strong and the electromagnet. interactions. Built a model of extended supergravity (1976). Author approx. 180 scientific. articles. Corresponding member Pontanian Academy (1970, Italy). Became. pr. (1953). Etc. them. I.E. Tamm of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1980).

fradkin feliks aronovich
has abstract: FRADKIN Felix Aronovich (1933, Baku - 1993, Vladimir), teacher, historian of pedagogy. Dr. ped. Sciences (1968), prof. (1988), ch. RAO (1993). Graduated from Azerb. ped in-t rus. lang. and literature (1956). Worked as a teacher, deer. all L. school, an educator at a boarding school in Baku. Graduated from the Research Institute of Theory and History of Pedagogy of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR (1966). He taught at the Department of Pedagogy of the Vladimir State. ped. in-that. Studied the history of the school, ped. science, owls. pedagogy of the 1920s – 30s. Author of works on the history of pedological science in the USSR. Developed courses for ped. universities: "Personality, socialization, education", "Introduction to pedagogy", "Domestic pedagogy of the XX century.", special course "ST Shatsky".

fradkin iljya moiseevich
has abstract: FRADKIN Ilya Moiseevich (1914, Moscow - 1993, ibid.), Literary critic, critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1967). Graduated from Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1937). 1941–45 - at the front. After the war he worked in the Sov. military. administration in Germany. Since 1957 - at IMLI. He was engaged in the main. German lit-swarm of the 20th century The author of works on the work of B. Brecht, Art. in "History of German Literature", "History of World Literature", "History of Literature of the Federal Republic of Germany" (1980), "History of Literature of the GDR" (1982) and others. Ed. and comp. collection of works B. Brecht, I. Becher, W. Borchert, M. Frisch, G. Böll and others. Comp. anthologies: "Poets of Democratic Germany" (1951), "German Democratic Poetry" (1955), "German Ballads" (1958), "German Novel of the XX century." (1963) and other works: Bertolt Brecht. Way and method. M., 1965; Literature of the new Germany. Articles, essays. M., 1961.

fradkin mark grigorjevich
has abstract: FRADKIN Mark Grigorievich (1914, Vitebsk - 1990, Moscow), composer. In 1934–37 he studied at Leningrad State University. theater. in-those. In 1937–39 - in the Minsk Theater for Young Spectators: actor, dir. and head. muses. part. At the same time. studied at the Belarusian cons. In 1939–45 - in the army. During the years of service, he wrote his first songs. Author pl. patriotic. and lyric. songs: "Komsomol volunteers", "Near the village of Kryukovo", "On the seven winds", "For that guy" (poems by RI Rozhdestvensky; 1st Ave at the International Festival in Sopot, 1972), "Flows Volga ”,“ Behind the Factory Outpost ”,“ There, Beyond the Clouds ”,“ Morse Woman ”,“ A Girl Walks in the Field ”,“ We ​​Lived in the Neighborhood ”. Mn. of the songs written to the film. F.'s songs were performed by L.O.Utesov, M.N.Bernes, I.D.Kobzon, L.G. Zykina, E.S. Piekha. Nar. art. USSR (1985). State pr. USSR (1979). Cit .: My biography. M., 1974.

fradkin mikhail yakovlevich
has abstract: FRADKIN Mikhail Yakovlevich (1892, Khotimsk of Klimovichsky u. Mogilev province. - 1973, Moscow), ophthalmologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1939), prof. (1939). In 1923 he graduated from honey. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow State University. In 1923–41 resident, assistant, assistant professor, prof. clinic of eye diseases of the 2nd Moscow State University (from 1930 - the 2nd MMI), in 1941–45 head. Department of Eye Diseases, in 1943–53 head. clinics dep., in 1953-57 head. glaucomatous department, in 1957–65 head. the lab organized by him. experimental Glaucoma Therapy Center. (now - Moscow) n.-i. in-that eye diseases them. G. Helmholtz. Formulated a provision on the participation of higher. autonomic centers of the brain in the regulation of intraocular pressure. He described a number of mechanisms for the formation of fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye, explained the origin of certain characteristic symptoms of glaucoma and the causes of visual impairment in a number of cases after operations for glaucoma, and identified indications for surgical treatment of an acute attack of glaucoma. Member reign Mosk. scientific. about-va ophthalmologists. Cit .: Hemato-ophthalmological barrier and its importance in physiology and pathology of the eye. M., 1939; Glaucoma. M., 1950.

fradkin moisey zalmanovich
has abstract: FRADKIN Moisey Zalmanovich (1904, Borzna, Chernigov province - 1974, Kharkov), graphic artist. In 1927 he graduated from the Kharkov artist. in-t. In 1931–32, then intermittently until 1971 - Assoc. the same in-that. In 1934–36 hands. engraving workshop of the Kharkov Polygraph. in-that. Main work in the book. graphic: "Till Ulenspiegel" by C. de Coster, "Gulliver's Travel" by J. Swift (1934–36, both co-authored with BP Blank), "The Travel of Benjamin III" by Mendele Moicher-Sforim (1934, 1972) , "Lyrics" by LS Pervomaisky (1935), "Jewish folk songs" (1937), fav. manuf. Sholem Aleichem (1939); illustrated many others. children book., performed ex-libris. Author of easel series: “Jews on Earth” (1934), “Memories of Childhood” (1959), “Puppet Theater” (1961), “Jewish Songs” (“Oh, the golden pava was flying” and others, 1963–67 ). Since 1927 - participant of exhibitions, including: in Stockholm (1930), Vienna (1932), Venice (1933, Biennale), Warsaw (1933), Prague (1934), New York (1937). F.'s works are in the Kiev state. museum ukr. fig. art, Kharkov Museum of fig. Isk-va, State Tretyakov Gallery, Pushkin Museum, in nat. art galleries in Stockholm and Chicago.

fradkin shneur-zalman
has abstract: FRADKIN Shneur-Zalman (1830, Lyady Goretsky u. Mogilev province. - 1902, Jerusalem), rabbi. Rod. in the family of the Lubavitch Hasid. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Passed the exam for the title of rabbi. Rabbi in Polotsk and over 20 years in Lublin. From 1892 - in E.-I. One of the leaders of the Hasidic community in Jerusalem. He took an active part in the society-religion. life of Jerusalem. Author of comments. Torat Hesed (Teaching of Piety, 1883–84).

fradkov efim borisovich
has abstract: FRADKOV Efim Borisovich (1921, Demidov of Porechensky u., Smolensk province. - 1990, Odessa), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). Colonel (1966). Studied at Moscow. technol. in-those food. prom-sti. From 1939 - in the Red Army, served in the artillery. From June 1941 - at the front. Com. tools of art. sergeant F. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for courage and heroism shown in battles in Vost. Prussia. In 1951 he graduated from the Military-jurid. Academy, served in the military. justice. Since 1982 - retired. He was awarded 7 orders.

fradkov mikhail efimovich
has abstract: FRADKOV Mikhail Efimovich (b. 1950, Kurumoch, Kuibyshev region), statesman. In 1972 he graduated from Moscow. machine tool institute, in 1981 - Academy of Ext. trade. In 1973–75 sotr. apparatus of the econ. Counselor of the USSR Embassy in India. Since 1975 - in the system of the State. to-that on ext. econom. communications (GKES), in 1984–91 deputy. early Ch. GKES supply department, first deputy. early Ch. Department of coordination and regulation of external. econom. operations Min-va ext. econom. relations of the USSR, in 1991–92 deputy. fast. representative of the Russian Federation at the GATT in Geneva. 1992–93 Deputy. min. ext. econom. relations of the Russian Federation, in 1993–97 first deputy min. 1997–8 - min. ext. econom. ties of the RF, in 1998-2000 - min. Trade, in 2001–3 - director. Federal Tax Police Service, in 2004–7 - before. Governments, since 2007 - Dir. Russian Foreign Intelligence Service.

fraerman ruvim isaevich
has abstract: FRAERMAN Ruvim Isaevich (1891, Mogilev - 1972, Moscow), writer. Studied at Kharkov Technol. in-those. Participant of Civil. wars in the Far East. Ed. partisas. gaz., in a cut he published his essays. He worked at SibROSTA in Yakutsk. Since 1921 - in Moscow. Corr. Centre. gas. Published articles, essays, poems. The first pov. "Fire" (1924), "Buran" (1926) - about Grazhd. war in the Far East. He wrote about the life of small peoples of the D. East: p. "Vaska-gilyak" (1929), "Nikichen" (1932). Journalist. trips to collective farms and new buildings were reflected in pov. Second Spring (1932). In 1937, an action-packed story came out. "Spy". Naib. Izv. brought F. The Wild Dog Dingo, or The Tale of First Love (1939). 1941–45 - at the front. In 1946 a pov came out. "Distant Voyage" - about schoolchildren during the war. In 1946–48 (co-authored with P. Zaykin) - p. "Life and Extraordinary Adventures of Lieutenant-Commander Golovin, Traveler and Sailor." The author of the book. rec. about A. Gaidar "Favorite writer of children" (1964).

fram david
has abstract: FRAM David (1903, Ponevezh, Kovno province -?), Poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied in Russian. gymnasium in Samara. In the beginning. 1920s returned to Lithuania. In 1926 he entered the agronomist. f-t un-that in Toulouse (France). Since 1927 - in South Africa. He wrote his first poems in Samara in Russian. lang., printed in the student. zhurn. In 1923 in the Kovenskaya gas. Yiddish Shtime published poetry in Yiddish. Published in periodicals. ed. Author of the book: "Leader un poems" ("Poems and poems". Vilno, 1931), "Efsher" ("Maybe". Poems. London, 1947).

frank
has abstract: FRANK (ps; real fam. Frenkel) Shloyme (1902, Lodz, Petrokiv province - 1966, Tel Aviv), poet. Lit. activity began in 1928 in gas. Lodzer Tageblat. In 1929–33 he lived in the countries of Lat. America. In Brazil - member. Union of Polish Jews. In 1933 he returned to Poland. Gas edited. "Gantwerker Zeitung". Published in Jewish periodicals. ed. In 1943–44 - in the Lodz ghetto, one of the organizers of a secret radio station, he compiled leaflets for the residents of the ghetto. In 1944–45 - at Auschwitz. After his release, he was one of the founders of the first Jewish printing house in Lodz. Since 1946 - in Germany, published a journal. "Yiddish Builder", edited by Sat. "Gezamlte Leader, Poetry Fun 20-Ton Jorgundert" ("Selected Poems. Poetry of the XX Century"), published in Munich (1948). Since 1950 - in Israel. Published and edited the journal. "Velt-magazine" in Tel Aviv. Author of the book: "Cienistische Leader" ("Zionist Poems". Lodz, 1934), "Togbuh funolodzer ghetto" ("Diary of the Lodz Ghetto". Buenos Aires, 1958).

frank-kamenetskiy david aljbertovich
has abstract: FRANK-KAMENETSKY David Albertovich (1910, Vilna - 1970, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1943). In 1931 he graduated from Tomsk Technol. in-t. In 1934–47 he worked at the Institute of Chem. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1947–56 - at the Arzamas-16 facility, a participant in the atomic project. Since 1956 - at the Institute of Atomic Energy. At the same time. prof. and head. organized by him by the Department of Plasma Physics MIPT. Developed the theory of the processes of energy release and removal. Developed a theory of gas ignition. mixtures. Solved the problem of strengthening the shock wave in the external. layers of an exploded star, proved that an increase in temperature in this case makes possible the synthesis of heavy. elements. Predicted magnetoacoustic. resonance. Became. pr. (1949, 1951, 1953). Etc. them. D.I. Mendeleev, USSR Academy of Sciences (1960), Works: Turbulent and Heterogeneous Combustion. M., 1947 (co-authored with Ya.B. Zeldovich); Diffusion and heat transfer in chemical kinetics. M., 1948; Physical processes inside the stars. M., 1959; Plasma is the fourth state of matter. M., 1961; Nuclear astrophysics. M., 1967.

frank-kamenetskiy izrailj grigorjevich
has abstract: FRANK-KAMENETSKY Israel Grigorievich (1880, Vilna - 1937, Leningrad), orientalist philologist. Prof. (1919), Doctor of Literature (1934). Brother of ZG Frank-Kamenetsky. In the beginning. 1900s studied at un-those in Kiev, in 1904 was expelled for participating in the student. unrest, completed his education in Germany in high fur boots Leipzig, Berlin, Göttingen. In 1914-18 - in the army. In 1918–21 he taught at Irkutsk University. In 1921-22 the head. Department of Dr. East at Moscow State University. From 1922 in Petrograd. archeol. in-those (since 1928 - at Leningrad State University), at the same time. in 1922–23 he taught the course "History of the Jewish People of the Biblical Period" in Petrogr. in-those higher. Jewish knowledge, participated in the work of the OPE and the Jewish historical - ethnogr. about-va, in 1930–31 - in the work of the Jewish gr. Institute for the Study of the Peoples of the USSR of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. At the same time. in 1928–37 scientific. sotr. Institute of language and thinking of the USSR Academy of Sciences, hands. Cabinet of Semitic-Khamitic languages. Cabinet of oral literature of the primitive society. The author of St. 40 scientific. tr. on the history of the ancient Egyptian and Hindu religions, on Judaism, biblical studies, writing and literature by Dr. Egypt and dr. India, Cit .: Monuments of Egyptian religion in the Theban period. M., 1917; Macrocosm and microcosm in Jewish and Indian cosmogony. In the book: In memory of acad. N.Ya.Marr (1864-1934). M. - L., 1938.

frank-kamenetskiy maksim davidovich
has abstract: FRANK-KAMENETSKY Maxim Davidovich (b. 1941, Gorky), biophysicist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1971), prof., acad. RANS (1990). Son of D.A. Frank-Kamenetsky. Graduated from Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (1964). In 1964–78 he worked in biol. dep. Institute of Atomic Energy. IV Kurchatov, in 1978–93 head. lab. Institute of molecular genetics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the same time. prof. MIPT, head. department. Since 1993 - in the USA, prof. Boston University. Sci. tr. on the physics of polymers, its applications in biology, the properties and structure of DNA. Author approx. 100 scientific. publications. Cit .: The most important molecule. M., 1983.

frank-kamenetskiy zakhariy grigorjevich
has abstract: FRANK-KAMENETSKY Zakhary Grigorievich (Gershonovich) (1874, Vilna - 1951, Irkutsk), ophthalmologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1935), prof. (1935). Brother of I.G. Frank-Kamenetsky. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (1897). Trained in eye clinics in Germany and Austria. In 1914–15 members. to-that of the Irkutsk branch of the OPE. He practiced as a doctor, taught in wives. paramedic. school, honey. Faculty of Irkutsk University. Privat Assoc. Department of Ophthalmology, Irkutsk University (1927), head. Department of Histology (1931–35), head. Department of Ophthalmology and Clinic of Eye Diseases, Irkutsk Med. in-that. In 1942–45 in the eye evacuation hospital. Publ. OK. 40 scientific. works. The author of Art. for BME. In the name of F.-K. named st. in Irkutsk (1942). Honored. doctor of the RSFSR (1943).

frank georgiy avraamovich
has abstract: FRANK Georgy Avraamovich (b. 1936, Chisinau), oncologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1981), prof. (1986). Graduated from Chisinau honey. Institute (1958). Since 1964 - in Moscow. n.-i. oncologist in-those them. P.A. Herzen, where he headed (1981) the department. pathological anatomy of tumors, at the same time. (since 1989) hands. pathologist. lab. Hematological. scientific. center of RAMS. Sci. tr. F. dedicated morphological. changes in the liver with leukemia, clin. morphology of lymphogranulomatosis, question. histogenesis and morphological. diagnostics of tumors, reaction of tumors to lay down. effects, tumors of the hematopoietic system, tumor immunology, precancerous conditions. Member reign Mosk. about-va of pathologists, chl. of the editorial board of the journal. "Archive of Pathology" and "Ros. oncological journal ". Cit .: Early oncological pathology. M., 1985 (et al.); Combined and complex treatment of patients with malignant tumors. M., 1989 (et al.); Pathological diagnostics of human tumors. T. 1.M., 1993 (et al.).

frank german
has abstract: FRANK German (1892, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1952, New York), publicist. Doctor of Philosophy. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1911–15 he studied at the Kiev Commerce. in-those, worked as a student. the Zionist organization. Active worker of the slave. movement in Bialystok: in 1916, together with I. Pat, founded the orphanage. I.-L. Peretz, a folk tea house with a reading room, a club. H. Zhitlovsky and other cultural institutions. He studied in Berlin. Defended a diss. on the topic "Bialystok in peacetime and wartime". Since 1923 - in the USA. Published Art. in Jewish, English, Russian. ed. about social and economic the position of the Jews in Bialystok, the emergence and development of polit. and nat. movements. Translated into Yiddish. on social and econ. Topics. Among the works of F.: "Statistics of the movement of the Jewish population in Bialystok for 10 years (1900-1910)" (Bialystok, 1920), "Greek wise men" (Berlin, 1923), "Jewish printing house and the art of book processing" (New York, 1938), "From ruins to restoration" (ibid., 1940), "A. Sh. Zaks, fighter for national revival" (ibid., 1945), "National and political movements among the Jews of Bialystok" (ibid., 1951) ...

frank gertselj vuljfovich
has abstract: FRANK Hertsel Vulfovich (b. 1926, Ludza, Latvia), screenwriter, film director. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Studied at the Ural Industrial Institute (1943–44). In 1945–52 - in the army. Graduated from Vses. correspondence jurid. in-t. He worked as a lecturer, journalist, artist. advertising, photographer-artist. He made his film debut with a script by F. "White Bell" (1961). Scriptwriter doc. f .: "You and Me" (1963), "Report of the Year" (1965), "235,000,000" (1967). Dir. doc. f .: "Salted Bread" (1965), "The Fourth Chairman" (1968), "Trace of the Soul" (1972, ave. on the Moscow Art Festival in Oberhausen and the main avenue of the All-Union Film Festival, 1973), "Forbidden Zone" (1975 ), "Ten Minutes Older" (1978), "Horsepower" (1982), "High Court" (1987, Grand Prix, etc. at the ICF in Nyon), "Once upon a time there were seven Simeons" (1989 , Grand Prix at the Ikf in San Sebastian, main prize at the Ikf in Yamagata, Japan), "Song of Songs" (1989), "Prayer" (1990), "Jewish Street" (1992). Since 1993 - in Israel. Honored. figure in the arts of the Latvian SSR (1975). Works: Map of Ptolemy. Notes of a documentary filmmaker. M., 1975.

frank gleb mikhaylovich
has abstract: FRANK Gleb Mikhailovich (1904, Nizhny Novgorod - 1976, Moscow), biophysicist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1935), prof. (1939), ch. USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1945), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1966). Brother I.M. Frank. At the end (1925) biol. Faculty of Crimean University (Simferopol) worked at Moscow State University. In 1929–33 the head. lab. photobiology LPTI, in 1933–46 head. dep. VIEM. In 1946–48 he headed Radiats. lab., in 1948–51 - Institute of Biophysics of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, created. based on it. At the same time. in 1943–52 head. Lab. biophysics of isotopes and radiation of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1952 head. lab. Institute of Biological Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, created. on its basis, since 1957 dir. In 1963–67, the director. Sci. center of biol. research USSR Academy of Sciences (Pushchino), simultaneously. in 1950–71 prof. Moscow State University. Sci. tr. dedicated radiation biophysics, biophysics of muscle contraction and nerve. excitement. He was engaged in research. biol. the action of ultraviolet radiation, early disturbances in living cells under the influence of ionizing radiation, the organization of a living cell and the processes of its life at the pier. level, structural organization of muscles, physical and chemical. properties, localization and the role of protein components of muscles in health and disease. He headed the work on the X-ray structural analysis of cellular and subcellular structures. Tr. by philosophy. problems of biology. The initiator of the creation of the Coordinator. center for complex research. in the region. biophysicists. Member council Int. union clean and prikl. biophysicists (since 1961). Vice President Int. organization for the study of living cells at UNESCO (since 1964). Prev Sci. advice on the problems of biol. Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1964–71). Became pr. (1949, 1951). State etc. USSR (1978). Cit .: Biophysics of a living cell. Fav.…

frank iljya mikhaylovich
has abstract: FRANK Ilya Mikhailovich (1908, Petersburg - 1990, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1934), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1968). Brother G.M. Frank. Graduated from Moscow State University (1930). In 1930–34 he worked at the State. optical in-those, in 1934–70 - at FIAN, head. dep. (from 1941), head. lab. (since 1946). At the same time. from 1957 dir. Lab. Neutron Physics of the United Institute of Nuclear Research. (JINR, Dubna). Sci. work on physical. optics, nuclear and neutron physics. In 1937 he developed (with I.E. Tamm) the classic. the Cherenkov – Vavilov radiation theory. He developed the theory of anomalous and complex Doppler effect in a refractive medium and predicted (with V.L. Ginzburg) transition radiation. Investigated (with LV Groshev) the formation of electron-positron pairs by gamma quanta. He proposed a pulsed method for studying thermal neutrons, discovered the effect of their diffuse cooling. Developed spectrometry of neutrons in terms of their deceleration time in lead. Participant in the creation of pulsed fast neutron reactors (IBR-1 and IBR-2). The author of St. 200 scientific. publications. Became. pr. (1946). State pr. USSR (1954, 1971). Nob. pr. (1958). Evil medal to them. S. I. Vavilov, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1980). Works: Nuclear Physics and Atomic Energy. M., 1968.

frank mikhail lyudvigovich
has abstract: FRANK Mikhail Ludvigovich (1878, Moscow - 1942, Kazan), mathematician. Brother S.L. Frank. Prof. (1927). Cand. phys.-math. Sciences (1937). Graduated from Munich Polytechnic. Institute (1904), Yuryevsky University (1913). He worked in Petrograd. polytechnic in-those (1914-18), Tavrichesky un-those (1919-30), in Leningrad. polytechnic in-those (1930–41), Mat. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1941–42), which was evacuated in Kazan. Main work - in the region. nomography, geometry, approximate and numerical methods. Works: Elementary approximate calculations. M. - L., 1932; Graphic methods of integration of ordinary differentials. ur-ny. M. - L., 1933.

frank nison
has abstract: FRANK Neeson (1889, Mariampol, Suwalki province - 1943, Drancy, France), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1904 - in E.-I., he studied in agronomics. school. One of the founders of “Theater. Union ”, to-ry staged plays in Yiddish. From the beginning. 1910s - in France. The first art. published in the journal. "Luhes" in 1906 in Jerusalem. Printed lit. Art. in French periodic. ed. Under the influence of A. Reisen, he began to write in Yiddish (from 1910). Participated in the ed. Reisen's Der Naer Journal, in other Jewish editions. Since 1913, corr. Warsaw gas. "Moment" in Paris. Published in London and New York Jewish periodicals. ed. Published by ser. "Ganeidn-maiselekh" ("Paradise Tales"), "Pariser Brive" ("Parisian Letters") on polit., Societies. or T. Topics. In 1927–40 sotr. gas. "Pariser Gaynt", where he also published his works. and per. with French lang. Member of the Resistance movement. Collected documents about the atrocities of the Nazis, made lists of victims of the Drancy concentration camp, questioned the escaped prisoners, was one of the organizers of the rescue of children in Drancy. The author of the book., Ed. in Paris: "Der Sieg" ("Victory", 1911), "Bon, di Geburts - shtot fun Beethoven" ("Bonn - Beethoven's birthplace". Travel notes, 1922), "Pariser motive" ("Parisian motives", 1924 ).

frank semen lyudvigovich
has abstract: FRANK Semyon Ludvigovich (1877, Moscow - 1950, London), philosopher. Brother M.L. Frank. A Marxist took part in the work as a high school student. Cup. He studied law. f-those Mosk. un-that. After his arrest (1899) and the ban on living at the university. cities studied political economy and philosophy in Berlin and Munich. In 1900 the first book was published in Moscow. F. "The theory of value of Marx and its meaning", dedicated. criticism of Marxism. In 1902 on Saturday. "Problems of Idealism" published the first philosophy. etude "Nietzsche and love for the distant." One of the authors of the collection. Vekhi (1909), sotr. zhurn. "Rus. think". Since 1912 - Assistant Professor. Petersburg. un-that. In 1917 F. headed the Historical Philology. Department at Saratov University, in 1921 - Department of Philosophy at Moscow State University. In 1922, together with gr. philosophers and writers expelled from Russia. In 1922-37 - in Germany, in Berlin became a member of the Religious Philosophy. Academy organized by N.A. Berdyaev. In 1930–37 he lectured on the history of Russian. thoughts and literature in Berlin un-those. In 1937–40 - in France, from 1940 - in Great Britain. In their philosophies. tr. developed the concept of "metaphysical realism". Among the most important philosophers. works by F.: "The Subject of Knowledge" (1915), "Human Soul" (1918), "The Meaning of Life" (1924), "Spiritual Foundations of Society" (1930), "Incomprehensible" (1939), "Light in the Dark" ( 1949). Son F. - Vasily (1920-1996), journalist. 1941–46 - in Britain. Air Force. He fought in Algeria, Italy, France, Greece. Since 1947, a journalist, since 1964 - at the radio station "Freedom" (Munich).

frank tsvi-peysakh
has abstract: FRANK Zvi-Peisakh (1873, Kovna - 1960, Jerusalem), rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1893 - in E.-I. He studied at the Yeshivas Etz-Chaim and Torat Chaim in Jerusalem. From 1902 - in Jaffa, where he became close to A. I. Cook. From 1907 p. religious court. During the 1st world. war remained in E.-I., despite all the attempts of the authorities to expel F. from the country. One of the founders of the "Joint Council of Rabbis" (1918) and "Association of Ashkenazi Communities of Jerusalem". In 1921 - the initiator of the creation of Ch. Rabbinate E.-I. Supported the appointment of Cook Chief. Rabbi E.-I. He fought for the idea of ​​building the life of the community E.-I. based on Jewish law. In 1935, Ch. Rabbi of Jerusalem. One of the largest religions. authorities of their time. Author of the book: "Gar Zvi" ("Mount Zvi". Jerusalem, 1957-77), "Mikdash Melekh" ("The Tsar's Temple", ibid., 1968), "Mikrei Kodesh" ("Sacred Writings", ibid., 1975–78).

frankentalj motl
has abstract: FRANKENTHAL Motl (1893, Radom - 1943, Lodz), poet, writer, playwright, translator, public figure. Since 1903 - in Lodz. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. The first poems were published in 1907 in the Warsaw weekly. "Roman Zeitung". Founder and dir. dram. circles and theater. studios. He published poems, stories, plays, feuilletons, humoresques, fairy tales in Jewish periodicals. ed. Ed. zhurn. Der Gedank in Lodz, lit. every month Green Bleter in Lodz, 1938–39. F.'s plays were staged in Jewish theaters. circles and in t-ts of Poland. He translated into Yiddish "The Interrupted Song" by Z. Przybylski, "Meir Ezofovich" by E. Ozheshko and works of other Polish. writers. In 1919–39, members. Centre. to-that Jewish plank. party of Poland, a representative of the party in the municipal organizations of Lodz. In Lodz came the book. F .: "Di Gofenung" ("Hope", 1912), "Slebn Roft" ("Life Calls", 1913), "Leb-Kinder" ("Merry Boys", 1913), "A zun a Schreiber" (" The Son is a Writer ", 1916)," Drama "(1923)," Nakht-shotns "(" Night Shadows ". Drama poem in 3 acts, 1929).

frankfurt samuil grigorjevich
has abstract: FRANKFURT Samuil Grigorievich (1904, Kiev - 1976, Moscow), production manager. Major General Engineer Art. service (1944). Graduated from Leningrad. chemical-technol. Institute (1927). Since 1928 - in Kr. Army. Beginning building of Kuznetsk metallurgical plant, then Ing. and early. production of ammunition for s-de. From 1937 ch. Ing. chem. Combine of the People's Commissariat of Ammunition. From 1942 ch. Ing. Directorate of the People's Commissariat of Ammunition, in 1944-47 beginning. Ch. management of this People's Commissariat (min-va). From 1947 - in stock, until 1970 engineer. at production facilities prom-sti. Became. pr. Awarded 4 orders.

frankfurt usher ioynovich
has abstract: FRANKFURT Usher Ioinovich (1908, Zhmerynka, Vinnitsa district, Podolsk province - 1982, Moscow), physicist, historian of science. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Graduated from Voronezh University (1931). From 1930 he worked there. In 1939–41 - in Vitebsk ped. in-those (head of the department). In 1941–45 - at the Kostanay Teachers' Institute, in 1945–53 - in Gomel and in 1953–59 - in the Brest Pedagogical Institute. in-takh. From ser. 1950s collaborated with the Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, doing history. science and publishing. activities. Region scientific. interests - theory of thermoelectricity, history and philosophy of physics. Comp. "Einstein's collections", book. from ser. "Classics of Science", collection of books on the history of physics and mechanics. The author of the book. on the history of physics and scientific. biographies, including the book. about H. Huygens, J.W. Gibbs (both co-authored with A.M. Frank), G. Helmholtz (co-author with A.V. Lebedinsky and Frank), G.A. Lorentz, N.Bore (both co-authored with E.M. Klyaus and Frank), B. Paskale (co-authored with Klyaus and I.B. Pogrebyssky), M. Plancke (co-authored with Klyaus). Works: Essays on history special theory of relativity. M., 1961; Special and general theory of relativity. M., 1968; Physics of our days. M., 1971 (co-authored with Frank); Optics of moving bodies. M., 1972; At the origins of quantum theory. M., 1975; The law of conservation and transformation of energy. M., 1978.

franklj feliks isidorovich
has abstract: FRANKL Felix Isidorovich (1905, Vienna - 1961, Nalchik), mathematician. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1934), Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1936), prof. (1945), bp. Academy of art. Sciences of the USSR (1947). Graduated from Vienna University (1927). Since 1929 - in the USSR. He worked in the Communist. Academy (1929–31), at TsAGI (1931–44), at Art. academies (1944–51), at the Kyrgyz University (1951–57) and Kabardino-Balkar. un-those (since 1958). Created scientific. school of relativistic gas. speakers. Sphere of scientific. interests - function theory complex. variable, differenti. ur-niya with partial derivatives, pr. mathematics, gas. dynamics and history of mathematics. Author per. from Latin and commentaries on the works of L. Euler. Member Nat. to-that USSR on theoretical. and app. mechanics (since 1956). Works: Izbr. works on gas dynamics. M., 1973.

frantsuz isidor aronovich
has abstract: FRANTSUZ Isidor Aronovich (1896, Odessa - 1991, Moscow), architect, book graphic artist. In 1915-17 - at the front. George. cavalier. In 1926 he graduated from VKHUTEMAS. He worked in the personal workshop of A.V. Shchusev, took part in almost all of his cr. works. Supervised the workshop of the Moscow City Council (1933–41). 1941–44 - in the army. Main works: development projects of Berezhkovskaya, Savvinskaya and other embankments of Moscow (1934–36), a necropolis and a tribune on Red Square. in Moscow (1940), design dep. parts of the Central Park of Culture and Leisure in Moscow (1944–45), the bridge across the Angara (1950s), the Animal Breeding pavilion, the GSSR pavilion (both - 1952) at the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition.

frantsuzski-gorfinkelj sheyndl
has abstract: FRENCH-GORFINKEL Sheindl (1899, Bershad Olgopolsky u. Podolsk province - 1957, Montreal, Canada), writer. Graduated from honey. f-t un-that. During the Civil. war - doctor Kr. Cross. Since 1922 - in Canada. She was actively involved in cultural and social activities. activities in Jewish organizations in Montreal. In the 1930s. began to publish stories in Jewish periodicals. ed. Author of the short story "Rohl" ("Rachel". Montreal, 1936), rom. "Erev October" ("On the Eve of October". Montreal, 1947).

fratkin boris abramovich
has abstract: FRATKIN Boris Abramovich (1907, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1966, Lyubertsy, Moscow region), production manager. Major General Engineer Art. service (1944). Graduated from Kazan mechanic. technical College. From 1939 ch. engineer, then der. art. plant number 8 named. MI Kalinin, who released 20 thousand 45-mm and 85-mm anti-aircraft guns during the war. In 1947–48, the director. s-yes for the production of ammunition. From 1948 - at the Lyubertsy plant of agricultural production. machine-building (head of production, deputy head of engineer for production). He was awarded 6 orders.

fray
has abstract: FRY (ps. Volnaya) Sonya (1903, Zhitomir - 1979, Moscow), publicist. Participant of Civil. war. She edited the journal in Kharkov. "Arbeter-Jungt". One of the organizers of the first youth. zhurn. in Yiddish "Yungvald" in Moscow, gas. Der Junger Arbeter in Minsk. She edited the gas. "Chervona Zmena" in Minsk. From 1925–32 to the desk. work in Minsk, Tashkent (together with her husband V. Nodel). She graduated from the Institute of Red Professors in Moscow. She defended the candidate. diss. on the topic "The economic crisis in Russia in 1900–03." She taught political economy at Moscow. universities. In 1937 she was repressed. Rehabilitated in 1956. Returned to teaching and journalist. activities. Since 1961, member. editorial board and author of journals. "Sovetish gameland".

frenelj
has abstract: FRENEL (Frenkel) Itskhak (1900, Odessa - 1981), painter. Descendant of Levi-Itskhok from Berdichev. Studied at the Odessa Art. school. From 1919 - in E.-I. In 1920 he founded the artist. studio "Cooperative ha-Tomer" in Jaffa and represented it to pl. exhibitions. At the same time. taught drawing at the Herzliya gymnasium. Member of the first artist. exhibitions in E.-I. (1920). In 1920–25 he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Paris, was close to the “Parisian school”, exhibited in the salons of the Independent, Autumn (1924). In 1925 he returned to E.-I., in the same year he participated in the exhibitions "Tower of David", "Contemporary Artists" in Tel Aviv. In 1925–26, he directed the artist. Studio Histadrut in Tel Aviv and taught the course sovr. French lawsuit. In 1929–34 - in France. After returning to E.-I. (1934) resumed studio work in Tel Aviv. All R. and con. 1930s designed a number of performances for the "Ogel" and "Habima" theaters. Organizer and participant of exhibitions in Europe, America, South. Africa. One of the first representatives of expressionism in E.-I. Prod. F. are based on Jewish mysticism and are filled with the kabbalistic atmosphere of Safed. Among the main. works: landscapes of Jerusalem and Safed, painting "Opening of the first Knesset", portraits, still lifes, nude. Laureate of Israeli and International premiums. Prod. F. are kept in the Fresnel Museum in Safed, in museums in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Ein Harod, in museums and private collections in Europe and America.

frenk azrielj-natan
has abstract: FRENK Azriel-Natan (1863, Wodzislav Andreevsky u. Keletskaya province. - 1924, Warsaw), historian, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1886 - in Warsaw. He began publishing in Hebrew and Yiddish periodically. ed. In 1888 sotr. zhurn. "Ha-Asif", in which he published Art. on the history of Polish. Jewry. From 1911 ed. weekly "Ha-Tsefira". Among the products. F., dedicated. Jewish historiography, - the essay "The internal life of the Jews in Poland and Lithuania 17-18 centuries.", included in the 11th volume. "History of the Jewish people" (Moscow, 1914). Among the works on the history of Jews in Poland - book. in Hebrew: “Jews of Poland in the Napoleonic Wars” (Warsaw, 1910), “Cities and Jews in Poland” (ibid., 1921) and in Yiddish: “History of Jews in Poland” (Warsaw, 1910), “Polish Vykresty in 19 century "(in 2 volumes, ibid., 1923-1924). Translated into Yiddish by the artist. manuf. Polish writers, ch. arr. rum. B. Prus, G. Senkevich, E. Ozheshko.

frenkelj anton-eduard samuilovich
has abstract: FRENKEL Anton-Eduard Samuilovich (1809, Warsaw - 1881, ibid.), Banker. Rod. in the family of a banker. Head of the banking house; provided finance. assistance to the production of Russia. In 1857, an imperial decree of F. was granted the baronial title "in consideration of the exemplary diligence shown in the execution of the orders entrusted to him by the government." F. - one of the founders. in 1879 in St. Petersburg Center. bank Russian land loan - the largest in terms of financing the agricultural sector in Russia.

frenkelj daniil grigorjevich
has abstract: FRENKEL Daniil Grigorievich (1906, Kiev - 1984, Leningrad), composer. In 1925-28 he studied at the Odessa cons. (class fp. Ya.I. Tkach), then in the 2nd Leningrad. muses. technical school (class S.V. Alpers). In 1941–44 the head. muses. part and the conductor of the Chkalovsk region. dram. t-ra, in 1945–47 - Leningrad. dram. t-ra them. V.F. Komissarzhevskaya. Author of 9 operas, including "Gloomy River" (based on the novel of the same name by V.Ya. Shishkov, 1951; 2nd ed. - 1953), "Dowry" (based on the play of the same name by A.N. Ostrovsky , 1959), The Son of Rybakov (1977), ballets, including Catherine Lefebvre (1960), 2 op-t, 4 cantatas, 3 symphony. (1972–75), Concerto for php. with orc. (1954), chamber instr. ans., manuf. for php. and for voice with php., music for dramas. plays and films.

frenkelj iljya ljvovich
has abstract: FRENKEL Ilya Lvovich (1903, Kurgan, Tobolsk province. - 1994, Leningrad), poet. Participant of Civil. war. In 1931–33 he studied at the Institute of Red Professors. Published since 1925. The first collections: "Songs and Poems" (1935), "Book of Poems" (1938), "Sailors" (1938). 1941–45 military. corr. In 1943, Sat. "Friends and comrades." One of the first authors of owls. popular songs: "Youth" (music. MV Koval), "Comintern" ("Factories, get up ...", music. G. Eisler), "Let's smoke ..." (music. ME. Tabachnikov), etc. Translated into Russian. lang. Mold., Tatars., Buryats. and other poets, including E.N.Bukov, M.Jalil. The author of the book. rec. "River of Time" (1984). Cit .: Green leaf. Poems about Moldova. M., 1954; Sky, sea, earth. M., 1961; Return. M., 1971; The pier. Poems. M., 1976; Favorites: Poems, poems. M., 1983.

frenkelj irmiyagu
has abstract: FRENKEL Irmiyagu (1885, Novoukrainka Elizavetgrad u., Kherson province - 1958, Tel Aviv), translator, publicist. Doctor of Law (1911). He began to write in 1902 in Hebrew. He edited the journal. "Ga-Shahar". Studied at high fur boots Lvov, Vienna. During the 1st world. war officer of the Austrian army. Since 1919, dir. gymnasiums in Lodz with teaching in Hebrew. Published in Jewish periodicals. ed. Translated by H.-N. Bialik in Polish. lang. Author of works on pedagogy. Since 1955 - in Israel.

frenkelj izrailj
has abstract: FRENKEL Israel (1857, Rypin, Plock Province - 1910, Warsaw), doctor. In 1885 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Warsaw University. In the 1880s –1900s. sotr. in "Ha-Tsefira", published Art. on questions medicine. Author Sat. Art. Shoymer ha-Briyus (Guardian of Health, 1889).

frenkelj konstantin davidovich
has abstract: FRENKEL Konstantin Davidovich (1912, Petersburg - 1980, Moscow), architect. In 1935 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. In 1935–41 - in the Transgrazhdanproject NKPS, participated in architect. contests, projects were repeatedly awarded. In 1941–45 he worked at the building of Stalinsk, then at the building of the Central Design Bureau in Podlipki (near Moscow). After 1945 ch. arch. Grazhdanproekt, supervised the design of standard housing for the coal regions of the USSR. He headed the architectural and design workshop of the Ministry of Construction of Manufacturing Machinery, collaborated in Giprovuz. Means. paid attention to the artist. schedule, participant pl. exhibitions. Main works: House of Communications in Vladikavkaz (jointly with M. Gintsburg, 1935), Polytechnic School of Communications in Alma-Ata (1936), a complex of residential buildings on Mozhaisky sh. in Kuntsevo (1940), the Central Design Bureau complex and residential cottages in Podlipki (1943), the residential complex of the complex "Trekhgornaya Manufactory" in Moscow (1948).

frenkelj matvey yuljevich
has abstract: FRENKEL Matvey Yulievich (b. 1925, Berdichevsky burial ground near Kiev province), African historian. Dr. East Sciences (1975). Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (1950). In 1957–66 ed. Publishing house east. literature, since 1966 - in the Institute of Africa of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1969 Art. scientific. sotr. The author of St. 100 scientific. works on the history of Africa XIX - early. XX century and on the history of societies. Thoughts of African Countries, Vol .: USA and Liberia (the Negro problem in the USA and the formation of the Republic of Liberia). M., 1964; Societies. thought of the British West. Africa in the 2nd half. XIX century. M., 1977; From the history of the socialist. ideas in Africa. M., 1990 (et al.).

frenkelj naftaliy aronovich
has abstract: FRENKEL Naftali Aronovich (1883, Odessa - 1960, Moscow), an employee of the special services. Lieutenant General Engineer-Tech. service (1943). From 1919 - in the Red Army. In the 1920s. sotr. GPU-OGPU, resident of the Sov. intelligence in Istanbul (Turkey). In 1927-29 he was serving a sentence in the Solovetsky camps for special purposes. In the 1930s. early builds. works of Belbaltlag, then - early. Bamlaga. In 1937–40 he again served his sentence. Later early. Ch. railway camp management building of the NKVD of the USSR, deputy. People's Commissar of Railways for Capital Construction.

frenkelj sergey yakovlevich
has abstract: FRENKEL Sergey Yakovlevich (b. 1923, Leningrad), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1963), prof. Son of Ya.I. Frenkel. Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (1947). In 1948–52 - at the Leningrad Physics and Technology Institute. Since 1952 - at the Institute of High-Molecular Compounds of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Moscow) (head of laboratory, head of department). Sci. research on the physics of high-molecular compounds, including chem. physics of polymers and biophysics. Justified by the statistic. theory of polymerization, studied phase transitions in polymers and their nonequilibrium thermodynamics. F. owned the first in the USSR work on liquid crystal. the state of polymers. Developed the concept of supercrystalline. states of block copolymers. Gave the foundation for molecular cybernetics. Author approx. 700 art. State pr. USSR (1985). Cit .: Structure of macromolecules in solutions. L.–M., 1964 (co-authored with V.N. Tsvetkov and V.E. Eskin); Introduction to the statistical theory of polymerization. L., 1965; Compositional heterogeneity of copolymers. L., 1988 (in co-authorship with V.A. Mughenkov); Physics of Polymers. L., 1990 (co-authored with G.M. Bartenev).

frenkelj simona moiseevna
has abstract: FRENKEL Simona Moiseevna (b. 1959, Kiev), organist, pianist. Graduated from the Kiev cons. by class php. I.M. Ryabova (1983), Tallinn cons. by class organ by H. Lepnurm (1989). Since 1990 she has perfected herself in master classes by organists S. Palma, L. Kremer, E. Lauer (Germany), K. Lüders (France). Rev. php. and accompanist at the Kiev cons. Since 1982 she began to give concerts, including abroad. In 1991–93 she held a number of concerts of Jewish organ music. The author of the book. "Organ in Musical Judaica" (Kiev, 1993).

frenkelj solomon ruvimovich
has abstract: FRENKEL Solomon Ruvimovich (Semyon Romanovich) (1875 - 1937, Moscow), doctor, political and public figure. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University, served as a doctor in Uman (Kiev province). In 1905 he joined the Cadet Party. In 1906 he was arrested, imprisoned in the Uman prison, and released on the bail of a medical corporation. In the same year, dep. 1st State Duma from the Kiev province, was a member of the Duma faction of the Cadets, one of the priority tasks of the Duma considered the resolution of the Jewish question. In the 1920s and 30s. head roentgenologic. department of the Kremlin hospital.

frenkelj stefan
has abstract: FRENKEL Stefan (1902, Warsaw - 1979, New York), violinist. In 1921–24 he studied at the Higher. muses. school in Berlin. In 1924-27 he was concertmaster of the Dresden Philharmonic. orc. In 1929–35 he performed with an orc. radio Koenigsberg. In 1935–36 - in Switzerland, concertmaster orc. Franz. Switzerland (Geneva). Europe. F. brought fame performance of music sovr. comp. (A. Schnabel, K. Weyl). Since 1936 - in the USA. In 1936–40 he was concertmaster orc. t-ra "Metropolitan Opera" (New York), in 1947 - opera house of Rio de Janeiro. In 1948 he gave recitals and performed with chamber orcs. In 1964–68 he taught at Princeton University (New Jersey). He continued to work as a concertmaster at the opera houses in Rio de Janeiro and Santa Fe. Author of muses. manuf., including strings trio (1960), strings. quartets.

frenkelj voljf yudovich
has abstract: FRENKEL Wolf Yudovich (b. 1927), electrical engineer. In 1952 he graduated from electrical engineering. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic in-that. Since 1952 at the Zaporizhzhya transformer plant (since 1956 the beginning of the KB plant). In 1960–69 - at the Research Institute of Transformer Engineering and High-Voltage Equipment as part of the plant. Since 1969 - at the All-Union Research Institute of Transformer Engineering (head of the department of powerful high-voltage transformers). He supervised the creation of new types of transformers for the Pridneprovskaya SDPP, Kakhovska HPP and other power plants. Participated in the creation and development of a complex of high-voltage equipment for a voltage of 500 kW AC. current. Linen. pr. (1962).

frenkelj yakov iljich
has abstract: FRENKEL Yakov Ilyich (1894, Rostov-on-Don Region of the Don Cossack - 1952, Leningrad), theoretical physicist. Prof. (1920), bp. USSR Academy of Sciences (1929). Graduated from Petrograd. un-t (1916). From 1918 - in Simferopol in Tavrich. un-those. Deputy People's Commissar of Education Crimea. Sov. Socialist. Rep. (1919). From 1921 - in the Phys.-Tech. in-those and simultaneously. at the Polytechnic. in-those in Petrograd. In 1925-26 he was a fellow of the Rockefeller Foundation, worked in Germany, France, Great Britain. In 1930–31, the invited prof. Minnesota University (USA). Developed the quantum theory of contact phenomena in metals and the quantum theory of electrical conductivity of metals. After the creation in 1925 of quantum mechanics, he improved this theory by extending the ideas of wave-particle parallelism (dualism) to free electrons in metals. In condensed matter physics, the name of F. is associated with the present-day. picture of real crystals (defects according to Frenkel, motion of dislocations - Frenkel solitons), theory of strength, kinetic. theory of liquids. He substantiated the closeness between TV. and the liquid state of the substance. The theory of diffusion and self-diffusion developed by F. became the basis of powder metallurgy. F. introduced the concept of nuclear temperature, developed the electrocapillary theory of fission heavy. nuclei and predicted the effect of spontaneous fission. F. owned important results in geophysics (theory of the origin of terrestrial magnetism, theory of atmospheric electricity), astrophysics (theory of white dwarfs), biophysics (theory of muscular activity, relaxation theory of hearing). Author of the first full course of theoretical studies in the USSR. Physics, 22 monographs, including the first in Russian. lang. exposition of the theory of relativity (1923), tr. "Kinetic theory of liquids" (1945, 1958, 1972), "Introduction to the theory of metals" (1948, 1950, 1958, 1972), "Principles of the theory of …

frenkelj yan abramovich
has abstract: FRENKEL Yan Abramovich (1920, Kiev - 1989, Moscow), composer. In 1938–41 he studied at the Kiev cons. at Ya.S. Magaziner, at the same time. worked in an orc. In 1942–45 - at the front. Since 1946 - in Moscow, played in decomp. orc. on violin, accordion, fp., was a conductor, wrote dance. miniatures for stage. Since the 1960s. main he began to pay attention to the song genre. One of the first widely known. songs - "Years" (words by MS Lisyansky). In 1961, the creative work began with the song "Textile Town". cooperation with MI Tanich, on the verses of which F. wrote more than 30 songs, including "How is it serving you?" (1962), "What can I say about Sakhalin?" (1965). F. worked with many others. Izv. poets: ID Shaferan (“And the planes themselves do not fly”, “I am a submarine”), K. Ya. Vanshenkin (“I'm in a hurry, excuse me”, “Non-flying weather”), Yu. D. Levitansky ( "The Road", "The Ballad of the Guitar and the Trumpet"), IA Goff ("Russian Field", "Well, the summer continues"), RG Gamzatov ("Cranes", "Sons"), L. Oshanin, E.A. Dolmatovsky, R.I. Rozhdestvensky, etc. F. wrote more than 200 songs, among the first performers of which are M.N. Bernes, M.V. Kristalinskaya, often the author himself, often performing with concerts. Mn. worked in cinema, wrote music for the film: "Running on the Waves" (1967), "New Adventures of the Elusive" (1968), "About Klava Ivanov" (t / f, 1969), "Crown of the Russian Empire" (1972) , "Citizen Nikanorova is waiting for you" (1978) and others. Nar. art. USSR (1989). State pr. USSR (1982).

frenkelj zakhariy grigorjevich
has abstract: FRENKEL Zakhary Grigorievich (Simeon Girshevich) (1869, Borispol, Pereyaslavsky district, Poltava province. - 1970, Leningrad), doctor, political and public figure. Acad. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1945). In 1889 he entered honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that, from which in 1890 he was expelled for participating in the student. movement. In 1895 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Yuryevsky University. In 1896-1901 dignity. doctor Petersburg. lips. zemstvos. In 1901 for participation in polit. activity exiled to Novgorod, served as an intern in a zemstvo psychiatrist. hospital in with. Kolmovo, Novgorod province. Collaborated in the journal. "Bulletin of Public Hygiene", "Practical Doctor". In 1902–04 the head. medical and sanitary bureau of the Vologda province. zemstvo, in 1904–07 - in the Kostroma province. In 1904–05, members. "Union of Liberation", in 1906-17, member. the party of the cadets; dep. 1st State thoughts from the Kostroma lips. (1906). He signed the Vyborg Appeal, was convicted and served four months. imprisonment in solitary confinement in the Kostroma prison. From 1910 ch. ed. zhurn. "Zemsky business", simultaneously. dignity worked. doctor, taught (since 1910) at the Eleninsky Institute, Institute of Experimental. medicine, Psychoneurological. in-those in St. Petersburg. One of the organizers of Vseros. hygienic exhibitions (1913). In the beginning. 1st world. war participated in the creation of Vseros. Union of cities (together with V.I.Shteininger headed the Petrograd. department). In 1914-17 - in the army. After Feb. rev-tion deputy. prev. Centre. medical-dignity. council at Time. pr-ve, chl. Central Committee of the Cadet Party. In oct. 1917 members Time. Council Ros. Republic. Founder and hands. Leningrad. branch of Vses. hygienic about-va (1924–53). In 1919-51 the head. Department of Social Hygiene San.-hygienic. Institute and the Department of Communal Hygiene LIDUV (1931–53). In 1941–44, during the blockade of the city, he rema…

frenkin isaak zinovjevich
has abstract: FRENKIN Isaak Zinovievich (1895, Novozybkov, Chernigov province - 1950, Moscow), engineer-economist, oilman. Cand. tech. Sciences (1946). Participant of Civil. war. In 1925 he graduated from Azerb. polytechnic in-t. In 1927-29 members. prez., head. dep. Baku mountains. Council. In 1930–33 before. Board of Akts. about-va for exploration and production of oil "Kevir-Khurian" (Tehran). In 1933–34, the director. State research oil. in-that, to-ry became a part of the newly created Institute of Combustible Fossils of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1935 deputy. dir. the latter. At the same time. in 1941–42 - deputy. management affairs of the USSR Academy of Sciences on issues. evacuation academic. institutions from Moscow and the establishment of their work in new places, in 1944 deputy. prev. Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences on oil. resources of the Caucasus, since 1947 head. lab. technical-econom. research Since 1948 - scientific. work in the Research Institute of Oil. prom-sti. Sci. F.'s activities are associated with the development of a method and the creation of an instrument for determining the properties of motor fuels. Author of scientific. works on technical and economic. question fuel processing, scientific. Art., ed. a number of monographs.

frey lazarj isaevich
has abstract: FREY Lazar Isaevich (1890 - after 1977), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences, prof. (1940). Graduated from econom. branch of Petersburg. polytechnic Institute (1911). Since 1921 prof. Kharkov Institute of Nar. x-va, in 1931-74 - Institute of external. trade and the Academy of external. trade. Author of scientific. tr. according to int. trade, finance and credit, as well as international. calculations. Cit .: Banking system of consumer cooperation. Kharkov, 1919; Foreign trade financing. M. - L., 1935; Currency restrictions and clearing. M., 1940; Int. settlements and financing of foreign trade foreign. states. M., 1944; Foreign trade of the USSR. M., 1947; Int. settlements and financing of foreign trade. M., 1954; Credit and monetary policy of capitalist countries. M., 1962.

freydenberg avrom-yaakov
has abstract: FREUDENBERG Avrom-Yaakov (1865, Nikolaev, Kherson province - after 1939), publicist. Doctor of Philosophy. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Passed the examinations for the title of rabbi. An active participant in the Hovevey Zion movement. Graduated from law. Faculty of Novorossiysk un-that in Odessa (1896). Affairs. all Zionist Congr. (1898-1939). One of the founders of the Zionist organization in Odessa. After 1917 - in Germany, France. The first publication in Russian. lang. - into gas. "Dawn". He edited the "Zionist Almanac" (Odessa, 1902-03). It was printed in Yiddish in Warsaw gas. "Gaynt", "Unzer Lebn", Odessa gas. "Gut Morgn", other Jewish periodicals. ed. In 1938, the book was published in Brussels. F. "Zichrounes Functionist Soldier" ("Memoirs of a Zionist Soldier").

freydenberg maren mikhaylovich
has abstract: FREYDENBERG Maren Mikhailovich (b. 1924, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1973), prof. (1974). In 1943 he graduated from the Sverdlovsk Teachers' Institute. In 1943–45 - at the front. In 1946–49 he studied history. f-those MGPI. In 1953–66 he taught at Velikie Luki ped. in-those, since 1966 - in the Kalinin ped. in-those (later - Kalinin State University), since 1978 head. Department of history of other world and cf. centuries. Since 1991 - in Israel, prof. Tel Aviv University. F. - the author of works on the history of culture of the Middle-century. Dalmatia, problems of historiography and teaching of history cf. centuries; participated in the preparation of the collective work "History of the peasantry in Europe" (v. 2-3. M., 1986), comp. and ed. "Readers on the history of the south. and app. Slavs "(v. 1. Minsk, 1987). Cit .: Village and urban life in Dalmatia 13-15 centuries. Kalinin, 1972; Dubrovnik and the Ottoman Empire. M., 1984; From the history of the fatherlands. Slavic studies: P.A. Rovinsky. Kalinin, 1988 (et al.); Jews in the Balkans. M., 1996.

freydenberg mikhail
has abstract: FREYDENBERG Mikhail (Moisey) Filippovich (1858, Prasnysh Plock Gubernia - 1920, Petrograd), inventor. He started working in a printing house in Odessa. In 1881, own. to the drawings, he built a balloon and flew on it. In 1893 he invented (with IA Timchenko) a cinema camera of an original design ("kinetoscope"). In 1895 he developed (jointly with S.M. Apostolov-Berdichevsky) a project of automatic. telephone exchange. From 1908 he was engaged in the design of typesetting machines, created 3 letter-casting machines. Since 1917 head. printing house in Petrograd.

freydenberg oljga mikhaylovna
has abstract: FREYDENBERG Olga Mikhailovna (1890, Petersburg - 1955, ibid.), Literary critic, philologist. Dr. philol. Sciences (1935). B.L. Pasternak's cousin. She graduated from the classic. branch Petrograd. un-that (1923). I wrote the first works at hand. S. A. Zhebeleva, N. Ya. Marr. In 1932 she organized and headed the first in the USSR department of classical. philology in LIFLI. In 1939, on the initiative of F., the first department of Byzantine studies in the USSR was opened at the department. In 1936 it was criticized at the center. gas. In besieged Leningrad she wrote "An Introduction to the Theory of Ancient Folklore", "Homer's Studies". Among other works by F.: "Ancient theories of language and style" (1936); "Myth and Literature" (M., 1978); "Myth and Theater": Lectures on the course "Drama Theory" (M., 1988).

freydin iona lazarevich
has abstract: FREYDIN Iona Lazarevich (1896, Kryzhi Minsk Province - 1991, Moscow), geographer, economist. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1956). Graduated from the Faculty of Societies. sciences Petrograd. un-that (1924). He worked in the Glavsevmorput system, in 1947-60 he taught at ped. in-takh of Moscow and at Moscow State University. In 1963–72 - at the Kola branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1972–85 as a consultant to the Center. econom. Research Institute of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR. Author tr. on the problems of resource, prom. and transp. development of the North of Russia. Honorary Polar Explorer (1956).

freydkin ayzik
has abstract: FREYDKIN Aizik (1892, Vetka of Gomel district of Mogilev province - 1941, Vilnius), writer, publicist, translator. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He taught at school. In 1916-18 in Vilna he worked as a gas corrector. "Ha-Zman" (in Hebrew), "Lecte naes" (in Yiddish). Published poetry, feuilletons, Art. in periodic. Jewish ed. Published a weekly. "Kunst un lebn" (together with S. Dreer and F. Galpern). He was engaged in research. creativity of Jewish writers. Translated into Yiddish. I.G. Erenburg, K.A. Fedin, M. Gorky. Author of the book: "Avrom-Ber Gottlober un zain era" ("Avrom-Ber Gottlober and his era." ; "Goethe, der goun fun Weimar" ("Goethe - a genius from Weimar." Warsaw, 1932); “Leo Tolstoy, sod no fun Yasnaya Polyana” (“Leo Tolstoy - the prophet from Yasnaya Polyana.” Warsaw, 1934). He died in the ghetto.

freydkin mark iekhieljevich
has abstract: FREYDKIN Mark Iehielievich (b. 1953, Moscow), publisher, translator. Founder and hands. publishing house "Carte Blanche", the first non-commercial salon shop in Russia. literature "October 19" (1992) - one of the centers of modern. Russian culture. Author of prose. manuf. "Chapters from the Book of Life" (ed. 1990, one of the chapters - "Notes of a Jew Loader"), written in witty exaggerated intellectual jargon. The author is poetical. per. from English (Ben Johnson, C. Lam, Ezra Pound, "The Book of Nonsense" by Edward Lear) and fr. (Chenier, S. Mallarmé, J. Brassens) languages.

freydlin mark iosifovich
has abstract: FREYDLIN Mark Iosifovich (b. 1938, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1970). Graduated from Moscow State University (1959). He worked there (since 1962). Since 1987 - in the USA, at Maryland University. Main work - on the theory of probability and differential. Partial Differential Equations, Works: Fluctuations in Dynamical Systems under the Action of Small Random Perturbations. M., 1979 (co-authored with A.D. Ventzel).

freydlin solomon yakovlevich
has abstract: FREIDLIN Solomon Yakovlevich (1903, Kursk - 1980, Leningrad), traumatologist, health care organizer. Dr. med. Sciences (1946), prof. (1947). In 1925 he graduated from honey. Faculty of North Caucasian University in Rostov-on-Don. In 1925–27 - in the Red Army, military. doctor. In 1927–31, a resident surgeon. department of the hospital. VK Slutskaya, in 1932–41 head. organizational and methodical. dep. and chapters. Doctor of the Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (Leningrad). In 1941–44 the beginning. one of the evacuation hospitals in Leningrad. In 1944–80, assistant, head. Department of Health Organization 1st Leningrad. honey. in-that. Sci. tr. F. dedicated question org-tion of work of mountains. hospitals and clinics, the problems of injuries in the industry. Leningrad was organized on F.'s initiative. scientific. society of social hygienists and healthcare organizers. Member reign of Vseros. Society of Traumatologists-Orthopedists. Vol .: Organization of Traumatology. help in cities. L., 1947; Traumatism prevention and organization of traumatology. help. L., 1956; Organization of the work of the city hospital inpatient L., 1960; A course of lectures on healthcare organization. L., 1963.

freydlina rakhilj khatskelevna
has abstract: FREYDLINA Rakhil Khatskelevna (1906, Samoteevichi Cherikovsky u. Mogilev province. - 1986, Moscow), organic chemist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1958). Graduated from Moscow State University in 1930. In 1930–34 - at the Research Institute of Fertilizers and Insectofungicides, in 1935–39 and 1941–45 - at the Institute of Organic. Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1939–41 - at MITHT. Since 1954 - in Ying-those elementoorganich. compounds of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main work dedicated. synthesis and research. structure and properties of organoelement. connections, the study of issues. telomerization and isomerization. In 1935–45 she developed a number of methods for the synthesis of organic compounds. compounds of mercury, lead, antimony. In 1940–45, she discovered (with AN Nesmeyanov) the dual reactivity of alkyl- and alkenylmercurichalides that do not belong to tautomeric systems; in 1954-60 she conducted a research. in the region. radical telomerization, resulting in the development of methods for the synthesis of active alpha- and omega-chloroalkanes, based on. to-rykh were obtained products used in the production of fiber-forming polymers, plasticizers and solvents. State pr. USSR (1986). Cit .: Synthetic. methods in the region. organometallic arsenic compounds. M. - L., 1945; Radical telomerization. M., 1988 (co-authored with F.K. Velichko and S.S. Zlotsky).

freydus avragam-shlomo
has abstract: FREUDUS Avraham-Shlomo (1867, Riga - 1923, New York), bibliographer. Since 1889 - in the USA. From 1897 he headed the Jewish department. New York Public Library. Compiled a catalog of anti-Semitic literature, a bibliography of Amer. Jewish periodicals.

freydzon mayya grigorjevna
has abstract: FREYDZON Maya Grigorievna (b. 1936, Kharkov), checker player. Master of Sports (1961). Champion of the USSR in Russian checkers (1961). Bronze. medalist of the USSR Championship (1962).

freyfeljd elena iosifovna
has abstract: FREIFELD Elena Iosifovna (1888, Taganrog Region of the Don Army - 1960, Moscow), pathologist, hematologist. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. (1936). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Zurich University (1909). In 1911 she returned to Russia. In 1911-14 - at the Institute of. Ehrlich in Kharkov, in 1914–16 a dissector at the All Sorrows Hospital in Petrograd, in 1922–23 at the Institute of Skin Tuberculosis in Moscow, in 1923–40 at the Institute of Occupational Diseases, in 1940–55 ... pathohistological. separate children. hospitals them. Rusakova. Studied professional pathology and pathology of hematopoiesis. Naib. Izv. Tr .: "Hematology" (Moscow, 1927–47, 4th ed.).

freyfeljd lev vladimirovich
has abstract: FREIFELD Lev Vladimirovich (Leiba Vulfovich) (1863, Artelnoe of Yekaterinoslav province - 1939, Moscow), a member of the revolutionary movement. In the beginning. 1880s joined the "Narodnaya Volya", led the roar. propaganda in Mariupol, Poltava, Kharkov. Later, as a student of honey. Faculty of Kharkov University, headed the local Narodnaya Volya. org-tion. In March 1889 he was arrested, in 1890 in the case of S.M. Ginsburg he was sentenced to death, commuted to 10 years in hard labor (he served in the Akatuiskaya and Gorno-Zerentuiskaya convict prisons in Transbaikalia). From 1904 - in Odessa, joined the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, led the roar. work in the South of Russia, was repeatedly arrested and exiled. In 1907, authorized by the Central Committee of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party in the Urals, in 1909–10 he led the revolt. work in Ukraine, St. Petersburg, Moscow and other cities. Since 1911 - in Switzerland, in 1914 he graduated from honey. f-t un-that in Bern, participated in the activities of foreign. center of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, later from polit. activity has moved away. Member Vses. about-va former. political prisoners and exiled settlers, author of rec. about roar. movement of the 1880s. in Russia, Vol. organizations con. 80s - In the book: People's Will of the 80s and 90s. M., 1929; In the Akatuya mountains. M., 1930.

freykin zakhar grigorjevich
has abstract: FREYKIN Zakhar Grigorievich (1904, Moscow - 1986, ibid.), Geographer. Cand. geogr. Sciences (1952). Graduated from the Faculty of Societies. Sciences of Moscow State University (1924) and economic-geogr. branch Center. Institute for Advanced Training of Personnel NR. education (1931). In 1931–41 he worked in the system of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR, one of the organizers of journals. "Geography at school". 1941–45 - at the front. In 1945–70 scientific. sotr. Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Author of scientific. tr. on the problems of deserts and semi-deserts, on the geography of the republics Wed. Asia.

freylikh iekhezkelj
has abstract: FREILICH Yehezkel (1905, Island of Lomzhinsk province - 1955, New York), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He graduated from the Jewish Teachers' Institute in Argentina. He studied at Syracuse University. Graduated from New York University. He taught in Jewish schools, was involved in the organization of Jewish school education. First production - an essay about Sh. Ashe - publ. in the Chicago magazine. in 1939. He wrote in Yiddish, English. lang. In New York, the books were published: "Wiederklangen" ("Echoes". Stories, 1948), "Iosef Opatoshus shafungs-veg" ("The creative path of Joseph Opatoshu", 1955).

freylikh semen izrailevich
has abstract: FREILIKH Semyon Izrailevich (b. 1920, Uman, Kiev province), film critic, critic, playwright. Doctor of lawsuit, prof. (1974). Graduated from IFLI (1941). 1941–45 - at the front. The first works on cinema problems publ. in 1946. Lit. sotr. gas. "Sov. Latvia "in Riga (1946), ed. to / st them. M. Gorky in Moscow (1946–48). In 1948–54 he was engaged in scientific research. and teach. work at VGIK, collaborated in the journal. The Art of Cinema (1951–54). Responsible ed. yearly. "Questions of Cinematography" (1957–70). He taught at the Academy of Societies. Sciences at the Central Committee of the CPSU (1971-80), at the Higher. scenario courses. Tr. on theory, history of cinema: "The Art of the Film Director" (1954), "Films and Years" (1964), "Theory of Cinema. From Eisenstein to Tarkovsky "(1992) and others. Scriptwriter:" The sun shines for everyone "(1959)," Birds over the city "(1974)," Hourglass "(1984)," Mikhail Romm "(1985), etc. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1980). State pr. USSR (1987).

freylikh sh.
has abstract: FREILIKH S. (ps. Litman-Geltman) (1898, Mezhirich of Ostrozhsky u. Volyn province. - 1946, Buenos Aires), writer, playwright. Since 1924 - in Argentina. He worked in gas. "Di press". He was engaged in public education. activities. Plays by F. "Akht in suke" ("Eight in a hut"), "Baal-Shem-Tov", "Rambam" and others were staged in Jewish theaters. The author of plays, stories: "Fun zeydns kval" ("From grandfather's source." Four plays. Buenos Aires, 1927), "Fun ale zibn zahn" ("Of all seven things", ibid., 1933), velt "(" The Light World ". Children's Tales, ibid., 1935)," Maiselekh "(" Fairy Tales ". Warsaw, 1936)," Feter Simhes Spaseraen "(" Uncle Simcha's Jokes ". Buenos Aires, 1936), "Forstelungen" ("Performances". Warsaw, 1937), "Eretz Yisroel in 1937" ("Eretz Israel in 1937". Travel notes. Buenos Aires, 1938), "Maine Gelden" ("My Heroes". Short stories and scenes for children, ibid., 1944), "Kinder" ("Children". Selected works, vol. 1, ibid., 1947).

freyman aleksandr arnoljdovich
has abstract: FREYMAN Alexander Arnoldovich (1879, Warsaw - 1968, Leningrad), philologist, orientalist. Prof. (1927), bp. USSR Academy of Sciences (1928), Doctor of Linguistics (1938). He graduated from the Faculty of East. lang. Petersburg. un-that (1903), in 1904–06 he studied in Germany. In 1917-50 he taught at Petrograd. (Leningrad) un-those, in 1918–20 - in the Near East. in-those, in 1920–23 - at MIV. In 1923-29 he worked at the Research Institute of the History of Languages ​​and Literature of the West and the East. Since 1934 scientific. sotr., in 1946-56 head. Iranian Cabinet of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Party and hands. lexicographic. exp. (1925, 1926, 1929), exp. Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR (1933–36). Ch.-c. Iranian Academy of Sciences (1944), hon. h. Polish., DE., Amer. orientalist. about-in. Author of works on Iranian philology. Honored. scientist of the Tajik SSR (1949).

freyman archibaljd-yaakov
has abstract: FREYMAN Archibald-Yaakov (1880, Virbalishki Vilkomirsky u. Kovno province - 1944, Canada), public figure, entrepreneur. Since 1893 - in Canada. From 1902 - in Ottawa, opened his own company. In tech. pl. years headed the synagogue "Edad Yshurun", in 1920-44 prez. Zionist Organization of Canada. Son F. - Lawrence (b. 1900), entrepreneur, public figure. After the death of his father, he was twice elected President. Zionist Organization of Canada and its honor. prez. Deer. philharmonic. orc. Ottawa, Canadian Festival of Arts, nat. center of law in Ottawa. Member Board of Trustees Ying-ta Weizman (Rehovot, Israel).

freyman luis
has abstract: FREYMAN Louis (Leizer) (1892, Ostropol Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province - 1967, New York), writer, playwright. From 1907 - in Brazil. One of the founders of the theater. circle in Yiddish in San Luis, where he staged the first plays. As a writer he made his debut in gas. "Di Yiddish Presse": in 1910 he published short stories, essays. Was printed in gas. "Chicago Courier". From 1919 he wrote approx. 100 pieces decomp. genres, to-rye were staged in Jewish t-ts. He published in Warsaw the melodramas Tsipke Fire (Tsipka Fire, 1925) and Der Blinder Moler (The Blind Artist, 1927).

frez iljya abramovich
has abstract: FREZ Ilya Abramovich (1909, Roslavl, Smolensk province. - 1994, Moscow), film director. Since 1925, decorator of the Smolensk Mountains. t-ra, then a turner and milling machine operator at the plants of Leningrad. In 1935 he graduated from dir. Faculty of Leningrad theater. in-that. At the same time. (since 1932), worked at the Lenfilm cinema as an assistant and assistant. dir. Since 1943, dir. to / st "Soyuzdetfilm", in 1948–52 - to / st scientific and popular. f. in Kiev and Moscow. From 1953 dir. to / st them. Gorky. Debuted F. The Elephant and the Rope (1946). Staged the film: "First Grader" (1948), "Vasek Trubachev and His Comrades" (1955), "Trubachev's Detachment Fights" (1957), "The Unusual Journey of Mishka Strekachev" (1959), "Ryzhik" (1961), "I I loved you ”(1968, diploma of the Moscow City Fund for children and youth in Venice),“ The Adventures of the Yellow Suitcase ”(1971, the prize of the Moscow City Fund in Venice, the diploma of the Moscow City Fund in Tehran),“ Odd fellow from the fifth "B" and critics at the Ikf in Gijón, Spain), “We didn’t pass it” (1976, pr. MKF in Panama), “You never dreamed of” (1981), “Quarantine” (1983, Grand Prix “Golden Plateau” of the Ikf in Avellino, Italy, 1984), "Personal file of Judge Ivanova" (1986). Nar. art. USSR (1989). State pr. USSR (1974).

frid dov
has abstract: FRID Dov (1870, Moscow - 1966, Jerusalem), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1883 he published Art. into gas. "Gamelitz". After meeting I.-L. Peretz, he began to write in Yiddish. Main genre - short humorous. story. Reprinted in decomp. ed. in Yiddish and Russian. lang. He owned a silk-spinning factory, helped Jewish writers. He actively participated in the life of Moscow. Jewish community. In 1918–21 he was subjected to repression. In 1921–32 - in Lithuania, from 1933 - in E.-I. Founded in Jerusalem chemical. production. Author of the book: "A Sturmish Lebn" ("Stormy Life". Tel Aviv - Jerusalem, 1958), "Menchn un Zeitn" ("People and Times". Tel Aviv, 1963).

frid grigoriy samuilovich
has abstract: FRID Grigory Samuilovich (b. 1915, Petrograd), composer, musical and public figure, teacher. Rod. in a family of musicians. In 1939 he graduated from Moscow. cons. by class compositions by V.Ya.Shebalin. In 1938, together with IA Shteiman (1912–43, died at the front) was in the folklore exp. in the Far North (Yamal). In 1939–45 - in the army. In 1948 he graduated from graduate school at Moscow. cons. In 1947–62 he led the class. compositions in muses. uch-shche at the cons. Among the students - A.K. Vustin, G.I.Gladkov, B.I.Tobis, A.I. Rabinovich and others. F. - one of the organizers and head of created in 1965 Moscow. youth muses. club. Among the works: mono-operas - "Anne Frank's Diary" (1969, Moscow, post. 1985, Voronezh), "Van Gogh's Letters" (1975, Moscow); wok-chorus. cycle "Rainbow" (1963); wok-instructor cycle “Federico Garcia Lorca. Poetry "(1973); 3 symphony; a number of tools. concerts; wok. and chamber instruments. ans .; music for orc. Russian bunk bed instr-tov; music for children; music for performances mosk. t-ditch (over 30), to radio shows (about 30), c / f. From the end. 1960s began to paint. F.'s works were exhibited in Moscow. House of Composers, Gallery "Kovcheg", at an exhibition of Jewish artists in Lithuania, in Rus. gallery in Chicago (USA). Author of the book: "Music - Communication - Fates" (M., 1987), "Music! Music? Music ... and youth "(M., 1990)," To a dear wounded memory "(M., 1994). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1986).

frid izidor
has abstract: FRID Isidore (1900 - 1961, USA), composer, conductor. Since the 1900s. - In the USA, he lived in Philadelphia, graduated from the conservatory there, improved in Germany and France. Written by orc. manuf .: symph. Rhapsodies "Pygmalion", symphonies, suites. He also wrote chamber instruments. and synagogue music.

frid oljga yuljevna
has abstract: FRID Olga Yulievna (b. 1923, Moscow), actress, teacher. Prof. (1991). In 1943 she entered the School-Studio. VI Nemirovich-Danchenko at the Moscow Art Theater. After graduation, she worked at the Center. children t-re (1947–58). Among the roles of F.: Anna Stepanovna (“Two Captains” after V.A.Kaverin, 1948), Atamansha (“The Snow Queen” by E.L. Schwartz, 1948), Frau Shpet (“I want to go home” by S.V. Mikhalkov , 1949), Countess-granddaughter ("Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov, 1951), Teacher ("Dimka-Invisible" by E.N. Korostylev and M.G. Lvovsky, 1955), etc. Since 1958 - to department of scenic speeches at the Studio School at the Moscow Art Theater. The author of a number of Art. on stage problems speech, including "On some features of teaching poetic speech", "Speech characteristics of the image", "On the role of speech characteristics in the process of reincarnation." In 1980, the WTO publishing house released F.'s disc "Work on a poetic text." Honored. cultural worker of the Russian Federation (1993).

frid oskar
has abstract: FRID Oskar (1871, Berlin - 1941, Moscow), conductor, composer. In 1889 French horn player in orc. in Frankfurt am Main, where he took lessons in composition from E. Humperdinck, after 1898 - from K. Sharvenka in Berlin. One of the first op. F. - "Bacchic Song" - performed under the exercise. K. Muk, to-ry together with G. Mahler (friend and spiritual mentor of F.) in many ways contributed to the formation of F. - a conductor. From 1904 ch. conductor of the Stern Singing Union in Berlin, where he also directed the Society of Music Lovers, in 1905 - "New Concerts". Since 1907 conductor of the Society of Friends of Music, in 1908 - the Blutner Orc. In 1900-10 he performed in pl. cities of the world, including in Russia (1905). F. - the first foreign. conductor who visited Sov. Russia (1921). From 1934 - in the USSR, he worked as an opera conductor in Tbilisi, then in Moscow was led by an orc. Radio Committee. Under control. F. were performed all symphony. L. van Beethoven (1931–32), Mahler. The first performer of some op. F. Busoni, I. F. Stravinsky, A. Schoenberg, 3rd symph. A.N. Skryabin (Berlin, 1909). Author orc., Chorus., Voc.-instructor. manuf. and songs.

frid samuil borisovich
has abstract: FRID Samuil Borisovich (1884, Priluki, Poltava province - 1962, Leningrad), musical and public figure, publicist. Graduated from Kiev muses. uch-shche by class. violins. He studied law. f-those of Kiev un-that, expelled for "unreliability". For participation in the roar. movement in 1905 was arrested and exiled to the Chernigov province. Since 1912, corr. gas. "Zvezda" and "Pravda", from 1918 he worked in music. section of the Kursk lips. dep. bunk bed education. In 1920-21 - lecturer conc. brigades. Accompanied by lectures performances of N.S. Blinder, the Quartet. Stradivarius and others, organized free concerts, studied music. education. The initiator of the creation in 1922 in Moscow zhurn. "Theater and Music". In 1927 he was arrested and was in the Solovetsky camps for special purposes. During the 1941–45 war, he gave lectures in besieged Leningrad. The author of the book. "A.S.Dargomyzhsky" (foreword by Ts. Cui. St. Petersburg, 1913), "F. Chopin" (Kursk, 1919), art. about rus. music and rus. composers.

frid valeriy semenovich
has abstract: FRID Valery Semenovich (1922, Tomsk - 1998, Moscow), playwright. Studied at VGIK. In 1944, together with his school friend Yu.T. Dunsky, he was sentenced to 10 years in prison. After the imprisonment, being in exile, F. and Dunsky from Inta sent A.Ya. Kapler the first script "The Case in Mine Eight" (f. Post. 1958). Graduated from VGIK (1957). Joint. with Dunsky wrote approx. 20 scenarios, according to which post. ph .: “Once upon a time there lived an old man with an old woman” (1965), “Two comrades were serving” (1968), “Burn, burn, my star” (with A.N. Mitta, 1970), “Old-old tale "(1970)," Red Square "(1970)," The Tale of How Tsar Peter Got Married "(with Mitta, 1976)," Crew "(with Mitta, with the participation of B. Urinovsky, 1980) , "Tale of Wanderings" (1983), etc., scripts for television, including for the first two ser. f. "Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson". Self-written scripts include Lost in Siberia (1992). Joint. with Dunsky wrote the story "The Best of the Best" (published in the magazine "Kinoscenarii", 1992, No. 3). Teaches at the Higher. scenario courses. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1976). Cit .: 581/2. The camp jerk notes. M., 1996.

fridberg avrom-sholem
has abstract: FRIDBERG Avrom-Sholem (1838, Grodna - 1902, Warsaw), writer, publicist, editor. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1858 he taught the Hebrew language. in Grodno. First book. F. in other Hebrew. - processing of rum. ital. writer G. Agillar "Cedar Valley, or Martyr" (1876). After the pogroms in 1881 he joined the Palestinian movement. Published and edited (1883–86) gas. "Gamelitz". Author of feuilletons signed by "Gar Shalom". From 1886 - in Warsaw. Published in gas. "Ha-Tsefira", "Ha-Asif" and others. In 1888 he edited the Jewish encyclopedia "Ga-Eshkol". Until 1891 censor ed. in Yiddish and Hebrew. He worked in the publishing house "Ahi Asaf", in which the book was published. F. "Toldot ha-yehudim be Sfarad" ("History of the Jews in Spain", 1893). Into the gas. "Der Yud" in 1899-90 published a rep. about the Russian-Turkish war. The first volume of the Hebrew textbook was published in 1902. Collaborated annually. N. Sokolova.

fridberg isaak shaevich
has abstract: FRIDBERG Isaak Shaevich (b. 1947, Vilnius), writer, film director, playwright. Creative started in 1962 in Nar. Jewish theater of Vilnius, participated in the reconstruction of S.M. Mikhoels' play "Freilekhs" ("Nikolaevsky Soldier"), played Leib Rafalovich in the play "Wandering Stars" based on Sholem Aleichem. In 1970 he began to publish in periodicals. ed. Graduated from Kaunas Polytechnic in 1969. in-t. In 1969–71 he was a radio engineer, in 1971–73 he was in the army. In 1981 he graduated from the Higher. courses for scriptwriters and dir. Goskino of the USSR (workshop of E.A. Ryazanov). As a screenwriter, he participated in the creation. artist ph .: "Nest in the wind" (main prize of the festival of debuts in Karlovy Vary, 1978), "Wish me bad weather" (1978), "Forest violets" (1979), as well as doc. f. - winners of Vses. festivals: "We are men, mother" (1973), "I love the director" (1979). As dir. filmed according to his scripts artist. f .: "Collision" (1983), "Dear Edison!" (1986), "Walk on the scaffold" (1991), as well as the script by I. Ageev "Unsportsmanlike history" f. "Doll" (2 prizes of the Berlin Festival, 1989, main prize of the All-Union Sports Festival, 1990). Jewish themes are reflected in the prose of F .: sb. "Quiet Holidays" (1977), pov. "Here am I!" ("Friendship of Nations", 1996), in doc. f. “Artists of the Jewish Diaspora. Russia. XX century "(1992). In 1996–97 the author, artist. hands. and ch. dir. TV programs "An ax floats along the river ..." Works: Compromise. Vilnius, 1982; Arena. Vilnius, 1985.

fridenshteyn aleksandr yakovlevich
has abstract: FRIDENSTEIN Alexander Yakovlevich (b. 1924, Kiev), histologist. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1961), prof. (1967), ch. RAMS (1991). Graduated from the 1st MMI (1946). In 1950–58 ml. scientific. sotr., in 1958–61 Art. scientific. sotr., in 1961-90 head. lab., since 1990 hands. gr. at the Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after N.F. Gamalei in Moscow. At the same time. (since 1960) hands. course of cell biology and immunomorphology at the Department of Histology, Moscow State University. Main scientific. tr. dedicated question osteogenesis and hematopoiesis. In experiments on heterotopic bone marrow transplantation, he established that the origin of its stromal cells does not depend on hematopoietic cells and in an adult organism, these two types of cells do not have common stem progenitors. Joint. with sotr. introduced into evolution. histology principles of evolution. morphology. Cit .: Induction of bone tissue and osteogenic progenitor cells. M., 1973 (et al.); Cellular bases of the hematopoietic microenvironment. M., 1980 (et al.).

fridkhaym artur
has abstract: FRIEDHEIM Arthur (1869, Petersburg - 1932, New York), pianist, composer, conductor. Graduated from St. Petersburg. un-t. Was engaged in FP. from A.G. Rubinstein, later from F.List (he was his secretary). He directed the theater. and opera. orc. in Germany. In 1889-1904 he taught a class of php. at the Royal Muses. college in Manchester. Since 1914 - in the USA. He gave concerts and taught. Since 1921 - in Canada, prof. Moose. academy in Toronto. Author of 5 operas, 2 fp. concerts. Published all the productions. F. Chopin for fp., Made several. arrangements for php. manuf. Leaf.

fridkin vladimir mikhaylovich
has abstract: FRIDKIN Vladimir Mikhailovich (b. 1929, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1964), prof. (1967). Graduated from Moscow State University (1952). In 1952–53, engineer. at the plant, in 1953–59 - at the Research Institute "Polygraphmash". Since 1959 - at the Institute of Crystallography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Ch. scientific. sotr. At the same time. taught (1962–68) at Rostov University, where he created the department of semiconductors. Region scientific. interests - physics tv. body, the study of photographic. processes. Under the arm. F. developed a new direction - the creation of photosensitivity. and photorefractive materials based on ferroelectric. polymers. Head of scientific. schools. Author approx. 300 scientific. Art. and 7 monographs. Vol .: Photo ferroelectrics. M., 1979; Photovoltaic effect in environments without a center of symmetry, related phenomena. M., 1992 (et al.).

fridland lev semenovich
has abstract: FRIDLAND Lev Semenovich (1888, Rostov-on-Don, Don Cossack Region - 1960, Leningrad), doctor, writer. Member of the 1st world. and Grazhd. wars. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Donskoy University. First book. “Behind a closed door. Notes of a venereologist "(L., 1927) was banned in the 1930s. In the 1920s and 30s. published in decomp. periodic. ed. 1941–45 - at the front. In the 1950s. published essays and stories in honey. topics in the journal. "Star" and "October". Cit .: Nine months. L., 1928; Something that shouldn't be. Doctor's notes on sexual suffering. L., 1928; Six points. L., 1933; On the roads of science. M., 1951; Page of one life. L., 1957; Behind a closed door. Rostov-on-Don, 1991.

fridland mikhail osipovich
has abstract: FRIDLAND Mikhail Osipovich (1888, Astrakhan - 1967, Moscow), orthopedic traumatologist. Doctor of Medicine (1921), prof. (1924). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kazan University (1911). Trained in clinics in Vienna and Berlin. Member of the 1st world. war, military doctor. Since 1920 head. Department of Orthopedics of the Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors in Kazan. In 1937-53 the head. Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics TsIUVa. In 1940 - one of the organizers and the first director. Centre. in-that prosthetics and prosthetics Min-va social. provision of the RSFSR. Sci. tr. F. dedicated problems of general surgery, traumatology, orthopedics, bone tuberculosis. He developed original methods of arthrodesis of the shoulder and ankle joints, surgery for the habitual dislocation of the patella and shoulder, the method of alcohol-novocaine blockade for decomp. diseases and injuries of the musculoskeletal system, art method. decalcification of bones in the treatment of chronic. osteomyelitis, so-called. podometric method of research. elastic vibrations of the arch of the foot. Author of funds. manuals "Orthopedics", et al. multivolume manuals on surgery, traumatology and orthopedics. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1945) Vol .: Private orthopedics. Kazan, 1932; Purulent osteomyelitis (hematogenous and gunshot). M., 1946; Orthopedics. 5th ed. M., 1954.

fridland tsvi
has abstract: FRIDLAND Zvi (1898, Malin Radomyslsky u. Kiev province. - 1967, Tel Aviv), actor, theatrical figure. He graduated from the School of Drama and Diction in Kharkov, from 1920 he worked at the "Habima" theater in Moscow, from 1928 - at E.-I. Deer. and producer approx. 50 performances, post. in "Habim". He taught acting.

fridland vladimir markovich
has abstract: FRIDLAND Vladimir Markovich (1919 - 1983, Moscow), geographer and soil scientist. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1961), prof. (1968). Graduated from the Geological and Soil Faculty of Moscow State University (1941). 1941–45 - in the army. In 1964-70 Art. scientific. sotr. dep. of soil geography Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1970 head. dep. genesis, geography and classification of soils of the Soil Institute named after V.V. Dokuchaeva. Theorist and methodologist, specialist in soils of the south. and forge. countries. Author of the theory of the structure of the soil cover.

fridlender georgiy mikhaylovich
has abstract: FREDLENDER Georgy Mikhailovich (1915, Kiev - 1995, Petersburg), literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1962), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1990). Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1937). He taught at the institutes of Arkhangelsk, Yaroslavl, Leningrad. Since 1955 - at the IRLI (Pushkin House) in Leningrad. He was engaged in aesthetics, theory of realism, classical history. literature (works of G.E. Lessing. A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol, V.G.Belinsky, G.I.Uspensky, etc.). Since 1967 supervised (deputy chief editor) the preparation for publishing. academic. Coll. op. F.M.Dostoevsky (in 30 volumes), "Chronicles of the life and work of Dostoevsky" (in 3 volumes). Prepared by academician. ed. Coll. op. Gogol, Belinsky, Uspensky. State pr. USSR (1983). Cit .: Lessing. Sketch of creativity. M., 1957; Dostoevsky in the movement of time. L., 1983; Dostoevsky and World Literature. L., 1985.

fridlender izrailj
has abstract: FREDLENDER Israel (1876, Kovna - 1920), Semitologist, public figure. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1895-1900 he studied the Semitic languages. in Berlin un-those, at the same time. attended the Higher. rabbinical school. Means. F.'s views were influenced by his acquaintance with the works of S.M. Dubnov and Ahad ha-Ama (later he translated them into German and English). In 1900–01 he continued his studies at Strasbourg University. In 1901–04, he taught there a course in Semitic languages, published “Arabic-German. Dictionary of the Use of Maimonides ”(1902). From 1904 - in the USA, he taught at the Jewish Theological. seminar (New York) and at Dropsy College (Philadelphia). F.'s lectures on Jewish-Arab problems. culture publ. in the journal. "Jewish Quarterly Review" (1910-13). Author of monograph. research "The idea of ​​a messiah in Islam" (1903), "Abdullah ibn Saba - the founder of Shiism and its Jewish origin" (1909), "Heretic. views of the Shiites in the view of Ibn Hazm "(1909) and others. Problems grew. Jewry dedicated. essay "Dubnov's Theory of Jewish Nationalism" (1905), Vol. “Jews of Russia and Poland. Review of history and culture "(1915)," Past and present. Collection of Jewish essays "(1919), etc. F. - one of the creators and the first before. New York Bureau of Jewish Education, Member. Nat. will execute. Committee of the Federation of Amer. Zionists. In 1919 he took part in the work of the United Order. to-that to assist the Jewish communities of East. Europe affected in the years of the 1st world. war, for this purpose he visited Poland, west. regions of Russia. In July 1920, together with Amer. Rabbi B. Kantor was captured by bandits in Ukraine and killed.

fridlin semen davidovich
has abstract: FRIDLIN Semyon Davidovich (b. 1909, Kremenchug, Poltava province), architect. In 1932 he graduated from Dnepropetrovsk engineer-constructor. in-t. Laureate of 6 competitions, author of 18 built objects. Main works: residential buildings in Dnepropetrovsk (1940s), music. dram. t-r in Zaporozhye (1952), conc. hall in Chernivtsi (1950s), music and drama. t-r in Chernigov (1958), center. collective farm market in Kiev (1959). Honored. arch. MSSR (1974).

fridlyand grigoriy
has abstract: FRIDLYAND Grigory (Tsvi) Samoilovich (1896, Minsk - 1937, Moscow), historian, politician. Dr. East Sciences, prof. Member Feb. and Oct. rev-tion 1917, Cit. war. He studied law. f-those Petrograd. psychoneurological. in-that. Member CEC Poalei Zion, representative of Poalei Zion in Petrograd. Council of the slave. and a soldier. dep. (1917). Member CEC of the Councils of the Lithuanian-Belarusian. socialist owls. republics (1919). From 1921 he studied in Moscow at the Ying-those red professors. He taught history at the Academy of the General Staff, at the Communist. un-those them. Ya.M. Sverdlov, Ying-those of the peoples of the West; Dean of the Jewish Branch at the 2nd Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. In 1925 - one of the founders of the Society of Marxist Historians under the Communist. academy, member. prez. Council of the Society, chl. of the editorial board of the journal. "Historian-Marxist". Sec. French sections of I-that Marx and Engels. One of the ed. TSB. In 1929, member. Directorate of the Institute of History Communist. academy. Since 1934, the dean is. Faculty of Moscow State University. Arrested in 1936. Author pl. Art., book., uch. manuals, including: "Marat before the Great French Revolution" (M., 1926), "Jean-Paul Marat and the Civil War of the 18th century." (Moscow - Leningrad, 1934), “Danton” (ibid., 1934, reprinted in 1965), “History of Western Europe, 1789–1923” (Moscow, 1926), “Europe in the era of the industrial revolution. 1789-1870 "(Kharkov, 1931)," Europe and the North American States of the era of industrial capitalism "(ibid., 1931), art. "Anti-Semitism" (TSB, vol. 4), the Yiddish textbook "History of the rev. movement in Zap. Europe. 1789-1923 "(co-authored with A.-I. Slutsky).

fridlyand khaim-avrom
has abstract: FRIDLAND Chaim-Avrom (1891, Vileisky town near Vilna province - 1939, Cleveland, USA), poet, writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Since 1906 - in the USA. He graduated from yeshiva and ped. Faculty of Columbia University. In 1910 he founded the first wives. a Hebrew-taught school in New York. Since 1920 - in Cleveland. Lit. activity began with the publication of poems in Yiddish in gas. Forverts (1907). In the period. ed. printed poems, stories, Art. on the problems of culture, pedagogy. In Cleveland, the following books were published: "Sipurim" ("Stories", 1939), "Sonnets" (in 2 volumes, 1939), "Shirim" ("Poems", 1940), "Dovidl" ("Davidka", 1944) ...

fridlyand semen osipovich
has abstract: FRIDLYAND Semyon Osipovich (1905, Kiev - 1964, Moscow), photojournalist. M.E. Koltsov's cousin, B.E. Efimov. Since 1925 the photographer. zhurn. "Ogonyok". In 1928 - 1st Ave. at the exhibition “Ten Years of Owls. photos". In 1932 he graduated from VGIK. In the 1930s – 60s. collaborated in gas. Pravda, zhurn. "Ogonyok", "USSR at a Construction Site". Member of the editorial board of the journal. "Sov. a photo". The author of Art. and uch. textbooks on the theory and practice of photojournalism.

fridlyander iosif naumovich
has abstract: FRIDLYANDER Joseph Naumovich (1913, Andijan, Fergana region - 2009, Moscow), metal expert. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1984). In 1937 he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School. Since 1937 in Vses. in-those aviats. materials, beginning. lab. Main research belong to the region. studying the properties of light alloys. He established the patterns of change in mechanical, corrosion, technol. properties of alum. and beryllium alloys, developed the theory of their aging. He developed ingot rolling (1943), created alloys of various properties and purposes. In 1944 he received high-strength aluminum. alloy B95, in 1956 - alloy B96, in which for the first time in the world. In practice, instead of manganese and chromium, zirconium was introduced, in 1970 - the alloy V96Ts3. In the 1960s. supervised the research. triple alum. high-strength alloys of the aluminum-zinc-magnesium system. He proposed fundamentally new ways of doping aluminum. alloys. He headed the work on the creation of high-strength and high-modulus beryllium alloys and methods of their application. Developed ideas about the effect of coagulants. structure of alloys for their resistance to stress corrosion cracking. Became. pr. (1949). Linen. pr. (1963) Vol .: High-strength and deformable aluminum. alloys. M., 1960; Alum. wrought structural alloys. M., 1979; Alum. duralumin type alloys. 2nd ed. M., 1981.

fridman aleksandr-zusha
has abstract: FRIDMAN Alexander-Zusha (1897, Sochachev, Warsaw province - 1943, Ponyatov, Poland), publicist. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Passed the exam for the title of rabbi. In the 1920s and 30s. was involved in the organization of Jewish school education in Poland. Author of art., Stories, poetry. manuf. in Hebrew, Yiddish in Jewish periodicals. ed. In 1931 he published the beginning of his work The Role of Yiddish in Hasidism. In 1930–39, 5 volumes were published. F. "Der Toire-kval" ("Source of the Torah") - collection. aphorisms of TANAKH, supplied with comments. Jewish Scientists (in 1957 published in Jerusalem in translation into Hebrew). Author pl. works on issues. Jewish tradition. Published textbooks for Jewish schools. In the Warsaw ghetto, he led an underground network of religions. education. Captured in the last days of the ghetto uprising, deported to a camp.

fridman aleksandr aleksandrovich
has abstract: FRIDMAN Alexander Alexandrovich (1866, Petersburg - 1908, ibid.), Ballet dancer, composer, conductor. Graduated from Petersburg. cons. (in the class of composition theory by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov in 1889, in class fp. in 1891). In 1884, after graduating from the ballet department of St. Petersburg. theater. uch-schcha - to the ball. troupe of the Mariinsky Theater: dancer of the corps de ballet. From 1893 an accompanist, in 1896-1902 the leading artist of the corps de ballet. Since 1897 Kapellmeister of the Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment, toured with the orchestra in Russia and abroad. The author of the music for the one-act bal: "Cupid's Pranks" (1890) and "Festival of Boatmen" (1894). F.'s son - Alexander (1888, Petersburg - 1925, ibid.), Mathematician, geophysicist. Prof. (1918). In 1906 joint. with Ya.D. Tamarkin wrote a work on number theory, publ. in Matematische Annalen. The founder will lie. cosmology: in 1922–24 came to the conclusion about the expansion of the Universe on the basis of A. Einstein's equations of gravitation. One of the creators will lie. the theory of turbulence and schools of dynamic. meteorology in the USSR. Etc. them. V.I. Lenin (1931).

fridman aleksey maksimovich
has abstract: FRIDMAN Alexey Maksimovich (b. 1940, Moscow), astrophysicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1973), prof. (1976), ch. RAS (1994). [Son of Maksim Efimovich F. - surgeon, Dr. med. sciences, prof., arrested in 1952 in the "case of doctors"; in the 1950s – 80s. head Department of Hospital Surgery Kirg. honey. in-ta]. In 1961 he graduated from physical. Faculty of Novosibirsk University. Since 1966 - at the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences and at the same time. in Novosibirsk un-those at the department of theoretical. physics. On Feb. 1968 signed a letter of protest against the closed trial in the case of A.I. Ginzburg and others. lab. dynamics of space. plasma of the Siberian Institute of magnetism, ionosphere and radio wave propagation of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Irkutsk), simultaneously. headed the Department of Cosmophysics at Irkutsk University. Since 1979 - in Astronomich. Council of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1986 head. dep. physics of stellar and planetary systems, simultaneously. prof. MIPT, then prof. Moscow State University. Specialist in the region. astrophysics and plasma physics, by St. 160 scientific. works, including 8 monographs. reviews and 3 monographs. (two-volume "Physics of Gravitating Systems, published in 1984 in the USA). Created scientific. school on the physics of gravitating systems (stellar, planetary, near-planetary). State pr. USSR (1989).

fridman aron
has abstract: FRIDMAN Aron (1855, Shaki, Suwalki province - 1936, Berlin), cantor, musicologist. In 1882–1923 he was a cantor at the Old Synagogue in Berlin. The author of the research. in the region. cantor's art. In Berlin ed. book F .: “Synagogue Singing” (1901), “Biographies of Famous Cantors” (in 3 volumes, 1918–28), memoirs “50 Years in Berlin. 1878-1928 "(1929).

fridman bentsion
has abstract: FRIDMAN Benzion (1893, Byalo Ravsky near Petrokovskaya Gubernia -?, Paris), writer. Member of the 1st world. war. Since 1923 - in France. The first humorous. story "Di the emigrant" publ. in Warsaw (1919) weekly. "Di Vise". In Paris he published poetry, stories, art. in Jewish periodicals. ed. In 1946 in Paris he published the books: "Arum Drancy" ("Around Drancy"), "In der parizer Yidischer meluhe" ("In the Jewish state in Paris").

fridman daniil fedorovich
has abstract: FRIDMAN Daniil Fedorovich (1887, Odessa - 1950, Moscow), architect. Prof. Graduated from architect. department of the Odessa artist. uch-schA, architect. f-t MUZHVZ (1915). In student. years - pom. at diff. architect, participated in the Moscow competitions. architect. about-va, received a number of awards. In 1923-30 he worked in Tashkent, Moscow on the design and construction of a slave. villages. Since 1930 he headed the 5th Architectural and Design Workshop of the Moscow City Council. Put forward a number of scientific. proposals for low-rise. line, including on the use of soil blocks, which are widespread. The author of two monographs. about low-rise. p-ve. In 1941–45, Ch. arch. Omsk, member. Technical commissions research People's Commissariat of the USSR. After 1945 - in the Office of Architecture under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. From 1927 he taught at VKHUTEIN, MARCHI. Main works in Moscow: residential buildings on Leningrad. sh. (1925–26), the lobby of the Dzerzhinskaya metro station (1935), the metro electrical substation at ul. Herzen (1935), reconstruction of Kotelnicheskaya emb. and nab. them. M. Gorky (1938–39).

fridman david-arje
has abstract: FRIDMAN David-Arie (1889 - 1957), physician. He studied medicine at Moscow. un-those. From 1925 - in E.-I., where he practiced as an ophthalmologist. Author pl. Art. in the press in Hebrew on medicine, literature and art, most of which were published by posm. in 2 volumes in the collection Iyunei Shira (1964) and Iyunei Prose (1966). Ed. "Ein ga-Kore" (1923), since 1929 - journal. honey. Association "Ha-Refua".

fridman dovid
has abstract: FRIEDMAN Dovid (1814 - after 1912), rabbi. Rabbi in Karlin. In 1910, hon. prev. Congress of rabbis in Vilna. The author of the book. on questions religious legislation, including "Aiskei Galakhot" (Warsaw, 1898-1901).

fridman emmanuil iosifovich
has abstract: FRIDMAN Emmanuil Iosifovich (1899, Kiev - 1959, Leningrad), pediatrician. Prof. (1938), Dr. med. Sciences (1940). Pupil of E.L. Sklovsky. After graduating from Kiev honey. Institute (1922) worked as a pediatrician in Kiev. Since 1925 - in Leningrad in the clinic of pathology of infancy Scientific and practical. in-that protection of motherhood and infancy. In 1941–45 in Leningrad, he headed the department of faculty pediatrics. In 1945-51 the head. department of improvement of children. doctors Leningrad. pediatrician honey. in-that and simultaneously. head dep. prevention and therapy children. diseases Leningrad. n.-i. pediatrician Institute (LNIPI). In 1952-54 the head. Department of Pediatrics, Novosibirsk med. in-that, in 1955 he returned to Leningrad Scientific and Research Institute. Sci. tr. dedicated problems children. nephrology, malnutrition and vitamin deficiency in children (including the study period of the blockade), toxic. dyspepsia. Developed a differential diagnosis of dysentery and toxic. dyspepsia, proposed the classification of pyuria in children, expanded the indications for conservative treatment of pyloric stenosis. Son F. - Alexander (b. 1930, Leningrad), pediatrician. Grandson of E.L. Sklovsky. Graduated from the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. Institute (1954). In 1973 he organized and headed the first department of children in Leningrad. nephrology in children. mountains. hospital number 2. Since 1977 head. nephrological separate in children. mountains. hospital number 1.

fridman gershon
has abstract: FRIDMAN Gershon (1892, Minsk - 1962, ibid.), Translator. Until 1919, members Bund. He worked in Minsk gas. Der Veker (1917–18), October. Published art., Per. from Russian, Belarusian. lang. into Yiddish, including translated Pov. VK Arsenyev "Dersu Uzala". In 1937 he was repressed. In 1951 he was released.

fridman i.
has abstract: FRIDMAN I. (? -?), Translator, philologist. In the 1930s. translator to Belarus. state publishing house in Minsk. Published the lane. manuf. artist literature from rus. and other languages. to Yiddish in gas. "Der emes", "October", other periodicals. ed. Translated rum. isp. writer R.H. Sender "Magnet" (Minsk, 1935), VG Lidin "Great or Quiet" (ibid., 1936) and others. Mn. translations publ. anonymously. Art. on the problems of philology were published in the journal. "Di dig Velt", "Afn Sprachfront".

fridman iosif solomonovich
has abstract: FRIDMAN Iosif Solomonovich (b. 1912, Vilna), acrobat, director, teacher, writer. In 1933 he graduated from the Circus College. lawsuit. He performed in acrobatics. room under the common ps. Volman, together with the brothers N.A. and V.A. Volzhansky. Demonstrated complex vaulting tricks. In 1937 he switched to acrobatics. ans. Centre. the house of culture of railway workers, where he acted as a comedian-acrobat and together with M. Ryabov conducted the program "Merry Porters". In 1953 he returned to the circus. Since 1967 - in "Soyuzgoscirk" - Art. acrobatic inspector genres, then prep. and dir. in GUTSEI. Author of a number of circus. and pop reprises, stories and essays about the masters of the arena. In 1993 he released the book in Moscow. (jointly with S.Ya. Kurepov) “Those who crossed the barrier”.

fridman leonid abramovich
has abstract: FRIDMAN Leonid Abramovich (b. 1930, Moscow), orientalist, historian, economist. Dr. East Sciences (1970), prof. (1973). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1952). In 1952–55 he worked in the Ryazan region. ethnographer. museum, in 1956-59 - in the Vses. state b-ke foreign literature, in 1956–58 - in the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1967 - in the Institute of Intern. slave. movement of the USSR Academy of Sciences (RAS), simultaneously. from 1960 to teach. work in Ying-those countries of Asia and Africa at Moscow State University. Since 1991 prof. University of Maryland (USA). The author of St. 80 scientific. works on history and social. structure of the countries of Asia and Africa (predominantly Egypt and other Arab. countries). Cit .: Capitalist development of Egypt (1882-1939). M., 1963; Sierra Leone. M., 1964 (co-authored with L.N. Pribytkov); Egypt. 1882-1952. Socio-economic structure of the village. M., 1973.

fridman leyb
has abstract: FRIDMAN Leib (b. 1911, Mezhireche Radinsky u. Sedletskaya province.), Playwright. He graduated from high school, Higher. bargain. school in Warsaw, postgraduate study at the IVO in Vilno. Published Art. into gas. "Wilner Tog", "IVO-Bleter". In 1939–46 - in the USSR, in 1946–47 - in Poland. Since 1947 - in Australia. In 1948–49 he edited the gas. "Di Yiddish Post", was published in Jewish periodicals. ed. The author of the book: “Dos lebn fun di idn in Mezrich unter der daicher occupation un zaer umkum” (“Life and death of Jews during the German occupation in Mezhirech.” New York, 1947), “Madame Adler” (Melbourne, 1966; ave. World Congress of Jewish Culture).

fridman mikhail maratovich
has abstract: FRIDMAN Mikhail Maratovich (b. 1964, Moscow), financier. Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Steel and Alloys. Designer at the Electrostal plant. In 1988–91, he headed Alfa-Photo, Alfa-Eco, Alfa-Capital. From 1991 to. of the Board of Directors of Alfa-Bank and gr. Alpha-Consortium. Since 1995, member. of the Board of Directors of CJSC Public Russian Television, since 1996, member. of the Board of Directors of Sidanko Oil Company JSC, Vice President of Ros. Jewish Congress.

fridman naftalj markovich
has abstract: FRIDMAN Naftal Markovich (1863, Iodz Shavelsky u. Koven province - 1921, Kaunas), lawyer, public and statesman. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1887), was engaged in advocacy in Ponevezh (assistant of attorney at law, from 1906 attorney at law), until 1904 was a vowel of Ponevezhskaya mountains. thoughts. In 1907, dep. 3rd State Duma from the Kovno province., Entered the cadet faction, worked in the commissions for the people's. education, religious, urban, etc., has repeatedly made speeches on different. aspects of Jewish societies. life (about the right to teach in Yiddish, about the abolition of the line of Jewish settlement, about the right to freely transfer from one religion to another, etc.). In 1912, dep. 4th State. Duma, where he also spoke repeatedly on the Jewish question. In 1915-17 he was an active member. EKOPO, systematically performed the duration. trips to the front. strip. Since 1918 - in Lithuania. Member Will establish. collections of the Republic of Lithuania.

fridman nokhem
has abstract: FRIDMAN Nohem (1906, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1976, Birobidzhan), journalist, editor, poet. He taught at school. Graduated from the Jewish department of the 2nd Moscow State University. From the end. 1920s - in Birobidzhan. Prev communes, worked in gas. "Birobidzhaner Stern", in the region. radio committee. The first story "Di Schwarze Kase" ("Black Cash") publ. on Sat. Der Schloggler Got dos Wort (Kharkov, 1932). Published in the journal. "Jungvald", "Pioneer", gas. "Der emes", "Oktyaber" and others. In 1949 he was repressed. After his release in 1956, he resumed lit. Activities: wrote essays, edited, reviewed works. Birobidzhan writers and journalists. Published in the journal. "Sovetish gameland". Poems published for the first time. in the 1970s.

fridman uiljyam frederik
has abstract: FRIDMAN William Frederick (1891, Chisinau -?), Cryptanalyst. Colonel. Since 1893 - in the USA. He graduated from Cornell University (1915), where he specialized in genetics. Supervised the department of genetics in the lab. Riverbank (Geneva, Illinois), at the same time became interested in cryptography. From 1917 - in the army. In 1917-18 - in France, in the military. intelligence. In 1921-30 he worked in the Military. deputies in Washington. In 1930 he headed the military communications service. department and spec. ransomware training school. Repeatedly participated as an advisor in US delegations to the international. conf. by radio and telegraph communication. Author of textbooks on cryptography and cryptanalysis, monograph. tr. "Elements of cryptanalysis" (1924), "History of the use of codes and coded language" (1928), "Military. cryptanalysis "(1935–49), as well as tech. manuals "Method of reconstruction of the primary alphabet from the first character of the series of the secondary alphabet" (1917), "Introduction to the methods of disclosing ciphers" (1918), "Certain machine ciphers and methods for their solution" (1918) and many others. others. Invented a number of cryptographic. apparatus and instruments.

fridman vitaliya semenovna
has abstract: FRIDMAN Vitalia Semyonovna (b. 1916, Petrograd), director, teacher. In 1941 she graduated from biol. Faculty of Moscow State University. In 1941–42 - at the Institute of Experimental. medicine price Sverdlovsk. In 1943–48 she studied at dir. Faculty of GITIS (course of Prof. N.M. Gorchakov). In 1949–86, Ch. dir. Moscow region Youth Theater. Put St. 100 performances, including musical. Mn. worked in the musical genre. Among the post. F .: "Cranes feathers" (Dzyunji Kinosity, 1967), "Great opposition" (L.A. Kassilya, 1969), "Word about Igor's regiment" (according to Russian epics, 1970), "Silver smithy" (after O O. Drizu, 1971), “The Story of a Soldier” (original play and music by I. Stravinsky, 1979), the musicals “Uncle Styopa” (after S. V. Mikhalkov) and “We Play the Prince and the Pauper” (after M. . Twain, both - 1980), "The Seagull" (A.P. Chekhova, 1981), "The Suffering of Young Werther" (after I.-V. Goethe, 1983). Carried out the post. on Vses. radio, including "Past and Thoughts" (after A.I. Herzen). She taught at Moscow. in-those cultures. In 1988 she created the first private theater for the fairy tale "Pilgrim", where she staged a number of performances. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1968).

fridman yakov borisovich
has abstract: FRIDMAN Yakov Borisovich (1911 - 1968, Moscow), specialist in the field of strength of materials. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1941), prof. (1947). Externally graduated (1932) Moscow. in-t tsv. metals and gold, at the same time. worked at TsAGI, then at the All-Russian Aviation Research Institute. materials (Moscow), head. lab. physics of metals. Since 1947 - in Moscow. mechanical in-those (since 1953 MEPhI), head. Department of Strength of Materials. Under the arm. F. created methods for local assessment of the strength and plasticity of materials. Studied the structure of breaks. Investigated the destruction of materials depending on the kinetic. areas of their operation. Became. pr. (1947) Vol .: Deformation and destruction of metals under static and shock loads. M., 1946; Mechanical properties of metals. 2nd ed. M., 1952.

fridzon rozaliya zakharovna
has abstract: FRIDZON Rozalia Zakharovna (1903, Litvinovo, Polotsk u. Vitebsk province. - 1976, Baranovichi, Brest region), a member of the partisan movement. Lieutenant fr. army (1944). In the 1920s and 30s. on the coms. and desks. work in the BSSR. In 1939–41 the head. Dzerzhinsk District Healthcare Department, Minsk Region, member. Collegiums of the People's Commissariat for Health of the BSSR. In 1941, not having time to evacuate, she ended up in Minsk with someone else's documents. Since 1942, an infectious diseases nurse hospitals, member of the underground - connected. Since 1943, a liaison officer of the Rodina special group at the partisans. brigade them. P.K. Ponomarenko, hands. gr. connected. In 1943 she was arrested by the Gestapo in a safe house. In 1944 - in the concentration camp "Erouville" (France), member. underground wives. camp to-that, with the assistance of French. The resistance fled from the camp. Deputy com., com. wives partisas. detachment "Rodina", formed from 37 owls. women who, together with F., escaped from the camp. In 1944–45 sec. consular department Embassy of the USSR in France. In 1945 she returned to the USSR. Awarded by Poch. cross "Combatan volunteer" with Kr. star (1997, France).

frikh-khar isidor grigorjevich
has abstract: FRIH-KHAR Isidor Grigorievich (1893, Kutais - 1978, Moscow), sculptor, applied artist. Member of the 1st world. war. In 1914, after being wounded at the front, he ended up in Samara, where he first participated in art. exhibition "10 sculptural portraits". In 1923–25 he taught modeling and drawing in orphanages in the Moscow region. A number of fictional portraits belong to this period: "Salavat Yulaev", "Sen Katayama" (tinted wood). In 1925–26 he made a portrait of SN Khalturin, a number of genre works. ("Uzbek", "Shagane", "Porter", etc.), began to study ceramics. production. In 1926 he participated in the creation of the ORS. In the 1930s. organized by the artist. lab. at Konakovsky ceramics. s-de (Kalinin region). In 1934–36, ch. artist s-yes. In the same years he created a number of genre sculptures - "Negro under a palm tree", "Old town" (faience), forms for replicating household items - teapots, jugs, breadbaskets. He created faience for the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition. panels, reliefs "Holiday in the Azerbaijani collective farm", "Stakhanovka cotton fields", fountain "Boy with pigeons". In the 1950s and 60s. executed crystal fountains, manuf. small plastic from glass ("Swans", "Geese"). In the end. 1960s created a computer. "My Uncle's Dream" (porcelain). Participated in the exhibitions "Artists of the RSFSR for 15 years", "15 years of the Red Army", in the World. exhibition in Paris (1937) and later in almost all all. and rep. exhibitions. The works of F.-H. are in the State Tretyakov Gallery, the Museum of Ceramics in Kuskovo, the State Historical Museum in Moscow and others. artist RSFSR.

friman abram
has abstract: FREEMAN Abram (1890, Trostyanets of Bratslavsky u. Podolsk province. - 1953, Zaporozhye), writer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. He made his debut in 1917 verse. in Hebrew to gas. "Ha-Shiloah". Author of a number of works, including the novel "1919", dedicated to. pogroms and Jewish self-defense in Ukraine during the Civil years. war (1st part published in 1931 in Tel Aviv, 2nd in 1935 in the same place, 3rd in 1968, in the same place, 4th - not found). In 1934 he was arrested and soon released. In 1936–46 - in exile.

friman mozes
has abstract: Freeman Moses (1859, Odessa - 1937, Philadelphia, USA), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. One of the supporters of the creation of Jewish agricultural. settlements in the United States. Since 1882 - in the USA. F.'s attempt to create a farm failed. He was engaged in small trade. handicraft work. In 1892 he published a weekly in Philadelphia. "Di Yiddish Press". The author of the book. The Fifty Years History of Jews in Philadelphia (1934), which became one of the sources for the study of Jewish immigration in the United States.

frimshteyn mark iosifovich
has abstract: FRIMSHTEIN Mark Iosifovich (b. 1934, Shlisselburg, Leningrad Region), poet, composer, engineer. Cand. tech. Sciences (1968). In 1956 he graduated from MIIT. He worked on the electrification of the railway. of the Moscow-Irkutsk highway, participated in the design of the Kuibyshevskaya hydroelectric power station, the Aswan dam, the Serpukhov synchrotron. Since 1968 head. sector in GiprodorNII. Author of monograph. "Traffic control on highways" (jointly with A.P. Vasiliev). He expressed a number of hypotheses concerning the activity of the brain (Chemistry and Life, 1984–86). Awarded with diplomas for breeding aquarium fish. Author pl. songs, including on Jewish themes.

frishman david saulovich
has abstract: FRISHMAN David Saulovich (1865, Zgerzh of Lodzinsky u. Petrokiv province - 1922, Berlin), writer, poet. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Graduated from un-t in Breslau (1895). Since 1879 he wrote poetry in Hebrew, Yiddish, translated from it. lang. in Hebrew. The first story was published in the magazine. P. Smolenskin "Ga-Shahar" in 1878. In 1878–83 - in Germany. From 1883 - in Warsaw. Published in Jewish periodicals. ed. He was the first to introduce the genres of feuilleton and short stories into Jewish literature. From 1888 he published poetry in Yiddish. At the same time F. entered on Sat. Sholem Aleichem "Yiddish Folks-Libraries" (Kiev). He translated a lot into Hebrew, Yiddish from Russian, English, German. and other languages, including the poem by J.G. Byron "Cain" (1900), F. Nietzsche "Thus Spoke Zarathustra" (1909), poems by A.S. Pushkin, tales of H.-K. Andersen and others. Edited works. Jewish writers, published lit. collection. In 1917 in Moscow he edited the first 3 collections. "Ha-Tkufa". In 1919–20 - in Poland, from 1920 - in Germany.

frishman nikolay mikhaylovich
has abstract: FRISHMAN Nikolay Mikhailovich (1890, Kharkov - 1944, Chkalov), pediatrician. Dr. med. Sciences (1929), prof. (1929). In 1915 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University. In 1915-17 the military. doctor at the front. In 1917–24, the clinic resident, children. diseases, in 1924-29 assistant at the Department of Infancy, 2nd Moscow State University, in 1929-30 head. Department of children. diseases of the Smolensk honey. in-that, in 1930–44 head. Department of children. diseases of the 1st Kharkov honey. in-that. The author of the first in the world. honey. lit-re monogr., dedicated. the problem of epidemic. cerebrospinal meningitis in infants. He substantiated the concept of the independence of the nosologic. forms of dysentery caused by specific. pathogen, established the identity of hemorrhagic colitis in children and dysentery. He formulated the concept of "dysentery myocarditis", proposed methods for early diagnosis of acute dysentery in children, classification of tuberculosis, rheumatism, acute and chronic. eating disorders in children. age. Headed by scientific. school of pediatricians. Member board of Kharkov scientific. honey. Society: Epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis in infants. Kharkov, 1929; Dysentery in children. Kharkov, 1935; Tuberculosis in children. Kharkov, 1940.

frishman viktor
has abstract: FRISHMAN Victor (1897, Lodz, Petrokovskaya province - 1936, Minsk), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Member of the Jewish socialist. movement. He taught at Jewish schools in Vilna and Warsaw. Published in leftist periodicals. ed. in Warsaw "Der veg", "Undzer veg". Arrested. In 1932 he was exiled to the USSR. Was printed in gas. "Der emes", journal. "October", "Apikoires" and other periodicals. ed. One of the ed. Sat. "Lenin kegn Bund" ("Lenin against the Bund", 1935, published by the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR). Repressed.

frizer yakov davidovich
has abstract: FRIZER Yakov Davidovich (1869, Barguzin, Trans-Baikal Region - 1932, Harbin), entrepreneur. Rod. in the family of the owner of the gold mines. Received education at home. From 1883 he worked as an employee in the family mines. Organized search operations. In 1898, F. was discovered and the development of the so-called. Korolonsky mines, where up to 40 poods of gold were mined a year. From the beginning. 20th century lived in Irkutsk. Initiated the creation of the Irkutsk Exchange. Organizer of prospecting works in a number of districts Vost. Siberia. Initiator of the opening of the first company. libraries in Barguzin (1888) and the building of the mountains. uch-schA. He owned a shipping company on the river. Lena. He was engaged in the trade of kerosene and lubricants. He built the first mill in Irkutsk with a capacity of 2000 poods of grit per day. He owned a wholesale trade in bread in Bodaibo. Consisted of a member. accounting companies of the State, Volzhsko-Kamsky and Rus.-Asian. banks. Since 1919 - in Harbin.

frizman leonid genrikhovich
has abstract: FRIZMAN Leonid Genrikhovich (b. 1935, Kharkov), literary critic. Dr. philol. Sciences (1978), prof. (1980). Graduated from Kharkov ped. Institute (1957) and Kharkov University (1963). In 1957–70 he worked on Wednesdays. school, since 1971 teacher. in Kharkov un-those. The author is numerous. scientific. works on the history of Russian. literature, critics and societies. thoughts of the 1st third of the 19th century. Ed. and with a comment. F. ed. "Dumas" by K.F. Ryleev (1975), collections of poems by P.A.Katenin (1981), E.A. Baratynsky (1982), "Literary-critical. works of the Decembrists "(1978)," Lit. criticism of 1800-1820 " (1980), coll. "Rus. elegy XVIII - early. XX century. " (1991), reissued. alm. "Northern Flowers for 1832" (1980). Cit .: The creative path of Baratynsky. M., 1966; The life of the historical genre. Rus. elegy from Sumarokov to Nekrasov. M., 1967; Decembrist and Russian. liter. M., 1988; What the word Truth rhymes with. About Galich's poetry. SPb., 1992.

froljkis abram veniaminovich
has abstract: FROLKIS Abram Veniaminovich (b. 1920, Zhitomir), therapist. Dr. med. Sciences (1961), prof. (1963). Brother of V.V. Frolkis. In 1942 he graduated from Kiev honey. in-t. In 1942–45 - at the front. In 1945–63 he worked in hospitals. In 1963–80 the head. Department of Propedeutics, int. diseases honey. Faculty of Petrozavodsk University. In 1980–86, professor-consultant at the Leningrad Hospital. optical-mechanical associations. Sci. tr. dedicated problems of gastroenterology: chronic clinic. enterocolitis, funkts. diagnostics of intestinal diseases, fat metabolism in liver and biliary tract pathology. He proposed a classification of enterocolitis. Member reign of Vses. and Vseros. about-in gastroenterologists, Vses. about-va therapists, before. About-va therapists of Karelia. Cit .: Chronic enterocolitis. L., 1975; Pharmacological regulation of intestinal functions. L., 1981.

froljkis vladimir veniaminovich
has abstract: FROLKIS Vladimir Veniaminovich (1924, Zhitomir - 1999, Kiev), physiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1958), prof. (1965), acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1988), acad. and vice president. AMS of Ukraine (1993). Brother of A.V. Frolkis. In 1945 he graduated from the Naval Academy in Leningrad. In 1946–58, graduate student, assistant, assistant professor. Department of Physiology of Kiev honey. in-that. Since 1959 head. lab. physiology Research Institute of Gerontology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (since 1993 AMS of Ukraine) in Kiev and simultaneously. hands. experimental dep. (now the Department of Biology of Aging) in the same place. Sci. tr. dedicated physiology and experiment. pathology of the cardiovascular system and physiology of aging. Developed (1970–75) an adaptive-regulatory theory of aging; gene-regulatory hypothesis of the primary mechanisms of aging and the principles of treatment in old age based on it. He put forward an idea of ​​the mechanism of the so-called. etagenesis as age-related development in general. Member leadership of Europe. associations of gerontologists, before. Kiev Society of Gerontologists. Etc. them. A.A. Bogomolets of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1970). State pr. Ukrainian SSR (1984). Cit .: Reflex regulation of the cardiovascular system. Kiev, 1959; Regulation, adaptation and aging. L., 1970; Aging and biological capabilities of the body. M., 1975; Aging. Neurohumoral mechanisms. Kiev, 1981; Circulation and aging. L., 1984 (et al.); Aging, evolution and life extension. Kiev, 1992 (et al.).

frug semen
has abstract: FRUG Semyon (Shimon-Shmuel) Grigorievich (1860, Bobrovy Kut of the Kherson district and province - 1916, Odessa), poet. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From the age of 15 he worked as a clerk for a state rabbi in Kherson. The first poems were written in Russian. lang. From 1879 he was published in the journal. "Dawn", "Russian Jew", "Sunrise" (Petersburg). From ser. 1880s - In Petersburg. In 1906, due to illness, he left for the south of Russia. From 1909 - in Odessa. He worked as a traveling inspector of an insurance company. The Jewish theme is present in many. manuf. F. Author verse. on the themes of TANAKH imbued with love for E.-I. The founder of Jewish poetry in Russian. lang. The first verses in Yiddish publ. into gas. "Idishes folksblat" in 1888. F. introduced a variety of genres into Yiddish poetry; innovative means. The author of several. dozens of verses. in Hebrew. Works: Poems. SPb., 1885; Thoughts and songs. SPb., 1887; Zionids and Other Poems, 1897-1902. SPb., 1902; Full collection op. in 3 volumes, 7th ed., Odessa, 1917; Jewish fig tree. Fav. prose. Jerusalem, 1995.

frumak ruvim zalmanovich
has abstract: FRUMAK Ruvim Zalmanovich (1905, Vitebsk - 1978, Leningrad), painter. He studied at the Vitebsk Nar. artist uch-shche (workshop of I.M. Pen), in the Academy of Arts in Petrograd, in VKHUTEMAS in Moscow (workshop of R.R. Falk, mid-1920s). Returning to Leningrad, in 1933 he made his debut at the portrait exhibition. 1941–45 - in the army, in besieged Leningrad. Genres developed by F. during the creative work. life, traditional for a realist painter, are portraits, villages. and mountains. landscapes, still lifes. Strong composition, confident mastery of drawing, and a subtle sense of color are characteristic of F.'s work as a representative of Leningrad. painting schools. In 1983 there was a posm. F.'s exhibition in the halls of the Leningrad Union of Artists.

frumin iljya osipovich
has abstract: FRUMIN Ilya Osipovich (1876, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1945), orthopedist-traumatologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1930). In 1897 he entered honey. f-t un-that in Kiev (in 1898 expelled for revolutionary activity), to-ry he graduated in 1905. In 1919, the initiator and director of the university. first in Kiev orthopedic. institutions - the House of a crippled child, transformed in 1924 into the All-Ukrainian. state children orthopedic. Institute (VGDOI). In 1926, on the basis of the institute, the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of the Kiev Institute of Advanced Training of Doctors was created, which was also headed by F. After the reorganization in 1931 of VGDOI in Ukr. Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology directed it until 1932. Nauch. tr. dedicated problems of malformations in children, osteoarticular tuberculosis, amputation of limbs and their prosthetics.

frumin isidor iljich
has abstract: FRUMIN Isidor Ilyich (1912, Kiev - 1984, ibid.), Specialist in the field of welding technology. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1960), prof. (1961). In 1936 he graduated from the Kiev Industrial (Polytechnic) Institute. Since 1937 - at the Institute of Electric Welding of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. 1941–45 - in the army. Main scientific. tr. on technology and metallurgy of arc welding, creation of welding materials, surfacing of corrosion-resistant and wear-resistant materials. Supervised the development of welding fluxes, organized their production. Formulated DOS. regularities of alloying surfacing. metal, developed a design and method for surfacing parts with flux-cored wire, as well as the technology of its production, which made it possible to expand the scope of application of the mechanic. surfacing. Etc. them. E.O. Paton of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1965). State pr. USSR (1978).

frumina anna efremovna
has abstract: FRUMINA Anna Efremovna (1886, Borisoglebsk, Tambov province. - 1959, Kiev), orthopedist-traumatologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1950), prof. (1950). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Strasbourg University (1911), Petersburg. wives honey. Institute (1915). In 1919, together with her husband I.O. Frumin, she worked in the House of a crippled child, on the basis of which the Vseukr was created in 1924. state children orthopedic. Institute (since 1931 - Ukr. Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology), where she was in charge of the osteo-tuberculosis department and orthopedic-traumatology. clinic for children and adolescents until 1959. At the same time. (since 1923) worked at the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of the Kiev Institute of Postgraduate Education for Doctors (since 1936 Assoc.Prof., since 1937 Head. Department). In 1941–45, a trauma surgeon in hospitals. Sci. tr. dedicated problems of malformations of the musculoskeletal system. apparatus, osteoarticular tuberculosis, including bilateral coxitis, periarticular bone foci. She developed a number of methods for stabilizing the foot in case of poliomyelitis, muscle transposition in case of flaccid paralysis; contributed means. contribution to the development of conservative and surgical treatment of congenital clubfoot, torticollis. For the first time in the USSR, she began to successfully apply open reduction in congenital dislocation of the hip.

frumkin abram yakovlevich
has abstract: FRUMKIN Abram Yakovlevich (1896, Surazh, Chernigov province - 1961, Moscow), writer, editor. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Member of the 1st world. and Grazhd. wars. In 1926 he graduated from Moscow State University. In 1925–31, ed. work in the Jewish section of the Centrizdat. In 1931–41 and 1943–48 at the Der Emes publishing house (since 1938, head of the editorial board of the artistic literature). In 1941–43 at the front. The first publication is the story of "Pochetukha" in the magazine. Dig Welt (1928). Published in the alm. "Sovetish" (1930–40s), collection of works "Geimland" (1943), etc. Together with NE Oislander edited and made comments. to the first 3 volumes. Sobr. op. Sholem Aleichem (1948). Made a comment. and note. to collection of fav. manuf. Mendele Moicher-Sforima and I.-L. Peretz (Moscow, 1959).

frumkin aleksandr naumovich
has abstract: FRUMKIN Alexander Naumovich (1895, Chisinau - 1976, Tula), electrochemist. Prof. (1930), acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1932). Hero of Socialist Labor (1965). In 1915 he graduated from the Novorossiysk University in Odessa. He worked at the Odessa steel rolling plant. In 1917–20 he taught at the Novorossiysk University (Odessa). In 1922–46 - in N. - and. physical and chemical in-those them. L.Ya. Karpov in Moscow. Since 1930 head. organized by him by the Department of Electrochemistry at Moscow State University. At the same time. dir. Inst. Nat. chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939–49) and the Institute of Electrochemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958–76), to-ry since 1983 bears the name of F. One of the founders of the modern. teachings about el.-chem. processes. Developed research methods. double electric layer (1919). In 1935 he deduced (with AIShlygin) the equation of the state of the adsorbed layer (the Frumkin-Shlygin equation), developed a theory of the influence of electric. fields on the adsorption of molecules. He introduced the concept of a zero point as a constant characterizing the properties of metals (1927). Gave an idea of ​​the potential of zero charge (1934). Developed the basics of electronic chemistry. kinetics. Works F. 1965–75 led to a revision in electrochemistry basic. ideas about the electrode charge and the creation of thermodynamic. theory of metal-electrolyte interface for catalytically active electrodes. Created scientific. school of electrochemists. Member fast. prez. EAK (1944). Member a number of foreign Academies. Author of scientific. print Art. and monograph. Etc. them. V.I. Lenin (1931). Became. pr. (1941, 1949, 1952). Works: Electrode processes. M., 1987; Overvoltage of hydrogen. M., 1988.

frumkin anatoliy pavlovich
has abstract: FRUMKIN Anatoly Pavlovich (1897, Smolensk - 1962, Moscow), urologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1939), prof. (1941). He graduated in 1921 honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University, where until 1924 he worked as an intern at the Faculty of Surgery. clinics; in 1924–26 assistant of the Department of Hospital Surgery, 2nd Moscow State University; in 1926–62 resident, head. urological. branch of Moscow. hospitals them. S.P. Botkin and at the same time. (1946–62) head. Department of Urology TSIUV and organized by him lab. on kidney transplant (since 1960). In 1941–45, Ch. urologist of the Red Army. Sci. tr. on questions diagnostics urological. diseases, intestinal plastics of the ureters and urinary bladder, treatment of fistulas and purulent processes in the kidneys. One of the founders of children. urology. The author of the first monograph in the USSR. on military-field urology. He developed surgery for resection of the bladder neck for cancer, restoration of the bladder with its exstrophy, surgical methods. treating urinary incontinence in women; and draining the pelvic area for gunshot wounds. He was the first in the USSR to perform a testicle transplant. Prev Vses. and Mosk. Society of Urologists (since 1949). Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1957). Cit .: X-ray atlas of surgical diseases of the genitourinary system. M. - L., 1930 (co-author); Military trauma of the genitourinary system. M., 1944; Cystoscopic atlas. M., 1954; Urological diseases in old age. M., 1959.

frumkin arje-leyb
has abstract: FRUMKIN Arie-Leib (1845, Kelma Rossiensky u. Koven province - 1916, Petakh-Tikva), rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1871 - in E.-I. Book. F. "Masaa Even Shmuel" (1871) was one of the first sources of information about the life of Jews in E.-I. In 1874 he graduated in Vilna, Prince. "Toldos Hohomey Yerushalayim" ("History of the wise men of Jerusalem"). In the end. 1870s - a rabbi in one of the townships of Kurland province. He took an active part in the activities of Palestinian organizations. In the beginning. 1880s returned to E.-I. Studied with. H., founded the Talmud Torah and Yeshiva. In 1894-1911 - in Great Britain. From 1911 - in E.-I. Published the "Book of Esther" with comments. (1893), biogr. an essay about his uncle Elias ben Ya'akov ("Toldos Eliachu", 1900), the Easter Gagada with comments. (1913).

frumkin boris markovich
has abstract: FRUMKIN Boris Markovich (1872, Minsk -?), Politician, historian, publicist. Doctor of Philosophy. In the 1890s. graduated from Geneva University. All R. 1890s one of the organizers of the first Jewish Social-Democrats workers' circles in Minsk, ed. illegal. gas. "Arbeiter Blettle" (1897, Minsk) - the first Jewish Social-Democratic gas. in Russia; later edited the gas. "Der minsker arbeiter", "Der veker", etc. One of the founders of the Bund, a participant in all its most important congresses and conferences, organizer of the Bund's secession in Lodz. Member of the Revolution of 1905, was repeatedly arrested, was ed. Bundist ed. "Arbeiter-shtime", "Volkszeitung" and others. In 1906 he emigrated, became part of Zagran. to-that Bunda. Upon returning to Russia, he roared. work in Lodz, in 1913–14 edited the weekly. "Die Zeit". One of the first historians of the Jewish labor movement in Russia, prepared a report on the activities of the Bund for the Stuttgart Congress. 2nd International (published in 1907 under ps. B. Gorenberg in Yiddish and German). Author of the works "Zubatovshchina and the Jewish Labor Movement in Russia" ("Experienced", v. 3, 1911), "From the history of the rev. movement among Jews in the 1870s. " ("Jewish antiquity", 1911, no. 4), "Essays from the history of the Jewish labor movement in Russia in 1885-1897." (ibid., 1913, no. 6). Joint. with P. Kurskiy and M. Vinokur wrote the work "The Bund in the Revolution of 1905-1906." (published in German in 1913, translated into Yiddish - Warsaw, 1930). After Feb. Revolution of 1917 collaborated in the periodical. ed. Bund, after the split of the party (1920) joined the Kombund. Before the beginning. 1930s lived in Moscow. The further fate is unknown.

frumkin boris solomonovich
has abstract: FRUMKIN Boris Solomonovich (1897, Mstislavl, Mogilev province. - 1989, Leningrad), design engineer. In 1921 he graduated from Petrograd. polytechnic in-t. In 1923–30 engineer, deputy. early turbine workshop North. shipbuilding. shipyard, in 1931-43 beginning. turbine group, deputy ch. Ing. Central Design Bureau for Special Shipbuilding, hands. gr. designers who developed the first turbine in the USSR for the military. ships. In 1946-51 the deputy. beginning, ch. designer of SKBT. In 1951-59, deputy. early ch. designer SKB Kirovsky plant. Participated in the creation of turbines for destroyers and cruisers, the first gas turbine installation in the USSR for bargaining. ship. Became. pr. (1942, 1950).

frumkin geshelj
has abstract: FRUMKIN Geshel (1896, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1974, Israel), public and statesman. Member of the Zionist movement, member. "Ceirei Tzion", "Ge-Halutz". Since 1920 - in E.-I. One of the founders of Histadrut, Chl. Presidium. Ed. zhurn. Histadrut, dedicated. question economy. Dep. Knesset of the 1st convocation from the Mapai party. The author of the book. "Ga-tehnun kalkalit" ("Planning the economy", 1943), "Aliya ve pituah baderekh lemdina" ("Alia and development on the way to the state", 1971).

frumkin israelj-dov-ber
has abstract: FRUMKIN Israel-Dov-Ber (1850, Dubrovno Goretsky u. Mogilev province. - 1914, Jerusalem), publisher, publicist, public figure. Rod. in the family of the Lubavitch Hasid. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1860 - in E.-I. From 1870 - to gas. "Ga-Hawacelet", later ed. and ed. The authorities periodically cut off the gas. F. was arrested. Being actively involved in charity work, F. called for a high level of education, inclusion of secular sciences and music in school curricula. Supported the consolidation of the agricultural. Jewish settlements until their non-religions became apparent. character. Active opponent of Ahad Ha-Ama, Palestinophilism and Zionism. To oppose the agitation of Christian missionaries on the initiative of F., the society "Ezrat Nidahim" was created (1883). In 1877, together with M. Gakogen, he released the first gas in Jerusalem. in Yiddish "Di rose".

frumkin moisey iljich
has abstract: FRUMKIN Moisei Ilyich (party ps. L. Germanov) (1878, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1938), statesman. Into the roar. movement since 1894. Member. RSDLP since 1898. In 1902–07 he was repeatedly arrested and exiled. From 1903 Bolshevik, member. Petersburg. to-that RSDLP. In 1905-06 a member. North-West to-that RSDLP. In 1907-08 - in Baku in the trade union of oil workers. prom-sti, simultaneously. ed. gas. "Beep". In 1908-11 - in Moscow, member. Centre. bureau of trade unions, collaborated in a number of prof. ed., including in the journal. "Rabocheye Delo", "Bulletin of Labor", "Mysl" and others. In 1911 he was arrested and exiled for 4 years to the Yenisei province. In 1915-17 - in Krasnoyarsk at work in the cooperative of railway workers, after Feb. Revolution of 1917 Provincial Executive Committee, mountains. councils, from Dec. 1917 members Pres. Regional Council Zap. Siberia. In 1918-22, members. Collegiums of the People's Commissariat for Food of the RSFSR, since 1921 Deputy. People's Commissar of Food; at the same time. member Board of Tsentrosoyuz, Sibburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), Sibrevkom, South-East. Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). In 1922-28 the deputy. People's Commissar for Foreign Trade, then Deputy. People's Commissar of Finance of the USSR; from the end. 1928, after his letter to J.V. Stalin criticizing the policy in the countryside, on households. work; in 1932–35 deputy. People's Commissar for Foreign Trade of the USSR, since 1936 - for households. work. Affairs. 10th and 15th Party Congresses. Repressed.

frumkin yakov pavlovich
has abstract: FRUMKIN Yakov Pavlovich (1902, Smolensk - 1978, Kiev), psychiatrist. Prof. Graduated from honey. Faculty of 1st Moscow State University (1924), worked in a psychiatrist. clinic un-that. In 1931–32 - in the Omsk honey. in-those, since 1933 head. Department of Psychiatry, Kiev med. in-that. Tr. dedicated question clinic, diagnosis and treatment of mental health. diseases, organization of psychiatrists. help and teaching of psychiatry, methodical. question psychiatry. Honored. Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1964). Vol .: Brief differential diagnosis of some mental diseases. Kiev, 1950; Educational Atlas of Psychiatry. Kiev, 1962 (co-authored with G.L. Voronkov); Trace influences in psychopathology. Kiev, 1979 (co-authored with S.M. Lifshits).

frumkina
has abstract: FRUMKINA (nee Livshits) Maria (Malka) Yakovlevna (party ps. Esther) (1880, Minsk - 1943, KarLAG), politician, publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. Graduated from the Higher. ped. courses in St. Petersburg. From 1886 she took part in the work of the Social-Democrats. circles in Minsk, since 1897 members. Bund. She was arrested several times. In 1905–07 she was engaged in publishing desks. periodic. lit-ry. She joined the extreme wing of the Yiddishists, participated in the work of the Chernivtsi Conf. by language Yiddish (1908), argued the need for its use in Jewish schools and other educational institutions. institutions. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Central Committee of the Bund, dep. Minsk Council slave. dep., was included in the mountains. council of the Jewish community. In 1920-21 one of the leaders of the Kombunda, after its merger with the RCP (b) - one of the hands. Evsection of the RCP (b), member. editorial board gas. Emes. Participated in the preparation and publication in Yiddish of Sobr. op. VI Lenin in 8 volumes, author of a biography of Lenin in Yiddish (in 1925–26 withstood the 3rd edition). In 1922–25 he was the vice-rector, in 1925–36 the rector of the Communist. un-ta nat. minorities in the West. In 1938 she was arrested.

fugzan mark davidovich
has abstract: FUGZAN Mark Davidovich (1913, Kiev - 1977, Moscow), mining engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1968), prof. (1969). In 1939 he graduated from the Mining Faculty of Moscow. in-that col. metals and gold. In 1939–51 - at the construction site of the Norilsk mining and metallurgy. combine: early. shifts, ch. Ing. management. From 1951 - Ch. Ing. Mining Department of the "Apatit" Combine, beginning. building of the Yukspor mine in the same place. Since 1954 - in the Kola branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, scientific. sotr., scientific secretary. Pres. branch, der. Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Rare Elements and Mineral Raw Materials of the Kola Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1960–69 - at Ying-those Horn. business to them. A.A. Skochinsky, head. lab. and head. separation. In 1969–70 the head. lab. in the Institute of Physics of the Earth. O.Yu. Schmidt of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow. Main the work is related to the creation of technology and equipment for underground mining of ore deposits. He made a significant contribution to the development of methods for the development of powerful ore deposits with one-stage extraction and destruction of ore and rocks by explosions. He took part in the development of the project for the development of the Krivoy Rog iron ore basin. In the end. 1940s contributed to the improvement of opencast mining methods at the Norilsk Combine. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1973). Became. etc. (1950). Cit .: Experience of one-stage development of powerful ore deposits with mass breaking. M., 1964; Intensity of underground exploitation of ore deposits. M., 1980 (et al.).

fuks aron abramovich
has abstract: FUKS Aron Abramovich (1867 - 1941, Mineralnye Vody, Stavropol Territory), chemist. Prof. (1934). He graduated in 1892 chem. Faculty of Kharkov Technol. in-that. In 1902-18 - at the Borovensky, Ilmensky, Shebekinsky alcohol plants (distiller, then distiller-rectifier). Since 1918 - in Ukrspirtotrest: member. board and head. production and technical. dep. Since 1930 head. department of technology of alcohol production-va Kiev technol. in-that food industry, since 1934 - head. Department of Fermentation Technology. At the same time. led the alcohol section of the All-Ukrainian. Research Institute of Enzymatic and Fruit and Vegetable Industry. Sci. work dedicated. study of the effect of enzymes on the preservation of potatoes, antibiotic. the action of microorganisms. He developed methods for obtaining alcohol from new types of raw materials (Jerusalem artichoke, chicory, etc.). The author of the first in Russian. lang. monograph (1902), dedicated. question technical and chemical. control and organization of the distillery industry, and other scientific. print works. In 1935 the People's Commissariat for Food. the industry of the USSR established an annual. specialist. fund them. prof. A.A. Fuks for awarding the best scientific. works in the region. alcohol industry and 3 years. scholarships to them. A.A. Fuksa. Vol .: A brief guide to control and accounting of distilling production and analysis of alcohol. 3rd ed. M. - L., 1922; Guide to the production of alcohol. M.-L., 1933-35.

fuks avrom-leyb
has abstract: FUKS Avrom-Leib (1888, Kikol Lipnotskiy u. Plock Gubernia - 1953, Jerusalem), publicist. Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1909-13 he studied medicine at Heidelberg University, then at Kharkov University. In Germany he took an active part in the activities of Jewish students. corporations. In 1914–22 he worked in Jewish hospitals (Warsaw, Zdunska Wola). In 1922–39 - in Wloclawsk, where he founded a Jewish gymnasium. Member Central Committee of the Zionist Organization of Poland (since 1918), then a member. Jewish Agency, held leadership positions in Jewish communities. In 1915 he published the cholera brochure in Lodz. In 1916–39 sotr. gas. "Gaynt". Published in other Jewish periodicals. ed. On Sept. 1939 Mobilized as a doctor in the Polish army, interned in Hungary. From 1940 - in E.-I., he served as a doctor in parts of the Polish army. Then - sotr. Jewish Agency.

fuks boris abramovich
has abstract: FUKS Boris Abramovich (1907, Voronezh - 1985, Moscow), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1938), prof. (1939). Graduated from Kazan University (1927). He worked at Tomsk un-those (1931–37), Voronezh un-those (1937–41), at the Tashkent aviation. in-those (1941–45), at MEI (1945–49), at All-Union correspondence machine-builds. in-those (1953–62), from 1962 - in Moscow. in-those electron. machine. Main research results in the field of function theory complex. variable. The author of the book. "Theory of analytic functions of many complex variables" (2nd ed., Vol. 1–2. Moscow, 1962–63) and "Functions of a complex variable and some of their applications" (3rd ed. Moscow, 1964, in with B.V. Shabat).

fuks dmitriy borisovich
has abstract: FUKS Dmitry Borisovich (b. 1939, Kazan), mathematician. Dr. Phys.-Math. sciences. Son of B.A. Fuchs. In 1960 he graduated from the mechanic-mat. Faculty of Moscow State University. After completing his postgraduate studies at Moscow State University, he worked at the Lab. mat. methods in biology, Moscow State University under the supervision of. I.M. Gelfand. Since 1991 - in the USA, at Davis University (California). Main results in the region. algebraic. Topology, see: Cohomology of Infinite-Dimensional Lie Algebras. M., 1984; A course in homotopy topology. M., 1989 (co-authored with A.T. Fomenko).

fuks grigoriy isaakovich
has abstract: FUKS Grigory Isaakovich (1911, Antwerp, Belgium - 1983, Moscow), chemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1965). Graduated from Phys.-Pharmaceutical. Institute in Odessa (1932). He worked in a lab. colloidal chemistry of soils in Leningrad. branch of the All-Russian Research Institute of Fertilizers and Agrosoil Science (1932–42). After serving in the army and in one of the defenses. the enterprise was in charge (from 1944) of the lab. physical chemistry at the All-Russian Research Institute of Fertilizers, Agrotechnics and Agrosoil Science in Moscow. Since 1950 - at the Research Institute of the Watch Industry, where he conducted research. on physical and chemistry of lubricants. In 1969–83 - at Ying-those physical. chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main work - in the region. colloidal chemistry and its applications to decomp. tech. problems (oil production and processing, development of new lubricants, soil science, printing). He created a new direction in chemistry - colloidal chemistry of oil and oil products. Vol .: Viscosity and plasticity of oil products. M. - L., 1951.

fuks itskhak-shloyme
has abstract: FUKS Yitzhak-Shloyme (1862, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1896, Koyeten, Moravia, Austria-Hungary), publicist, publisher, rabbi. Brother of J.-Sh. Fuchs. As a student, he published scientific. Art. in Jewish, German, French. ed. In the B-ke of Oxford he studied the manuscripts of Saadia-gaon. In 1893–95 he published scientific. zhurn. "Ga-Hawker". Rabbi in Koyeten. In 1887 the book was published. F. "The meaning of the ancient Jewish language for Jewry." In 1892 publ. per. M. Mendelssohn's letters to I.K. Lafater in Old Hebrew. with its own introduction and comments.

fuks lazarj
has abstract: FUKS Lazar (1892, Matsiow Kovelsky u. Volyn province - 1935, Lodz), publicist. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education, studied mathematics and law. science at Warsaw University. Since 1904 - in Lodz. He was engaged in Jewish school and university education, made programs for Jewish schools. In the 1920s. actively participated in the Jewish labor movement in Poland. In 1927–35 members. Centre. council of the Jewish provinces. press in Poland. Publicistic. activity began in one of the Lodz Jewish gas. in 1913. The author of Art. on the themes of politics, culture, pedagogy. One of the ed. gas. Folksblat (Lodz). Published in Moscow. gas. "Der emes".

fuks leyb
has abstract: FUCHS Leib (1908, Kalisz -?), Literary critic. Doctor of Philosophy (1939). Rod. in the family of a rabbi. Studied in high fur boots in Nancy, Brussels, Amsterdam. He taught at Jewish schools in Brussels, Antwerp, Amsterdam. During the 2nd world. wars - in the Netherlands. Since 1946 librarian of the Amsterdam University Library. Since 1964, St. Hebrew and Jewish literature, history of lang. Yiddish and Yiddish Literature in Amsterdam University. Lit. activity began with the publication of short stories in gas. Kalisher Lebn (1925). Mn. years published issled. works on Yiddish and the history of Jewish literature. Published with scientific. comment. anonymous Jewish comedy con. 18th century “Ales der sof iz gut - iz ales gut” (“All is well that ends well”). Since 1967 ed. Studia Rosentaliana (in Dutch, Amsterdam).

fuks vladilen izrailevich
has abstract: FUKS Vladilen Izrailevich (b. 1926, Moscow), monumental artist. In 1951 he graduated from the Moscow State Art Institute. He worked in the region. monum. and machine tool. painting. The author of the mosaic. panel for art. metro station "Komsomolskaya-Koltsevaya" (based on sketches by PD Korin) (Moscow, 1951–52), mosaics on the side facades of the houses. buildings in Medvedkovo, Degunino, Beskudniki (Moscow, 1964), mosaics "Youth of the World" in the lobby of the hotel "Molodezhnaya" (Moscow, 1980) and others. exhibitions since 1955.

fuks yakov-shmuelj
has abstract: FUKS Yakov-Shmuel (1868, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1938), journalist, teacher. Brother of I.-Sh. Fuchs. Received a rabbi's diploma at the Berlin Rabbinical School, continued his secular education in Berlin, Bern. Collaborated in gas. "Ga-Magid". Founded a weekly in Krakow in 1892. "Ha-Magid le Israel", which proclaimed the ideas of Palestinophilism. In 1898 joint. with A. Ginzig founded lit. almanac "Ga-Eshkol". In 1902 he founded a Jewish school in Liverpool. Participated in the Zionist movement. Dean of "Aria-College" in Brighton. Son F. - Yitzhak-Shloyme (1896 - 1971), doctor. Mayor of Chester (1932–33), pres. Brit. Zionist Federation (1953–56).

fuksman iosif
has abstract: FUKSMAN Joseph (Moishe) (1905, Baranovichi-Polesskie, Novogrudok u., Minsk province -?), Publicist. Brother of S. Fuksman. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1927 he made his debut with articles in Gas. "Baranovicher voh", was published in other Jewish periodicals. ed. Poland. In 1941–43 he was one of the organizers of the Resistance movement in the Vilna ghetto. He was arrested and sent to the end. camp in Austria. In 1945–49 sotr. Jewish Documentary Center in Austria. Since 1949 - in the USA. From 1962 he was engaged in bibliography of publications about the death of Jews during the 2nd world. war. Ed. book "Baranovichi in struggle and death" (New York, 1964), comp. and ed. book "Fight and death in 20 cities and towns of Belarus" (in Yiddish. New York, 1966).

fuksman shloyme
has abstract: FUKSMAN Shloyme (1914, Baranovichi-Polesskie, Novogrudok u., Minsk province - 1942, ibid.), Publicist. Brother of I. Fuksman. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. From 1931 he was published in the Warsaw Jewish editions. Together with L. Vorobievsky he created ser. "Dos folk derzeilt" ("From the mouth of the people"), was published in the Baranovichi Jewish press. One of the authors of the book. Dos Baranovichi Sholem Aleichem Bukh (The Baranovichi Book of Sholem Aleichem) was published in Parisian gas. Forois and Minsk Gas. "October" (1939-40).

fundaminskiy
has abstract: FUNDAMINSKY (Fondaminsky) Ilya Isidorovich (party and literary ps. Bunakov) (1881, Moscow - 1942, Germany), publicist, editor, public figure. Brother of M.I. Fundaminsky. He studied at the high fur boots of Heidelberg and Berlin (1900–02). Member Socialist Revolutionary Party, member. Central Committee (1917). Participated in a terrorist. promotions. One of the organizers of the Kronstadt uprising. in the navy (Oct. 1905). In 1906-17 - in France. In the years of the 1st world. war, an active participant in the edition of Paris. gas. "Call". On Feb. 1917 returned to Russia, Commissar of the Provisional Prospect to Chernomorsk. fl., dep. Will establish. collection Since 1918 - in France. Ed. paris. zhurn. "Modern Notes". Not being a Christian, participating. in the work of Rus. student christ. movement. In 1935 - one of the founders of the charity. association "Orthodox Cause". Auth. publicistic. tr. "The ways of Russia". He died in a concentration camp.

fundaminskiy matvey isidorovich
has abstract: FUNDAMINSKY Matvey Isidorovich (1866 - 1896, Irkutsk) Brother of I. I. Fundaminsky. All R. 1880s student of Petrovskaya s.-kh. academies; active member of Moscow Narodnaya Volya circles. In 1886 - in Paris he negotiated with P.L. Lavrov and L.A. Tikhomirov, on his return he was arrested and after a two-year imprisonment he was exiled for 10 years to the Yakutsk province. The participant is armed. speeches watered. exiles in Yakutsk (1889). In the case of the "Yakut tragedy" he was sentenced to 20 years in hard labor (he served in Vilyuisk and Akatuiskaya convict prison). Released in 1895 and died a year later of tuberculosis.

fundator vladimir isaakovich
has abstract: FUNDATOR Vladimir Isaakovich (1903, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1986, Moscow), specialist in the field of foundry technology. Cand. tech. Sciences (1938). Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. In 1929 he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School. In 1929–44 - at the Central Research Institute of Engineering Technology, from 1931 head. lab. (created and headed until 1934 the world's first practice laboratory for hydraulic modeling of gating systems - LS), supervised the adjustment and start-up of foundries Stalingr. tractor and Gorky automobile. z-dov (1931–35), the creation of a technology for melting and modifying silumin melts in electric crucibles at aviation plants. industry (1936–39) and its introduction for the production of diesel engine casting of aircraft and tanks (1940–43). In 1944–46 and 1948–50 he taught at Moscow. technol. in-those light industry and Moscow. chemical-technol. in-those meat industry. In 1946–47, Ch. metallurgist NII-627. In 1947–48 the beginning. lab. for casting permanent magnets in SKB-627. In 1953–86 the head. lab. VNII foundry machine, created and headed the lab. for hydro-modeling of drugs. He supervised the creation of the technology of pouring with fine filtration of the melt by glass filters in the drug. ("Firam-process", 1971–86), the method of calculation and design of the drug (based on their developments in the theory of deceleration of melts in the channel of the drug), on the basis of which GOSTs, normals and "Guiding tech. materials "(1959–61, 1978, 1986). F. - one of the founders of the present. foundry technology in the region. casting of forms metallic. melts, author of 40 inventions and St. 200 scientific. print works. F.'s priority in the region. hydro-modeling is dedicated to doc. f. "The Story of a Dispute" (1968). F. - initiator and creator in 1945–47 of the monument at the site of the execution of Jews in Cherven, Minsk region. (was not installed). Honored. inventor of the RSFSR (1978). Etc. Cou…

funk kazimir
has abstract: FUNK Kazimierz (Kazimierz) (1884, Warsaw - 1967, New York), biochemist. Graduated from chem. Faculty of Berne University (1904). He worked at the Pasteur Institute in Paris (1904–06), Berlin University (1906–07 and 1909–11), at the Lister Institute (1911–12) and the Cancer Clinic. will investigate. in-those (1913-15) in London, then in pharmaceutical. a firm in the USA, where he also taught at Columbia University. In 1923–27 he was the head of the biochemist. dep. The Warsaw School of Hygiene and the Rockefeller Foundation in Warsaw. In 1928–39 he headed the lab. in Paris and at the same time. (since 1936) was a consultant at the Institute of Vitamins in New York. Since 1939 - in the USA; from 1953 prez. scientific. Funk Foundation. Main tr. dedicated the problems of nutritional biochemistry, vitology, hormone chemistry. In 1912, he isolated a drug from yeast that cured beriberi disease, and introduced it to scientific research. the use of the term "vitamins" (assuming that all vital nutritional factors are amines). Investigating scurvy, pellagra, rickets and other diseases caused by vitamin deficiency, he proposed the term "vitamin deficiency" to denote them. Was one of the pioneers in the region. research hormones. Naib. means. tr. F. - "Vitamins, their significance for physiology and pathology", published in Wiesbaden in 1914 on it. lang. (Russian transl. - M., 1922; 3rd ed. - 1929).

furer samuil isaakovich
has abstract: FURER Samuil Isaakovich (1909, Odessa - 1979, Sochi, Krasnodar Territory), violinist. In 1916-24 he studied at the music. school of P.S. Stolyarsky. In 1924-30 - in Moscow. cons. by class L.M. Tseitlina. At the same time. worked as concertmaster orc. Small t-ra. From 1926 he gave concerts, from 1928 soloist of the Moscow. Philharmonic. Performed with Persimfans (First symphonic ans. Without conductor). Laureate of the 1st All-Union Union competition of musicians-performers (1933, 3rd ave.). F.'s repertoire included naib. means. manuf. Russian and Western European violin music. Izv. like a brilliant master of violin miniature. To perform. style F. is characterized by expression combined with rich timbre sound. Honored. art. RSFSR (1969).

furman aleksandr yakovlevich
has abstract: FURMAN Alexander Yakovlevich (b. 1974, Moscow), checker player. Int. grandmaster (1992). Studied at MIIT. Member of the 1992 European Championship (4th) and the 1992 World Championship (9th) in 100-cell drafts. Bronze. (1988) and silver. (1989) medalist of the world championships among cadets. Bronze. (1990) and silver. (1991) medalist of the world championships among juniors. Since 1995 - in Germany.

furman mendelj simkhovich
has abstract: FURMAN Mendel Simkhovich (1912, Odessa - 1978, Moscow), physicochemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1956), prof. (1966). Graduated from Odessa University (1935). Since 1936 - in the State. n.-i. design institute of nitrogen industry and organic products. synthesis in Moscow: head. lab. and in 1959–73 deputy. dir. in-that. Main work in the region. organic synthesis. Participated in scientific and technical. development and implementation in the industry of a new technology for obtaining intermediate products for synthetic. fibers - nylon and nylon. State pr. USSR (1968). Cit .: Production of cyclohexanone and adipic acid by oxidation of cyclohexane. M., 1967; Cyclohexanone production. M., 1974 (et al.).

furman semen abramovich
has abstract: FURMAN Semyon Abramovich (1920, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1978, Leningrad), chess player, chess theorist, trainer. Int. grandmaster (1966). Honored. trainer of the USSR (1973). Trainer of grandmaster A.E. Karpov (1969–78). Champion of Leningrad (1953, 1954, 1957). Participant of 13 USSR championships; the best result - 3rd m. (1948). Winner and medalist pl. int. competitions, including in Polanica-Zdroj - 1st m. (1967), Madrid and Bad Lauterberg - 3rd m. (1973, 1977). One of the leading chess. analysts in the USSR. Memorials to F.

fushman arkadiy moiseevich
has abstract: FUSHMAN Arkady Moiseevich (1889, Polonnoe Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province - 1936), statesman. He graduated from a real school in Yekaterinoslav. From 1905 p. Bund, since 1918 member. RCP (b). In 1919–20 - in Kr. Army. In 1921–23 the deputy. early and early. Glavkozhi, in 1923–24 deputy. early Glavklopka and deputy. prev. Board of Prombank. In 1924–27, deputy. prev. reign of Vses. textile syndicate, in 1926-29 before. of the board of Tekstilimport. Since 1928, member. collegiums of the People's Commissariat of the Workers' Cross. inspection. In 1930–31 members. prez., deputy. prev. Supreme Economic Council of the USSR. Since 1932, deputy. People's Commissar of Light Industry of the USSR. In 1935-36 the beginning. Ch. management of the carriage industry. In 1936, the beginning. Ch. transport management machines of the People's Commissariat heavy. industry of the USSR. Killed in the railway. disaster.

futer david solomonovich
has abstract: FOOTER David Solomonovich (1897, Minsk –1965, Moscow), neurologist. Prof. Graduated from honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University (1923), worked as a resident of the nerve. departments of clinics. hospitals of Moscow State University. In 1926–29 he took part in the fight against children. homelessness. Nerve assistant. clinics Ying-that neuropsychiatric. prevention, art. scientific. sotr. Institute of the brain, assistant, associate professor, prof. TsIUVa. In 1941–45, a neurosurgeon in hospitals. In 1946–65, the nerve was in charge. clinic in the State. scientific research pediatrician Institute of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR. The author of St. 150 scientific. works. F. paid particular attention to the development of the problem of tuberculous meningitis, poliomyelitis, the clinic of the nerve. diseases children. age, dealt with the problem of nerve pathology. systems of newborns. Author of 11 monographs, including "Diseases of the nervous system in children" (M., 1962).

futerfas menakhem-mendl
has abstract: FOOTERFAS Menachem-Mendel (1907, Pleschenitsy Borisov district. Minsk province - 1995, London), rabbi. In 1925-29 he studied at the underground Lubavitch yeshivas "Tomkhey Tmimim" in Kharkov, Nevel and Vitebsk. In 1930–37 he was a spiritual leader. Lubavitch yeshivas in Dnepropetrovsk and Odessa, in 1943–46 - the underground yeshiva "Tomkhey Tmimim" in Samarkand. In 1946 - one of the organizers of the illegal. departure of Jews from the USSR. Arrested in 1946. In custody until the end. 1950s Left the USSR in 1964. In 1964–72 one of the hands. Hasidic community in Great Britain. Since 1972 - in Israel. Ch. spiritual mentor of the Lubavitch yeshivas in Israel.

futoryanskiy leonid iosifovich
has abstract: FUTORYANSKY Leonid Iosifovich (b. 1928, Kiev), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1975), prof. (1977). Graduated from East. Faculty of Chkalovsky State ped. Institute (1952), taught at the schools of Chkalov (Orenburg) and Chkalovsk (Orenburg) region. Since 1964 in the Orenburg state. ped. in-those them. V.P. Chkalov, since 1973 head. Department of History of the USSR (since 1992 - History of Russia), since 1979 Vice-Rector for Science. work. In 1978-85 he headed the Scientific-methodical. council of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR on societies. sciences, deputy. prev. Sci. methodical. Council of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR in the humanities and ped. uch-schham. Since 1971, members Sci. Council of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR for the complex. the problem “History Vel. Oct socialist revolution "(Scientific Council of the RAS" History of revolutions in Russia "). Author of works on the history of the Cossacks, the history of the revolutions of 1905–07 and 1917 in the South. Urals. Participated in the preparation of the encyclopedias “Vel. Oct socialist rev-tion "(2nd ed. M., 1977; 3rd ed. M., 1987)," Citizen. war and military. intervention in the USSR ”(M., 1983), biogr. dictionary "Polit. figures of Russia 1917 "(Moscow, 1993). Honored. Scientist of the Russian Federation (1993). Cit .: Struggle for the masses of the laboring Cossacks in the period of growing bourgeois-democratic revolution into the socialist (March – October 1917). Orenburg, 1972; Orenburg – Chelyabinsk, 1993 (et al.).

fyun shmuelj-yosef
has abstract: FYUN Shmuel-Yosef (1818, Vilna - 1890, ibid.), Teacher, public figure, historian, lexicographer. Received a tradition. Jewish religion education. As a young man, he joined the supporters of Haskala. In 1841 he founded the first Jewish school in Vilna, in which he taught the Hebrew language. and TANAKH. In 1841–44 he published (with L. Hurwitz) zhurn. "Pirhei Tsafon". From 1847 he taught TANAKH and others - Hebrew. at the Vilna rabbinical seminary. Since 1856 inspector of the state. Jewish schools in Vilna province, played a prominent role in the leadership of the Vilna community. In 1863 he opened a printing house in Vilna. In 1860–81 he edited the journal. "Ha-Carmel", in which he published his literary critic. Art., works on the history of Jews in Russia, as well as the first chap. autobiography. With the emergence of the Khibat Zion movement, he organized a Palestinophile society in Vilna, and was later elected a member of Centre. Council "Khibat Zion" in Russia. Author of works on the history of the Second Temple, about the Vilna community, as well as a number of uch. manuals, short stories and translations, compiled and published a biogr. a dictionary of prominent Jews (Kneses Israel, 1886–90) and the first Hebrew dictionary in the history of Hebrew lexicography (Ha-Ozar), including the vocabulary of TANAKH, Mishnah, Talmud, op. Hebrew poets and middle-century. philosophers.

ga-levi iosef tsvi
has abstract: GA-LEVI Yosef Zvi (1874, Slobodka, Kovno province - 1960, Jerusalem), rabbi, specialist in the field of religions. rights (halachi). In E.-I. from 1891.Since 1897 religious. judge in Jaffa, from 1902 - rabbi, from 1904 before. religious court. The author is halakhic. tr., ch. arr. specific for terr. E.-I. State pr. Israel 1958 for his contribution to the development of practical. halakha.

ga-ryubeni
has abstract: GA-RYUBENI (Rabinovich) Efraim (1881, Novomoskovsk, Yekaterinoslav province - 1953), botanist. From 1906 in E.-I. He taught nature. science on Wed. school. In 1907 he founded the first Museum of Botany in E.-I., in 1912 - the Museum of the flora of the Bible and Talmud in Rishon Lezion. From 1936 in Heb. un-te (Jerusalem), in which from 1935 taught botany of the Bible and Talmud. Research flora E.-I., its use, as well as related folklore. On the basis of these studies, supported by the study of names in Hebrew, Aramaic and Arabic, he gave an interpretation of the ancient Hebrew botanists. terms and identified plants mentioned in the Bible and Talmud. Wrote (together with his wife) Prince. "Mekhkarim ba-shmot tsimkhey Eretz Yisrael" (1930) and "Otsar tsimkhei Eretz Yisrael" (1941).

gabay genrikh saulovich
has abstract: GABAI Henrikh Saulovich (b. 1923, Moscow - 2003, New York), film director. Member of the 2nd world. war. From 1951 after the end of dir. faculty of VGIK director of Kiev, Odessa c / st. Since 1962 at the Mosfilm cinema. I took off the doc. f. "On the main Turkmen channel" (1952) In feature films, f. The Captain of The Old Turtle (1956). Then he removed f. "Green Van" (1959), "49 Days" (1962), "In the Name of the Revolution" (1963), "Lebedev against Lebedev" (1965), "Time of Happy Finds" (1969), "Motrya" (1969), " Three minutes exactly ”(1972), as well as 11 short stories for the satirical newsreel“ Wick ”. He worked on TV. Since 1972 in the USA.

gabay iljya yankelevich
has abstract: GABAY Ilya Yankelevich (1935, Baku - 1973), human rights activist, teacher, poet, screenwriter. In 1962 he graduated from the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. VI Lenin, taught literature at school - first in the provinces, then in Moscow (in particular, at a school for deaf children). Gave lectures on preparation. courses MGIAI. Was a participant in the first human rights demonstration-rally in defense of YM Daniel, held on December 5. 1965 on Pushkin Square in Moscow. 22 jan. 1967, after the arrest of Yu.T. Galanskov and three of his comrades, took part in a protest rally. Arrested on charges of “participating in group activities that violate societies. order ”, but after a few. weeks released "for lack of corpus delicti." During the 1967–68 petition campaign, he signed a number of appeals and was co-author. one of the naib. Izv. texts of this period - the appeal "To the workers of science, culture, arts", in Krom polit. persecution was put in direct connection with the process of "restalinization" in the country (two other authors Yu.Ch. Kim and PI Yakir). G. was one of the initiators of the creation of the first Samizdat human rights bulletin - "Chronicle of Current Events" (1968–82) - and one of the assistants of the first ed. N.E. Gorbanevskaya. In May 1969, G.'s apartment was searched in the case of P.G. Grigorenko, who had been arrested shortly before in Tashkent; sotr. The KGB seized, in particular, a large number of documents related to the movement of the Crimean Tatars for returning to their homeland. Two weeks later. G. was arrested on charges of “slandering the Sov. system "and transported to Tashkent. In Jan. 1970 together with M.K. Dzhemilev (one of the Crimean Tatar leaders) are tried in Tashkent and sentenced to 3 years in camps. After serving his term, he returned to Moscow, worked as a gas corrector. He committed suicide by throwing himself out of the window.

gabe mikhail rufimovich
has abstract: GABE Mikhail Rufimovich (1917, Petrograd - 1984, ibid.), Sculptor. Rod. in the family of arch. In 1936 he became a sculptor. Faculty of IZHSA them. I.E. Repin, in the studio of A.T. Matveev, to-ruu finished after the 2nd world. war in 1947. At the end. 1940s created portraits made of marble (bust of A. A. Blok) and porcelain (A. Pushkin on horseback). Participation in the restoration of interiors and fountains of Peterhof contributed to the development of G.'s interest in the monument and forms. Among the milestones for G. works: compositions "Through the Sivash" (1963–65, limestone) and "Choral" (1975, metal), gr. "Pushkin and Kiprensky" (1980, bronze) and others. Naib. G. fully expressed his idea of ​​the world and the place of man in animalistic. compositions "Running with the Deer" (1970, copper), "Under the Peaceful Sky" (1979, bronze).

gabinskiy mark aleksandrovich
has abstract: GABINSKY Mark Alexandrovich (b. 1932, Odessa), linguist. Dr. philol. sciences. R. in a family of doctors. Graduated from the department. Romance Philology Leningrad. un-that (1953). Since 1953 - in Ying-those language. and literature Mold. Phil. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Works in the region. general morphology of Balkan and Romance languages, etiology and typology of languages, sociolinguistics. For compiling "Kr. etymol. dictionary mold. language. " (Chisinau, 1989) G. awarded by the State. avenue of Moldova. Working on comp. etymol. dictionary of doublets room. lang. Main tr .: "The emergence of the infinitive as a secondary Balkan language process", L., 1967; "The emergence and loss of the primary Albanian infinitive", L., 1970; “Grammatical variation in mold. language. ", Chisinau, 1980; “Sephardic (Hebrew-Spanish): Balkan dialect” (monograph), Chisinau, 1992, etc.

gablits karl ivanovich
has abstract: GABLITZ Karl Ivanovich (1752, Konigsberg - 1821, Petersburg), state. activist, naturalist, privy councilor (1800), senator (1808), hon. h. Petersburg. AN (1796). In 1758 he arrived in Russia with his father, who was adopted in the growing up. service and appointed inspector of the Moscow printing house. un-that. He graduated from the city of Moscow. un-those (1768), listened to lectures on honey. f-those un-that. In 1769 he was assigned to St. Petersburg. Academy of Sciences with a secondment to exp. prof. IG Gmelin on the study of the south. outskirts of Russia. In 1769–75 he participated in the survey of Nizh. Volga region, west, east. and south. the banks of the Kasp. m. In 1776–81 pom. dir. Astrakhan garden office, conducted research. to improve winemaking, sericulture, horticulture and acclimatization of plants. In 1781–82 he took part in the expedition. gr. M.I. Voinovich to the Astrabad Hall. Casp. m., compiled its description ("Historical journal of the b. squadron on Kasp. m. under the command of Count Voinovich", M., 1809). From was under Prince G.A. Potemkin, compiled "Phys. description of the Tauride region. " (translated into French in 1788, in English and German in 1789). From Dec. 1784 Counselor of the Criminal Court Chamber in Simferopol, from 1787 - Dir. economy of the Tauride governorship, for the arrival of the imp. Catherine II in the Crimea was "Geogr. news explaining the previous state of the Tauride region. " (published in 1803). In 1788–96 he was vice-governor of the Tauride governorship. From Dec. 1796 was at the Prosecutor General, was in charge of the affairs of the organization of foreign. colonists, was engaged in the improvement of winemaking, sheep breeding and other industries with. kh-va, participated in the development of rules for the cultivation and conservation of forests. From nov. 1797 simultaneously comrade (deputy) min. Dept. of appanages, from Jan. 1800 will perform. affairs min. destinies. From Dec. 1802 prez. Manufacturing…

gabovich iosif
has abstract: GABOVICH Joseph (| - |), sculptor. Graduated from the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. In the 1900s. lived in Warsaw. The author of salon, several mannered works. Main works: "Girl playing with a tiny chicken", "Woman with a bird", "Little fisherman", "Mother's love", "News from afar", portrait of Chopin, children's heads, etc. Works are in the main. in private collections.

gabovich mikhail markovich
has abstract: GABOVICH Mikhail Markovich (1905, village Velikie Gulyaki, Kiev province - 1965, Moscow), ballet dancer, teacher. Since 1924, after graduating from Moscow. choreographic school (teachers A.A. Gorsky and V.D. Tikhomirov) in the troupe of the Bolshoi Theater (until 1952). Performed the leading parts of the classic. repertoire: Solor (La Bayadere by L. Minkus), Siegfried, Desiree (Swan Lake and Sleeping Beauty by P. Tchaikovsky), Albert (Giselle by A. Adan), Jean de Brienne (Raymonda A K. Glazunov). 1st performer of a number of leading roles in ballets owls. comp .: Vatslav ("Bakhchisarai Fountain" by B.V. Asafiev), Prince, Romeo ("Cinderella" and "Romeo and Juliet" by S.S. Prokofiev), Eugene ("The Bronze Horseman" by R.M. Glier) and others In 1952, joint venture. with A.M. Messerer he resumed the ballet The Sleeping Beauty at the Bolshoi Theater. The author of several. ballet librettos: "Ivan Bolotnikov", "Forest Song" (music by G.L. Zhukovsky, post, at the Bolshoi Theater in 1961), "Light", as well as art. on ballet, book. Flight Fulfilled by the Soul (1966). From 1951 he taught at Moscow. choreographic school (in 1954–58 artistic director). Among the students - V.V. Vasiliev. Steel, etc. (1946 and 1950). Nar. art. RSFSR (1951). G.'s son - Mikhail (b. 1948), ballet dancer. Since 1967 at the Bolshoi Theater. Honored. art. RSFSR (1976).

gabrilovich evgeniy iosifovich
has abstract: GABRILOVICH Evgeny Iosifovich (1899, Voronezh - 1993, Moscow), writer, screenwriter. Hero of Soc. Labor (1979). In 1918-19 he studied law. f-those Mosk. un-that. In 1918–24 he worked in the decomp. institutions of Moscow as a secretary. In 1924 the pianist, head. Museum of the Theater. Sun Meyerhold. Published since 1921, since 1929 prof. writer, journalist. He worked in gas. Izvestia, Vechernyaya Moskva, Pravda, Krasnaya Zvezda. In 1941–45 - special. corr. "Red Star" at the front. Since 1948 the teacher, prof. VGIK. In the pre-war years he published several. books of prose. He made his debut as a screenwriter in 1937 with the script "The Last Night" (based on his own story "Tikhiy Brovkin"). This f. began his long-term collaboration with dir. Yu. Ya. Raizman. He created the following fashions: "Mashenka" (1942), "The Lesson of Life" (1955), "Communist" (1958), "Your Contemporary" (1968), "Strange Woman" (1978). Gabrilovich also collaborated with MI Romm (Dream, 1943, Man No. 217, 1945; Murder on Dante Street, 1956), with SI Yutkevich (Tales of Lenin, 1958; Lenin in Poland ", 1966;" Lenin in Paris ", 1981), with G.A. Panfilov (" There is no ford in the fire ", 1968;" Beginning ", 1970), with I.A.Averbakh (" Monologue ", 1973, "Declaration of Love") and other directors. In the last years of his life he published several. books of fictionalized memoirs, books of scripts, and 3 volumes of "Selected Works" (1982–83). Became. pr. (1943) and State. pr. USSR (1967, 1983). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1969).

gabrilovich osip solomonovich
has abstract: GABRILOVICH Osip Solomonovich (1878, Petersburg - 1936, Detroit, USA), pianist, conductor. Studied at Petersburg. cons. (1888–94) by A.G. Rubinstein (fp.), By A.K. Lyadov and A.K. Glazunov (composition). Improved in Vienna (1894-96) under the direction of. T. Leshetitsky (fp.) And K. Navratila (composition). He made his debut as a pianist in Berlin (1896), toured extensively in various countries, including the USA. In 1909 he married Mark Twain's daughter, Amer. singer Clara Clemens. From 1914 he lived permanently in the USA. He performed with a series of so-called. historical. concerts revealing the development of the FP genre. concert from JS Bach to the present. composers. The Spanish became famous. op. F. Chopin. In the USA he devoted himself to conducting. Conducted the Detroit Symphony. orchestra, which he directed until 1935. At the same time (1928) he conducted the Philadelphia Symphony. orchestra (worked together with L. Stokovsky). Author of pieces for piano, cello with piano, romances and songs.

gachev georgiy dmitrievich
has abstract: GACHEV Georgy Dmitrievich (1929, Moscow - 2008, ibid.), Philologist, theorist of literature and aesthetics, culturologist, essayist. Graduated from Moscow State University (1952). Dr. philol. sciences. Writes to origin. form of "life thoughts", synthesizing in his style philosophical, genuine artistry and journalistic. glow. He put forward the concept of "accelerated development of literatures", which was recognized in comparative literary studies. Vol .: Accelerated development of literature. (1964); Content thin. forms: Epic. Lyrics. Theater. (1968); Life is thin. consciousness: Essays on the history of the image. (1972); The image in Russian art. culture. (1981); Nat. images of the world. (1988); Chingiz Aitmatov (in the light of world culture). (1989); Russian Duma. (1991); The Book of Wonders, or Natural Science through the Eyes of a Humanist or Images in Science. (1991).

gachj
has abstract: GACH, a village in the Lomrzyn Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1438. In 1795-1807 - part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the village of Gats Lomzhinsky u. 226 Jews (50%) lived in Georgia in 1921. 19th century There was a Jewish community in Georgia that contained a rabbi, a synagogue, a mikvah, a cemetery, charitable organizations, and the Aghavas Khesad social assistance organization. In 1892 immigrants from Georgia opened their own association in New York, during the Second World. War G. served as a refuge for refugees from the surrounding towns. In the first weeks of the war, approx. 2 thousand refugees from Lomza. Parts of the Wehrmacht occupied Georgia in the middle. Sep 1939. All Jews, indigenous inhabitants and refugees, were evicted from Georgia and dispersed throughout the surrounding villages, where they later perished along with other Jews.

gadonovo
has abstract: GADONOVO, see Gadunavas.

gadunavas
has abstract: GADUNAVAS, a town in Telšiai region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Gadonovo, Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 - the Lithuanian SSR. 20th century there was a Jewish population in Georgia.

gadyach
has abstract: GADYACH, city, regional center in the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in 1634.Since 1667 - part of Russia. From 1796 - a district town of Malorossiysk, from 1802 - Poltava province. Since 1923 - the regional center, since 1925 - the city. In 1932-37, in the Kharkov region. In 1792, 4 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1847 - 883, in 1863 - 1213, in 1865 - 1279 (17%), in 1897 - 1853 (24%), in 1920 - 3006 , in 1923 - 2489, in 1926 - 1764, in 1939 - 623 Jews. In 1810 a Jewish cemetery arose in Georgia, and in 1859 there were 2 synagogues. By the beginning. 20th century there were 4 synagogues, 15 heders (120 students), a private Jewish school, a Talmud-Torah, societies. b-ka, since 1898 there was a society of benefits for the poor, from 1903 - a society of assistance to artisans, from 1906 - a society of mutual assistance, in 1913 - a society of benefits to poor Jews, a Russian-Jewish library. Since 1898, Joseph Friedman (1856—?) Was the rabbi in Georgia, and in the 1910s. (until 1917) - I.B. Krasilshchikov, then Shimon Trebnik (1891, Lyuban - 1961, Moscow). In 1905 a Jewish pogrom took place in Georgia. In 1936, an underground Lubavitch yeshiva operated in Georgia. 1942 in Georgia several were shot. hundreds of Jews. In 1988 a memorial sign was installed at the place of execution. Schneer-Zalman iz Lyad is buried at the Jewish cemetery in G., whose grave is a place of pilgrimage for the Hasidim. .Tumarkin, B.I.Shafirkin; David Naumovich Kaminsky (1902-1974, Moscow), mining engineer, Steel. etc. (1948); Daniel (Daniel-Gdal) Samoilovich Pasmanik (1869-1930, Paris), society. activist, publicist, in 1906-17, member. Central Committee of the Zionist Organization of Russia, in 1918-19 min. Prospect Island in the Crimea, since 1919 - in France, the author of books on the problems of growing up. Jewry E.S. Mosolova

gaft valentin iosifovich
has abstract: GAFT Valentin Iosifovich (b. 1935, Moscow), theater and film actor. After graduating from the Studio School at the Moscow Art Theater, in 1957–64 and 1967–68 in Moscow. dram. t-re (Theater on Malaya Bronnaya). In 1964–67 at the Theater. Lenin Komsomol. In 1968-69 in Moscow. theater of satire. Since 1969 in the troupe of the Sovremennik t-ra. Among the roles: Count ("The Marriage of Figaro", P. Beaumarchais, 1969), Glumov ("Balalaikin and K '" after M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, 1973), Lopatin ("From Lopatin's Notes" after K.M. Simonov , 1974), Governor ("The Inspector General" by N.V. Gogol, 1983), George ("Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf" by E. Alby, 1985). He played the roles of the Jewish writer Yefim Rakhlin in the play "Domestic cat of average fluffiness" by VV Voinovich and GIGorin (1989) and Joseph Leiser in the play by the Israeli writer J. Bar-Joseph "Difficult People" (1992). Since 1956 has been acting in films: Gesberg (The First Courier, 1968), Andreas (The Centaurs, 1979), Sidorin (Garage, 1980), The President (The Promised Heaven, 1992), The Colonel (Anchor , still anchor ", 1993), etc. Filmed on TV: Sam Weller (" Notes of the Pickwick Club ", 1972), Herman (" Tanya ", 1974), Dedushkin (" Vertical Race ", 1983), etc. G. - an actor of an intellectual plan. His creative manner is distinguished by a subtle psychological study of the image, the sharpness and freedom of plastic drawing. Author of epigrams and satirical poems. Nar. art. RSFSR (1984).

gagarin
has abstract: GAGARIN (until 1968 - Gzhatsk), a city, a regional center in the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1719. In the middle. 18th century - Sloboda, since 1776 - the county town of the Smolensk governorship, then - the province. In 1863, 45 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1897 - 152 Jews (2.4%), in 1901 - 35 Jewish families, in 1923 - 251 Jews (3 , 1%), in 1926 - 276 (3.2%), in 1939 - 181 Jews. The first Jews in Georgia were retired Russian soldiers. army. Main the occupation of the Jews of Georgia was a craft; the pharmacy in G. was run by David Solomonovich Chernetsky. In 1901, a synagogue was allowed to open in Georgia. The rabbi in Georgia from 1917 to 1918 was Yakov-Schneer-Zalman Pevzner (1891, Bober - 1971, Tashkent). In 1921, a branch of the Evsection was created in Georgia. In 1929 there was a society of single Jewish handicraftsmen.

gagra
has abstract: GAGRA, a city (since 1933) in Abkhazia (Georgia). Vozn. in the ancient era, later was a part of the Abkhaz principality. Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Kutaisi province. In 1921-91 it was a part of the Georgian SSR. In 1926 there were 38 Jews in Georgia, in 1939 - 129, in 1959 - 141, in 1970 - 212, in 1979 - 88 Jews (all Ashkenazim). G. is one of the spiritual and educational centers of the Jews of the Caucasus. In 929 and in the 12th century. part of the Jews moved from Georgia to Solkhat (Crimea). In 1207, the philologist Yehuda ben Yaakov lived in Georgia, in whose works the influence of the Karaite grammar can be traced. schools; this fact suggests that already in the 11-12 centuries. there was a Karaite community in Georgia. In the 15th century. the Jewish community in Georgia ceased to exist. Jews began to settle in Georgia again in the 1920s. In the 1940s. the number of Jews increased due to immigrants from Georgia and other districts of the USSR, but the community was not registered. In 1993, in the course of the Abkhaz-Georgian conflict, all Jews left Georgia. Vitaly Georgievich Volovich (b. 1923), specialist in the region. aerospace medicine, survival medicine, Dr. med. sciences, corr. Academy of Cosmonautics. K.E. Tsiolkovsky, regiment. honey. services.D.M. Khananashvili

gak grigoriy moiseevich
has abstract: GAK Grigory Moiseevich (1893-1971), specialist in social philosophy. Graduated from Psychoneurological. Institute in Petrograd (1917). Participant citizen war. Then he was at the desks. work in the Bryansk province. From 1925 he taught philosophy at Moscow universities. From the beginning. 1930s worked as a deputy. otv. ed. g. "Propagandist", "Sputnik Agitator" and others. In 1945-49, members. editorial board, head. Philos. department of f. "Bolshevik". Since 1954 prof. Department of Marxist-Leninist Philosophy of the Academy of Societies and Sciences at the Central Committee of the CPSU. He also taught at the Institute of the Red Professors and Moscow State University. Works: Essays ist. materialism, M.-L., 1929, (et al.); Marxism-Leninism on the role of the masses and the personality in history, Moscow, 1954.

gak vladimir grigorjevich
has abstract: GAK Vladimir Grigorievich (b. 1924, Bezhitsa), linguist, Doctor of Philology. Sciences (1968), prof. R. in a family of teachers. Member of the 1941–45 war. Graduated from the Military. in-t foreign. lang. (1949) and ist. Faculty of Moscow State University (1949). In 1949–52 he was an adjunct at the department of French. and isp. languages ​​Military. in-that foreign. languages, in 1952–56 he was a teacher (since 1953 deputy head) of the same department. In 1956–70 he worked in Moscow. state in-those international. relations (since 1963 head of the department, since 1968 prof.). Since 1970 in Moscow. state ped. in-those (head of the department). Author approx. 350 works on the problems of general and French. language knowledge. Main region scientific. interests: contrastive linguistics, typology, semantics, grammar, lexicography, theory by Chl. Parisian lingual. about-va (since 1966), member. Sci. Council for Lexicology and Lexicography at the Russian Academy of Sciences, member. Sci. Council "Languages ​​of the World" at the Russian Academy of Sciences, member. editorial boards “Questions of language knowledge”, “Filol. science "and other works: Franz. spelling, M., 1956, 1959, 1985; Theoretical grammar of French. yaz., t. 1-2, M., 1979-1981, 1986; Comparative typology of French. and Russian. yaz., M., 1977, 1983, 1989; New French-Russian dictionary, M, 1994 (with K.A. Ganshina).

gakogen
has abstract: GAKOGEN (Kagan) Mordechai (Mark) (1856, Mogilev - 1936), writer. At the age of 18, he began to publish in Zh. in Hebrew "Ha-Levanon", "Ha-Tsfira" and "Ha-Kol", and from 1876 he worked in the editorial board. g. "Ga-Shahar". In 1878, publ. large art. with harsh criticism of the movement of the gascal. No less widespread resonance had his art. in "Ha-Melitz" (1879) about the terrible econom. position grew. Jewry. In 1878 he moved to St. Petersburg, where in 1880 publ. overview of the position of Heb. farmers in the present. Russia. In 1881 he joined the Khivat-Tzion movement and in the same year published Art. "Kama ve na'ale Tsi-on" ("Get up and go to Zion"), the first of the ser. Art. about a new movement. In the end. 1889 visited by E.-I. and publ. my impressions at "Ha-Melitz". In 1891 he founded two societies to support the Jews. settlements in E.-I. After another trip to E.-I. criticized the colonial activities of "Hovevey Zion" and their representative Zeev Temkin. Delegate to the 1st Zionist. Congr. (1897), G. was the first to deliver his speech in Hebrew. From 1907 in E.-I. As one of the founders of Tel Aviv, he played actively. role in the economy and cultural. life of Yishuv, helped by ed. the first month. Youth g. "Moledet", ed. to-rogo became later. He was one of the organizers of the Hebrew Writers' Association. Art. G. differed in practice. approach to modern. problems and included the requirement to create econ. basis for Heb. nationalism. Among his works in Hebrew: Sat. Art. and stories (vols. 1-2, 1904), memoirs "Kvar" (1923), "Olami" (v. 1-5, 1927-29), diary 1st world. war "Milchemet ha-amim" (vols. 1-5, 1929-30), collection Art. about E.-I. (1933), biogr. essays on writers writing in Hebrew, and Zionist, the leaders of "Sefer Shmot" (1938). He died in E.-I.

gakogen david
has abstract: GAKOGEN David (1898, Gomel, Mogilev province - 1985, Haifa), lawyer, economist, diplomat. In E.-I. from 1907. He studied at the Military. Academy (Istanbul, 1916), School of Economics, University of London (1920–23). Dep. Knesset (1949–53), member. To-that foreign affairs and security (since 1963); one of the founders and member. council director., managing director. Solel Bone Ltd (1924–53); member Haifa mountains. council (1927-50); Ambassador of Israel to Burma (1953–55); member delegation of Israel to Gen. UN Assembly (1951, 1954-56, 1958, 1960, 1962), dep. Israel to Int. parliamentary union, member. Council and polit. to-that party Mapai.

galant iljya
has abstract: GALANT Ilya (Eliyahu) Vladimirovich (1867, according to other data 1868, Nezhin, Chernigov province - after 1939), historian. Received a tradition. Heb. education. Under the influence of his acquaintance with the teachers of the Nizhyn Lyceum, he took up self-education. Later he taught Heb. history in Heb. school in Kiev, studied the history of the Jews in Ukraine, sotr. g. "Kievskaya starina", "Voskhod", etc., in which publ. a number of his works. One of the initiators created. Heb. ist. commission at Ukr. AN (1919), from 1924 secret .. (and actual hands.) Heb. historical-archaeographic. Commission at the VUA (in the literature, known as the "Talent Commission." In the late 1920s, the activities of G. and the commission were sharply criticized by the Evsektsiya, in 1929 the commission ceased its work.

galanter boris davidovich
has abstract: GALANTER Boris Davidovich (1935, Kiev - 1992, Moscow), operator. In 1959 he graduated from operator courses at the c / st. them. A.P. Dovzhenko in Kiev. He made his debut in cinema at the cinema. "Kirgizfilm" - "Boomerang" (1964), "There, Beyond the Mountains, the Horizon" (1965), together with a group of other documentary filmmakers (I.A. and Yu.A. Gershtein, L. Gurevich) the beginning of "Kirg" ... schools doc. cinema. Since 1967 - at Sverdl. to / st., where he filmed "The best years of our life" (1967), "Klondike" (1969), "Where is your home" (1971), "20 days of hot summer" (1973), "Juliet" ( 1974), “The Last Games” (1975), “The Village Rode” (1977). Since the late 1970s. filmed game f. on television - "The Life of Beethoven", "And I am with you again ..." and others. In the last years of his life he did not work.

galay binjyamin
has abstract: GALAY Binyamin (1921, Vladivostok - 1995), writer and journalist, writes in Hebrew. In E.-I. since 1926. The author is poetic. collection of works "On Board of Compassion" (1958), "Journey to the North" (1968), collection of plays "Sodom City" (1952), rom. "Chronicle of Gemimi" (1969), stories for children, etc. He translated a number of European plays into Hebrew. playwrights, including "The Bedbug" by V.V. Mayakovsky. Most of the products. G. are written in the style of grotesque satire, verse 2, in the lane. in Russian lang. publ. in the book. “Poets of Israel (M., 1963).

galerkin boris grigorjevich
has abstract: GALYORKIN Boris Grigorievich (1871, Polotsk, Vitebsk province. - 1945, Leningrad), scientist in the region. theory of elasticity, specialist in the design of industrial and hydraulic engineering. structures, acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1935), member. Academy of Architecture of the USSR, Lieutenant General Ing. troops (1942), honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1934). Graduated in 1899 Petersburg. technol. in-t. Since 1904, members bureau Petersburg. Committee of the RSDLP. In 1906 he was sentenced to 1.5 years for participation in the roar. movement. From 1909 he taught at St. Petersburg. polytechnic in-those, then to Petrograd. un-those, Ying-those ing. ways of communication (prof. from 1920). In 1939–45, dir. Institute of Mechanics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main research in the region. builds, mechanics and the theory of elasticity, which contributed to the introduction of modern. methods of mat. analysis into the calculations of Ing. structures, the decision of many. important spaces, problems of the theory of elasticity. He determined the limits of applicability of the elementary theory of bending of plates, introduced new assumptions in the theory of shells and developed mat. the theory of cylindrical. shells, which made it possible to apply it when calculating pipelines under an arbitrary load. G. was a consultant in the design and construction of large hydroelectric power plants (Volkhovskaya, Dneproges, Dzorages, etc.), as well as thermal power plants, Magnitostroi and other facilities. Since 1938 - otv. editor w. "Applied Mathematics and Mechanics". Became. pr. (1942). Works: Collected. cit., t. 1–2, M., 1952–53.

galevi
has abstract: GALEVI (Gurevich) Moshe (1895, Mstislavl - 1974, Tel Aviv), actor, director, theater, activist. In 1914-17 he studied at technical. school in Moscow. One of the founders (in 1917), in 1918 25 - actor and director. t-ra "Habima" (Moscow). From 1925 in E.-I. In 1925 - founder and dir. (until 1953) t-ra "Ogel". Fast. St. 70 performances, incl. staging of "Song of Songs", "The Witch" by A. Goldfaden, "The Power of Darkness" by Leo Tolstoy, "King Lear" by W. Shakespeare, "Bourgeois in the Nobility" by Moliere, "At the Bottom" by M. Gorky. Organizer of dramas, studio in Jerusalem. The author of Art. about the theater, art.

gali
has abstract: GALI, a city (since 1932), a regional center in Abkhazia (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Kutaisi province. In 1921-91 it was a part of the Georgian SSR. In 1926 there was 1 Jew in Georgia, in 1939 - 4, in 1959 - 3, in 1970 - 26, in 1979 - 6 Jews. b. including Jews G. left for Israel.

galich
has abstract: GALICH, city, regional center in the Kostroma region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1238. In the 13th century. - the center of the Galician prince, in 1363 annexed to the Moscow prince. In 1708 it became part of the Arkhangelsk province, in 1719 - a provincial city of the same province, from 1778 - the district town of the Kostroma governorate, then - a province. 65 Jews lived in Georgia in 1910, and 52 Jews in 1939. there was a temporary chapel.

galich aleksandr arkadjevich
has abstract: GALICH Alexander Arkadievich (real family. Ginzburg) (1918, Ekaterinoslav - 1977, Paris), poet, playwright. He studied at the theater. K.S. Stanislavsky's studio. In 1941–45 he was an actor fr. t-ra, since 1945 - prof. writer: the comedy "Taimyr Calls You" (1948), the screenplay "True Friends" (1954), the forbidden play "Sailor's Silence", among the heroes there are Jews. G. - one of the founders of the genre of the author's song, where he is at the same time. poet, comp. and performer. From the beginning. 1960s his ballad songs have become widespread in tape recordings. In her poems and songs, G. spoke of herself to the street, the population of communal apartments and backyards, the habitués of shalmans and eateries, they capture the specifics. ordinary owl jargon. the layman, which makes his poetry a kind of t-rom, where various human types pass before the reader. At the same time, G. was able to express the feeling of change that had been hovering after the 20th congress, to tell about his generation that survived the war, the loss of loved ones, fear of repression, confusion in front of lies and mental confusion, to touch the most painful points of the present. life. A number of songs reflect the tragedy of the Jews during the Holocaust (a poem in the songs "Kadish" dedicated to Y. Korchak; verses in memory of S.M. Mikhoels; the cycle "Songs of the Exodus" about the departure of Soviet Jews to Israel, etc.). For participation in the human rights movement in 1971 he was expelled from the Union of Writers and Cinematographers. Since 1974 - in Paris. Collection of verses, and G.'s songs were published abroad ("Generation of the Doomed", 1972; "When I Come Back", 1977, etc.). He died tragically in an accident (electric shock). In the 1990s. in Russia there were several. albums of recordings of songs G. and a number of sat. verse., dram. manuf. and prose "I choose freedom" (M., 1991), "Dress rehearsal" (M., 1991), etc.

galich leonid evgenjevich
has abstract: GALICH Leonid Evgenievich (real fam. Gabrilovich) (1878, Petersburg - 1953, New York), lit. critic, publicist. R. in the family of a doctor. He graduated from high school, then mat. and natures. f-you Petersburg. un-that (1899). In 1909 he passed the exam for a master's degree (historical-philological f-t) and was admitted to lecturing at the department. philosophy in sound. privat-assoc. He made his debut as a writer in 1895. Since 1901 he has been actively publishing art. and reviews in decomp. periodic. ed. ("News", "Russian Word", "Rech", etc.). He wrote sympathetically about symbolism. In 1905 he was in charge of the department. in the first. legalized. Bolshevik. gas. "New. life ”, where publ. polit. notes. After 1905 he occupied a more moderate, polit. position. In 1905 he published the brochure "The Newest Rus. metaphysics (idealism of P. Struve) ”. Publ. Art. on the theory of knowledge in the collection of articles "Questions of Philosophy and Psychology." After leaving Russia in 1917, he was published in emigre. press.

galili israelj
has abstract: GALILI Israel (1911, Brailov of Vinnitsa u. Podolsk province. - 1986, Israel), state. and military. activist. In E.-I. since 1915. An active participant in the first Is. youth workers' organizations, one of the founders of the first kibbutz of the youth workers movement (Naan, 1930). In 1941 he became part of the command of the Heb. military. org-tion (Gagany), in 1945–47 one of the hands. underground struggle against the English. authorities. During the War of Independence (1948-49) min. Defense of Israel, supervised the acquisition of weapons for Israel. army. Dep. Knesset 1-8 convocations, active leader of the MAP AM party, Izr. Party of Labor (since 1968), Akhdut ha-Avoda (since 1954), in 1966–77 - min. without portfolio (until 1970 - responsible for the information service in Israel).

galin aleksandr mikhaylovich
has abstract: GALIN Alexander Mikhailovich (b. 1947, Alekseevka, Rostov region), playwright. He worked as a milling machine operator at the plant, an actor, and hands. theater. studio at LSU. Graduated from Leningrad. Institute of Culture. He has been writing plays and screenplays since 1975. He successfully debuted in 1980 with his play "Retro", and in 1984 it remained the second most visited (about 220 thousand viewers). The success was supported by the plays "Eastern Stand" (1982), "Star in the Morning Sky". In the play "Sorry!" (1993) chap. the topic is emigration to Israel, to a cut of Russian. the hero, who has changed his name, calls on his Russian beloved.

galitsiya vostochnaya
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ГАЛИЦИЯ ВОСТОЧНАЯ, историческое название области на западе Украины (совр. Ивано-Франковская, Львовская и Тернопольская обл.). (Зап. Галиция — терр. совр. Жешувского и б. ч. Краковского воеводств в составе Республики Польша.) С 1352 — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 — Речи Посполитой, в 1772 — 1918 — в провинции Кор-ва Галиции и Лодомерии с Вел. герцогством Краковским в составе Австрийской империи (с 1867 — Австро-Венгрии). В 1919—39 — в составе Польши, в 1939—91 — УССР.Начиная с 14 в. Г. В. — одно из крупнейших мест сосредоточения вост.-европ. еврейства. Первое упом. о появлении евреев относится к 11 в., когда Г. В., как и вся Галиция, входила в состав Галицкого (с 1230-х гг. Галицко-Волынского) кн-ва. В 14 в. появились еврейские общины во Львове и Галиче, в 15 в. — в др. городах Г. В. В кон. 15 в. в край переселились евреи, бежавшие от преследований из Испании, Португалии и др. европ. стран, что значительно увеличило численность еврейского населения Г. В. К 1500 еврейские общины существовали в 25 городах. Польск. короли предоставили еврейским общинам автономию, включая судебную, и уже в 1-й пол. 16 в. в Г. В. сложилась стабильная система еврейского самоуправления. Общины подчинялись окр. ваадам, к-рые в свою очередь подчинялись общепольск. «Вааду четырех земель». Г. В. входила в состав одной из этих земель — Львовской (Червонная Русь). Духовными главами общин являлись раввины, как правило, назначавшиеся королем или его наместником. Большое внимание общины уделяли еврейскому образованию, открывая хедеры и иешивы; среди последних выделялись иешивы во Львове и Остроге.Евреи Г. В. играли заметную роль в экономике края, особенно это касалось внешн. торговли (экспортно-импортные, транзитные торг. операции). Кр. торг. центром в общепольск. масштабах был Львов. Ведущие места во внутр. оптовой торговле и в банковском деле также занимали евреи; они были кредиторами польск. королей и магнатов, часто брали у них на откуп сбор налогов, а…

galitskiy
has abstract: GALITSKY (ps. Kuba Galitsky; real family. Goldenberg) Yakov Markovich (1890, Elisavetgrad, Kherson province - 1963, Moscow), writer. Brother A.M. Argo. After graduating from the school (1909) he studied at St. Petersburg. un-those on legal. f-those (1910-13) and at the same time. in cons. on the vocal department (not finished). Since 1918 - in Kr. Army. In 1919–20 he headed the theater. branch in the political department of the Twelfth Army, in 1920-21 - thin. hands. Red Army t-ra in Kharkov. From 1921 in Moscow, worked as a laboratory assistant in the workshop of the communist. drama. In 1923-24 there was lit. sotr. "Rabochaya Gazeta", in 1925-26 head. Literary section "Radio Newspapers". The first play "Iron Heel" (based on the novel by J. London) was written by et al. with D.P. Smolin (1922). The play-pamphlet "Minister's career" (co-authored with E. I. Kaminka) and his own. the play-buffoonery "Saint from under the stick" was published in 1929 in "Mo-steakinoprechat". In 1931, together with A.M. Argo, he wrote the libre. op-you "Polar Passions". For op. t-ra them. K.S. Stanislavsky writes libre. op. "Darvaz Gorge" (comp. LB Stepanov) and a new version of the libre. op. J. Verdi's "Masquerade Ball" (staged in 1939 and 1940). Author pl. songs, including the popular song "Little Blue Scarf" (to music by E. Petersburgsky). The premiere of the song took place in 1940. During the war years wrote one-act plays for fr. t-dv: "Honor", "Cave" "Her Heart" (1941) and others. Author of the plays "The Tale of a Tragedian" ("Pavel Mochalov", 1939) and "Moliere's Youth" (1949), as well as a number of orig. and per. opera. libre, e.g. "Coast of Storms" (comp. G. Ernesaks). In the lane. G. published poems by Polish, Hungarian, Czech poets.

galitskiy viktor mikhaylovich
has abstract: GALITSKY Viktor Mikhailovich (1924, Moscow - 1981, ibid.), Theoretical physicist, Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1976). After graduating from school (1942), he went to the front, was a com. art. platoon, after a serious injury (1943) demobilized, entered Moscow. Aviation in-t. In 1946 he switched to engineer-physical. Faculty of Moscow mechanical Institute (now MEPhI), to-ry graduated in 1949. In 1948-60 worked in the Lab. No. 2 of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1955 Institute of Atomic. energy, at the same time. taught at MEPhI, in 1960–62 and in 1965–71 head. department of this institute. In 1962–65 at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk). In 1971 he became the head of the theor. lab. Institute of Nuclear Energy, and since 1973 dir. dep. general and nuclear physics of this institute. Sci. G.'s interests are diverse. Early work on nuclear physics, physics of accelerators, the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion. Developed (with A.B. Migdal) the method of collective variables for describing plasma. Later he was engaged in general questions of the theory of condensers. Wednesday Works on the application of methods of quantum field theory to the problem of many others. bodies brought G. peace. fame. Completed a number of works on the theory of electromagnets. interactions of high-energy particles and research. multiphonic processes at installations with colliding beams. Solved a number of problems in the theory of gas lasers and semiconductor generators. Developed a research program. high energy heavy ion collisions. The author is numerous. Art. and two monographs. Works: Theory of collisions of atomic particles, Moscow, 1981 (with EE Nikitin and BM Smirnov); Problems in Quantum Mechanics, Moscow, 1981 (with B.M. Karnakov and V.I.Kogan).

galj
has abstract: GAL (real name of Galperin) Nora (Eleonora) Yakovlevna (1912, Odessa - 1991, Moscow), translator, critic. R. in the family of a doctor. In 1932 she entered the Ed.-ed. Institute (RIIN), after its closure (1933) moved to Moscow. state ped. Institute (MGPI), after graduation (1937) she studied in graduate school. Cand. philol. Sciences (1941, dis. about the work of A. Rembo). Since the 1950s. dealt mainly with lane. from English and fr. lang. She translated 25 rum. and p., more than 100 short stories and stories. I started with the lane. classics for sobr. op. and dep. Sat. in a number of leading moscow. publishing house: "Smoke and the Kid" by J. London (1956), "Obsessed" by Charles Dickens (1959), stories by E. Poe, O. Henry, F. Bret Hart. Later she was more attracted to psychology. prose of the 20th century She managed to recreate the originality of the author's manner of such writers as R. Aldington (Death of a Hero, 1961), A. Camus (The Stranger, 1968), F. Nourisier (The Master of the House, 1972), J.C. Oates ( "Garden of Earthly Joys", 1973), K. McCullough ("The Thorns Singers", 1980), K.E. Porter ("Ship of Fools", 1989), N. Shute ("The Pied Piper" and "On the Shore", 1991 ), as well as the masters of the short story: W.C. Moehm, J. Salinger, O. Huxley, C. Anderson, J. Duhamel. She opened Russian. to the reader of The Little Prince A. de Saint-Exupery (1959, then followed by numerous re-editions), trans. also his Planet of the People (1964) and Letter to a Hostage (1973). G. was able to reliably convey the speech and psychology of adolescents, such as, for example. in rum. To Kill a Mockingbird by H. Lee (1963, with R.E. Oblonskaya) and novels by F. Ellens. Among her lane. and scientific. fantasy: "All Living ..." by K. Saymak (1967), "Food of the Gods" by H. Wells (1968), "The End of Childhood" by A. Clarke (1991) and 27 short stories by R. Bradbury and others, and plays: Dangerous Bend and Time and the Conway Family by JB Priestley (1990). Author of "The Tale …

galjbershtadt isay solomonovich
has abstract: GALBERSTADT Isai Solomonovich (1842, Odessa - 1892, Moscow), lawyer, societies, activist. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1864), served in Moscow. archive of the Ministry of Justice and in car washes. dep. Senate, after the trial. reform of 1864 passed to the estate of attorneys at law. Known for his speeches in defense of the victims of the Jews. pogroms of 1881, organized a campaign to help Jews expelled from Moscow in 1891 by order of Moscow. gen.-lips. led. Prince Sergei Alexandrovich. In the 1860s. collaborated in the train. "Dawn" by O. Rabinovich.

galjbershtadt vitaliy
has abstract: GALBERSTADT Vitaly (1903, Odessa - 1967, Paris), chess. composer; int. chess arbiter. compositions (1957), ed. department of studies "Tem-64" (Paris, 1956-66). From 1924 he published approx. 200 etudes and 25 problems, 20 of them were awarded first prizes. The author of a number of books. in chess. compositions.

galjbshtadt
has abstract: GALBSTADT, see Molochansk.

galjper arkadiy moiseevich
has abstract: GALPER Arkady Moiseevich (b. 1931, Moscow), physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. sciences, prof., ch.-k. Academy of Cosmonautics. K.E. Tsiolkovsky. At the end of Moscow. engineer-phys. Institute (1954) worked at the Institute of Physics Arm. SSR and the United Institute of Nuclear Research. (Dubna). Since 1959 - in Moscow. engineer-phys. in-those (prof., organizer and head of laboratory. Cosmic research). scientific. research conducted in manned orbits. cosm. Art. and arts. satellites of the Earth. Main directions of research: physics of high energies (K-mesons), high-energy. electron-positron component of the cosmic. radiation, primary cosmic. gamma radiation and gamma radiation from the Sun, cosmic. scientific. instrumentation. The author of St. 150 scientific. publications, head of scientific. schools. Member Sci. council on the complex problem "Space. rays "RAS, member. section on “Vneatmosf. astronomy "RAS, scientific. hands. int. cosm. project "Gamma-I". State pr. USSR (1986).

galjper bentsion
has abstract: GALPER Benzion (1884, borough Zhaslyai Troksky u. Vilna province - 1924), orientalist, Hebraist, Arabist. He emigrated to Germany, then to England. In 1907 he began to study the Semitic. lang. in London un-those. At the same time. studied in Heb. college. In 1910 he spent a year in Egypt at the expense of un-that. During this period he regularly collaborated in the railway station. "Ha-Yehudi". From 1911 in New York, he worked as a classifier and copyist of fragments from the geniza in the library Heb. theological. seminaries. In 1912, a graduate student at the College. Dropsy in Philadelphia, from 1913 he taught in rabbinical departments. lit-ry and Semitic, lang., since 1923 adjunct-prof. Semitic, lang. Curator of the college manuscripts. In 1916-24 ed. Heb. published. associations of America. Among the fragments of the geniza, transferred by S. Adler to the College. Dropsi, G. discovered a part of the "Sefer ha-Mitsvot" ("Book of prescriptions") of the halachist and philosopher of the 10th century. Hefez bin Yatsli'aha. He translated it into Hebrew, then publ. like the original Arab. text and as per. with a preface and commentary (1915). Published by him scientific-popul. the anthology “Post-Biblical Literature in Hebrew” (in Hebrew and English, vols. 1–2, 1921), contained some previously unpublished texts with commentaries and a glossary. Under the heading "Shirat Israel" (1924) G. publ. new version and lane. in the Hebrew treatise of the outstanding Heb. poet of the 12th century Moshe ibn Ezra "Kitab al-muhadara v-al-muzakara" ("Book of Conversations and Memories"). Main scientific. works include "Formation of participles from verbs with double consonants" (1910), "Chanting of the Middle-century. Heb. poetry "(1914), the original manuscript" Respons of Maimonides "(1916)," Funeral Song for the Death of Gaon Daniel "(1920)," Describe. catalog of fragments of geniza in Philadelphia ”(1924), analysis of discoveries in geniza, and analysis of Heb. lit-ry in Arabic.…

galjperin
has abstract: GALPERIN (Gelpern) Michael (Michl) (1860, Vilna - 1919, Safed), one of the organizers of the first settlements in E.-I., a socialist Zionist. After Heb. pogroms of 1881 in southern Russia joined the Zionist, the Hovevey Zion movement. From 1886 - in E.-I. He settled in Rishon Le-Zion, supported the struggle of s.-kh. workers against the administration of Baron E. Rothschild. Having thus received an inheritance, he donated large sums for the acquisition of land for the Hebrews. settlements. In the end. 1890s returned to Russia, led the propaganda of the ideas of workers' Zionism among the Jews. youth. After the Kishinev pogrom (1903), he organized detachments of Jews. self-defense, led combat groups in Vilna and other cities. Set the goal of creating Heb. armed forces for the conquest of E.-I. and the creation of Heb. state-va. From 1905 - again in E.-I., worked with.-kh. workers, served in the protection of Heb. settlements. The moshav Givat Michael near Nes Ziona is named in honor of G. G.'s son - Irmiyahu (Irma) (1901, Smolensk - 1962, Tel Aviv), one of the hands. youth Zionist. org-tion Beitar, sailor. In E.-I. from 1913. At the end. 1920s - 30s was engaged in the creation of self-defense courses in Europe, where thousands of members were trained. movement. In 1934 he created and led the sea. Beitar school in Civitavecchia (Italy). In 1949 he founded More. museum in Eilat. The author of the book. "My Father Michael Halperin" (1964).

galjperin-kaminskiy iljya danilovich
has abstract: GALPERIN-KAMINSKY Ilya Danilovich (1858-1936), writer. Studied in nature. f-those of the Sorbonne. He began to write in French. g. while still a student, and since mid. 1880s became one of the naib. Izv. French-Russian leaders. lit. movement; placed in decomp. French bodies of a set of Art. about Russia and per. in French lang. Leo Tolstoy, F.M.Dostoevsky, A.S. Pushkin and other prominent writers (50 volumes in total). G. was also the initiator of teaching Russian. lang. in French uch. institutions; taught at the Sorbonne. Per. in Russian lang. a number of plays by V. Sardou, A. Daude and others; also wrote in Russian. ed.

galjperin aleksandr ljvovich
has abstract: GALPERIN Alexander Lvovich (1896, Baku - 1960, Moscow), orientalist, historian and economist, Dr. Sciences (1947), prof. (1958). Graduated from History-Philology. Faculty of Petrograd un-that (1922), in 1924 - Leningrad. east in-t. Lecturer, Assoc. Military. Academy of the Red Army (1932–40), Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (1934–35), Moscow. state ped. in-ta them. VI Lenin (1941–46), East. f-that and Ying-that east. lang. at Moscow State University (1945–60). Sci. sotr. Ying-that world. x-va and the world. Politics (1934–40), Tychook. Institute (1942–50), Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1950 60). The author of St. 100 scientific. tr. on the history of Japan and several countries of the South-East. Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines), about the genesis of capitalism (1956, 1962) and econ. crisis in Japan, it is legislated. and polit. preparation for war (1955), as well as the study of the nicks. D. East in growing. ist. science. Among the works: “Anglo-Japanese. Union 1902-1921 "(M., 1947)," Essays on the modern history of Japan "(M., 1957, et al.)," Essays on the new history of Japan "(M., 1958)," Essays on socialist-polit. history of Japan in the period of late feudalism ”(Moscow, 1963). Resp. ed. “History of the countries of the world. East on Wed. century "(M., 1957)," World history "(vols. 4, 6).

galjperin aleksandr vladimirovich
has abstract: GALPERIN Alexander Vladimirovich (1907, Baku - 1995, Moscow), cameraman. In the cinema since 1926 (assistant operator, operator). Debuted F. Scandalous Story (1927). I took off a number of docs. f. In 1936 he graduated from the camera department of VGIK, in the same year he teaches there, leads a creative workshop, then prof. F .: "Business and People" (1932), "Space Flight" (1936), "Tractor Drivers" (1939), "Women" (1940), "Air Cab" (1943), "Court of Honor" (1949). Author of books and publications, account. manuals on camera skills. One of the creators of owls. opera. schools. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1968). Became. pr. (1949).

galjperin anatoliy vladimirovich
has abstract: GALPERIN Anatoly Vladimirovich (1923, Petrograd - 1966, Moscow), Hero of the Sov. Union (1944). Graduated from Military Art. Ing. academy (1948). In Kr. Army from July 1941. Graduated from acceleration. course art. uch-schA. In fr. - from February 1942. Com. batteries, Art. leith. G. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the courage shown in the battle in the Pskov region. After the war he continued to serve in the army. Colonel.

galjperin ber ljvovich
has abstract: GALPERIN Ber Lvovich (1902, Dzevenishki of Oshmyansky u. Vilna province - 1984, Vilnius), prose writer, engineer-builder. Participated in the underground roar. movement in Poland. In the end. 1920s debuted a publicist. materials in Paris. In the 30s. left for Uruguay, became one of the editors. gas. "Unser Freint" (Montevideo). In 1936 he returned to Poland and settled in Vilno. From 1965 he worked at the railway station. "Sovetish gameland", where it was published. his first story is “Foreman Monya”. The author of dozens of stories, essays, critical. Art., verse. per. with lit. lang. in Yiddish. In the last years of G.'s life. place in his work was occupied by ist. theme (images of prominent personalities in the history of Jewish enlightenment, people's heroes). Most of the works written in the 1960s-80s are included in the book. Mein Ihesh (My Genealogy, 1978) and Istapsheh Ganefesh (Confession, 1984).

galjperin eduard izrailevich
has abstract: GALPERIN Eduard Izrailevich (b. 1931, Moscow), surgeon, Dr. med. Sciences (1966), prof. In 1955 he graduated from the 1st Moscow. honey. in-t. In 1955-70 resident, Jr., Art. scientific. sotr. and head. surgeon dep. Moscow in-that ambulance to them. N.V. Sklifosovsky. In 1979–80 the head. dep. surgery of the liver Ying-that transplantology and arts, organs. Since 1980 - hands. dep. liver surgery and metabolic surgery Mosk. honey. academy named after I.M.Sechenov, G. - one of the leading specialists in the country in the region. surgery of the liver and biliary tract. One of the first in the USSR to successfully develop the problem of liver transplantation, carried out extracorporeal connection of the liver of patients with acute hepatocerebral insufficiency. He proposed original methods of radiopaque examination. biliary tract. Works: Contrast research. in surgery of the biliary tract, M., 1964 (et al.); Surgery of the extrahepatic bile ducts, M., 1971 (et al.); Liver failure, M., 1978, (et al.); Non-standard situations during operations on the liver and biliary tract, M., 1987 (et al.); Diseases of the biliary tract after cholecystectomy, M., 1988.

galjperin fedor matveevich
has abstract: GALPERIN Fedor Matveyevich (1903, Ekaterinoslav - |), metal physicist, creator of armored steel. He graduated in 1929 Moscow. un-t and in 1936 graduate school. He worked in Moscow. Aviation technol. in-those (scientific researcher, in 1941-43 head of the department). At the same time. head lab. Institute of Metallurgy of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1945 headed the Institute. In 1942, he developed the composition of a new steel grade, which during the war found application for the manufacture of tank parts for all tank construction. s-dakh of the country. Became. etc. (1943).

galjperin georgiy ljvovich
has abstract: GALPERIN Georgy Lvovich (1926, Kamenets-Podolsky - 1986, Moscow), Africanist, expert on Ethiopian problems, publicist, international journalist, Ph.D. Sciences (1981), graduated from Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (1950), taught at a number of higher. uch. institutions. Since 1968 - commentator Ch. radio broadcasting editors to the countries of Africa State Television and Radio Broadcasting. Member Union of Journalists of the USSR; member Board of Friendship Society "USSR-Ethiopia". The author of the book., As well as numerous. Art. in Zh. Works: Equator near, M., 1968; Ethiopia: (Geographical information), M., 1973; Ethiopia: Population, resources, x-in, M., 1978; Ethiopia: Revolution and Village, M., 1985.

galjperin goratsiy
has abstract: GALPERIN Horace (1916, Petrograd - 1964), banker, societies. activist, a descendant of Baron G.O. Gintsburg. In 1919 he left Russia with his family and settled in France. In 1934–37 he studied at the Free School of Polit. Sciences (Paris). Member of the 2nd world. war (awarded the order. "Cross of Glory"). In 1944 he studied at the University of Geneva. Later he headed a number of companies and joint stock companies. about-in. Member Central Committee of the World. Heb. union ("Israelite Alliance") and United. social Heb. fund, a number of other international. Heb. org-tions. Member to-that French. org-tion of rehabilitation through training.

galjperin iekhielj
has abstract: GALPERIN Iekhiel (1880, Priluki, Chernigov province - 1942, Tel Aviv), teacher, supporter of the introduction of Hebrew as a basis. language in preschool education. He founded the first children in Warsaw in 1909. gardens with teaching in Hebrew, in 1910 - a seminary for the training of teachers for children. gardens, in 1914 - the same seminary in Odessa. From 1920 in E.-I., in 1922–25 - inspector of the Hebrews. children kindergartens, in 1926 he headed the Preschool department teaches, seminary in Tel Aviv, in 1936 he organized a school there for educators of children. gardens. Published ped. g. "Ga-gina" ("Sadik", from 1917 - in Odessa, in 1922–25 in Jerusalem). Author of works on pedagogy, children. fairy tales and songs. Posthumous. collection op. in 3 books. (1942, 1945, 1952) Art. G.'s son is the poet I. Ratosh.

galjperin izrailj
has abstract: GALPERIN Israel (| - |), financier and societies. worker of the 1st floor. 19th century He lived in Berdichev, acted as a secular defender of Hasidism, and therefore enjoyed prestige as among the Jews of the South-West. region, and the local administration. This means that thanks to G.'s efforts, it was possible to prevent new. anti-Jew. restrictions. Supporter of Heb. traditions and opponent of the penetration of Europe. education among the Jews, G. sharply opposed educated Jewry, but in the 1840s. supported by governments. reform of Heb. education, in 1843, like the leader of the Lubavitch Hasidim Sh.B. Shneerson, he accepted an offer to join a special commission under the Min-ve Nar. education "to promote the types of pr-va" in the reform of the Hebrews. education. Opponents of G., seeking to undermine his influence, succeeded in declaring him an insolvent debtor and imprisonment in debt, from where he was released only on the eve of his death.

galjperin khaim
has abstract: GALPERIN Chaim (1895, Kanev, Kiev province - 1973, Tel Aviv), agronomist and economist. In 1923 he graduated from the Kharkov agricultural. in-t. In E.-I. from 1924. He was one of the founders of agricultural. Bank and Higher. s.-kh. schools them. A.Rupin. In 1931–48 gen. sec. Union of agricultural workers E.-I. In 1948 50 - gen. dir. Min-va s. x-va. Since 1951 - director. s.-kh. bank. He taught in Heb. University of Jerusalem since 1951 (prof. - from 1957, honored prof. - from 1964). State pr. Israel (agronomy and agriculture) in 1973 for tr. on economics with. x-va.

galjperin mikhaelj andzhelo
has abstract: GALPERIN Michael Angelo (b. 1909, Warsaw), economist. He studied in Geneva, where he settled. Prof. Institute of International research in Geneva. Main field of activity: finance, banking and international. economics, international analysis currency crisis situations. Author pl. publications, among them: “Intern. trade "(1947, 1952)," Research. econom. nationalism "(1960)," Gold and the monetary system "(1962).

galjperin mikhail
has abstract: GALPERIN Mikhail (1823, Petrokov, Kingdom of Poland - 1888), journalist and writer. Since 1842 in Hungary, where he joined the Hungarian liberal movement and became famous. as a poet of the revolution. After the suppression of the Revolution of 1848, he went into hiding and lived for several months in Paris. From 1856 - in the USA, where until 1858 he taught at the schools of the Society of Hebrews. education in Philadelphia, then moved to Brooklyn, where he was ed. and sotr. Appleton's New American Encyclopedia (1858–63); later worked as an assistant to the ed. when revising this ed. (1872–76). Collaborated at New York Gas. “Tribune”, in 1865–88 - in “Nation” by E.L. Godkin. G. was considered one of the outstanding American authors on European issues. literature and politics. In the 1880s. participated in the work of the Society for Assistance to Emigrants and advocated the idea of ​​creating settlements in Russian. Heb. emigrants per piece Oregon, Dakota and New Jersey. Art. G.'s son - Angelo (1853–1907), geologist, traveler and writer. Made several. exp., including an ascent to the active volcano Pele and exp. to the Arctic to provide assistance to Piri (1892). Younger son of G. - Louis (1856, Miskolc, Hungary - 1912), sotr. encyclopedias. He helped his father in republishing the American Encyclopedia (1872–76), compiled “East. reference book "(1884), was ed. Nelson's Encyclopedia, Assistant Ed. "New International Encyclopedia" and joint venture. with his brother he edited Lipincott's New Gazetteer (1905).

galjperin mikhail petrovich
has abstract: GALPERIN Mikhail Petrovich (1882, Kiev - 1944, Moscow), poet and translator. Graduated from Moscow. cons. (1902). From 1899 he was published in the railway station. "World of Art", "Bulletin of Europe", "Modern World", "Journal for All", "Variety", "Ramp and Life", first collection. - "Flicker" (M., 1912). In his work, he was influenced by S.Ya. Nadson and K.D. Balmont. party of the cadets, in the years of the 1st world. War was headed by the Bureau of the Press. In 1917 he published a number of collections. agitator. poems: about Feb. revolution, about the need for "war to a victorious end", etc. Collaborated with the Society "Young Wednesday". He translated W. Shakespeare into Russian. lang.

galjperin moisey borisovich
has abstract: GALPERIN Moisei Borisovich (1850 - |), sugar industrialist, commercial advisor (1906). Descended from ancient Heb. kind, izv. in Russia from the 18th century, received a home education, from 1871 he engaged in the production of sugar, becoming one of the largest sugar refineries in Russia. In the beginning. 20th century owned 8 sugar beet and three refineries with an annual production of 5 million poods of sand and 3.5 million poods of refined sugar, he also owned St. 50 thousand acres of land with sugar beet plantations. The cost of s-dov on the eve of the 1st world. the war was approx. 10 million rubles Was a pioneer in the export of Russian. sugar to Scandinavia, one of the largest exporters to Persia, Turkey and the countries of the E. East. Member was elected. Kiev Exchange Committee, was also a member. registration to-tov Petersburg. Int. Of the Accounting and Loan Banks. the trustee of the Kiev women's government, comrade (deputy) before. Kiev representative office in Heb. cases, before. Kiev Bureau Evr. colonization society. G. made large donations to the construction of hospitals for tuberculosis patients, an orphanage and an almshouse for the elderly in Kiev.

galjperin petr yakovlevich
has abstract: GALPERIN Pyotr Yakovlevich (1902, Kharkov - 1988, Moscow), psychologist, Dr. ped. Sciences (1965), prof. (1966). Graduated from Kharkov honey. in-t on special psychoneurology (1926), after which he was in charge of the lab. psychophysiology Kharkov psychoneurological. in-that. In 1941-43 the worker. in will restore, evacuation hospital in the Urals. Since 1943 associate professor, and since 1965 prof. department psychology of Moscow State University, head. department age psychology of psychology. Faculty of Moscow State University (since 1971). Research on the subject and method of psychology, on the problems of consciousness, developmental psychology. Honored. active Science of the RSFSR (1980). Cit .: The main results of research on the problem: Formation of mental actions and concepts, M., 1965; Experimental formation of attention, M., 1974 (et al.). Introduction to psychology, M., 1976.

galjperin vladimir mikhaylovich
has abstract: GALPERIN Vladimir Mikhailovich (1898, Sevastopol - 1971, Leningrad), architect. From 1923 post. sotr. A.S. Nikolsky's creative workshop. In 1925 he graduated from the Institute of Civil. Ing. in Leningrad. In 1927-36 he taught at Ing. f-those Leningrad. in-that engineer. communal building. Main works: the project of the Central Telegraph in Moscow (1925, with Nikolsky), the 1st mechanical bakery in Leningrad (1925, with Nikolsky), a school on Lesnoy Prospect. in Leningrad (1927-28), the House of Soviets in Ivanovo (1930-32), etc.

galjperina-ginzburg elena
has abstract: GALPERINA-GINZBURG Elena (1884, Mikhailovka Melitopolsky u. Tavricheskaya gubernia - 1922, Berlin), one of the first to grow. women lawyers. She studied jurisprudence at Ecole de Drois (Paris, 1907), was admitted to the exam to obtain a law practice in Kharkov. Her request for the possibility of legal. activity in Russia was sent to the Senate, but did not deserve to be put. answer. Later G.-G. settled in Kiev and devoted herself to journalism. and societies. activities. Its dep. essays were published under the general title Under the Banner of the Law (Berlin, 1923, in Russian).

galjperina bella davydovna
has abstract: GALPERINA Bella Davydovna (b. 1930, [Novograd-Volynskiy]] Zhytomyr region), historian, archaeographer, Dr. Sciences (1991). In 1953 she graduated from the Department of Archeology of History. Faculty at Leningrad State University (1953). In 1949–58 she worked at archeol. expeditions at hand. A.D. Stolyar and L.S. Klein. In 1953–58 she worked in the Library of the Academy of Sciences, in the Museum of Ethnography of the Peoples of the USSR, as a guide in the Peter and Paul Fortress. In 1958-79 scientific. sotr. Leningrad. branches Center. State archive Oct. revolutionary socialist. page-va. Since 1979 - at the Center. State archive of the USSR (Russian State Historical Archive), since 1991 Ch. scientific. sotr. The author of St. 80 scientific. works and doc. publications, including: "District Councils of Petrograd in 1917" (v. 1-3, M.-L., 1964-66, responsible compiler); "Factory and plant complexes in Petrograd in 1917" (v. 1–2, 1979–82, ed. and responsible compiler); “Special Journals of the Council of Min-dvs of Tsarist Russia” (vols. 1–5, Moscow, 1982–83, ed. And responsible compiler); “Council of min. Grew up. empire. 1905-1906 " (L., 1990, ed. And responsible. Comp.); "Petrograd. The workers 'and soldiers' council. deputies in 1917 " (v. 1–2, St. Petersburg, 1991–94, ed. and responsible compiler).

galjpern
has abstract: GALPERN (Raphael) Yom Tov Lipman (1816, Razan - 1879, Bialystok), rabbi and writer. The son of a rabbi. Since 1836 the rabbi in Krevo. Later he served in Koydanovo, Tsekhanovets, Mezhirechye and in Bialystok (1859). Coll. responses "Oneg Yom Tov" (in 2 hours, 1880) was highly regarded as a rabbi. circles. The author of the work edified. character under the same name. (1906). Played an active role in societies. life. Because of their criticism of prominent community figures who were discriminating. policy towards poor children in favor of the rich in the issue of selection for the military. service, G. was accused of disloyalty to growing up. pr-woo, prosecuted and sentenced to several. months in prison.

galjpern david yudelevich
has abstract: GALPERN David Yudelevich (1912-1977), engineer, specialist in the region. optics and optical instrumentation. In 1934 he graduated from Leningrad. Institute of Precision Mechanics and entered the design research. bureau Vses. associations of optical-mechanical. prom-sti, in 1936 he graduated from graduate school. From 1941 at the front. After 1945 he worked in the defense industry. Sci. tr. associated with the theory and practice of calculating optical. systems. Contributed to the development of optics of birefringent media and the theory of aberrations of higher. orders. Made original. work on the diffraction theory of image formation. Explained a number of phenomena occurring at the boundaries of images of objects decomp. forms, including the vernier effect. He established the limiting possibilities of apodization of optical instruments. systems. He developed a number of new devices, including wide-angle viewers, tubes, micro-lenses, geodesic. tubes with apochromatic. correction. He is one of the initiators of the use of computers for calculating optical. systems. Supervised the development of mat. apparatus that ensured the transition to automation. methods for calculating optical. systems. Author of 50 inventions. State pr. USSR (1968).

galjpern georg gad
has abstract: GALPERN Georg Gad (1878, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1962, Israel), economist, Zionist activist. movement. Studied economics in Germany (doctoral dissertation "Jewish workers in London", 1903). In his youth he joined the Zionists, from 1903 he participated in the World. Zionist. Congr. After creating. "Democratic. faction "- the closest assistant of H. Weizmann, financial advisor. questions and the administrator of the econom. structures of the World. Zionist. org-tion. The author of Art. by econ. questions in it. press. In 1921-28, the director. oil. company and prez. Heb. Colonial Bank in London, participated in the activities of the Anglo-Palestinian Bank, Palestinian Electric. corporation "Keren ha-Yesod", the Company for the acquisition of land, etc. Since 1933 in E.-I., where he founded the insurance company "Migdal" (1934), was a member. of the Board of Bank Leumi.

galjpern lipman
has abstract: GALPERN Lipman (1902, Bialystok - 1968, Jerusalem), neurologist. He graduated from the Konigsberg high fur University in 1928. In E.-I. - since 1934. In 1938 he founded a neurology cabinet in a clinic. Hospital Gadassah (Jerusalem) (since 1941 head of the neuropsychiatric department of the hospital), since 1946 he taught at the honey. f-those Heb. un-that in Jerusalem (prof. from 1949, dean from 1965). State pr. Israel in 1953 for research in the region. diseases of the extrapyramidal system, functions of the frontal region. the brain, the effect of body position on body functions, etc.

galjpern menasha
has abstract: GALPERN Menasha (1871, Krishpotovka Starokonstantinovskogo u. Volyn province - 1960, Sao Paulo, Brazil), poet, prose writer. At the age of 12-14 he began to write poetry in Hebrew and Yiddish. He wandered around Russia, lived on odd jobs. He debuted in literature in 1899 and has since been published in almost all popular Hebrews. publications. After the Kishinev pogrom (1903) he emigrated to America, published poems and stories in Hebrew. periodic. publications. In 1908 he returned to Russia, lived in Moscow, where in 1917 published. the book of poems and fairy tales "Zilberne Mountains" ("Silver Hair"). After Feb. Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd, collaborated in Heb. print. In 1918 he returned to Moscow, together with gr. writers founded "Mosk. circle of Heb. writers and artists ”and publishing house under him. In 1922 he moved to Kiev. In 1925 he emigrated, lived in Austria, then in Brazil. In Rio de Janeiro in 1934 he published the collection. stories "Fun altn brunem" ("From the old well"), in subsequent years came out his books of memoirs "Parchments", as well as poetic collections.

galjpern vladimir ivanovich
has abstract: GALPERN Vladimir Ivanovich (1919, Petrograd - 1944, Budapest), Hero of the Owl. Union (1945). In Kr. Army since 1939. He graduated from the Chelyabinsk tank-technical. uch-shche. In fr. - from June 1941. Tank platoon under the command of Art. leith. G. was the first to break into the outskirts of Budapest. Killed in battle.

galjpern yakov markovich
has abstract: GALPERN Yakov Markovich (1840, Vilna - 1914, Nice, France), lawyer, state. and societies. activist, privy councilor. Received a tradition. Heb. education, studied at the Vilna rabbinical school, then - in the city. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1869). He served in the Ministry of Justice, from 1890 to the beginning. Will order it. department, since 1905 members. Consultations at the ministry, since 1907 at the same time. vice director 2nd department. Repeatedly participated as a representative of the Min-va in the work of a number of interdepartments, commissions, including commissions on Jewish affairs. In 1912 he retired due to illness. Participant of creation and member. “Time. to-that by education about-va crafts. and agricultural. labor among Jews in Russia ”(from 1880), transformed with the participation of G. in the Society of Crafts. and agricultural. labor. Poch. h. and comrade (deputy) before. Society for the dissemination of enlightenment among Jews in Russia, one of the founders of the Oriental Studies Courses of Baron D.G. Gintsburg, was repeatedly elected a member. reign of the Choral synagogue and petersburg. Heb. community, permanent member. her Cemetery Office. Participated in the work of the congresses of the Hebrews. dep. Petersburg in 1881–82, was involved as an expert in the commission for the development of Time. rules about the Jews. Collaborated in "Law", "J. Ministry of Justice "and others, where he published Art. on the problems of pension provision. The author of Art. about growing up. Jewry in railway Dawn, Sunrise, Future.

galjpern yakov osipovich
has abstract: GALPERN Yakov Osipovich (Iosifovich) (1876, Kovna - 1941, Kislovodsk), surgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1910). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kiev University (1899). Until 1907, an intern at the Military Medical Clinic of Hospital Surgery. academy in St. Petersburg, surgeon in Smolensk lips. hospital; in 1910–22 head. surgeon dep. Tver lips. hospitals. In 1923–41 prof., Head. Department of Hospital Surgery Dnepropetrovsk honey. in-that. On the initiative of G. in Dnepropetrovsk, a branch of the Ukr. in-that blood transfusion, to-eye he directed until 1941. scientific. tr. G. dedicated surgery of the stomach (including the treatment of peptic ulcer disease), pancreas, esophagus (he is widely known for the plastic surgery of the esophagus from the area of ​​the greater curvature of the stomach); under his arms. the country's first heterogeneous blood transfusion was carried out. On G.'s initiative, the Zh. Was founded (1921). "New surgical archive", responsible. ed. to-rogo he was for many. years; deputy. prev. Vses. about-va surgeons. Honored. Scientist (1934) Vol .: Benign diseases of the stomach and duodenum and their surgical treatment (doctoral dissertation), Tver, 1910.

galkin aleksandr abramovich
has abstract: GALKIN Alexander Abramovich (b. 1922, Vitebsk), historian, Dr. Sciences (1966). In 1941–45 at the front, then he served in the information bureau of the Sov. military. administration of Germany (SVAG), at the same time. he studied in absentia on the East. Faculty of Moscow State University (graduated in 1949). In 1953–62 the head. dep. g. "Intern. a life". In 1963-68 Art. scientific. sotr. and head. dep. in Ying-those of the world economy and international. relations of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1968–72 Art. scientific. sotr. and head. dep. in Ying-those sociology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1972-87 - in Ying-those international. working movement of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Vice-rector for science Ying-that societies. Sciences at the Central Committee of the CPSU (1987–91). In 1991–93 - deputy. gene. dir. Fund of social. and polit. research (M.S. Gorbachev Foundation), since 1993 - adviser to the president. Fonda. Author of works on the history of Germany in modern times and social. problems in the West. Europe. Participated in the preparation of monographs and joint works. tr., responsible. ed. a number of collective works. Cit .: Versailles and the Rhine separatists, Moscow, 1962; Fascism is the enemy of humanity, M., 1962; Sociology of neo-fascism, M., 1971; Germ. fascism, M., 1967 (2nd ed., M., 1989); Modern Leviathan, M., 1985 (co-authored with F.M. Burlatsky); Conservatism in the past and present: (On the social roots of the conservative wave), M., 1987 (co-authored with P.Yu. Rakhshmir); Working class and world development, M., 1987 (co-authored with E.V. Klopov).

galkin avragam solomon
has abstract: GALKIN Avraham Solomon (b. 1903, Novy Bykhov, Mogilev province), orientalist, linguist. Brother of Sh.Galkin. Exported to the USA in 1914. In 1928–50 he was a Semitic teacher. lang., in 1950–70 prof. Judaism in the mountains. College of New York. In 1929–70 he also taught at Heb. theological. seminaries. Since 1970 in Israel (Jerusalem). Ed. dep. Judeo-Arab. literature and middle-century. per. "Encyclopedias of Judaica". Ed. 2nd part of the book. “Muslim. heresies and sects "Al-Baghdadi (" Al-Fark baina al-Fira'k ", 1935), Arabic, the original and three versions of the Hebrew text is monumental. labor of Maimonides "Iggeret Teiman" (1952), Arab. comments to the "Song of Songs" by ibn-Aknin from trans. in Hebrew "Gitgalut ha-sodot" (1964), book. “Zion in Heb. lit-re "(1964). He worked on a new critic. ed. and per. in Hebrew Moshe ibn-Ezra's treatise "Kitab al-muhadara v-al-muzakara" ("Book of conversations and memoirs"), which is a classic. op. in Heb. poetics, ed. prefaces to the new ed. book The Samaritans: The Earliest Jewish Sect by J.A. Montgomery (1968).

galkin shimon
has abstract: GALKIN Shimon (1899, Dovsk Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province. - 1987, Jerusalem), writer and literary critic. He wrote in Hebrew. In 1914 he left for the United States, where in 1925–32 he taught at Hybru Union College. In 1932–39 he lived in Tel Aviv, in 1939–49 in New York, where he was prof. lit-ry in Hebrew. In 1949–68 prof. new lit-ry in Hebrew in Heb. un-those in Jerusalem. Her work is characterized by a combination of the desire to merge with the spiritual principle of being and the glorification of earthly passions and the human. weaknesses, and for poetry - the merger of lyric. and epic. started. The author of the novels "Yehiel Gagagri" (1928), "On the Verge of a Breakdown" (1945, about the life of American Jewry), collection of works. stories "Chuzhbin (1972), a number of lit. essay and critical articles collected in the three-volume "Ways and roadsides in the literature" (1965) and in the book. "Current in modern. literature in Hebrew "(1950, in English), collection of works. lectures "Conventions and breaks in our literature" (1980), translations into Hebrew, prod. W. Shakespeare, J. London, P.B. Shelley, W. Whitman and others. Israel Ave (1975).

galkin shmuelj zalmanovich
has abstract: GALKIN Shmuel Zalmanovich (1897, Rogachev, Mogilev province - 1960, Moscow), poet, playwright. From an early age he wrote poetry in Hebrew. Since 1921 - in Yiddish. First Sat "Leader" ("Poems") was published in Kiev in 1922, the second - "Wei un mut" ("Pain and Courage") - in 1929. In the end. 1920s - early. 1930s was attacked by critics, who accused him of pessimism, lack of ideas, passion for biblical symbols. The outstanding master of love lyrics G. was able to merge together the nat. and intern. motives, history and modernity. Ancient history of Heb. the people are dedicated to the plays "Bar-Kokhba" (1939) and "Shulamith" (1940) (staged by the Moscow GOSET, there was also William Shakespeare's play "King Lear" in his brilliant translation). His lyric poetry is presented in the collection Far Dem Hiring a Foundation (For a New Foundation, 1932), Contact (1935), and others. "Erdishe vegn" ("Earthly Ways"), which combines the pain of the people and pride in the heroism and courage of people who managed to withstand the fight against fascism and be reborn to life. The result of G.'s work - book. Der Boim Fun Lebn (The Tree of Life, 1948), which absorbed the best that he had written over 20 years. By the 1940s. also include the plays of G. "Der spiel-foigl" ("Songbird"), "Der oufstand in geto" ("Uprising in the ghetto"). G. was a member. Heb. antifash. to-that, editorial board gas. "Einikite" and the almanac "Heimland", pl. he gave strength to the education of young Hebrews. writers. During the campaign "to combat cosmopolitanism" in 1950, he was repressed, exiled to a camp in the Far North, and returned from there in 1955. The poems written in the camp were collected in the posthumous collection. Main Oyzer (My Treasure, 1966). In creative. Heritage G. - lane. in Yiddish op. A.S. Pushkin ("Mozart and Salieri", "Feast during the plague", "The Covetous Knight"), V.V. Mayakovsky, A.A. Blok, S.A. Yesenin, M.Gorky, D.A. .Furmanov, VMKirshona and others. Verse. and plays…

gallay mark lazarevich
has abstract: GALLAY Mark Lazarevich (1914, Petersburg - 1998, Moscow), test pilot, specialist in the region. aerodynamics, writer, Hero of Owls. Union (1957). Honored. test pilot of the USSR (1959), Dr. Sciences (1972). At the end. Wed school (1930) worked for Leningrad. s-de "Red October". In 1932 he entered the Institute of Civil. air. fleet, in 1935 he was transferred to Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (graduated in 1937 with a degree in aerodynamics). From 1938 he worked at TsAGI as an engineer, then as a test pilot. In 1941–43 he participated in the air. battles in fr. He tested new types of aircraft, including the first jet fighter MiG-9, strategic. bombers, helicopters. In 1958 he was transferred to the reserve with the rank of colonel. He taught at the Academy of Citizens. aviation, where in the middle. 1950s created the course "Features of aerodynamics and piloting of jet aircraft". Since 1959 he has been conducting scientific research. work in the region. flight dynamics and flight test techniques. Since the 1960s. deals with lit. activities, the author of the book. about aviation. Awarded the 10th order. Works: Tested in the sky, Moscow, 1963; Through invisible barriers. 3rd ed., M., 1969; Third dimension. Essays, M., 1973.

gallileyskaya
has abstract: GALLERY, see Golobudy.

gallone soava
has abstract: GALLONE Soava (Vinaver Stanislava) (1880, Warsaw - 1957, Rome), actress. R. in the family of a prominent Warsaw lawyer. She studied at private theater schools. Since 1911 in Italy. She made her debut in f. Love Without Secrets (1911). During the silent film period, she starred in Italy and France, mainly with her husband, the leading Italian director. then Carmino G., in more than forty feature films. Italian silent film star: Critics have called her "Italian Lillian Guiche." With the advent of sound films, he stops acting, he worked in the theater.

galochi
has abstract: GALOCHI, a village in the Krasnooknyansky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in 1852 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Goloche Baltsky u. Podolsk lips. From 1920 - in the Odessa province., From 1923 - in the Krasnooknyansky district of the Odessa province., In 1924-40 - as part of Mold. In 1859, there were 1,442 Jews living in Georgia, in 1893 - 239, in 1898 - 272, in 1905 - 304, in 1926 - 26 Jews (18%). When a colony was founded, 20 dessiatins were given per family. free state lands. Due to their lack of experience in farming, the Jews did not cultivate the entire land. In 1870 the lustration commission confiscated part of the land from them. By the beginning. 1920s G. fell into decay. The size of the Jewish population declined. During the Holocaust, all Jews in Georgia were shot.

gamarnik grigoriy aleksandrovich
has abstract: GAMARNIK Grigory Alexandrovich (b. 1929), athlete (classic wrestling, light weight). World Champion (1955), silver medalist of the World Championship (1958). Champion of the USSR (1953, 1956–58).

gamarnik yan
has abstract: GAMARNIK Yan (Yakov) Borisovich (1894, Zhitomir, Volyn province - 1937, Moscow), part. and military. activist, army commissar of the 1st rank (1935), member. Communist. party since 1916. From the family of an employee. In 1915-17 he studied law. f-those Kievsk. un-that. In oct. 1917 members Kiev Revolutionary Committee. From Apr. 1918 Cand. to members of the "Insurrection. nines ", created for the leadership of the armament. fighting in the occupied territory. Ukraine, one of the hands. underground desks. org-tions in Odessa, Kharkov and Crimea. In the end. 1918 - early. 1919 members Kharkov Revolutionary Committee, one of the hands. uprising in Kharkov against Diriktoria. From May 1919 before. Odessa Provincial Committee of KP (b) U, member. Defense Council of Odessa, member. RVS South groups of troops of the 12th Army. In nov. 1919 - Apr. 1920 military commissar of the 58th rifleman. divisions. In 1920–23 before. Odessa, then the Kiev provincial committees of the CP (b) U, the Kiev provincial committee and the executive committee, in 1923-28 before. Dalrevkom, regional executive committee and Dalkraykom party. In 1928 sec. Central Committee of the CP (b) of Belarus, member. RVS Belarus. IN. From Oct. 1929 early. Political administration of the Kr. Army, member. RVS USSR, Ch. ed. gas. "The Red Star". From June 1930, deputy. People's Commissar of Defense and Deputy. prev. RVS of the USSR, actively supported M.N. Tukhachevsky and the military conducted by him. reforms. Cand. in part. Central Committee (since 1925), member. Central Committee of the CPSU (b) (from 1927), member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Central Executive Committee of the USSR. With the beginning of mass arrests of representatives of the highest. command staff committed suicide (shot himself).

gamburg-yudelovich raisa ljvovna
has abstract: GAMBURG-YUDELOVICH Raisa Lvovna (1896, Surazh, Vitebsk province. - 1983, Moscow), pediatrician. Graduated from honey. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow un-that (1920). In 1920–21 she served in the Kr. Army. Since 1928 - resident, scientific. sotr. Centre. Research Institute of Maternity and Infancy Protection; since 1934 assistant, prof., head. Department of Pediatrics (1962-66) in the Center, in-those advanced training for doctors. Science. tr. G.-Yu. dedicated diseases of the respiratory system, rheumatism, arthritis, nephropathy in children, the function of the gastrointestinal tract in dysentery in early childhood.

gameyri
has abstract: GAMEIRI (Ostrovsky) Moshe (1886, Karlin, Minsk province - 1947), rabbi and leader of the Mizrahi movement in E.-I. From 1897 - in E.-I. He studied at the yeshivas of Jerusalem, received the title of rabbi. Since 1912, the rabbi of the Ekron settlement. Actively participating from youth in the Mizrahi movement, G. became in 1919 one of the Ch. organizers of religions. school system in E.-I. Taught the Talmud in teaches a seminary that was part of the educational network of the Mizrahi movement in Jerusalem. Was a member. will execute the organ of the Meeting of the Dept.-Jews E.-I. Va'ad Leumi, head of the department of local religions. communities. Helped in the organization of the Supreme Rabbinate in E.-I. and was one of the founders of the Kiryat Moshe quarter in Jerusalem. Among his book. "Mevo ha-Talmud" ("Introduction to the Talmud", 1935), textbook for schools and teaches, seminary "Toldot ha-Mizrahi ba-Eretz Yisrael" ("History of Mizrahi in Eretz Yisrael", 1944) and "Irgun ha -ishuv ha-yehudi ba-Eretz Yisrael "(Organization of the Hebrew Yishuv in Eretz Yisrael"), 1942).

gamoran emanuelj
has abstract: GAMORAN Emanuel (1895, Balti, Bessarabian province - 1962, USA), teacher. Since 1907 in the USA. In 1917–21 sotr. at the New York Bureau of Heb. education. In 1923, a director was appointed. on Pedagogy of the Commission of Heb. formation of the Union of Amer. Heb. communities and remained in this post until his death. In 1927-28 he was also a president. nat. Council of Heb. education. Under his arms. Reform Commission Heb. education has released many textbooks and uch. programs for Heb. schools and initiated the use of audiovisual means in Heb. learning. G. owns the work "Change of concepts in Hebrew. learning "(1924). He took part in the creation of differentiated textbooks for Hebrews. schools and publ. pl. Art. on the problems of Heb. education.

gamretskiy yuriy markovich
has abstract: GAMRETSKY Yuri Markovich (b. 1930, Shepetovka), historian, Dr. Sciences (1976), prof. (1986). From a family of teachers, graduated from East. Faculty of Kiev University (1953), taught history in Wed. schools. Since 1960 in the department of history. Conducted. Oct socialist revolution and civil. War Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR Since 1966 - Art. scientific. sotr., since 1985 head. sector of history led. Oct socialist Revolution, since 1986 - Ch. scientific. sotr. In 1968, as a UNESCO scholar, he worked in archives and libraries in Paris, Bonn, Munich and Vienna. 100 scientific. works on history and historiography Oct. revolution and civil. wars in Ukraine (in Ukrainian and Russian). Participated in the preparation of a number of collective generalizing works (including "History of the Ukrainian SSR" in Ukrainian and Russian). Since 1992 in the USA.

gancheshty
has abstract: GANCHESTI, see Hincesti.

gandeljman grigoriy mikhaylovich
has abstract: GANDELMAN Grigory Mikhailovich (1920, Ekaterinoslav - 1993, Moscow), theoretical physicist, Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1967). In 1941 he was transferred from Dnepropetrovsk University to the Air Force. Ing. Academy named after N.E. Zhukovsky, after graduating from the school (1945), served in the army. In 1947–48 he worked at the Institute of Chem. Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, then in 1948-70 at the All-Union Council. Research Institute of Experimental physics (Arzamas-16). In 1970-91, in the All-Union Research Institute of Optical Phys. measurements (head of laboratory, leading scientific researcher). In 1991–93, a consultant at the Institute of Theoretical Physics. physics to them. L. D. Landau RAN, obl. scientific. interests of high-pressure physics, electronic theory of metals, superconductivity, plasma physics, interaction of radiation with a microwave. Under the arm. G. carried out a calculation of the electrical resistance of alkali metals at high pressures, which was theoretical. substantiation of the experimentally observed sharp increase in their electrical conductivity at pressures of several. honeycomb megabars. Research the possibility of transition of cesium at high pressures to the superconducting state. The cycle of works is devoted to theoretical. research kinetic. characteristics of plasma at high pressures and temp-pax. For the first time he built (with P.S. Kondratenko) an analytic. the theory of the effect of full specular reflection of light from metallic. gratings and research. nonlinear stage of development of light-induced periodic. surface structures arising under the action of laser pulses. The author of St. 100 scientific. works. Became. pr. (1953), State. pr. USSR (1969).

gandeljsman marseli
has abstract: HANDELSMAN Marsely (1882, Warsaw - 1945), historian. Since 1915 prof. world history at Warsaw University, headed by the Warsaw Institute of History, member. Academy of Moral and Political sciences in Paris. The author of the book. "Punishment in Ancient Polish Law" (1907), later studied the history of Poland from the time of the 1st partition in 1772, the era of Napoleon I and Franco-Polish relations, wrote essays on the development of modern. nationalism and methodology for interpreting history. After the occupation of Poland, German. troops (1939) sent to the Nordhausen concentration camp, where he died. Main tr .: “Napoleon and Poland. 1806-1807 "(1904, in French.)," France-Poland. 1775-1845 "(1926, in Polish.)," Franz. ideas and polish. societies, thought of the XIX century. " (1927, in French).

gandlevskiy sergey markovich
has abstract: GANDLEVSKY Sergey Markovich (b. 1952, Moscow), poet, translator. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Moscow State University (1977). One of the creatures. (1973) lit. gr. "Moscow time" (together with A. Soprovsky and A. Tsvetkov). Published in pl. Zarub. periodic. ed. The author of the book. verse. The Story (1989). G.'s poems are saturated with the realities of the place and time of late life. era, the poet boldly introduces a biographical. specificity and a strong element of narrative, combines romantic. motives with restrained but harsh self-irony. As per. worked preim. with the poetry of the peoples of the USSR.

ganelin rafail sholomovich
has abstract: GANELIN Rafail Sholomovich (b. 1926, Leningrad), historian, Dr. Sciences (1971), ch. RAS (1991). The son of the teacher Sh.I. Ganelin. Graduated from East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1949), student of N.P. Poletika and B.A. Romanov. Since 1955 he has been working at Leningrad State University. dep. Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (now St. Petersburg branch of the Institute of Russian History of RAS). The author of works on the history of Russian-Amer. relations 1914-18, state. reforming and reigning. politics early. 20th century, revolutions of 1905–07 and February. 1917, controversial issues of the history of societies, thought and rule. politics early. 1880s (works of the last two cycles in co-authorship with B.V. Ananich), edit. policy towards the Black Hundreds and anti-Semitism, Russian-Heb. historiography (et al.), as well as biographies of polit. figures and analysis of memoirs and doc. heritage of S.Yu. Witte. Took part in the publication of rules, documents, memoirs, diaries, etc. history. sources, ed. and comp. a number of collections of works: Russia and the USA. 1914–1917: Essays on the history of Russian-Amer. relations, L., 1969; Soviet-Amer. relations in the con. 1917 - early. 1918, L., 1975; Grew up. autocracy in 1905: Reforms and revolution, St. Petersburg, 1991.

ganelin sholom izrailevich
has abstract: GANELIN Sholom Izrailevich (1894, Polotsk, Vitebsk province. - 1974, Leningrad), teacher. Ch.-c. APN RSFSR (since 1947), Dr. ped. Sciences, prof. (1943). From the family of a rabbi. Graduated from Vilna private Heb. Mr. P. I. Kagan (1914). In 1915-17 he studied law. f-those Petrograd. un-that, at the same time. from 1916 he taught at the Evening Courses for Adults of the Society for the spread of education among Jews in Russia. In the years of civil. war - before. united, council of Heb. labor schools, head. dep. education nat. minorities of the Polotsk u., member. Pres. Vitebsk lips. Bureau of Heb. teaching; member Heb. united. socialist workers' party. In 1919 he returned to Petrograd. Graduated from the humanitarian and out-of-school faculty of Petrograd. ped. academy (1922). On behalf of the Society for the dissemination of education among Jews, he compiled in Heb. lang. a guide to the history of pedagogy (unpublished). In 1922–25 he taught at the Institute of Higher Education. Heb. knowledge (taught the course "Historical fundamentals of modern education"), in 1924–72 at the Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute im. AI Herzen, in 1925–39 - in Ying-those scientific. pedagogy, in 1931-47 at Leningrad State University. In 1945-60 he worked in Leningrad. branch (Leningrad. Research Institute of Pedagogy) APN RSFSR. He worked out methodological problems of pedagogy, focusing on the relationship and interdependence of the theory and history of pedagogy, didactics and private methods, pedagogy and psychology, ped. theory and practice of education and training. G. is characterized by a synthetic approach to training and education, a retrospective and prospective analysis of the components of the pedagogical process. dealt with the problems of the theory of the labor school, which he considered as being built on the basis of a combination of general and polytechnic education, the widespread use of psychology in the educational process. In the book. "The main questions o…

ganelin vyacheslav shevelevich
has abstract: GANELIN Vyacheslav Shevelevich (b. 1944, Kraskovo, Moscow region), jazz pianist and composer. In 1968 he graduated from cons. (Vilnius) in the composition class of A. Rachiunas. He worked as the head of muses. part of Rus. dram. t-ra in Vilnius. Since 1961 he played in decomp. dance. ensembles, from 1964 - in a jazz trio, from 1971 under the name. "GTCH". The trio toured a lot in the USSR, Germany, Finland, Yugoslavia, England and the USA, Cuba, became a laureate of several. jazz festivals, including "Jaziatra" in India (1986) and the JVC corporation festival in New York, and also recorded many records. Since 1987 in Israel. He performed in a jazz trio, recorded two CDs: “Jerusalem. February. Cantabile "and" Opuses ". G. teaches jazz solfeggio at the Rubin Academy in Jerusalem, and computer composition in Tel Aviv. In composer's work, which is notable for its breadth and variety, he turns to various. cultures - from ancient music to Eskimo tunes. His solos sound like ensemble solos, because he simultaneously uses synthesizers, computers, searches for unusual timbres on the piano, achieving great brilliance, orchestral timbres. G. - the author of the ballets "Pugachev" (1970), "Baltaragis Mill" (1979), the rock opera "The Devil's Bride" (1973), the operas "The Red Liar and the Soldier" (1977), "Tango" (1983), children's musicals, production for orchestra, music for films, including "Success", "From Evening to Noon", "Challenger". In composing, he strives to combine improvisational and composer concepts.

ganelina irina efimovna
has abstract: GANELINA Irina Efimovna (b. 1921, Senno, Vitebsk province), cardiologist. Graduated from the 2nd Moscow. honey. Institute (1944). In 1945–47 he was a post-graduate student of the therapy department of the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. in-that. In 1948-50 scientific. sotr. Ying experiment. medicine; in 1951–91 scientific. sotr., head. lab. clinics and experiment. cardiology in Ying-those physiology them. I.P. Pavlova; since 1991 professor-consultant at the Institute of Evolutionary Physiology. I.M.Sechenov in St. Petersburg. tr. G. dedicated gastrocardiac syndrome - the reflex effect of gastrointestinal chemoreceptors on the heart (doctoral dissertation, 1957), the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction, the use of ultraviolet blood irradiation in patients with coronary insufficiency who have had myocardial infarction. Specialists were created on G.'s initiative. infarction unit with a block of intensive care and resuscitation wards (one of the first in the country); developed a classification of hypotension and prognosis criteria for acute myocardial infarction; proposed a method of early physical. rehabilitation of patients with acute myocardial infarction and a complex of resuscitation measures in case of sudden death. Cit .: Interoceptive effects of the gastrointestinal tract on the heart, M.-L., 1963; Lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis, L., 1965 (et al.); Acute period of myocardial infarction, L., 1970 (et al.); Ischemic heart disease, L., 1977 (et al.).

ganetskiy
has abstract: GANETSKY (real family. Furstenberg) Yakov Stanislavovich (1879, Warsaw - 1937, Moscow), state. and desks. activist, diplomat. From the gymnasium. years participated in the roar. movement. Studied at Berlin, Heidelberg and Zurich high fur boots. Since 1902, members s.-d. parties of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKP and L), in 1903–09 a member. her Ch. board, delegate to the 4th (1903), 5th (1906) and 6th (1908) congresses of the SDKP and L. Participated in the work of the 2nd and 4th congresses of the RSDLP, at the 5th congress of the RSDLP he was elected in absentia Central Committee. He was repeatedly arrested, in 1907 he was exiled to the Vologda province, and soon fled. During the split in the SDKP and L (1912-16), member. regional party government. In 1912 he participated in the Basel Congress. 2nd International, in 1913 - at the Poronin conference of the Bolsheviks, in 1914 - at a conference convened by the International. socialist bureau for uniting Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. Since 1915 in Switzerland, he joined the "Zimmerwald Left", since the summer of 1916 in Scandinavia, he worked in the Institute of social services organized by AL Parvus. issled., kept in touch with V. I. Lenin and the Bolshevik. underground in Russia. After Feb. Revolution of 1917, when Lenin arrived in Stockholm on the way to Russia, included in Zagran. Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (b). After Oct. 1917 - in Russia, member. collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Finance, then Commissioner-Manager Nar. bank. In 1920-21, the plenipotentiary and trade representative of the RSFSR in Latvia, in 1921 a member. delegation at the peace negotiations with Poland, then the representative of the RSFSR at the Karsk Conf. Zakavk. owls. rep. and Turkey. In 1921–23 members. count People's Commissariat of the RSFSR (USSR), in 1923–30 members. count People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade of the USSR. Since 1930, members prez. VSNKh RSFSR, in 1932–35 hands. State combining musi…

ganf yuliy abramovich
has abstract: GANF Yuliy Abramovich (1898, Poltava - 1973, Moscow), graphic artist, cartoonist. R. is in the family of an engraver and metal carver. He studied law. Faculty of Kharkov University. In 1917-1919 he was engaged in painting and sculpture in the studio of E.A. Steinberg in Kharkov. During these years, he performed satirical. panel in the artist. cafe of poets, a cut attracted the attention of the artists of "Windows of Satire", who persuaded G. to take up caricature. From 1919 he worked in "UkROST Satire Windows", gas. "Communist"; g. "Worm Pepper". In 1922 23 he studied in Moscow at the VKHUTEMAS under II Nivinsky and N. Sheverdyaev. In 1923–24 he worked in the railway station. "Red Pepper", "Splinter", "Crocodile", since 1927 in gas. "Pravda", where from the conventionality of the image came to realistic. picture. In 1938 for the exhibition "XX Years of the Red Army" he performed a satirical piece. the painting "An Object Lesson of History" (oil on canvas). During the war, he created a poster "Join the donors" (1941, with F.L. Mullar), cartoons "Fast train Ukraine-Berlin" "The hour is approaching" (1943), collaborated in the railway station. "Front-line humor", "Front-line illustration". After the war he worked in gas. "Pravda", w. "Crocodile". Main works: series "About comrade Nevpopadov and a reliable hand" (1953), easel caricatures "The Brown Plague", "Belarusian Nights" (boom., aqu.), ill. to the novel by Charles Dickens "The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit" (pen, ink), etc. Honored. figure in the lawsuit in the RSFSR.

ganfman dzhordzh
has abstract: GANFMAN George (Georgy Maksimovich Anosov) (b. 1911, Petersburg), archaeologist, prof. (1956). Studied at Berlin University. After the Nazis came to power (1933) he left for the United States. Since 1946, curator of the department. classic art in the Fogg Museum of Art. From 1958 he excavated Sardis in M. Asia, discovered the ruins of Sardis, including a synagogue (partially restored). Author of works on Etruscan sculpture, problems of relations between Greeks and neighboring Middle East. cultures in the Homeric and post-Homeric archaic. era, including the monographs "Season of the Sarcophagus in Dumbarton Oaks" (vols. 1–2, 1951), "Etruscan sculpture" (1956), "Roman art" (1964).

ganfman maksim ippolitovich
has abstract: GANFMAN Maxim Ippolitovich (1872 - 1934, Riga), journalist, lawyer. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. Studied at Petersburg. and Kazan un-takh. From 1895 he was published in the provincial, and then in the metropolitan press. Member ed. gas. "Son of the Fatherland", ed. gas. "Our Life", part. ed. cadet gas. "Rech", ed. weekly "Week" Sovr. words ”(1911–17), publisher J. "Modern. illustration "(1913-17) and gas. "Modern. word "(1912-17). As a lawyer, he participated in the proceedings in the case of Heb. pogrom in Gomel (1904). In the 1920s and 30s. - ed. gas. "Today" (Riga).

ganichi
has abstract: GANICHI, a village in the Tyachiv district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was Hungary, in 1945–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1830, 87 Jews lived in Georgia (6%), in 1880 - 365, in 1930 - 650 (24%). in 1941 - 720 Jews (21.8%) Jews lived in Georgia from the middle. 18th century In the beginning. 20th century in G. there were 2 wooden synagogues, 4 heders, a Jewish cemetery, and a Khevra Kaddish. In the 1880s. - In 1918 Yehuda-Yoel Deutsch (? -1918) was Rabbi of Georgia, in 1918–44 his son Moishe (? -1944). In 1941, 40 Jewish families were expelled from Georgia. In the spring of 1944, all Jews of Georgia were deported to Auschwitz.

ganishushki
has abstract: GANISHUSHKI, see Onushkis.

gankin emmanuil berovich
has abstract: GANKIN Emmanuil Berovich (b. 1922, Novgorod-Seversky, Chernigov province), orientalist, Africanist, lexicographer and translator, Ph.D. philol. Sciences (1966). Member of the 1941–45 war. Graduated from Iran. dep. Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies (1949), served in the USSR Ministry of State Security as a per. from pers. and English. languages, and in 1951–53 from Amharic. In connection with the outbreak of anti-Semite. dismissed by repressions related to the "Doctors' Plot". In 1953-58, the teacher of English. lang. at school. Since 1958, teacher of the Amharic language. in Moscow. state in-those international. relations of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since 1960 also in Ying-those east. languages ​​at Moscow State University, where in the 1980s – 90s. head Department of African Studies. Participant pl. int. scientific. Conf. Son G. - Leonid (b. 1955) - Africanist, Ph.D. philol. sciences. The author of St. 60 scientific. works on Amharic lexicology, morphology, syntax, morphological. word formation, terminology. Compiled by uch. manuals, the first dictionaries of the Amharic language., the dictionary of modern. Tigray language, Op .: Textbook of the Amharic language. for I and II courses, part 1, M., 1970 (et al.); Grammar. basics of translation from amhara. lang. in Russian, M., 1972; Russian-amhara. dictionary, M., 1965 (compiler); Amharic-Russian. dictionary, M., 1969 (compiler); Golden Land: Tales, legends, proverbs and sayings of Ethiopia, M., 1960 (trans., Preface, commentary); Amharic bunks fairy tales, M., 1979 (trans., preface, comments).

gannushkin petr borisovich
has abstract: GANNUSHKIN Petr Borisovich (1875, Novoselki Pronsky village, Ryazan province - 1933, Moscow), psychiatrist, doctor of medicine (1904), prof. (1918). After finishing honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1898) worked in the clinic of psychiatry. In 1904–07, assistant professor of the same clinic, in 1908–14, an intern at Moscow. psychiatrist. hospitals them. N.A. Alekseeva, in 1914–17 - resident of Petrograd. Admiralty Peter the Great Hospital, in 1918–33 - head. Department of Psychiatry, Moscow State University. Improved at V. Manyan (1901 and 1906, St. Anne's Hospital, Paris), at E. Crepelin (1905, 1908 and 1911, Munich). "Modern. psychiatry ", sred. “Tr. First Congress of Rus. union of psychiatrists. ”He devoted his scientific activities to the study of acute paranoia, clinics. systematics and dynamics of psychopathies, borderline and psychotic. states of mind; org-tion psychiatrist. help from the population. Developed a nosologic. direction in psychiatry. Using the clinic. and ist. research methods, created the doctrine of borderline psychiatry. "About one of the forms of acquired disability" (1926) came under sharp attack in the press, since the patients described were desks. activists. This is research. was further developed in the USA and only later in the USSR. He created a school of psychiatrists. The name G. named: in psychiatry - an epileptoid type of reaction and the concept of the dynamics of psychopathies, in Moscow - a street and a hospital, at which the Memorial Museum was created (1975) and annual (since 1977) Gannushkin readings are held. In 1933 the avenue named after PB Gannushkin was established, but it has never been awarded to anyone. Cit .: Acute paranoia: Clinical side of the issue, Doctor dis. M., 1904; Izb. tr., M., 1964.

gantiadi
has abstract: GANTIADI, urban-type settlement (since 1966) of the Gagra City Council of Abkhazia (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Kutaisi province. In 1921–91, it was part of the Georgian SSR. In 1970, 12 Jews lived in Georgia, and in 1979 there were 6 Jews (all Ashkenazim).

gantmakher feliks ruvimovich
has abstract: GANTMAKHER Felix Ruvimovich (1908, Odessa - 1964, Moscow), mathematician, mechanic. Graduated from graduate school Odessa. in-that nar. education (1930), doctoral studies Mat. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1938). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1938), prof. (1938). He worked in Odessa. in-those nar. Education (1927–1934), from 1938 in Mat. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In the years of the 2nd world. war was engaged in defense issues and headed the department. Centre. aerodynamics. Institute (1942–46). From 1947 he worked in Moscow. physical and technical in-those. Osn. results - in the field of algebra (matrices, semisimple Lie groups), differential theory. ur-ny and applied mathematics. World famous for his monograph "Theory of Matrices" (M., 1953, 3rd ed. M., 1967), trans. in English, German and other languages. Cit .: Absolute stability of controlled systems, M., 1963, (co-authored with M.A. Aizerman). Became, etc. (1948).

gantsevichi
has abstract: GANTSEVICHI, urban-type settlement (since 1973), a regional center in the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Slutsk district. Minsk province. In 1920–39, it was in the Polesie Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1921, 485 Jews lived in Georgia; in 1931, c. 800 Jews. Jews lived in Georgia from the beginning. 20th century In 1915 the entire Jewish population was expelled from G. In August. 1919 the Jewish population suffered from the pogrom organized by the Polish. army. In the 1920s and 30s. In G., a school with teaching in Yiddish, a school of the “Tarbut” network, 4 synagogues, a library and a Jewish children worked. house (founded in 1932). Zhukhovitsky was the rabbi. In the 1920s and 30s. in G. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. After the annexation of Georgia in 1939 to the USSR, 10 Jewish families were deported to the inner city. districts of the USSR. 29 June 1941 germ. troops occupied Georgia from June 30 to July 1, 1941, a pogrom occurred in Georgia, during which 16 Jews were killed. 15 Aug 1941, 350 Jews were shot in Georgia. In nov. 1941 a Jewish workers' camp was created in Georgia, in which there were 230 Jews from Lenin and 120 from Pogost. 14 Aug 1942 more than 300 Jews escaped from the camp, the rest were shot. In 1998, approx. 40 Jews.

ganushishki
has abstract: GANUSHISHKI, see Onushis.

gaponov
has abstract: GAPONOV (Dov) Boris Panteleimonovich (1934, Evpatoria, Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - 1972, Ramat Gan), translator into Hebrew with a load. and Russian. languages, lexicographer. From 1941 he lived in Kutaisi (Georgia). He studied Hebrew under the guidance of his grandfather, rabbi Sh.Maze (brother of Ya.Maze), then independently. In 1956 he studied Persian. lang. in Ying-those east. lang. at Moscow State University, then worked as a literary worker. gas. Kutaisi automobile plant. From the beginning. 1960s was engaged in translations from cargo. and Russian. lang. in Hebrew. In 1969 he published in Israel trans. poem by S. Rustaveli "The Knight in the Panther's Skin". (Prize named after Sh.Chernikhovsky, 1970). Since 1971 - in Israel, where his trans. "Hero of Our Time" M.Yu. Lermontov (1971, Z. Shazar Ave. for repatriate writers, 1972). Not published. G.'s heritage means. of interest are large phraseological units. Hebrew dictionary, on which he worked for 15 years, trans. poems by Lermontov, Art., associated with the lane. poems by Rustaveli.

gapsalj
has abstract: HAPSALU, see Haapsalu.

garari khaim
has abstract: GARARI Chaim (real fam. Bloomberg) (1883, Dinaburg, Vitebsk province - 1940), teacher, writer. In E.-I. from 1906, began teaching at the Herzliya state institution in Tel Aviv. One of the pioneers of t-ra in Hebrew. He created an amateur troupe "Khovevey Ga-bama Ga-ivri", where he was a director, actor and translator of plays. Collaborated in Heb. periodic. print in Hebrew in Russia and in E.-I., edited by the book. about the holidays - "Sefer ha-khanuka" (1937) and "Sefer tevet, shevat, adar" (1941). His Art. and the stories have been collected in the anthology Kitway Haim Garari (vols. 1-2, 1941-42). Died in E.-I. G.'s wife - Yehudit (1885- |), teacher, society. activist. Daughter of A. Aisenberg, one of the founders of Rehovot. In 1903 she organized a kindergarten with teaching in Hebrew in Rehovot. She also taught on Wed. school "Herzliya" and wives. teaches. seminary them. Levinsky in Tel Aviv, was a director. model school with her. Published Art. in press. The author of a number of Prince G. Son - Izhar (1908, Jaffa - |), polit. activist. Graduated from law. f-t. Sorbonne (Paris). Since 1948 - one of the founders of the Progressive Party of Israel. In 1947-74 members. Knesset from Progres. parties (later the Liberal Party and the Party of Independent Liberals). In 1968 he joined the Memei party. Was the founder and before. Israel Association. foreign policy. In 1954–67 - member. Israeli delegation to the UN.

garasimov
has abstract: GARASIMOV, a village in Tlumachsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Gorodenkovsky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. On July 1941 the Jews of G. were deported to Nezvisko and killed there.

garasimovka
has abstract: GARASIMOVKA, a village in the Stanichno-Lugansk district of the Lugansk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Nizhne-Gerasimov Donetsk env. Lands of the Don Cossacks, since 1870 - Regions of the Don Cossacks. 1942 6 Jewish refugees were killed in Georgia.

garbuzinka
has abstract: GARBUSIN, see Watermelon.

garbuzov dmitriy zalmanovich
has abstract: GARBUZOV Dmitry Zalmanovich (b. 1940), physicist, Ph.D. RAS (1991). Graduated from Leningrad. un-t (1962). Works in Leningrad. physical and technical in-those them. A.F. Ioffe, USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1964 head of the department). scientific. interests - physics tv. body, in particular semiconductors. Developed the theory of semiconductor heterostructures. He proposed a new method for liquid phase epitaxy. The author of a large number of scientific. Art. Linen. pr. State. pr. USSR.

gardabani
has abstract: GARDABANI (until 1947 - Karaya), city (since 1969), regional center (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Tiflis u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - the Georgian SSR. In 1893 there were 3 Jews in Georgia, in 1912 - 16, in 1939 - 27, in 1970 - 21, in 1979 - 18 Jews.

gardeman grigoriy ivanovich
has abstract: GARDEMAN Grigory Ivanovich (1907, Sofiyivka of Berislavsky u. Kherson province - 1942), Hero of the Sov. Union (1943). Since 1941 in Kr. Army. Political instructor G. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the courage shown in battle in the district of r. Mius (Rostov region). The company under the command of G. captured the enemy stronghold and repulsed his counterattacks. Killed in battle.

gardi
has abstract: GUARDI (Gorodzeisky) Nathan (1900, Mir Novogrudok u.Minskaya Guyu. - 1980, Kfar-Avragam), polit. and societies. activist. He studied at the yeshivas of Slonim and Mir. Imbued with the idea of ​​Halucianism, in 1920 he joined Halutsei Trumpeldor and was the only religion. a settler in the village. colonies of Crimea. Since 1921 - in E.-I. He was a builder, s.-kh. workers. One of the founders of ha-Poel ha-Mizrahi, a member of the Central Committee of the movement. In 1924 he took part in the creation of agricultural works. center at the party, was its member. Then he participated in the organization of Kfar-Khitim, the first moshav ha-Poel ha-Mizrahi, and lived there until its dissolution in 1932. In 1933 he was sent to Poland as a representative. party. After returning - one of the founders of Kfar Avraham, secretary. Tel Aviv branch of ha-Poel ha-Mizrahi. In 1942 he was at the head of the bureau of communication of the movement with religious soldiers and rabbis in the allied armies, a cut was engaged in helping religious soldiers. In 1948, after the creation of the Israel Defense Forces, he was appointed early. department of religion. Later this department was transformed into a military one. rabbinate. Lieutenant Colonel, in 1956-69 - early. Department of Religion and Culture in the Union of Moshavs ha-Poel ha-Mizrahi.

gardman yakov veniaminovich
has abstract: GARDMAN Yakov Veniaminovich (real family member Salutsky) (1882, Vilna - 1968, USA), trade unionist, writer. In his youth he joined a Marxist. social-dem. party and had a party. organizer in Vilna in 1906 and in Kiev in 1907. After several. arrests was exiled by the tsarist government for illegality. polit. activity. Since 1909 in the USA, where he was elected secretary. Heb. federation Socialist. party when it was founded in 1912. In 1914–20 he edited Heb. weekly federation "Nye Welt". In 1921 he joined the nat. to the Executive Committee of the Communist. Labor Party, but in 1923 he was expelled for criticizing the left Hebrew. progolish. wing and nihilistic. approach to Heb. problems. In 1925–44 he edited the organ of the United. union of workers of the sewing industry "Progress" and was a member. Executive Committee Conf. for progress. actions of workers (1927–34). During the 2nd world. war helped organize the Association of Amer. working press, prez. a cut became, and in 1945–53 he was edited. g. "Labor and People". Author of works: “Dynamics of Amer. labor in the light of the post-war. development "(1928). "The Situation of the Workers of the Garment Industry in Philadelphia" (1940) and others. During the 1950s. was hand. research part of the project Columbus, un-that "Trends in the hands of prof."

garelj
has abstract: GAREL (Galperin) Iser (b. 1912, Vitebsk), state. activist. In the 1920s. lived in Latvia. Since 1931 - in E.-I. Joined the kibbutz movement. He fought against the British in the ranks of Gagana, in 1944 he headed her internal. intelligence service. During the War of Independence - early. intelligence of the Tel Aviv district. In 1950 he created and until 1963 headed the Israeli security service. In 1965 - advisor to Ch. pr-va and min. defense for security issues. The author of the book. on the history of Israeli intelligence.

garfunkin grigoriy solomonovich
has abstract: GARFUNKIN Grigory Solomonovich (1920, Yanovichi, Vitebsk province - 1943, Rzhishchev, Kiev region), Hero of the Sov. Union (1944). In Kr. Army since 1940. In fr. from September 1941. Scout reconnaissance platoon tank. brigade, Private G., was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union (posthumously) for the courage shown in the battle when crossing the Dnieper. Killed while covering the reconnaissance group with fire.

gargzhday
has abstract: GARGZDAY, city (since 1965), center of Klaipeda region. (Latvian republic). Izv. from 1253.Since 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Gorzda Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847 648 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1897 - 1455 (59%), in 1923 - 1049 (49%), in 1930 - St. 1,000 Jews (30%) Jews have lived in Georgia since the 15th century. Main occupation - timber trade with Germany. There were 2 synagogues, a cemetery (founded in the early 18th century). In the beginning. 1920s a branch of the Jewish People's Bank was opened. In the 1920s and 30s. in Georgia there were a Talmud-Torah, a school with teaching in Yiddish, and a school with teaching in Hebrew; Jewish parties and org-tions. The rabbis of Georgia in the 18th and 20th centuries were Label Matz, his son Ber Matz, Boruch Gutman (? -1833), Yosef Schwaksner and his son Zeev Yofe (? -1848), in 1840-85 - Moishe Yofe, his son Yosef Yofe (? -1897), I. -Ya.Rabinovich, A. Valkin, Itskhok-Aizik Friedman, Shaptai-Aron Shapiro, Meir Levin (? —1941). June 22, 1941 German. troops occupied Georgia. On June 24, 1941, 200 Jewish men were shot. 300 women and children were shot by Lithuanian police in sept. 1941 In the 1950s and 80s. One Jew lived in Georgia. In 1989, a memorial sign with inscriptions in Yiddish and lit. was erected at the site of the execution of 200 Jews. language.

gari
has abstract: GARI (Krishevsky) Gera (1893 - 1955, Israel), one of the first Jewish officers in the Palestine Mandate Police. In 1903, his family emigrated to Egypt. During the 1st world. war - officer of the Turkish army. In 1918 he organized a Heb. the police of Tiberias and Safed. In 1925 he was transferred to the Jerusalem police. During the 2nd world. war was dealt with by engineer works in Tripoli.

garkavi aleksandr
has abstract: GARKAVI Alexander (1863, Novogrudok, Minsk province - 1939, New York), lexicographer, historian. Received a tradition. Heb. education. From childhood he showed a tendency to study languages. From 13-14 years old he wrote poetry in Hebrew. language. In 1878 he left for Vilna, worked in a printing house, attended a drawing school, was engaged in self-education, taught Hebrew. language price Bialystok | Returning to Vilna, he began to write in Yiddish. After the pogroms in 1881 he left for the USA in 1882. In 1885 he came to Paris, where he wrote his first work on the history of the language. Yiddish. Returning in 1886 to the United States, G. published a brochure "Heb.-German. language. " in a cut he passionately promoted Yiddish. From 1890 ed. gas. Der Yidisher Progress (Baltimore), which went down in history as the first sample of phonets. spelling in Yiddish. Having settled in New York, St. For 40 years he worked as a journalist and teacher (taught history and other disciplines in various educational institutions, in Hebrew teachers. Seminary - literature and grammar of Yiddish). He became famous as a lexicographer and philologist, author of dozens of books. in the region. linguistics, several. once traveled to Europe and home, publ. a number of reports and travel stories. In 1891 he released the first publicly available English textbook. lang. in Yiddish - "Der englischer lerer" ("English teacher"), in 1892 - "Der englischer alefbase" ("English alphabet") and "Garkavis American Briefensteler" ("American writer Garkavi"). Compiled by G. "Anglo-Yiddish Dictionary" and "Yiddish-English Dictionary" (1893-1898), withstood 42 ed. In 1925 he published the Yiddish-Anglo-Hebrew Dictionary (4th ed. - 1957). G. translated into Yiddish "Don Quixote" M. Servantes, "History of Hebrews. people ”G. Grets and others.

garkavi avraam yakovlevich
has abstract: GARKAVI Avraam Yakovlevich (1835, Novogrudok, Minsk province - 1919, Petrograd), orientalist, Semitologist, researcher of Hebrew. stories and literature. Studied in litas. yeshivas, Vilna rabbinical school. He graduated from the East. Faculty of Petersburg un-that, continued his education in un-tah Berlin and Paris. Author approx. 400 scientific. works. In his first book. “About the language of the Jews who lived in ancient times in Russia, and about the Slavic words found in Heb. inhabitants "(1865, in Hebrew - 1867), argued that Heb. community in dr. Rus was formed by settlers from the shores of the Black Sea and the Caucasus, and that before the 17th century. their spoken language. was the Slavic language. (later Yiddish). In 1868 he defended his master's degree. dis. "Legends of Muslims about the Slavs and Russians" (St. Petersburg, 1870), in 1872 - doct. dis. “About the origin. the abode of the Semites, Indo-Europeans and Hamites "(St. Petersburg, 1872). For some time he headed the department of the history of the ancient East in St. Petersburg. un-those, but was dismissed as a Jew. From 1877 - head. department of Heb. lit-ry east. manuscripts Imp. public library in St. Petersburg. Also published the book. “Legends of the Hebrews. writers about the Khazars and the Khazar kingdom "(1874)," Essays on the history of Karaite "(1897-1902), published with his comments Heb. the manuscripts kept in St. Petersburg. public library, including production. interpreters of the Talmud (Gaons) and Heb. Middle-century poets. Spain. Collected valuable materials on the history of Jews in Poland and Lithuania, published a number of works on the history. geography south. Russia, Heb. ethnography, paleography, epigraphy, etc. G. - an active member of the Society for the spread of education among Jews in Russia, one of the editors. “Heb. encyclopedias "(vols. 1-16, 1908-13). In the 1890s. promoted to hereditary noblemen. Was almost. h. scientific. ob-in a number of countries, the hon…

garkavi khaim iosifovich
has abstract: GARKAVI Chaim Iosifovich (1897 - 1958, Kislovodsk), neurologist, prof. (1931). At the end of the honey. Faculty of Rostov-on-Don un-that resident, since 1925 there is an assistant at the clinic of nervous and mental diseases. He specialized in neurosurgery. In 1928 he defended his doctorate. dis. "Puncture of the posterior cistern of the brain." In 1931-51 the head. Department of Nervous Diseases of Nizhny Novgorod (Gorkovsky) honey. in-that. In 1934 he organized the Gorky Society of Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists and was before. his reign. By organizing neurosurgery. dep. and pathohistological. lab., G. studied issues of diagnosis and treatment of tumors of the brain and spinal cord and traumatic brain injury. The monograph “Penetrating craniocerebral wounds in the conditions of Otech. war ”was awarded the pr. and a diploma of 1 degree. G. was a supporter of the use of leukotomy in the treatment of a number of mental patients. diseases, in 1951 in the course of a campaign to "fight cosmopolitanism" was fired from his job and forced to leave Gorky. The clinic he led was liquidated. The last years of his life he worked in the North Caucasus. balneological institute in Kislovodsk. Cit .: Ventriculitis after traumatic brain injury, Gorky, 1948.

garkavi mikhail naumovich
has abstract: GARKAVI Mikhail Naumovich (1887, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1964, Moscow), entertainer. Studied for honey. f-those Mosk. un-that, theater. f-those Mosk. philharmonic. uch-schA. In 1916 he was accepted into the troupe of the Moscow Art Theater (played several episodic roles, including the role of Bread in the "Blue Bird" by M. Meterlink). In 1919–22 he worked in Kamerny, 1st children's t-t, T-re im. V.F. Komissarzhevskaya, T-re of satire (Petrograd). In 1922–24 - at the Neryday cabaret, where he first performed with an entertainer. In 1924 he moved to the "Blue Blouse", in 1925 hands. one of her gr., acted as a synthetic actor. plan. From 1928 he completely focused on entertaining, quickly gaining popularity. In 1937 he was the first to play the role of Santa Claus for children. tree in the Column Hall of the House of Unions in Moscow. Later he spent large mass celebrations in parks, stadiums, palaces of sports, and others. In 1941–45 he was a constant participant in front-line concert brigades.

garlyava
has abstract: GARLYAVA, a village in Kaunas region (Republic of Lithuania). Main in the beginning. 19th century In 1807-15 - as part of the Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the village of Godlevo, Mariampolsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 469 Jews (49%) lived in Georgia, in 1923 - 311 Jews (33%), in 1940 - approx. 70 Jewish families. Jews lived in Georgia from the beginning. 19th century A synagogue was built at the same time. Most of Georgia's Jews made a living by small trade and crafts. Almost every family had a subsidiary farm, several. Jews owned estates. One of them, Itskhok Sagalovsky, received his estate as a gift from the landowner Godlevsky, because he served as an interpreter between Godlevsky and M. Montefiore when he passed through G. In 1931, Jews of G. owned 3 taverns, 2 manufacturing shops, butcher, shoe and haberdashery shops, 2 workshops for sewing linen, 2 for processing cow intestines, 2 mills, an oil mill, a dyehouse, leather. workshop and hairdresser. The children studied at the Yavne school and at a Yiddish-taught school. The rabbis in Georgia were Chaim Katz, from 1900 - Yehuda Borshtein (1872—?), From 1922 - Harkashansky, from 1926 - Kalman Levin (? —1941). 28 Aug. 1941 all Jews of Georgia (247 people) were shot in a ditch not far from G. Jews from neighboring villages were also shot there - approx. 400 people After 1945, a monument was erected on the mass grave.

garsene
has abstract: GARSENE, a village in Jekabpils district (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - the estate of Garseni of Illuksti district Kurland province. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 - the Latvian SSR. During the occupation of the Germans. troops in the summer of 1941 ten Jews of Georgia were deported to Akniste and killed there.

garsenj
has abstract: GARSEN, see Garsene.

gartglas maksimilian meir appolinariy
has abstract: GARTGLAS Maximilian Meir Appolinarius (1883, Bela Sedletskaya province - 1953), lawyer, public. and polit. activist. Graduated from law. Faculty of Warsaw University. In his youth he took part in the struggle for the independence of Poland, defended the rights of Jews, took part in the work of the 3rd All-Russian. conf. Zionists in Helsingfors (1906), one of the authors of the so-called. Helsingfors program. From 1907 he practiced law in Sedlec. During the 1st world. war served in Russian. army. Member of the Soviet-Polish. war 1920. In the same year, elected dep. Seim, joined the faction of I. Greenbaum, opposed the discriminators. Polish politicians. pr-va in relation to the Jews, contributed to the abolition of the limit. anti-Jew. laws in the former. grew up. provinces of Poland. He acted as a lawyer at trials in which the real reason for the charges was Hebrew. the nationality of the accused. Was before. Polsk. Zionist, org-tion and "club" Heb. dep. Diet. Since 1940 in E.-I. After the creation of the state of Israel (1948) - gen. director, and later the legal adviser of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the int. cases. The author of Art. on the problems of Polish. Jewry and Zionism.

garting arkadiy mikhaylovich
has abstract: GARTING Arkady Mikhailovich (real name and surname - Avraham-Aron Moishevich Gekelman, or Gekkelman) (1861, Pinsk, Minsk province - |), one of the hands. polit. investigation in Russia, valid. state councilor (1910). In the beginning. 1880s student of St. Petersburg. mining institute, participant of Narodovolch. circles. From 1883 - agent of St. Petersburg. security department. Suspected of having links with the police, he moved to Dorpat, where he studied at the Polytechnic. in-those. In 1884 he was exposed as an informant, went to Switzerland, entered the Zurich Polytechnic. in-t under the fam. Landesen, "covered" the activities of growing up. roar. emigration, contributed to the arrest of many. prominent Narodnaya Volya, the failure of the underground printing house in Dorpat. From 1885 in France, he graduated from the Parisian agricultural. school, reported in Dep. police of the Ministry of Internal Affairs information about the plans of emigrants. From 1890 he worked under the hands. head overseas agents Dep. police P.I. Rachkovsky, in the same year with provocative. the purpose of organizing a bomb workshop in Paris to prepare an assassination attempt on the imp. Alexander III, after her failure, fled from the court to Belgium (sentenced in absentia to 5 years in prison). In 1892 he converted to Orthodoxy, in 1894 he took fam. G. In the same year, he provided security. Prince Nicholas Alexandrovich (future Emperor Nicholas II) in Coburg-Gotha and Emperor. Alexander III in Copenhagen, later guarded other representatives of the im. surnames during their stay abroad. From 1901 he headed the Dep. police in Berlin, followed the activities of the growing. roar. emigration in Germany. In 1904 he organized counterintelligence to fight the Japanese. agent network in Europe. Since Aug. 1905 head. overseas agents in Europe (c. - in Paris). In 1909, discovered by V.L. Burtsev, fearing an attempt on his life, he left for St. Petersburg. Retired from 1910. During the 1st wo…

gartsman motl davidovich
has abstract: GARTSMAN Motl Davidovich (1909, Berdichev - 1943), poet. He studied at the Odessa Heb. ped. technical school. In 1934 he graduated from Heb. branch lit. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. Lit. activity began in mid. 1920s, then printed to the center. Heb. periodic. publications. In 1931 he published his first book of poetry in Kiev. "Main zveite yugnt" ("My second youth"), the second - "Mir - di zin" ("We are sons") - in Minsk in 1932. In the 1930s. the books "Gutmorgn, mein land" ("Good morning, my country"), "Golden torches" ("Golden torches"), "Gezang und Shverd" ("Song and sword"), the poem "Rokhle libe" ("Love Rachel "). Last Sat. verse. ed. in 1941. 06/25/1941 volunteered for the front, was a soldier. corr., graduated from medical assistant courses, commanded a platoon dignity. service. 12/15/1943 died in battle. In the work of G., imbued with motives of patriotism, tender lyricism and frankness, reflected the general upsurge and faith in the "bright future" of the people, which the owls promised him. power.

garvi
has abstract: GARVI (real fam. Bronstein) Petr Abramovich (1861, Odessa - 1944, USA), polit. activist. In 1902 he was arrested, exiled to Siberia, and soon fled. In emigration he became close to P.B. Akselrod, Yu.O. Martov and V.I. Zasulich. After the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903) - Menshevik. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07, one of the founders of prof. movement in Russia. In the years of the 1st world. war "centrist". In the summer of 1916 he was arrested and exiled to the Astrakhan province. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd, member. OK Mensheviks, ed. "Workers' newspaper". After Oct. 1917 joined the right "parties, opposition" in Menshevism, protested against negotiations with the Bolsheviks. In 1918 he left for Odessa, where he was headed by a Menshevik. org-tion; ed. gas. "Southern worker". During the years of the Sov. the authorities were repeatedly arrested, in 1922 he was exiled to Siberia, and soon received permission to travel abroad. Until 1933 he lived in Berlin, in 1933–40 - in France, then he moved to the USA. In emigration he was a prominent publicist, ideologist of the "rightist trend" in Menshevism. Collaborated in the train. "Socialist. bulletin "(Central Organ of the Mensheviks) and in foreign. press, participated in the Socialist congresses. International. In the spring of 1924 he represented the "right" one inside the desks. opposition at the Meeting of the RSDLP in Berlin. One of the authors of the Social-Democrats discussion sat. "Problems of the Revolution" (1926). In March 1940, after the split, foreign. delegation of the RSDLP and the rapprochement of its "center" with the right-wing Mensheviks. wing, G. returned to active desks. work in the years of the 2nd world. war entered the foreign. delegation of the RSDLP. Until the end of his days he retained an implacable attitude towards communism and towards the “Bolsheviks. dictatorship ", loyalty to the ideas of" democratic. socialism. ”Works: Prof. unions, Pg., 1917; Capital against labor,…

garvolin
has abstract: GARWOLIN, a city in the Siedleck Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, and from 1867 it was a district town of Sedleckaya province. 546 Jews lived in Georgia in 1856, in 1897 - 2199, in the 1930s. - OK. 4,000 Jews. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings bank functioned in Georgia. m-in. In the 1920s and 30s. in G. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Georgia was destroyed during the Holocaust.

gashakher
has abstract: GASHAKHER (from Hebrew "Ga-Shahar" - "Dawn"), a former Jewish agricultural partnership in the Crimean ASSR. Main In 1925, people from Gomel. In 1925, 139 people lived in Georgia.

gasparov mikhail leonovich
has abstract: GASPAROV Mikhail Leonovich (1935, Moscow - 2005), literary critic, translator. Ch-corr. USSR Academy of Sciences (1990). In 1957 he graduated from philology. Faculty of Moscow State University and began to publish. Dr. philol. Sciences (1979). In 1957-90 at the Institute of World Literature of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1990 - in the Institute of Russian. lang. AN. Since 1988 - lecturer at Moscow State University. Main works dedicated. classic philology and poetry. In the monograph “Antique Literature. fable "(Moscow, 1971) explores the problems of form and content in the structure of the genre. Poetry. works of G. poev, analysis and typology of non-classical. metrics and rhythmics, history of rus. verse. The final work, which made a serious contribution to the theory and history of Russian. verse, became the monograph by G. "Sovr. Russian verse: Metrics and rhythm "(M., 1974). Translated antique. authors (Pindar, Horace, Ovid, Cicero, etc.). Author of works on the theory per. Prepared for ed. works of plural antique writers. Vol .: Essays on the history of Russian. verse, M., 1984; Essays on the history of Europe. verse, M., 1989.

gaspra
has abstract: GASPRA, an urban-type settlement (since 1930) of the Yalta City Council in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main all R. 18th century Since 1783 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Tauride province. In 1939 46 Jews lived in Georgia.

gastev yuriy alekseevich
has abstract: GASTEV Yuri Alekseevich (1928–1993, Boston), mathematician, human rights activist. Father, A.K. Gastev, an old Bolshevik, scientist, author of the theory of scientific. org-tion of labor. He was shot in 1938. Soon she was arrested and sentenced to 5 years in camps under Art. 58-10 G.'s mother, Sofya Abramovna, his brother and other members. families. G. was arrested together with gr. students in 1945; sentenced to 4 years in camps under Art. 58-10. Upon returning from the camp and exile he graduated from Moscow. ped. in-t. He specialized in the region. mat. logic, foundations of mathematics, philosophy of science. The author of a number of Art. and book. by specialty. Cand. Philos. Sciences (1971). Member Union of Journalists of the USSR (expelled in the late 70s). Accepted the act. participation in human rights activities from the end. 1960s; G.'s signature is under a variety of petitions and others. doc. The author of a number of publ. Art., distributed in samizdat. G.'s memoirs about his 1945 case were placed in the samizdat historian. Sat. "Memory". In the 1970s. closely sotr. with information. the bulletin of human rights defenders "Chronicle of Current Events". He was repeatedly searched and interrogated. Since 1981 - in France, then - in the USA. Publ. in Russian. press ("Russian Thought", "New Russian Word").

gatchina
has abstract: Gatchina (in 1923-29 - Trotsk, in 1929 - 44 - Krasnogvardeysk), a city (since 1796), a regional center in the Leningrad Region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1499 as from. Hotchino. Since 1796 - in Tsarskoye Selo district. Petersburg Gubernia. 184 Jews (1.0%) lived in Georgia in 1926, and 780 Jews in 1939. In 1897 a Zionist circle was created in Georgia, led by A. ry. In 1910 there was a synagogue in Georgia. In the summer of 1941, most of the Jews of Georgia were evacuated to the east; in the beginning. After occupation, a ghetto was created in Georgia. In oct. 1941 several were shot. Dozens of Jews lived and worked in Georgia, A.A. Kolen and S.G. Roshal.

gatov shapselj girshevich
has abstract: GATOV Shapsel Girshevich (literary ps. Agey Gatov) (1913, Minsk - 1972, Khiazan, AzerbSSR), writer, publicist, translator, linguist-Sinologist. In 1939 he graduated from philology. Faculty of Leningrad State University, student of Acad. V.M. Alekseeva. Member of the 1941–45 war. He worked at the Institute of the History of Religion and Atheism of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Leningrad, was a military man. advisor in China (until 1948), taught at Moscow State University, Military. in-those foreign. lang. (until 1972). One of the first to introduce Rus. reader with Chinese thin. lit-roy of the 20th century, did a lot to popularize the modern. Korean and Mong. liter. The author of Art. on problems thin. per., part. editorial board collection "Mastery of Translation". In his lane. came out manuf. modern classics whale. literature Lu Xin and Qu Qiubo, East. monographs Chen Boda "Four families of China" (1948), Hua Gang "History of the rev. war of the Taiping state "(1952), as well as rum. Du Pencheng's "The Battle of Yanan" (1957), Wu Qiang's "Red Sun" (1959), Zhang Tianyi's "Lin Big and Lin Small" (1958), and others. In the 1960s. biennium did the lane. Belarusian. literature (MI Goretsky "Vilenskie Kommunars", 1966, M. Luzhanin "Twelve evening fires", 1970, etc.).

gatovo
has abstract: GATOVO, a village in the Minsk district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Minsk u. Minsk province. In May 1925 a Jewish agriculturalist was established in Georgia. artel "Pioneer".

gatovskiy lev markovich
has abstract: GATOVSKY Lev Markovich (1903, Minsk - 1997, Moscow), economist, Ph.D. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (I960). Graduated from Institute of Nar. x-va them. G.V. Plekhanov (1924). He taught at universities since 1924. He worked in the People's Commissariat of the Russian Research and Development Institute of the USSR (1924-26), the State Planning Committee of the USSR - head. sector of prices, chl. Pres. Center, a planning bureau (1928–31), participated in the preparation of the 1st and 2nd five-year plans. Member Collegiums of the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR (1933–37). Since 1939 in the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (head of the sector of political economy of socialism, head of the department of cost accounting, deputy director), in 1965–71 director. Member count State Committee of the USSR Council of Ministers for Science and Technology (since 1967), before. scientific. council of economics scientific and technical. progress (since 1970). In 1937–39 holes. ed. gas. "Sov. trade "and railway. “Questions of the Sov. trade ", in 1958–65 ch. ed. g. "Questions of Economics". Head Department of Higher Art School at the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) (1947–49). G.'s works are devoted to the laws of development of socialist. economics, questions of national economy. planning, commodity-den. relations, pricing, econ. the role of state-va, cost accounting, scientific and technical. progress, etc. He - et al. textbooks "Polit. economy "(1-4th ed., 1954-62) and" Economics of Sov. trade "(2nd ed., 1934). Member editorial board, resp. ed. collective monographs. Etc. them. N.G. Chernyshevsky, Sorbonne medal, Op.: On the nature of owls. trade for the present. stage, M., 1931; Politics in the region. exchange and distribution, M., 1931; On the subject and method of the theory of Sov. x-va, L., 1932; Econ. victory of the Sov. Union in Vel. Otech. war, M., 1946; Nek-ry urgent questions of planning tech. progress, M., 1965; Scientific…

gatykvo
has abstract: GATYKVO (from Hebrew. "Ha-Tikva" - "Hope"), a former Jewish agricultural artel in the Dzhankoy region of the Crimean ASSR. Main In 1925 they were immigrants from Ukraine. In 1925 72 people lived in Georgia. by 1317 dec. J.-I. Schneerson provided material assistance to the G. community.

gaukhman-sverdlov marksen yakovlevich
has abstract: GAUKHMAN-SVERDLOV Marksen Yakovlevich (b. 1929, Leningrad), artist. In 1954 he graduated from the Institute of im. I.E. Repin in Leningrad. In 1954–58 he was an architect at the Lenproekt Institute. Since 1958 at the Lenfilm cinema. Designed by St. 30 game f., Incl. Friends and Years (1966), Chief of Chukotka (1967), Living Corpse (1969); f. dir. GAPanfilova - "There is no ford in the fire" (1962), "Beginning" (1970), "I ask for words" (1976), "Valentina" (1981), etc., as well as a number of t / f. Works in t-re. artist of the RSFSR (1989).

gaure
has abstract: GAURE, a town in the Taurage region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 16th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Le Havra Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940 it was 91 in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847 there were 314 Jews living in Georgia, in 1863 - c. 800 Jews. Jews lived in Georgia from the middle. 18th century Main lesson - p. x-in. There was a synagogue. Avrom-Arie-Leib Grosbard (1871 -?) Was Rabbi of Georgia since 1898. Jews of Georgia were shot in the fall of 1941 in a forest, 22 km from Taurage. In the end. 1980s on the site of the old Jewish cemetery, a memorial sign has been erected. ND Hoffman.

gausman aljbert ljvovich
has abstract: GAUSMAN Albert Lvovich (Leibovich) (1859, Kovno province. - 1889, Yakutsk), a revolutionary-Narodnik. From a wealthy bourgeois family. He graduated from the city of St. Petersburg. From the beginning. 1880s studied natural sciences, then law. f-those Petersburg. un-that, active participant of student. movement. Since the fall of 1882, members. Center, groups of the university circle "Narodnaya Volya", since 1885 members. petersburg. org-tion "Narodnaya Volya". Member of the congress of the People's Will in Yekaterinoslav (autumn 1885), elected in the hands of. center of the organization. Arrested in April. 1886 in St. Petersburg. In oct. 1887 exiled without trial to Siberia for 8 years. He lived in Yakutsk, where on 03/22/1889 he participated in the armament. protest watered, exiled against the arbitrariness of the authorities (in the literature known as the "Yakut tragedy"). As an "instigator" he was sentenced to death. Hanged on August 7, 1889 together with N.L. Zotov and L.M. Kogan-Bernstein.

gavazi novye
has abstract: GAVAZI NEW, see [[Akhali Gavazi.

gavrileshty
has abstract: GAVRILESHT, see Gavrilovtsy.

gavriljchitsy
has abstract: GAVRILCHITSY, a village in the Soligorsk district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Slutsk district. Minsk province. 20th century in G. lived several. Jewish families. During the 1st world. During the war, all Jews were evicted from G.

gavrilov pogost
has abstract: GAVRILOV POGOST, see [[Gavrilov Posad.

gavrilov posad
has abstract: GAVRILOV POSAD, city (since 1789), regional center in Ivanovo region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 16th century. From 1609 - state. palace settlement. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Gavrilov Pogost of Suzdal district Vladimirskaya Gubernia. In 1910, 3 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1926 - 4, in 1939 - 2 Jews.

gavrilovka
has abstract: GAVRILOVKA, see Taldykorgan.

gavrilovtsy
has abstract: GAVRILOVTSY, a village in the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Gavrileshty in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 47 Jews lived in Georgia. In 1941, all Jews of Georgia were deported to Transnistria.

gavry
has abstract: GAVRAS, see Gaure.

gayam
has abstract: GAYAM (Aizikovich) Zeev (1903, Odessa - 1977, Israel), one of the first sailors in Israel. He studied at the nautical schools in Odessa, London and Paris. One of the founders of "Ha-Shomer-ha-Tsair" in the USSR. Since 1924 - in E.-I. In 1926 he was promoted to captain of the fleet in England. From 1936 to 1940 he was the chief of the Tel Aviv port. One of the founders of the school of naval officers in Haifa and its leader (1940–43). During the 2nd world. War - Officer in the British Navy. Gagana activist. He was sent to Italy to acquire ships. In 1949-1970 - Chief Marine Inspector of the Ministry of Transport. Author of a book about the sea and sailors.

gaylishki
has abstract: GAYLISKI, see Gailiskiai.

gaylishkyay
has abstract: GAYLISHKIAI, a village in Telšiai district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Gailishki Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. in G. lived several. Jews.

gayna
has abstract: GAINA, a village in Logoisk district, Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Gaino Borisovsky u. Minsk province. In 1897, 243 Jews (30.6%) lived in Georgia. 19th century Akiva Gakoen was the rabbi in Georgia, and from 1905 Nison Eskin (1879—?).

gayno
has abstract: GAYNO, see Gayna.

gaysin
has abstract: GAYSIN, city, regional center in Vinnytsia region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1545. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Bratslav voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1795 it was a district town of Podolsk province. In 1765 62 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1784 - 175, in 1847 - 2018, in 1856 - 2926, in 1863 - 1863, in 1887 - 3700, in 1899 - 6470, in 1910 - 6629 (50.1%), in 1926 - 5190 (33.9%), in 1939 - 4109, in 1959 - approx. 1600 (9%), in 1970 - approx. 1200 (5.1%), in 1979 - approx. 700 (2.8%), in 1989 - 402, in 1993 - 228 Jews. Jews have lived in Georgia since the 16th century. The Jewish community of Georgia suffered during the period of "koliivshchina". Main occupation of the Jews of Georgia in the 19th century - crafts (making clothes) and trade. Rabbi in ser. 19th century was Chris. In 1856 there were 4 synagogues in Georgia, in 1863 there were 5 synagogues, and a two-class Jewish school. In 1887, the roller and steam mills that belonged to Avrum Sigal were opened. In 1899, a narrow-gauge railway was brought to the sugar factory (owner - merchant of the 1st guild Hermann Gernstein). State rabbi G. in the late. 19th century there was Avrum-Iosl Moishevich Batkes. The owner of the tobacco factory, Isaac Duvidovich Kutsenogiy, was elected a public official of the city council. In 1903 there was a Jewish almshouse. In 1909 there were a mutual aid society, a Jewish hospital (3 Jewish midwives), printing houses of U.Shvartsman, N.V. Weinstein, bookstores Weinstein, Groisman, Koifman, several. hotels: Gerbera, Red, Kushnir, Kutsenogo; opened a Jewish husband. M.Kapun's school. In 1910, Georgia had 8 synagogues and 2 Jewish cemeteries. The brick plant of Isaac and Yulia Davydov worked; the plant of agricultural cars of Kutsenogy, Sigal; Lipa Byk, Zaltsman were engaged in tobacco production and trade, Aisenberg, Gizberg, Landa, Rabinovich owned timber warehouses. 23 Oct. 1917 a pogrom broke out in Georgia, staged by Russian soldiers. a…

gaysin vladimir borisovich
has abstract: GAYSIN Vladimir Borisovich (Wolf Borukhovich) (1906, Gomel - 1982, Moscow), state. and desks. activist. In 1921-23 he studied at a vocational school, in 1923-26 he worked at a shoe factory. After study in the lips. Sov.-part. school (1926–28) and service in Kr. Army (1928-29) worked as a secretary. district committee of the Komsomol, in 1930 he returned to the shoe factory (deputy director, then director). In 1931 he was directed to the Dobrushinsky cell-boom. comb-t, in 1934-38 his director, in 1938-41 the People's Commissar of the Forest Prometheus Bel. SSR. Delegate of the 18th Congress of the CPSU (b) (1939) with a consultant. voice. In the fall of 1939, before. Time, management of the Bialystok region., Before. Committee on the organization of elections to Nar. meeting Zap. Belarus. After connecting. Zap. Belarus to Bel. SSR elected dep. VS Bel. SSR from one of the districts of the Grodno region. From March 1940, deputy. prev. SNK Bel. SSR, from Apr. 1941 deputy. prev. Econ. Council at SNK. Cand. in part. Central Committee of the CP (b) B (1940), from March 1941 member. Central Committee. After the occupation of Belarus, German-fasc. troops in the evacuation worked in the SNK Bel. SSR. Since May 1942 in Kr. Army, until Jan. 1943 Commissar of the rear of the 41st Army, then deputy. early rear of the Kalinin fr. on watered, part. In Jan. 1943 (remaining until 1944 Deputy Chairman of the SNK Bel. SSR) recalled from the front and appointed Deputy. People's Commissar (since 1946 - Deputy Minister) speech. fleet of the USSR. In the fall of 1951, during the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism," he was arrested and in 1952 sentenced by a special meeting at the USSR Ministry of State Security to 10 years in prison on charges of sabotage in transport. In 1954 he was released, worked in Moscow. river shipping company, since 1956 deputy. early this shipping company on page. Retired since 1970.

gaysinovich samuil evseevich
has abstract: GAYSINOVICH Samuil Evseevich (1903, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1939, |), teacher, theoretician of the Polytechnic. education, Dr. ped. sciences. Graduated from the Faculty of Societies. Sciences of Moscow State University (1925). In 1926-32 he taught at Moscow. industrial-ped. in-those them. KLibknecht; in 1928–31 at the Communist Academy. upbringing them. N.K. Krupskaya; in 1932–37 head. Department of Polytechnic. education in the Higher Communist. in-those education. Simultaneously (1931–37) deputy. dir. Research Institute Polytechnic. education. Developed the problems of polytechnics. education in schools of factory apprenticeship (FZU), its content, forms, methods, communication with prof. training and labor education. Implementation of polytechnic. prof. training associated with the creation of schools-enterprises. He promoted the creation of teams of students in schools of FZU as the best form of organization of the academic. process, allowing you to adapt when entering the cr. company. He put forward the idea of ​​an operational method of labor training. After 1931 he left an active scientific. activities, was engaged in editing software-method. lit-ry. Was repressed. Cit .: Principles of the organization of polytechnic. training, M., 1931.

gaysinskiy moiz
has abstract: GAYSINSKY Moiz (Moses) (1898, Tarashcha, Kiev province - 1976, Paris), chemist. Doctor of Chemistry (1927). Graduated from Yekaterinoslavskaya g-ziya. In 1917–20 he studied at Kharkov, in 1923–27 at the Roman fur boots. In 1928–30 he worked at the Thomson-Houston firm in Paris, in 1931–36 - in the lab. P. Curie of Paris University, in 1937–40 - in the National. center of scientific. research France, in 1940-45 - at Lyons un-those. Since 1945 - again in the National. center of scientific. issled., since 1955 its director. In 1959–63 prof. radiochemistry of the Paris University. One of the founders of radiation. chemistry. Early works dedicated. the study of the properties of iodide nitrogen compounds (1937-39), compounds of protactinium, polonium and curium electrochem. and radiation-chemical. methods (1945–47). In 1949-50, he criticized the actinide concept of Amer. physicist G.T. Siborg and put forward the uranide concept. In 1953 he theoretically substantiated the rules for the placement of elements of the seventh period of the periodic system of D.I. Mendeleev. In the 1960s. research regularities of radiolysis of water and waters. base solutions. In the 1970s. proposed to apply the results of radiation. chemistry in chem. kinetics and catalysis. He discovered the analogy of the activating effect of alpha-irradiation of ultrasound on the course of chem. reactions.

gayster aron izrailevich
has abstract: GAISTER Aron Izrailevich (1899, Zlatopol Chigirinsky u. Kiev province. - 1937, Moscow), economist, doctor of economics. sciences. He graduated from the Institute of Red Professors (1925), from 1926 to teach. work, in 1931-32 at the same time. worked in the USSR State Planning Committee. At the 17th Congress of the CPSU (b) (1934) elected a member. Commissions of Sov. control at SIK USSR. In 1935-37 a member. VASKHNIL and deputy. People's Commissar of Agriculture of the USSR. Member Agr. section of the Communist. academy. Author of works on the history of agr. relationships in pre-rev. Russia, socialist. reconstruction and modern the position of the owls. villages. Based on the results of field surveys, G. published joint papers. with ID Vermenichev the work "710 households of the Samara village" (Moscow, 1927). Ed. collection. publications “Collectivization of owls. villages. Preface. the results of continuous surveys of colchs. in 1928 and 1929 " (1929), "Uralokuznetsk Combine" (1933), "Problems of the North" (1933). Works: Sel. x-in capitalistic. Russia, (part 1), M., 1928; Bundle of owls. villages, M., 1928; Village-household dictionary-reference book, M.-L., 1934, 2nd ed. - 1937.

gayvoron
has abstract: GAYVORON, city (since 1949), a regional center in the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Vozn. in the 1st floor. 18th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Gaisinsky u. Podolsk province. In 1939 there were 841 Jews living in Georgia. 16-18 Feb. 1942 1404 Jews were shot in Georgia. Igor Yakovlevich Krutoy (b. 1954), composer.

gazenpot
has abstract: GAZENPOT, see Aizpute.

gdov
has abstract: GDOV, city (since 1780), a regional center in the Pskov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1431.Since 1719 - in the Pskov province, since 1780 - a district city of St. Petersburg province. In 1897 69 Jews (3.3%) lived in Georgia, in 1910 - 67 (2.5%), in 1926 - 86 Jews (2.2%). In 1910, Georgia had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. In the summer of 1941, most Jews were evacuated to the east. Several the remaining Jews were killed in the fall of 1941.

gedraychay
has abstract: GEDRAICHAY, a small town in Molėtai district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1375.From 1795 - as part of Ros. empire, the town of Gedroytsy Vilenskogo u. and lips. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 357 Jews (65.2%) lived in Georgia, in 1921 - 200, in 1923 - 421, in 1939 - 200 Jews (36% Jews lived in Georgia from the beginning. 19 century, were engaged in crafts, small trade, p. x-vom. There was a synagogue. Since 1880, Chaim Gurvich (1855—?) Was the rabbi in Georgia. All R. Aug 1915 a pogrom took place in Georgia, fleeing from which, the Jews of Georgia fled to Vilna (present-day Vilnius). In the 1920s and 30s. in G. there was a school with teaching in Hebrew, a Jewish library, and various branches operated. Jewish parties and org-tions. Herm. troops occupied Georgia on June 30, 1941. At the beginning. July 1941 Lithuanian police killed several. dozens of Jews. 7 Aug 1941 another 30 Jews were shot, 5 Sept. 1941 - 100 Jews. Several dozens of Jews fled from Georgia and hid with local peasants. Most of them were shot by the Lithuanian police or partisans from the Home Army. In the end. 1945 in Georgia, the graves of the executed Jews were desecrated; their remains were reburied on May 23, 1946 at the Vilnius Jewish cemetery.

gedroytsy
has abstract: GEDROITS, see Gedraychay.

gefter aron naumovich
has abstract: GEFTER Aron Naumovich (1894, Gomel - 1963, Moscow), graphic artist. Studied at Vilensky thin. school (1912–15) and VKHUTEIN (1921–24) with S.V. Gerasimov, D.N. Kardovsky, V.A. Favorsky. In 1920-21 the professor. in thin. studios in Gomel, in the same place. in exhibitions since 1916. Since 1925 he worked as a periodical. stamps, incl. in Hebrew, fig. polit. cartoons. In 1933, no. in the publishing house "Emes" the album "Without make-up ... Cartoons". In 1961–63 he published cartoons of the heroes of the Hebrews. liters and t-ra in the magazine. "Sovetish gameland". In 1934 comp. persons. exhibition in Moscow.

gefter mikhail yakovlevich
has abstract: GEFTER Mikhail Yakovlevich (1918, Simferopol - 1995, Moscow), historian, publicist, Ph.D. ist. Sciences (1953). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1941). In 1941 he volunteered for the people's militia. He was seriously wounded. Awarded hordes. Glory III degree. At the end of the war and until 1976 - sotr. Institute of General History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Main research topics - "mixed" Russia on the eve of 1917, rus. populism, Decembrists, "Rossika" K. Marx, problems of the genesis of Lenin's thought, the theory of the world. historical. process. In 1964–69 he headed the Department of the Methodology of History organized by him (in 1969 he was liquidated by order of the Central Committee of the CPSU). Member ch. ed. ed. "The World History". In 1976 he retired early, broke up with the officer. science. Participated in the ed. uncensored ist. collection "Memory". One of the founders and authors of samizd. g. "Search". Was subjected to searches and interrogations in the "Search" case. In 1982 he left the Communist Party. Author pl. Art., essays, dialogues, letters, to-rye until 1987 were not published, or published abroad. From 1987 he was published in the Zh. "The XX century and the world", "The working class and the modern world", "October", "Communist" and collections of the publishing house "Progress". In 1991 came the collection of works by G. "From those and these years." From February to October 1993 - Member. Council at Pres. Russian Federation. Since 1992, the president has been educating scientists. center "Holocaust".

gefter semen davydovich
has abstract: GEFTER Semyon Davydovich (1872, Odessa - 1928, Leningrad), electrical engineer, active participant in the state. Commission for the Electrification of Russia (since 1920). Graduated from mat. Faculty of Sorbonne (Paris) and Liege Electrical Engineering. Institute (1898). Until 1899 he worked as head. lab. at the Cologne Electrical Engineering. s-de acts. about-va "Helios" in Germany. From 1899, upon returning to Russia, he worked at St. Petersburg. mountains. center, electro. (head of laboratory, chief engineer, director-manager). At the same time. taught in 1909-11 in St. Petersburg. polytechnic in-those, in 1907-17 at the Higher. wives polytechnic courses. In 1907-17 before. ed. to-that f. "Electricity"; in 1917-19 he was engaged in the design of the electrification of the Donetsk Basin. Ing. About-va Donetsk bass. In 1919 he entered (together with A.G. Kogan and M.A. Shatelen) in the Electrification Bureau of Donetsk Basin. At the same time. in 1918–20 he was in charge of technical. partly builds, management under Ch. coal committee of the Supreme Economic Council, since 1920 members. GOELRO commission. In 1920-21 the head. dep. electrification of VSNKh. In 1921–26, assistant to Ch. engineer of the building of Volkhovskaya and Svirskaya HPPs. From 1926 he worked on the Board of Leningrad. power plants (Electric current).

gefter yuliya markovna
has abstract: GEFTER Yulia Markovna (1884, Moscow - 1970, Leningrad), biochemist, prof., Dr. honey. Sciences (1911). Graduated from natural sciences. Department of Phys.-Math. Faculty of Moscow higher. wives courses (1908) and honey. Faculty of Munich University (1911). In 1913–20 she worked at the faculty therapeutic. clinic Mosk. un-that and simultaneously. (until 1915) in the lab. organic chemistry ND Zelinsky, since 1915 in the laboratory. honey. chemistry Mosk. un-that under the hands. V.S. Gulevich. In 1923 she became the head of biochem. lab. in Ying-those prof. diseases them. V.A. Obukha. In 1930, after honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University stood out in the 1st Moscow. honey. in-t, G. worked at the department of honey. chemistry and organized one of the first workshops on quantities, analysis for physicians. Since 1931 prof., Head. Department of Biochemistry in the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. in-those (since 1964 - a consultant). tr. on the biochemistry of metabolism in muscle tissue. G. was one of the first to pay attention to the role of cholesterol in metabolic processes, was engaged in disturbances of nitrogen metabolism in protein deficiency. Remaining in besieged Leningrad, she conducted unique research. exchange in - in with alimentary dystrophy. In 1969, G. donated her personal savings to encourage the best scholars. student works.

gekht boris moiseevich
has abstract: GEKHT Boris Moiseevich (b. 1927), neurologist, Dr. med. sciences (1972), professor (1977). After graduating in 1952 Moscow. honey. in-that worked as a doctor-neuropathologist in Kazakhstan. Resident since 1955, since 1957 - post-graduate student of the Department of Nervous Diseases Center. in-that improvement of doctors. Since 1960 ml. scientific. sotr. Institute of Psychiatry, since 1960 - Art. scientific. sotr., scientific secretary lab. control problems of human and animal functions. N.I. Grashchenkova. In 1973 hand. lab. clinics pathophysiology Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathological. physiology, in 1985 - hands. myasthenic. center, created by him at the department. neuromuscular pathological. Human Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathological. physiology. one of the leading experts in the region. pathological. physiology and clinical picture of muscle diseases and neuromuscular regulation. G. studies the mechanisms of development and clinics decomp. forms pathological. muscle fatigue. He introduced a method of treating myasthenia gravis. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR. Works: Myasthenia gravis and other forms of pathology of muscle fatigue, M., 1970; Syndromes patol. muscle fatigue, M., 1974; Neuromuscular diseases (et al.), M., 1982.

gekht semen grigorjevich
has abstract: SEKHT Semyon Grigorievich (1903, Odessa - 1963, Moscow), writer. Began to publish in 1922 in Odessa. From ser. 1920s in Moscow, sotr. gas. "Beep". Almost all production G. dedicated to the life of Jews in the USSR - Sat. "Stories" (1925), the story "The Man Who Forgot His Life" (1927), the novel "Instructive Story" (1939), stories and stories for children "The Story of the Budlerov Migration" (1930), "The Shoemaker's Son" (1931) , “Efim Kalyuzhny from Smidovichi” (1931), etc. In the anti-Zionist novel “The Steamer Goes to Jaffa and Back” (1936) about the mandated Palestine of the 1st third of the 20th century. G. told truthfully about the life of the Hebrews. settlers, about anti-Jews. bloody speeches of the Arabs. 1941–45 military. corr. gas. "Beep". In the end. 1940s during the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism" he was repressed. After his release (1956), he dedicated a number of works. Jews whose lives have been crippled by the war (Nightingale's Booth, 1957; Debts of the Heart, 1963, etc.). Author of rep. about E.G. Bagritsky, I. Ilf, and others, translated into Russian. lang. manuf. Sh.Ash, Sholem Aleichem, M. Daniel.

gekht yuriy grigorjevich
has abstract: GEHT Yuri Grigorievich (b. 1943, Krasnovishersk, Molotov region), economist. Graduated from Leningrad. forestry acad. Occupied by engineer. and manager. positions at the pulp-boom enterprises. prom-sti. 1980–82 - deputy. gene. dir. association "Union". 1982–85 - deputy. gene. dir. by production scientific and production association "Voskhod". In 1987–90 - director. boom. factories in Serpukhov. 1990–93 gene. dir. and before. acc. about-va "Sokolniki". Since 1990 - bunk. dep. Top. Council of the RSFSR. Prev faction "Industrial Union".

gekhtman moisey yakovlevich
has abstract: GEKHTMAN Moisey Yakovlevich (1901, Pavlograd Ekaterinoslavskaya province - 1973, Kishinev), doctor. In 1926 he graduated from honey. f-t Saratovsk. un-that. In 1926–27 he worked as a doctor in the Crimea, in 1927–31 - head. sanitary prophylactic department rayzdravotd. in Belogorsk, in 1932-38 - Art. State Inspector and Head. dignity epidemiological in Simferopol. In 1938–41 - Ch. state inspector. In 1941, Deputy. early dignity dep. army that fought in the Crimea. In 1942–43 he worked in Kuibyshev and Frunze. In 1945–49 Ch. sanitary inspector and deputy. Minister of Health of the Moldavian SSR. In 1945–73 - head. department of social. hygiene and organization of health care and history of medicine of Chisinau honey. in-that. Doc. dis. He defended "Health of Moldova" in 1963. G. Hon. doctor of the MSSR (1957), honored. Scientist of the MSSR (1966). G. worked out questions of the organization of honey. help to rural us. and the history of hygiene. Cit .: Regional hospital in new conditions, Chisinau, 1957; Certain organizational forms of rural health care of the Moldavian SSR, Chisinau, 1960; Organization of recreation of workers of the USSR, Chisinau, 1961.

gekker nakhman levkovich
has abstract: GEKKER Nakhman Levkovich (Naum Leontyevich) (1862, Bakhmut, Yekaterinoslavskaya province. - 1920, Odessa), member of the revolutionary. movement of the 1870s-80s, publicist. From a rich merchant. families. He graduated from the city. Berdyansk. From 1879 he studied at Novoros. un-those (Odessa), organized a roar. circle. In 1880 he left for Kiev, joined Yuzhnorus. workers' union ", organized its branch in Berdyansk, led the roar. propaganda among the workers, participated in the creation. underground printing house, kept in touch with the party "Nar. will". Arrested in April. 1881 in Odessa. In 1882 he was sentenced to 10 years in hard labor (he served in the Kariyskoy convict prison in Transbaikalia). Since 1891 in a settlement in Yakutia, he collaborated with Vost.-Sib. dep. Rus. geogr. about-va, studied ethnogr. research G.'s work "To the characteristics of physical. type of Yakuts "(1896) is marked by Uvarovskaya ave. Petersburg. AN. Since 1896 in Irkutsk, sotr. gas. "East. review ". In 1898 he returned to Europe. Russia, soon settled in Odessa, was printed in gas. "Odessa News", w. "South. review ”,“ Rus. wealth "," Contemporary "and others. Despite the heavy. The disease (progressive paralysis) has been involved in societies. life, from the beginning. 1900s member Odessa organization of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. Author lit.-critical. Art. and book. about the work of L.N. Andreev (1903) .Cit .: Polit. hard labor on Kara, "Byloe", 1906, no. 9; A.A. Spandoni, ibid; Our youth, "Testaments", 1913, no. 7.

gelchin
has abstract: GELCHIN, a village in the Lomrzyn Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in Lomzhinsky district. Lomzhinskaya lips. In 1918–39 in Poland, in 1939–45 in the Byelorussian SSR. 75 Jews (12%) lived in Georgia in 1897. The Jewish population of Georgia was exterminated during the Holocaust.

gelendzhik
has abstract: GELENDZHIK, a city (since 1915) in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). From 1831 - Russian. fortress, from 1864 - the village of Gelendzhikskaya, from 1870 - a village. 25 Jews (0.6%) lived in Georgia in 1926, 57 in 1939, and approx. 600 Jews. Genus. Yakov Yakovlevich Trainin (1918-1994, Moscow), TV director, director of the first TV show of the parade and demonstration from Red Square. May 1, 1956.

gelendzhikskaya
has abstract: GELENDZHIK, see Gelendzhik.

geljbak
has abstract: GELBAK, see Chir-Yurt.

geljbinovo
has abstract: GELBINOVO, in the composition (since 1944) s. Bobrik, Lyubashevsky district, Odessa region (Ukraine). Main in 1851 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Baltsky district Podolsk lips. migrants from Volyn, Kiev and Kherson provinces. In 1921–41, the village of Yasinovsky, then the Lyubashevsky district of Odessa province, then the region. In 1859, 1,599 people lived in Georgia. (150 families), in 1863 - 1448 people. (106 households), in 1870 - 58 families, in 1893 - 170 people. (43 yards), in 1898 - 257 people, in 1905 - 367 people. (59 courtyards.) In 1863 a synagogue existed in Georgia. Lacking the skills of agricultural. labor and funds for the acquisition of inventory, the colonists rented out their plots to peasants from the surrounding villages; many left the colony. Main occupations of the Jewish population - decomp. crafts and employment. In 1870, the lustration commission took away arable land and hayfields from the colonists (with the exception of 2 plots where Jews were successfully engaged in farming), leaving them to use farmsteads and pastures for cattle. In 1898-99, out of 320 dess. 50% of the land was used for arable land (30 families were engaged in farming). After the 1st world. and Grazhd. wars x-va colonists fell into decay, the Jewish population declined. In the 1920s. there was a Jewish hut-reading room, a Jewish 2-class school. A collective farm was established in 1929. The famine of 1932–33 inflicted great losses on the population. In 1941, after the occupation of Rum. troops of Georgia became part of Transnistria.

geljfand boris abramovich
has abstract: GELFAND Boris Abramovich (born 1968, Minsk), chess player; int. grandmaster (1989). A contender for the world championship since 1990. European champion (1987/88) and the USSR (1985) among youth. Winner of two interzonal tournaments - Manila (1990) and Biel (1993), international. tournaments - Belgrade (1991) and Moscow (1992).

geljfand boris ruvimovich
has abstract: GELFAND Boris Ruvimovich (b. 1942, Tashkent), anesthesiologist, Dr. med. Sciences (1986). In 1965 he graduated from the 1st Moscow. honey. in-t. He worked in Gore. clinics b-tse No. 1 named after NI Pirogova, Ying-those of cardiovascular surgery. A.N.Bakuleva. Since 1988 - head. course of anesthesiology and resuscitation Ros. state honey. un-that, prof. (1989). Science. tr. G. has eaten, hospital infection, inf.-toxic. shock, clinic. pharmacology. Laureate of the State. pr. RSFSR (1991).

geljfand izrailj moiseevich
has abstract: GELFAND Izrail Moiseevich (b. 1913, Windows of Baltskiy near Podolsk Gubernia), mathematician, Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1940), prof. (1943). Acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1984; Corresponding Member since 1953). Having incomplete. Wed education, arrived in 1930 in Moscow, where they are independent, studied mathematics. In 1932-35 he was a post-graduate student of Moscow State University, a student of AN Kolmogorov. Cand. physical-mat. Sciences (1935). He worked at Moscow State University (since 1932), in Mat. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1939), in Ying-those prikl. mathematics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1953). At present he also works in the USA (Rutgers University). The head of the largest scientific. schools, one of the founders of the theory of normalized rings. Author of foundations, results in the field of Lie group theory (theory of infinite unitary representations of continuous groups), general theory. functions, topological theory. linear spaces, inverse problems of spectral analysis, quantum mechanics, mat. methods in biology. Foreign member Amer. acad. Law and Science (1964), Irish Academy of Sciences (1970), Nat. Academy of Sciences (USA, 1970), Academy of Sciences of France (1976), London. Royal about-va (1977), Swedish. AN (1974), hon. h. Londonsk. mat. about-va (1967), Amer. mat. about-va (1966); och. Dr. un-com at Oxford, Harvard, Uppsala, Paris. Pres. Moscow mat. about-va (1966–70). Etc. Wolf (1978). Wigner Medal Intern. Union for Group Theory in Physics. Became. pr. (1951), Len. pr. (1961). Works: Generalized functions, no. 1-6, M., 1958-66 (et al.).

geljfeljd semen aronovich
has abstract: GELFELD Semyon Aronovich (1898, Alexandrov, Vladimir province - 1976, Moscow), architect, artist. In 1928 he graduated from VKHUTEIN in Moscow. He was a member of the ASNOVA association. Main works: the project of the Red Stadium on Vorobyovy Gory in Moscow (1924, as part of a team of students of VKHUTEMAS), the project of the House of Industry and Trade (1928, thesis), the project Center. a park of culture and recreation in Moscow (as part of the ASNOYOA brigade); participation in the development of the project of the Palace of Soviets (1933, under the direction of BM Iofan).

geljfer mikhail efimovich
has abstract: GELFER Mikhail Efimovich (b. 1934, Moscow), architect, sports design specialist. buildings and structures. In 1968 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Participated in competitions: Heavy Palace. athletics in Izmailovo, Moscow (1976, 1st avenue), the sports complex of the GPZ plant in Moscow (1981, 2nd ave.). Main work: building c. Volzhsky (1967), in Moscow - the stadium "Torpedo" (1972), the sports complex of the AZLK plant (1976, prospect SM USSR), the sports complex in Togliatti (1983).

geljfer salomeya maksimovna
has abstract: GELFER Salome Maksimovna (b. 1916, Bialystok), architect, specialist in the design of theater and entertainment buildings, leading specialist in the Giprotheatr Institute in Moscow. In 1939 she graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Main works: project of gen. reconstruction of the Leningrad Opera and Ballet Theater (1970), 12 built circuses, incl. in Ulan Bator, Mongolia (1965), in Novosibirsk (1970), Vladivostok (1973), t-ry - in Saransk (1962), Belgorod (1962), reconstruction of the Moscow Art Theater building (1986). Honored. arch. RSFSR (1969).

geljferg semen grigorjevich
has abstract: GELFERG Semyon Grigorievich (1924, Odessa - 1943), Hero of Owls. Union (1943). In Kr. Army from 1942. On fr. from 1943. Com. dep., ml. Sergeant G. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the courage shown in the battle when crossing the Dnieper. Killed in battle.

geljfman gesya mironovna
has abstract: GELFMAN Gesya Mironovna (Meerovna) (1854, Mozyr, Minsk province - 1882, St. Petersburg), participant of the revolutionary. movements of the 1870s and 80s. At 16, she broke up with her family and left home. From 1871 she lived in Kiev, where she graduated from obstetric courses (1874). In the 1st floor. 1870s participated in the roar. populist. circles; tried to create a sewing workshop on an artel basis. In the spring of 1875 she met a member. roar. populist. group of "Muscovites", carried on propaganda among the workers of Kiev. On Sept. 1875 arrested, taken to St. Petersburg. At the "trial of 50" (1877) she was sentenced to 2 years in prison (she was serving a sentence in the "Lithuanian Castle" in St. Petersburg). In the spring of 1879 she was exiled to Staraya Russa, Novgorod province, in September. 1879 fled, went illegal. position in Petersburg joined the roar. organization "Narodnaya Volya", conducted propaganda among students and workers, was the mistress of the conspirator. apartments, worked in watered. "Red Cross", participated in the publication of illegal. "Rabochaya Gazeta" and in the preparation of the assassination attempt on the Emperor. Alexander II. In apr. 1881 arrested, involved in the murder of Alexander II on 1.3.1881 by the Narodnaya Volya. She was sentenced to death by hanging at the trial. Due to G.'s pregnancy, the death penalty was postponed, and after a campaign of protests by the world community, it was replaced by eternal hard labor. G. was kept in solitary confinement in the House of Pre. imprisonment in St. Petersburg, where she gave birth to a daughter. Deprived of honey. leaving, G. died of purulent inflammation of the peritoneum.

geljfond
has abstract: GELFOND (Gelfand) Haim-Yankel Shimonovich (Haim Yankelevich) (lit. ps. A.I. Litvak) (1877, Slutsk, Minsk province - 1932, New York), polit. activist, publicist. From a poor bourgeois family. From ser. 1890s participated in the work of Heb. working circles, sotr. illegal. gas. Arbeter Shtimme. In 1896 he was arrested, soon released for lack of evidence, in 1898 he was again arrested in Yekaterinoslav, in 1902 he was exiled to the Yakutsk region. Back in Europe. Russia, became one of the leading publicists of the Bund, from 1905 - member. his Central Committee, in 1905–07 he worked in the Bund trade unions and the Hebrews. cultural org-tions. In 1907-10 he was arrested several times. A participant in the Bund meeting in Vienna (Feb. 1913) and the 9th congress united, the organization gr. assistance to the Bund and workers' fereins (unions) abroad (Dec. 1913). Since 1915 - in the USA, where he represented the Bund, he gained fame as a lecturer and publicist. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, worked in the Bund organizations in Ukraine. Oct he met the coup of 1917 with hostility and published Bund and anti-Bolshevik literature in the Ukraine. At the Minsk conf. Bund (1919) was headed by the Social-Democrats. wing, after the split of the Bund (1920) one of the leaders of the Social-Democrats. Bund and members. his Central Committee. In 1921 owls were arrested. authorities, after his release he left for Vilno, where he published Heb. s.-d. gas. After a conflict with the leaders of the Polish Bund, to-rykh G. criticized for "leftism", in 1925 he left for the USA. Died of a heart attack, works: Melkoburzh. socialism in Heb. the soil: (Critique of the "theory" of the Zionist socialists), St. Petersburg, 1906; Poale Zionism: A New Current in Rus. Jewry - worker Zionism. Critical sketch, SPb., 1907.

geljfond aleksandr osipovich
has abstract: GELFOND Alexander Osipovich (1906, Petersburg - 1968, Moscow), mathematician. Prof. (1931), Dr. of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1935), ch. USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). Graduated from Moscow State University (1927), graduate school there (1930). Ch.-c. Int. Academy of the History of Science (1968). He worked at Moscow State University (1930–68) and Mat. Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the SSR (1933-68). Osn. results in number theory (theory of transcendental numbers - a solution to the 7th problem of Hilbert) and the theory of complex functions. alternating works: Izor. tr., M., 1978; Transcendental and algebras. numbers, M., 1952; Elementary methods in analytic. number theory, M., 1962, (with Yu. Vinnik); Deductions and their applications, M., 1966; Calculus of finite differences, M.-L., 1952; 3rd ed., M., 1967.

geljman aleksandr isaakovich
has abstract: GELMAN Alexander Isaakovich (b. 1933, Donduseni, Romania), playwright. From 1952 to 1960 in the Sov. Army. At the end of the military. he served in Sevastopol and Kamchatka. Demobilized while reducing the army, worked as a milling machine operator in Chisinau. Since 1967 - sotr. leningr. newspapers. Since the beginning of the 70s. - playwright. One of the most popular playwrights in Russia in the 80s. The author of the plays: "Feedback", "We, the undersigned", "Alone with all", "Bench". On the wave of "glasnost" during the period of "perestroika" in July 1990 was elected member. Central Committee of the CPSU. In September of the same year, he left the party. From 1989 to 1992 - dep. USSR Armed Forces. Since 1990 he has been leading a journalistic column in the railway station. "Claim to the cinema". Laureate of the State. pr. USSR (1976; for the script f. "Prize").

geljman leon
has abstract: HELMAN Leon (1887, Yampol - 1973, USA), journalist, societies. activist. Since 1910 in the USA. Headed the dec. schools with teaching in Hebrew (1911–17) in San Luis, later ed. (1918–35) and ed. (1923–35) gas. “San Luis Heb. Gazette ”, published in Yiddish, in a cut G. propagated the religion. Zionist. traffic. As the organizer of the Mizrahi movement in the United States, he served as executors. sec. org-tion (1914-17), nat. Vice President (1930–35) and prez. (1935–39). After moving to New York, he edited the publications of Mizrahi (1935-49), incl. "Der Mizrahi veg" and edition, dedicated to the anniversary of the Mizrahi movement (together with P. Churgin, 1936). Since 1949 in Israel. There was a prez. Worldwide org-tion Mizrahi, and later almost. prez. In 1949-53 members. will perform, the organ of Heb. agencies. Published Art. in "Ha-Tso-fe" - Israel. nat. religious gas., as well as new york. gaz., published in Yiddish. Most of Art. is devoted to the problem of establishing the state of Israel on the basis of loyalty to trad. Heb. spirit. values. Among the many. book G. paramount. the collections of his essays are important: “The struggle of the Jews in Wed. century "(1948) and others.

geljman ovsey yankelevich
has abstract: GELMAN Ovsey Yankelevich (b. 1932, Warsaw), physicist, prof., Member. Nat. Ing. academy (Mexico, 1977). In 1941–75 he lived in Georgia. In 1955 he graduated from physics. Faculty of Tbilisi State un-that, in 1962 he defended the candidate. dissertation. He worked at the Institute of Geology and the Institute of Cybernetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR. In 1972–75, he was unable to work due to his application to leave for Israel. Since 1975 in Israel, prof. Administrative Faculty of Tel Aviv University. Since 1976 in Mexico, prof. Mexican nat. autonomous un-that. At the same time. teaches at Ing. and adm. f-takh. Since 1992, the director also works. inter-institutional program for disaster prevention and industrial control. objects is prez. adm. advice and ch. tech. dir. company "Grupo Glovadisador" (1990), vice-rector of the University "De Las Americas", hon. h. Mexican institute of hands. business, advisor to the mayor's office of Mexico City (since 1983) and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. cases (since 1986) on disasters, scientific. Advisor to the International tech. to the Association of the largest cities. Author of over 280 printed scientific. works.

geljman polina vladimirovna
has abstract: GELMAN Polina Vladimirovna (1919, Berdichev - 2005, Moscow), Hero of Owls. Union (1946). In Kr. Army from October 1941. Graduated from navigator courses. In fr. from May 1942. Beginning. communications squadron of night bombs. Aviation shelf, art. leith. G. made 860 sorties during the war years. She graduated from the Military. in-t foreign. lang. (1951). Cand. econom. Sciences (1970). Major G. was retired from 1957. Assoc. Department of Political Economy Ying-that societies. Sciences at the Central Committee of the CPSU. Participated in the anti-Zionist campaign led by the Sov. authorities in the 70s.

geljman yakov
has abstract: HELMAN Yakov (1880, Talsi - 1950, Argentina), Zionist leader, editor. Studied in lit. yeshivah, since 1897 - in Frankfurt. Until 1910 he studied at high fur boots in Marburg (a student of G. Cohen) and Bern. From his youth he took part in the Zionist movement, showed interest in the socialist revolutionaries. During the 1st world. war became one of the organizers of the Tseirei Zion movement in Russia. From 1919 he lived in Riga, where he became one of the leaders of the Zionist socialist. movement in Latvia; in 1920 he was elected to the Latvian parliament. Edited by dec. g. and daily. gas. in Yiddish "Frimorgen". Member Centre. to-that int. Union of Poalei Zion. In 1933–36 - Ch. ed. organ Poalei Zion in Warsaw "Dos Nye Bort". Since 1936 - in E.-I. After participating in 21 Zionist Congr. (1939) left for Argentina as a representative. World Heb. Congr. He actively participated in the Zionist movement, collaborated in a number of gas. and f. In 1951, see. was published. in Yiddish his book. "Jerusalem"; in 1957 per. in Hebrew.

geljmond shmuelj izraylevich
has abstract: HELMOND Shmuel Izrailevich (1907, Vladimir-Volynsky, Volyn province - 1941, Vasin, Kirovograd region), poet. Graduated from ped. Institute, worked as a teacher in Zhitomir and Odessa. Debuted verse. in Moscow. Heb. youth railway "Jungvald" in 1924, then printed in the center. Heb. gaz., f., almanac (including in Moscow, almanac "Sovetish"). In 1926 he published the first book. - the poem "Tripoli", the author of collection. "Yugnt inland" ("Youth in the country", 1931), the poem "Electre in step" ("Electrician in the steppe", 1935), etc. In the 1930s. lived in Odessa, worked in Heb. school, participated in the social and cultural life of the city. 6/23/1941 volunteered for the front (junior leit.), Died in battle.

geljmyazov
has abstract: GELMYAZOV, a village in the Zolotonoshsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1613.From 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zolotonosha u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1897 712 Jews (11.8%) lived in Georgia, in 1939 - 50 Jews. Jews have lived in Georgia since the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century main occupations of the Jewish population - crafts and petty trade. Eliyahu Feldman (1875—?) Was the rabbi in Georgia since 1900. During the Civil. During the war, the Jews of Georgia suffered from pogroms perpetrated by units of the Directory and the Volunteer Army. In the 1920s. pl. Jews of G. moved to the kr. city ​​In G., genus. Oizer Smolensky (1862-1934, Philadelphia, USA), poet (in Yiddish), since 1893 - in the USA.

geljnev
has abstract: GELNEV, see Gelnev.

geljperin nison iljich
has abstract: GELPERIN Nison Ilyich (1903, Smolevichi Borisovskiy u., Minsk province. - 1989, Moscow), chemist-technologist, organizer of chemical. productions. Graduated from Moscow. chemical-technological Institute (1923). He worked there (since 1931 - prof.), In 1932–39 - prof. and head. department in Moscow. in-those chem. machine-building. In 1939-41 - prof. Institute of advanced training of engineers chem. prom-sti. In 1942-87 - prof. and head. department “Processes and devices of chem. technologies "in Moscow. in-those fine chem. technology. At the same time. in 1925–31 he worked in the Khimstroy trust (from 1929 - chief engineer), in 1931–33 - director. Research Institute of Chem. machine-building, in 1933-36 - technical. dir. trust "Soyuzazot", in 1936-38 - Ch. Ing. Trust "Glavazot" People's Commissariat heavy. industry of the USSR, in 1938–45 - early. Design Bureau of the USSR People's Commissariat of Ammunition, in 1945-47 - early. of the 1st Ch. control at the USSR SM. Developed the theory of multi-case evaporators, a heat pump, complex heat transfer processes in chem. devices. Created an analytic. method for calculating rectification of ideal binary mixtures. Theoretically and experimentally investigated a number of fluidization processes. Developed and introduced into the industry machines and devices for the production of phosphorus fertilizers, alkali metal xanthates, ammonia synthesis, etc. In recent years, he led the development and commissioning of installations for de-phenolization of gas emissions (Kemerovo), continuous dehydration of copper salicylate (Leningrad), separation of hydrocarbon gases (Baku). Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1963), honorary chemist of the USSR (1978). Became. pr. (1953). Works: Evaporators, M.-L., 1947; Distillation and rectification, M.-L., 1974; The structure of streams and the efficiency of chemical columns prom-sti, M., 1977 (in co-authorship); Main processes and apparatuses chem. technology, book. 1–2, …

geljshteyn eliazar markovich
has abstract: GELSHTEIN Eliazar Markovich (1897, Polotsk, Vitebsk province. - 1955, Moscow), therapist, honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1942), prof. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1919). In 1919–20 he served as a doctor in Kr. Army, then was a resident, an assistant therapist. clinics of the 2nd Moscow. honey. in-that. From 1931 for 20 years he was in charge of the faculty therapist there. clinic. During the war, Ch. therapist Leningr. front (1941–44). In connection with the campaign to "fight cosmopolitanism" was forced to leave the clinic, and in February 1953 was arrested in the "case of doctors." After his release, he worked as a consultant in various hospitals in Moscow. tr. G. dedicated cardiovascular diseases (rheumatism, hypertensive disease), alimentary dystrophy. One of the first in the USSR to apply the method of roentgenokymography for research. heart (monograph "Clinical significance of roentgenokymography of heart research", 1937). He studied the mechanism of action of various drugs, incl. acrihin, sulfidine. Member right. Vses. and Mosk. therapeutic. ob-in. Works: Textbook int. diseases, M., 1935 (jointly with V.F. Zelenin); Private pathology and therapy of internal diseases, M., 1950 (4th ed., Jointly with V.F. Zelenin); Myocardial infarction, M., 1948.

geljsingfors
has abstract: GELSINGFORS, see Helsinki.

geljvany
has abstract: GELVANA, see Gyalvonay.

geller
has abstract: GELLER (Kagan) Lipa Nisanovich (1915, Dukora Minsky District and Gubernia - 1989, Minsk), poet. R. in the teacher's family. Studied in lit. f-those of Minsk ped. in-that, worked as a teacher. In 1928 he made his debut verse. in Minsk Hebrews. youth publications, in the 1930s. published in literary arts, w. "Stern" (Minsk) and gas. "October". In 1934, Sat. verse. G. "Geburt" ("Birth"). In 1941–45 at the front, after demobilization he worked as a teacher in Smolensk. In the 1970s. started writing poetry again, collaborated in the railway station. Sovetish Gameland and Gas. "Birobidzhaner Stern". In recent years he lived in Minsk.

geller binem
has abstract: GELLER Binhem (b. 1908, Warsaw), poet. R. in a poor Hasidic family, studied at the cheder and yeshiva. From the age of 14 he worked as a glove-maker, became interested in a communist. movement and because of this was forced to flee Poland. In 1937–39 he lived in Belgium and Paris, then returned to Warsaw, and in Sept. 1939, when it was captured by the Nazis, he fled to Bialystok, then lived in Alma-Ata and Moscow (1943–47). In 1947 he returned to Poland. First Sat verse. "Durkh grates" ("Through the bars") was published in Warsaw in 1930. Book. was confiscated by the Polish authorities. There were also two books published there: “In Umru Fung Teg” (“In Trouble of Days”, 1932), “Oifn Screw” (“In the Wind”, 1936). In Minsk ed. book poems in 1940, and Sat. verse about the war - "Di erd got goth getsitert" ("The earth shook") - in Moscow in 1947. In the same place in 1948 his poem "Der veg oif Varshe" ("The road to Warsaw") was published. Heb. refugees from Poland. Of great value to the history of Heb. literature represents comp. G. Sat. "Dos Lid from Geblibn" ("The Song Remained", 1951), which included verses of 36 Heb. poets of Poland who died during the Nazi occupation. In 1952 Warsaw Hebrew. state Dr. staged his play "A stub in the ghetto" ("House in the ghetto"). Since 1957 in Israel. Living in Tel Aviv, G. published a collection of poems. "Nye Leader" ("New Songs", 1964), "Dor un Doer" ("Generation and Continuation", 1967), etc.

geller efim petrovich
has abstract: GELLER Efim Petrovich (1925, Odessa - 1995, Moscow), chess player; int. grandmaster (1952), zm USSR (1963), Hon. coach of the USSR (1965). Contender for the world championship in the 1950s - 70s; world champion among seniors (1992). Member of twenty-three USSR championships (1949–85), two-time national champion (1955 and 1979). As part of the USSR team, the winner of seven Olympiads (1952–56, 1962, 1968, 1970, 1980) and six European championships (1961, 1970–83). The winner is St. twenty int. tournaments, incl. Bever Wijk (1965), Wijk aan Zee (1969), Moscow (1975), Las Palmas (1976). Shahm. G.'s creativity is distinguished by innovation in the opening, original ideas in the middlegame, ingenuity in attack, and a fine understanding of the endgame. G. is one of the leading chess. theorists in the world, the author of a number of opening systems and variants. Works: At the chessboard, Odessa, 1962; Old Indian Defense, Moscow, 1980.

geller iekhil ben-aron
has abstract: GELLER Yehil ben-Aron (1814, Koydanovo, Minsk province - 1861, Plungyany of Telshevsky district, Koven province), rabbi. He served as a rabbi in Glusk, Volkovysk, Suwalki and Plungyany. The author of a number of op. On him. lang.

geller iosif eliyagu
has abstract: HELLER Joseph Eliyahu (1888, Ponevezh, Kovno province - 1957), writer. After graduating from Berlin University he lived in Russia and Germany. One of the ed. "Encyclopedias of Judaica" (Germany) and the encyclopedia "Esh-kol" (1929-32). In 1933 he moved to London, where he was a teacher and editor. g. Zionist orientation "Tarbut". Publ. research in Heb. and general philosophy in it., Eng. lang. and Hebrew, was sotr. decomp. g. in Hebrew ("ha-Olam", "ha-Doar", etc.). His research. philosophy Ahad Ha-Ama publ. in the book. "Ahad Ha-Am, ha-ish, po'alo ve-torato" (1955). The author of the book. "H.-N. Bialik" (1944), "Zionist Idea" (1947), trans. in Hebrew of a number of works. Plato.

geller lev naumovich
has abstract: HELLER Lev Naumovich (1875, Volkovysk, Grodno province - 1942, Tashkent), participant of the revolutionary. movement, orientalist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1935), prof. (1935). Graduated from the Riga Polytechnic. Institute (1898) and honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (1903). Member Communist. party since 1904. Dec. armed restore 1905 in Moscow. In 1914 he left Russia, and in 1917 he returned, a participant in October. coup of 1917. In the years of civil. wars on the desks. work in Turkestan. In 1921–22 for a diploma. work. In 1922-30 the head. East department of the Profintern. Since 1930 scientific. sotr., head. sector of the labor movement Ying-that world. x-va and the world. politicians. Member editorial board "Peace. x-in and the world. politics". Specialist in the region. int. relationships. The author of St. 50 scientific. and publicist. works on the problems of the worker and prof. movement in the East. and South-East. Asia. He died in evacuation. Works: Prof. in the East, M., 1923; The position of the working class in the capitalist. countries for 20 years, M., 1937.

geller petr
has abstract: HELLER Peter (Passover) Isaakovich (1862, Shklov - |), artist, painter. After training at the Odessa Drawing School, he entered the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg (1873-1878). For the painting "Dedication of Ivan the Terrible before his death as a monk" he received the title of class artist of the 1st degree (1886). The first painting on a free subject "The Oath of Jewish Recruits" (1887) was acquired by the Museum of the Academy of Arts. Author of more than 200 works, mainly. dedicated to rus. life and history, to Heb. the topic was addressed in the 1900s. Main works: "Poshekhonskaya antiquity" (1890), "Reception of recruits" (1893), "Pushkin in the village of Mikhailovskoye" (1899), "Unexpected message of Paul I to Suvorov" (1902), "Gogol among great friends" (1904), "After the pogrom", "Day of mourning Tish'o b'ov", "For what |", "Jews at the station" (all - 1907) and "How long, oh Lord!" (1909). Works are kept in the Museum of the Academy of Arts, private collections.

geller samuil yuljevich
has abstract: HELLER Samuil Yul'evich (Evelievich) (1906, Krantz, East Prussia - 1972), physicist-geographer and geomorphologist, researcher of the nature of deserts Cf. Asia, Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1948), prof. (1959). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1929). He worked in the Commission for Expeditionary Research. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1927–28), at the Sandy-Desert Institute (until 1932) and in 1932–72 at the Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, head. next to dep. Studied the geography of deserts and the nature of salt lakes. Developed the doctrine of the role of soil colloids in the formation of soils and soil absorbing complex. Gave an explanation of the origin of solonetz soils and the processes of salinization, proved the possibility of radical improvement of solonetzic soils by gypsum, and acidic soils by liming. Ch.-c. Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sciences of Czechoslovakia (1928) and Intern. Society of Soil Scientists (1930). Etc. them. Ilenin (1927), Op. cit., v. 1-3, 1955.

geller yuliy aleksandrovich
has abstract: HELLER Julius Alexandrovich (1902 - 1977, Moscow), metal expert, specialist in the region. tool steels. He graduated in 1939 Moscow. Institute of Steel, where he worked at the Department of Metallurgy and Thermal. processing. In 1941–46 in the USSR People's Commissariat of Ammunition, beginning. instr. metallurgical group department and ch. metallurgist of defense plants. In 1943-53 he taught at Moscow. in-those chem. machine at the Department of Metal Science and Technology of Metals (prof. from 1953). In 1957–77 the head. Department of Metallurgy and Thermal. processing Mosk. machine tool in-that. Main work in the region. metallurgy tools. steels, incl. development and implementation in the production of tools. steels (high speed, die, etc.) decomp. types, research. structure, phase composition, technol., mechanical., physical. and other properties of steels, the influence of alloying elements on the parameters of steel. Developed the composition of tools. steels included in the State. USSR standard. Author of 12 inventions, a number of scientific. printed works, incl. fundamental monographs. Honored. a worker of science and technology of the RSFSR, Works: Tool steels. 5th ed., M., 1983; Materials Science. 6th ed., M., 1989 (with A.G. Reichstadt) and others.

gellershteyn solomon grigorjevich
has abstract: GELLERSHTEIN Solomon Grigorievich (1896, Ekaterinoslav - 1967, Moscow), psychologist, specialist in the region. work psychology, prof. (1947). Sci. he began his activity in 1922. Together with IN Shpilrein, he pioneered the growth. psychotechnics, presented this new scientific. industry at the 5th Int. Congress on Psychotechnics in Utrecht (Holland) in 1928. Head. dep. of labor psychology Ying-that labor protection, taught at ped. Faculty of Second Moscow State University. In 1931-34 the head. Department of Psychotechnics, Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute. A.I. Herzen. In 1934-37 the beginning. psychophysiol. dep. Aviation Institute medicine Kr. Army, member. editorial board "Sov. psychotechnics ". In 1941-43 he worked in a neurosurgeon. evacuation hospital in Kisegach, headed the psychotherapy service. Military work. period continued research., carried out in 1946-47 in the Center, in-those examinations of working capacity and associated with the restoration of engines. functions of disabled veterans. During the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism" removed from the scientific. and teach. activities. Ate, years of life, consultant dep. ergonomics VNII tekhn. aesthetics. G. owns a number of studies that characterize human behavior under the influence of fatigue and decomp. unfavorable conditions. He formulated a number of new provisions on the possibility of consciousness. regulation of usually unconscious forms of behavior. Auth. unique research. on the formation of a sense of time. G. belonged to the first in Russia. scientific. literary attempts theoretical. justification of professiography as a source of research. by prof. selection, training, rationalization of the labor process, prevention of fatigue and injury. Study scheme specific profession, proposed in his book. "Psychotechnics" is effectively used in the modern. psychology of labor.

gemeydi
has abstract: GEMEYDI, a village in the Derbent region of the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1860 - the village of the Kaitago-Tabasaran env. Dagestan Province. 129 Jews lived in Georgia in 1867, 102 in 1886, 115 in 1900, and 121 Jews (19%) in 1926. Jews have lived in Georgia since the 17th century. In 1866, Georgia had a synagogue and a cheder. Jews were engaged with. x-vom, including viticulture. In the 1860s and 70s. anti-Jewish demonstrations by the local Muslim population took place in Georgia. In 1886, a synagogue and a cheder functioned in Georgia, and there was a rabbi who acted as Shohet and Melamed. 1940s Jews left G.

gen tevje grigorjevich
has abstract: GEN Tevye Grigorievich (1912, Shadov, Kovno province - 2003, Bat Yam, Israel), prose writer. R. in the teacher's family. During the 1st world. During the war, the family moved to Mariupol. Graduated from the industrial. technical school (1929). In 1930, publ. the first novellas about students, young workers and scientists. He lived in Kharkov, Birobidzhan, Moscow, worked in Hebrew. gaz., printed essays, stories, reports. In 1932 he published the first collection of works. stories "Novella", in 1940 - book. "In gutn mut" ("In a good mood"). Creative G.'s manner is characterized by a soft smile, subtle humor. One of the first among the second generation of Hebrews. prose writers pre-war. and especially after the war. time G. moved away from the "shtetl theme", introducing into the literature Heb. technical the intelligentsia, which has already grown up in a big city with its industrial. landscape. Such are his novels "Unzere Zeitn" ("Our Times", 1972), "In krayz funlebn" ("In the circle of life", 1985), etc.

gendelj emmanuil mendelevich
has abstract: GENDEL Emmanuil Mendelevich (b. 1903, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province), founder of the practice of moving buildings in the USSR, specialist in the field of foundations and foundations. In 1928 he graduated from Moscow. Higher tech. school. Member of the 2nd world. war, awarded orders. Main works: restoration of bridges in Ukraine, relocation of buildings in Moscow (1950s), straightening of minarets in Samarkand (1965), straightening of the belfry in the village. B. Vyazemy near Moscow (1970). Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR, prof. The experience is summarized in his book: Engineering work in the restoration of architectural monuments. M., 1980.

gendeljman mikhail yakovlevich
has abstract: GENDELMAN Mikhail Yakovlevich (1881, Kiev - 1938), polit. activist. Graduated from law. Faculty of Kiev University. Attorney at law. From 1902 - Socialist Revolutionary. Member Feb. Revolution of 1917 in Moscow, one of the creation. Moscow Of the Council of Workers' Dep., From Apr. - member his Executive Committee. Opposed the participation of socialists in Time, pr-ve. At the end of May - early. June - cases. 3rd Congress of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, elected member. Central Committee. In June cases. 1st All-Russia. Congress of Soviets; elected member All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the 1st convocation, and then in Pres. All-Russian Central Executive Committee in September. participated in the work of Democratic. meetings in Oct. - member Time. Council Ros. rep. (Pre-parliament). Affairs. with consult. voice of the 2nd All-Russian. Congress of Soviets. Speaking Oct 25. at its meeting, called for abandoning the solution of the dispute about power by force of arms, proposed to create a new pr-in, relying on all segments of the population, but without the Bolsheviks. After the rejection of these proposals, he called on cases. leave the congress in protest. In the end. oct. participated in a meeting of representatives of the socialist. parties under the Vikzhel, supported the proposal to create a "homogeneous socialist. pr-va "without the Bolsheviks. In nov. elected member Will establish. collection (from Ryazan province). At the end of Dec. 1917 - early. jan. 1918 - member. leadership of the Socialist-Revolutionary faction in the Constituent Assembly, meeting, participant of its unity, meeting (January 5-6). In May 1918 he moved to Samara, in June (after the overthrow of the Soviet. Power) became deputy. prev. To-that members will be established. meetings (Komucha); on Sept. participated in the Ufa state. In 1921–22 he was under investigation in Butyrka prison in the case of Right Social Revolutionaries. In aug. 1922 sentenced Top. Tribunal of the R…

gendeljshteyn aljbert aleksandrovich
has abstract: GENDELSHTEIN Albert Alexandrovich (1906, Kiev - 1981, Moscow), film director. Graduated from dir. Faculty of State College of Cinematography (1927) and worked as an assistant dir. at the Mezhrabpomfilm cinema. In 1930-31 he shot several. "Culture-films" ("Forest", "What will become paper", "Window to Europe"). In 1943–45 dir. front-line film group of the 1st Ukr. fr. Since 1945 at the Tsentrnauchfilm film studio, he has shot popular science films Alexander Pokryshkin (1945), First Wings (1949), In the Depth of the Sib. ore "(1961)," Dmitry Shostakovich "(1966)," Springs of Creativity "(1973). In fiction, he shot one of the most significant. films of the 1930s "Love and Hatred" (1935), as well as "The Train Goes to Moscow" (1938, jointly with D.A. Poznansky) and "Lermontov" (1943).

genes semen grigorjevich
has abstract: GENES Semyon Grigorievich (1898, Kharkov - 1992, ibid.), Pathophysiologist, endocrinologist, honored. Scientist Ukr. SSR (1946). Graduated from Kharkov honey. Institute (1925) and postgraduate studies in pathophysiology. In 1932–38 the head. departments of pathophysiology of Donetsk and Kharkov honey. in-tov, in 1939–71 - the departments of pathophysiology and endocrinology of the Ukr. in-that improvement of doctors in Kharkov; at the same time. (1932-77) hands. pathophysiological. dep. and deputy. dir. by scientific. the work of the Kharkov Institute of Endocrinology and Chemistry of Hormones. research G. dedicated pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, mechanisms of hormone action. Showed that the development of hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus has a character adapt. reactions to the lack of glucose supply to the brain tissue and proposed a new method of treating these patients (1950). Together with sotr. research hereditarily conditioned. adaptive reactions of cells in diabetic patients, which formed the basis of drug-free treatment. He was engaged in the synthesis of drugs, hormone-like drugs. Kharkov Society of Pathologists (1933–45) and Society of Endocrinologists (1945–51); from 1956 - member. reign of Vses. about-va pathophysiologists. Cit .: What is lysates and lysate therapy, 3rd ed., Kharkov, 1938; A manual for practical exercises in pathological physiology, Kiev, 1941 (co-author); Pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes mellitus, Kharkov, 1944; Nervous system and internal secretion, M., 1955; Oral treatment of diabetes mellitus, Kiev, 1962; Diabetes mellitus, 5th ed., M., 1963; Hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemic symptom complex, M., 1970.

genichesk
has abstract: GENICHESK, city, regional center in the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1784. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Melitopol u. In 1897, there were 2,816 Jews (34.9%) in Georgia, in 1910 - 4,786 (36.9%), in 1914 - 4,874 Jews and 42 Karaites, in 1923 - 1,841 Jews, in 1926 - 1779, in 1939 - 947 Jews. The Jewish community in Georgia was formed in the 1850s, at the same time a synagogue, a Jewish cemetery, and a Khevra Kaddish appeared. By 1910, a new cemetery was laid, there were 2 synagogues, a Talmud-Torah (80 students), women. uch-shche (60 uch-ts), 6 heders, 2 libraries, about-in benefits to the poor. In 1905, a three-day Jewish pogrom took place in Georgia. I. Rubinstein was the rabbi in Georgia in 1907. In 1909, D. Rashevsky's banking house was opened in Georgia. In 1912 there was a Jewish small-scale trade loan and savings. m-in. During the 1st world. During the war, a large number of refugees arrived in Georgia; in 1916 wives were opened. refugee school and outbreak. In 1918 Austro-Hungarian. occupier. the authorities sent the entire community of G. to a concentration camp on the denunciation of a fired Talmud Torah teacher. In 1919, delegates from the Georgian community took part in the first meeting of the Jewish communities of the Tauride province. (Simferopol). In 1924, the Jewish collective farm “Labor Commune named after Romny org-tion of LKSMU ", in 1925 - collective farms" Nadezhda "and" Tikvo ". Oct. 2-4. 1941 in Georgia, St. 300 Jews. In G. of birth: I.A. Daitz, I.P. Kazinets, G.Ya. Krasny-Admoni, B.A. Rubin; Samuil Lvovich Vishnevetsky (b. 1921), Dr. Sciences (1966), prof. (1969), specialist in the region. mechanics of liquid and gas; Evgeny Lvovich Steinberg (1902-1960, Moscow), Dr. Sciences (1941), prof. (1942), a specialist in the modern history of the East.

genikhovskiy eliyagu-moshe
has abstract: GENIKHOVSKY Eliyahu-Moshe (1903, Graevo Shchuchensky u. Lomzhinskaya province. - 1971, Israel), Israeli polit. activist. Received a tradition. Heb. education. He studied at the yeshiva in Lomza. In 1923 - one of the founders of the movement "Ha-Shomer ha-Dati" and "Ha-Halutz ha-Dati" in Poland. In 1926–32 - in Belgium, where he founded the Mizrahi youth movement. Since 1932 - in E.-I. In 1933–42, members. Central Committee of the World. Mizrahi. Dep. Knesset of the 1st and 2nd convocations (1949–55). Was engaged in searches and ed. Wed-century. Heb. manuscripts.

genis aleksandr aleksandrovich
has abstract: GENIS Alexander Alexandrovich (b. 1953, Riga), publicist, lit. critic. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Latvian un-that. He began publishing in 1975. Since 1977 in the USA. Collaborated in gas. and f. “New Russian. word "," New American "," Seven days "and others. G.'s essays (most with P.L. Weil) were published in different editions. emigre. ed. ("Continent", "Time and We", "Grani", etc.). From ser. 80s sotr. radio station "Freedom". The author of the book. (co-authored with P.L. Weil), ed. in the USA in rus. language: "Sovr. Russian prose "(1982)," Paradise Lost. Emigration: an attempt at self-portrait "(1983)," 60s. The world of owls. person "(1988)," Native speech "(1990) and others. Mn. book republished in Russia (after 1989). A number of publications concern Heb. themes, comprehending it as a certain social psychol. and historical cultures. phenomenon.

genkin abram ljvovich
has abstract: GENKIN Abram Lvovich (b. 1909, Orsha, Mogile region), military leader, engineer-vice-adm. (1964). Graduated from e-tech. Institute, Naval. academy (1938). Dr. Tech. sciences. In the navy - from 1930. From 1941–45 - in engineering positions on the battleships Balt. and North. fleets. In 1947-59 the beginning. NIIVMF. In 1959–70 - early. management special. weapons of the Navy. Awarded the 7th order.

genkin dmitriy mikhaylovich
has abstract: GENKIN Dmitry Mikhailovich (1931, Leningrad - 1987, ibid.), Teacher, Dr. ped. Sciences, prof. Graduated from Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute. In 1963-87 he worked in Len. state in-those culture them. N.K. Krupskaya, where he approved a new direction of education - training dir. mass celebrations and performances. Created an original dir.-ped. school, which has played a significant role in the development of mass forms of leisure. Under the arm. G. implemented by many. nat. and regional cultural and educational. programs. State pr. RSFSR and Uzb. USSR, Cit .: Mass Holidays, Moscow, 1975; Cultural and educational. work in modern. world, L., 1993.

genkina esfirj borisovna
has abstract: GENKINA Esfir Borisovna (1901, Kiev - 1978, Moscow), historian, Dr. Sciences (1939), prof. (1939). In 1920–23 she studied at the Communist. un-those them. Ya.M. Sverdlova (Moscow). From 1923 to 1925 she taught history at the Gubsovpartnershkol and at the workers' faculty in Tula. In 1925-30 she studied at the Ying-those red professors (in the seminar of M.N. Pokrovsky), at the same time. taught at the Communist. un-those them. Sverdlov and Mezhdunar. Lenin school. In 1930–35, at the desk. work in Gorky, Ivanov, Saratov and Stalingrad, gave lectures in various. uch. institutions. In 1935–41 she worked in the secretariat of Ch. ed. “Stories of citizens. war ”Politizdat. In 1941-42 she taught at the Chelyabinsk honey. in-those. In 1942-45 she worked in the Commission on the History of Vel. Otech. War at Pres. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1945–49 - at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1949-58 she lectured on the history. Faculty of Moscow State University. Author of works on the history of February. and oct. Revolution of 1917, civil. war of 1917-22, the formation of Sov. state apparatus and econom. development of the USSR in the 1920s and 30s. Participated in the preparation of the collective generalizing editions “History of Citizens. War in the USSR ", vol. 2 (M., 1942)," History of the USSR from ancient times to the present day ", vol. 8 (Moscow, 1968), etc. I (Moscow, 1980)," History of the USSR: The era of socialism "(Uchebnoe posobie, M., 1957, 2nd ed. - M., 1964) and others. Steel. pr. (1943), pr. AN SSSR im. B.D. Grekova (1974) .Soch: The Struggle for Tsaritsyn in 1918, M., 1940; Heroic. Stalingrad, M., 1943; USSR during the struggle for collectivization s. households, M., 1952; VI Lenin - Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and STO: From the history of the state. VI Lenin's activities in 1921-1922, M., 1960; State Lenin's activity: 1921–1923, M., 1969.

genri ernst
has abstract: HENRY Ernst (ps. Real name and surname Semyon Nikolaevich Rostovsky) (1904, Tambov - 1990, Moscow), publicist, member of the human rights movement in the 1960s and 1980s. He lived with his father in Germany, at the end. 1919 - early. 1920 int. courier Communist Youth International. In the spring of 1920, the Polish was captured. police, but managed to escape and get into Russia. He attended the 3rd Congress of the RKSM (October 1920), illegally returned to Germany. First Art. (with a story about the trip) publ. in Feb 1921 in f. "Junge Garde" (organ of the German, Komsomol). In 1920–33, members. CP of Germany, was part of its Central Committee, several. was arrested once. Since 1921 sotr. into gas. "Rote Fane" (organ of the Communist Party of Germany), worked in the train station. Die Internazionale. In 1921–23 (during the Kemalist revolution) he was in Turkey, published the book. "Ankara", in 1923 the brochure "Why the Ruhr War is being fought |". In 1933, under threat of arrest, he left for England (the archive was seized by the Nazis), under the ps. Ernst Henry published the book. "Hitler over Europe" (in English - 1934, Russian translation - 1935, by 1936 - 5 editions) and "Hitler against the USSR" (in English - 1936, in Russian - 1937) , in which he predicted Hitler's invasion of European countries and an attack on the USSR. Introduced by foreign branch of the Gestapo on the "black list" of persons subject to arrest and destruction after the invasion of Brit. islands. In the 1930s. worked illegally in Belgium and France. During the war years 1941–45, he organized and headed the publishing house. "Sov. military. news ". In the beginning. 1950s returned to the USSR, worked in decomp. publishing house. In 1953-55 he was imprisoned. After the shift in Oct. 1964 N.S. Khrushchev opposed the restoration of Stalinism, in 1965 wrote an open letter to I.G. Ehrenburg about criminal polit. and military. miscalculations of I.V. Stalin. Initiator of the "letter of 25" figure…

geokchay
has abstract: GEOKCHAY, city (since 1916), regional center (Republic of Azerbaijan). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1859 - the district city of Baku province. In 1918–20 it was a part of the Azerbaijan Republic, in 1920–91 - the AzSSR. In 1897 in the Geokchay district. 859 Jews lived, in 1910 in Georgia - 6 Jews, in 1926 - 128 Mountain Jews (3%), in 1939 - 444 Jews. In 1916, in Geokchay u. there was a synagogue.

georgievsk
has abstract: GEORGIEVSK, city, regional center in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1777. From 1786 - a district town of the Caucasian governorship. From 1802 - the center of the Caucasian province, from 1822 - the district, from 1830 - the provincial town of the Caucasian region. In the 1900s. - a city in the Pyatigorsk env. Tersk Region In 1898, 81 Jews (0.7%) lived in Georgia, in 1910 - 10 (0.05%), in 1926 - 52 (0.2%), in 1939 - 116 Jews. There was a Jewish cemetery. In 1941–42 many Jewish refugees arrived in Georgia. from Ukraine. 27 Aug 1942 700 Jews were shot, then in the anti-tank ditch near the station. Nezlobnaya - 351 Jews, in December. 1942, 9 km from the city, several were shot. dozens of Jews.

georgievskoe
has abstract: GEORGIEVSKOE, see Karachaevsk.

gepshteyn shlomo
has abstract: GEPSTEIN Shlomo (1882, Odessa - 1961, Tel Aviv), architect, journalist. Graduated from the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. From 1898 he was engaged in journalism. Collaborated in growing up. Zionist. press. One of the authors of Heb. encyclopedias "and" Encyclopedia. dictionary "Brockhaus and Efron. After 1917 - head. publishing house of the People's Commissariat of Justice of the RSFSR. In 1922–24 - in Germany. Ed. g. "Dawn". Since 1924 - in E.-I. Several buildings were built according to G.'s projects. hundreds of houses. Member mountains. Council of Tel Aviv. He continued to engage in journalism. Prepared for ed. first collection op. Z. Zhabotinsky.

ger meer
has abstract: GER Meer (1891, Riga - |), publicist, translator. Studied in Russian. school. For participation in the roar. movement in 1914 exiled to Siberia. Returned after Feb. revolution of 1917. In exile, he began to write and publish journalistic. articles in rus. and Heb. press. After the revolution he lived in Ukraine and Poland, ed. a number of periodic. editions. In the beginning. 20s expelled from Poland, arrived in the USSR, settled in Moscow, studied linguistic. research and translations into Yiddish. He worked in Heb. branch of the 2nd Moscow State University. Translated into Yiddish the book: "The Tisza is Burning" by B. Ilesh (1929), "From the Kharkov Dovecote to the Angarsk Exile" by M. Fishelev (1932), "Wages, Price and Profit" by K. Marx (1932), "History of the CPSU (b) "Em. Yaroslavsky (1934), "Danton" by Ts. Friedland (1935), "The Road to Wellen" by B. Pivenstein (1935) and others. Author of dictionary comments to the works. M. Moikher-Sforima "The Journey of Benjamin the Third" and "The Treasured Ring" (published in 1935 by the Moscow publishing house "Der Emes") After 1937 there is no information about G..

gerasimov sergey apollinarievich
has abstract: GERASIMOV Sergey Apollinarievich (1906, village of Kundrava, Orenburg province - 1985, Moscow), film director, professor (1946). D. h. Academy ped. sciences. Hero of Soc. Labor (1974). In 1923–25 he studied at Leningrad State University. thin uch-shche. In 1928 he graduated from Leningrad. Institute of stage suits. Since 1924 actor, assistant dir. "Factories of the Eccentric Actor" (FEKS). From 1930 dir. k / st "Sovkino" (later "Len-Film"). He made his debut as a game f. "Twenty-two misfortunes" (1930, jointly with SI Bartenev). Naib. Izv. f. "Seven Brave" (1936), "Komsomolsk" (1938), "Teacher" (1939), "Masquerade" (1941), "Young Guard" (1948), "Quiet Don" (1957–58, Grand Prize "Crystal Globe "MKF in Karlovy Vary, 1958, pr. MKF in Brussels, 1958, diploma of the Guild of Film Director of the USA)," Journalist "(1967, Grand Prize of the MKF in Moscow)," By the Lake "(1969, Ch. pr. MKF in Karlovy Vary, 1970), "Leo Tolstoy" (1984, Grand Prix "Crystal Globe" MKF in Karlovy Vary, 1984). Hands. filming doc. f. "Crimean Conference" (1944), "Berlin Conference" (1945). I took off the doc. f. China Liberated (1950), New Beijing (1950), Sputnik Says (1959). Filmed as an actor in f. "New Babylon", "One", "Border" (the role of a shtetl Jew-shoemaker playing "revolution"), as well as in their f. - "Masquerade", "Leo Tolstoy" (title role), etc. Author or co-author of scripts in his f. From 1931 he taught at VGIK. Conducted the united dir. and an acting workshop. Since 1955 head. department of directing. Among his students: S.F.Bondarchuk, L.A. Kulidzhanov, N.V. Mordyukova, L.M. Gurchenko, N.N. Rybnikov, etc. The author of the book. and Art. on cinema issues. Doctor of Lawsuit (1967). Became. pr. (1941, 1949, 1951), State. pr. (1971), Len. etc. (1984). Nar. art. USSR (1948) Author of works: Sobr. cit., vols. 1–3, 1982–84; About cinematography, 1960; Life, Films, Controversies, 1971; Educating a Filmmaker, 1978.

gerber alla efremovna
has abstract: GERBER Alla Efremovna (b. 1936, Moscow), publicist, prose writer, society. activist. Graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow State University (1957). Since 1958 - prof. journalist. Main the subject of journalism in the 50-60s. - problems of youth, culture, science. In 1970–73 she worked as an editor. on the c / st them. M. Gorky, in 1973–78 - columnist for Zh. "Sov. screen". Appears in print as a film and theater, critic. Author of the book: "One on One" (Moscow, 1969), "Conversations in the Studio" (Moscow, 1981), "Fate and Theme: Studies about Inna Churikova" (Moscow, 1986), "Mom and Dad" (M., 1994) and others. G. is a member of the “Dem. Russia ”, independent association of writers“ April ”, one of the organizers of Ros. antifash. c. Widely izv. printed and publ. speeches D against anti-Semitism and fascism. In 1993 dep. State Duma of Russia.

gerbstman aleksandr iosifovich
has abstract: GERBSTMAN Alexander Iosifovich (1900, Rostov-on-Don - 1982, Stockholm), chess. composer; int. master (1959) and international. Arbiter (1956) in chess. compositions. Doctor of Philology, Sciences, Prof. From 1924 he published St. 300 studies; 24 of them were awarded first prizes. The author of a number of books. in chess. compositions. In 1937 he was repressed. Since 1980 in Sweden.

gerdt zinoviy efimovich
has abstract: GERDT Zinoviy Efimovich (real family name and name Khrapinovich Zalman Afroimovich) (1916, Sebezh, Vitebsk province - 1996, Moscow), film and theater actor. Since 1937 - in the theater. 1941–43 - at the front, heavy. injured. 1945–82 - actor of the T-ra dolls under the hands. S.V. Obraztsova. In the cinema since 1958, mainly. in comedy and lyrical roles. Among the many roles, several Hebrews. - Panikovsky ("The Golden Calf"), Einstein ("The Flight of Mr. McKinley"), Leib ("The Life and Death of the Nobleman Tchertopkhanov"), Arie-Leib ("The Bindyuzhnik and the King"). Nar. artist of the RSFSR (1969). Nar. artist of the USSR (1990).

geringas
has abstract: GERINGAS (Goering) David Gilevich (b. 1946, Vilnius), cellist. In 1963 he graduated from Vilnius Wed. school of lawsuit in them. M. Churlionis (student of M. Ya. Shenderov and V. I. Raevsky), in 1968 Moscow. cons. in the class of M.L. Rostropovich. The performance of G. is distinguished by sublime romanticism, brilliant virtuosity. 4th ave. On Vses. cello competition in Baku (1969), 1st Ave. competition them. P.I. Tchaikovsky in Moscow (1970). In the end. 1970s left the USSR, now lives in Germany. Tours.

german aleksey yurjevich
has abstract: GERMAN Aleksey Yurievich (b. 1938, Leningrad), film director, screenwriter, son of the writer Yu.P. German. Graduated from dir. Faculty of Leningrad theater, in-ta them. A.N. Ostrovsky (1960). He worked in the Smolensk drama, t-re, in 1961–64 in the Bolshoi drama. t-re them. M. Gorky in Leningrad. Since 1964, dir. to / st. Lenfilm. Debuted f. "The Seventh Sputnik" (1965, jointly with G.L. Aronov). In 1972 he graduated from f. "Check on the roads", banned by the censors for "pacifism" and "black eye" (released in 1986). In 1976 he removed f. "Twenty days without war" based on the stories of KM Simonov, in 1984 - "My friend Ivan Lapshin" based on the story of his father. In 1993 he graduated from f. "Khrustalev, a car!" Author pl. scenarios (with S. I. Karmalita). State pr. RSFSR (1987), State. pr. USSR (1988).

german pavel davydovich
has abstract: GERMAN Pavel Davydovich (1894, Kamenets-Podolsky - 1952, Moscow), poet. The author of the march of the Soviet air force "Higher, and higher, and higher ..." (music by Yu.A. Khayt), wrote literary-music. compositions for song and dance ensembles Owls. Army, in charge of lit. part of the Moscow circus.

germanovichi
has abstract: GERMANOVICHI, a village in Sharkovshchinsky district, Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Disnensky district. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1931, 350 Jews lived in Georgia. 1915 a pogrom took place in Georgia, staged by the Cossack units of the Russian. army. The Jewish population of Georgia was destroyed during the Holocaust.

germanovka
has abstract: GERMANOVKA (in 1946-91 - Krasnoe Vtoye), a village in the Obukhov district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). From the 14th century. - as part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - Rzeczpospolita. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kievsky u. 422 Jews lived in Georgia in 1861, and 1,049 Jews (28.9%) in 1897. occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - handicrafts, petty trade and intermediary activities. From 1886 to 1899, Efroim Wolfman (1855–?) Was the rabbi in Georgia, and from 1899, Yitzhak-Aizik Wolfman (1878–?). During the years of Civil. During the war, the Jews of Georgia suffered from the raids of gangs: in 1919 the detachments of the ataman Zeleny perpetrated a cruel pogrom. 28 Aug 1919 almost all Jews who were in Georgia at that time perished as a result of a pogrom organized by units of the Volunteer Army. 10 Sep 1919 another pogrom took place, after which most of the Jews left Georgia. The Jews who remained in Georgia in the 1920s and 1930s. moved to the city. S. Ya. Elisavetsky

germayze iosif yurjevich
has abstract: HERMAYSE Joseph Yurievich (1892, Kiev - 1958), polit. activist, historian. Rod. in the family of a photographer. In 1914 he graduated from historical philology. Faculty of Kiev University. In 1914-17 - in the army. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 elected member. Centre. Her prez are also glad. (Malaya Rada). From June 1917, member. fast. prez. Vseukr. congress of military. dep. In Jan. 1919 at the 6th Congress of the Ukr. s.-d. party elected member. her Central Committee. Since 1918 he taught the history of Ukraine and sociology at Kiev University - Ying-those Nar. education (since 1927 prof.). Fast. member commissions for the history of societies, movements and historical geogr. Ukr. AN, hands. archeographic. commissions, sec. ist. section Ukr. AN, head of section n.-i. Department of the History of Ukraine. The author is numerous. works on the history of the roar. movement in Ukraine in 19 - early. 20th centuries, Ukrainian societies, thoughts 2nd floor. 19th century (in Ukrainian). In July 1929 he was arrested in the case of the so-called. "Union of Liberation of Ukraine", in 1930 sentenced to 5 years in prison (served in the Solovetsky camps), from 1934 in exile in the Saratov region. Dec. 1937 sentenced to 10 years in prison, before the end of the term, again sentenced to 10 years.

germont naum semenovich
has abstract: HERMONT Naum Semenovich (Nokhim Simonovich) (1850, Tsarskoe Selo - 1918, Petrograd), businessman. Got a homemade religion. education. He was engaged in the supply of timber materials, owned the Narva sawmill, became a merchant of the 1st guild. In 1884 he moved to St. Petersburg, organized a timber trade here. company. He actively participated in the life of the Hebrews. community and was highly respected among its members, especially the Orthodox. With his monetary contributions, he contributed to the construction of the Choral Synagogue, bought a prestigious place in it, as evidenced by the still-preserved tablet on the chair, donated for the maintenance of community institutions. In 1898 he was elected to the Audit Office. Household commissions, synagogue boards. In 1915 he transferred a plot of land belonging to him for the device of the Hebrews. children labor school as part of the Health Protection Society of Evr. G.'s son - Grigory (Hirsch) (1889, Petersburg - 1941, Leningrad), lawyer. Was an active member. About-va spreading education among the Jews of Russia, the author of the book. "Lattices of Leningrad and its environs" (Moscow, 1938), which preserved the memory of many. long-lost architectural details. His unique collection of photographs was destroyed during the blockade of the city.

gernshteyn vladimir izrailevich
has abstract: GERNSTEIN Vladimir Izrailevich (b. 1936, Vinnitsa), architect. In 1959 he graduated from Odessa engineer-constructor. in-t. Participant and laureate of arch. contests. Main works: development of the center of Krasnokamsk, Perm region. (1980s), indoor market in Krasnokamsk (1980s). Honored. arch. Moldavian SSR.

geronimus yakov lazarevich
has abstract: GERONIMUS Yakov Lazarevich (1898, Rostov-on-Don - 1984, Kharkov), mathematician, mechanic, honored. active science of the Ukrainian SSR. Graduated from Khark. un-t (1920), prof. (1929). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1939). He worked in Khark. tech-nol. in-those (1920-30), in Khark. Aviation in-those (since 1930). Main results in the field of the theory of functions, the differentiation of equations with partial derivatives, integral equations, approximate and numerical methods, the theory of mechanisms and machines, in the history of mathematics and mechanics.Soch: Polynomials orthogonal on a circle and on a segment. Estimates, asymptotic formulas, orthogonal series, M., 1958; Geometric. apparatus of the theory of synthesis of flat mechanisms, M., 1962.

gersh
has abstract: GERSH (Cheese) Semyon Yakovlevich (Simen Yankelevich) (1888, Voronezh - 1958, Moscow), specialist in the region. cryogenic technology. Graduated from mechanic. dep. Moscow technical school with a diploma in mechanical engineering (1911). In 1911-17 - Ch. Ing. oil refinery in Yekaterinodar, in 1917–21 he worked at the Maikop oil refineries (chief mechanic, then, manager). In 1921–29 he held scientific and managerial positions in the oil industry of the USSR. At the same time. from 1926 Assoc., from 1930 - Head. Department of Heat Engineering in Moscow. energetic in-those. Since 1933 prof. MVTU (since 1944 - Head of the Department of Refrigeration and Compressor Units and head of the deep cold lab created in the same year). Created (in 1933) the specialization "Deep cooling" at the Moscow Higher Technical School. Developed machines and installations for deep cooling and gas separation. In 1932–34 he supervised the creation of the first owl. oxygen plant. He proposed a number of new deep cooling cycles without cleaning and drying with high pressure air circulation ("Gersh cycles"). The author of the fundamental tr. Deep Cooling (vols. 1–2, 1936–37; 3rd ed. 1957–60), the monographs Enriched Air (1939), Effective Deep Cooling Cycles and New Principles of Air Separation (1946), Separation of gases by the method of deep cooling ”(1947). Became. etc. (1947).

gersh pesakh libman
has abstract: GERSH Pesach Libman (lit. ps .: P. Libman, P. Lemansky, Academicus) (1882, Pomush, Ponevezhsky u.Kovno province - 1955, Geneva), statistician and demographer. Expelled from Warsaw University for participating in student. strike, emigrated to Geneva (1904). From 1905 ch. Bund. After the 1st world. war - prof. University of Geneva, author of works on demography and statistics, Heb. emigration, publicistic. articles on nat. question. In 1912-13, he polemicized with V. I. Lenin on the problems of nat. autonomy, in 1915 represented the Bund at the Zimmerwald Conference of Socialists. During the 2nd world. war helped the device in Switzerland, Heb. refugees from Nazi-occupied Europe. countries. In recent years, he supported the State of Israel as a stronghold of strengthening the national. self-awareness of Jews around the world.

gershberg anatoliy evgenjevich
has abstract: GERSHBERG Anatoly Evgenievich (b. 1924, Kiev), specialist in broadcasting television. devices, Dr. Sciences (1972). He graduated from Leningrad in 1949. polytechnic in-t. In 1949-56 he worked at the Novosibirsk Electrovacuum Plant, from 1956 at the All-Union Union. Research Institute "Electron" in Leningrad. In 1959 he created a laboratory at the Institute. on the development of vidicon-type transmitting tubes for broadcasters. and applied TV. Supervised the development and development in serial production of v-idikons decomp. modifications, pl. from to-rykh - discovered new tech. and technol. opportunities for the development of TV technology. Sci. tr. in the region. theoretical foundations for the development of vidicons, fundamental research. processes of interaction of an electron beam and a target in vidicons. Proposed to use diode floodlights in transmitting tubes and (jointly with B.E.Bonstedt) modified electrostatic. systems. Introduced means. contribution to the development of principles for the construction of single-tube color TV cameras with high resolution on multi-signal vidicons (1992). Author of over 100 scientific. Art., 25 inventions. Bronze (1972) and Gold (1987) medals of the All-Union Exhibition of Economic Achievements, Vol .: Electrostatic. vidicons, M., 1969; Transmitting tubes with int. effect, 2nd ed., M., 1973; Multi-signal vidicons, M., 1983.

gershberg avram shmuelj
has abstract: GERSHBERG Avram Shmuel (1858, Kolno, Lomzhinsk province - 1943, Bialystok), Jewish scientist and writer. Was a textile manufacturer in Bialystok. There he collaborated with Sh. Mogilever in the Khivat Zion movement. In 1899-1900 - in E.-I. He described his impressions in the book "The Jewish Settlement in Eretz Israel" (1901), where he criticized the Rothschild officials, and in the book. "In the Land of the East" (in "Gasman", 1910). He also owns Art. on the state of trade and commerce in the country (in "Ha-Tsfira", 1903–04), essays on the beginning of the activity of the Hovevei-Zion movement (in "Ha-Meassef", 1903), brochures on the development of modern. Hebrew (1909) and about the position of the Sephardim in E.-I. ("Ha-Shiloakh", 1911), research. social and economic life in Talmudic. period, including Hayyei Ha-tarbut b'Israel (1924), art. about proselytism and unity of racial type and religion among Jews ("Ha-Tku-fa", 12-13, 1922) and the history of Bialystok Jewry "Pinkas Bialystok" (vols. 1-2.1949-50. In Yiddish). In 1912-14 he edited the daily Heb. gas. "Belostoker". He was killed by the Nazis in the Bialystok ghetto.

gershele
has abstract: GERSHELE (real name and family name Gersh Danilevich) (1882, Lipno, Plock Province - 1941, Warsaw), poet, prose writer. As a boy, he came with his father to Warsaw. Worked for prom. enterprises, participated in the labor movement. He lived in Lodz, left for Switzerland because of the threat of arrest, and returned to Poland in 1909. One of the organizers of the Heb. lit. union (1914-15) and several. Heb. periodic. ed. He began to write in his youth, debuted in 1904, published poetry, humoresques, correspondence in many. Heb. ed., as well as trans. from Russian, Polish, German lang. In 1907 his book was published. "Gersheles Leader" ("Songs of Hershele"), in 1918 coll. "Zun-feigelekh" ("Sunny Birds"), in 1929 - "Shabes oifn tract" ("Saturday on the tract"). Children. G.'s poems were very popular and were included in anthologies for schools. All his life G. collected Hebrews. folklore - nar. songs, fairy tales, proverbs, some of them publ. in so. N. Prilutsky and other folklorists. Mn. verse. G. became songs. From 1922 G. lived in the Henrikiv borough near Warsaw, earning money by publishing in periodicals. ed., proofreading. With the beginning of the 2nd world. G.'s war with his wife and two daughters in Sept. 1939 moved to Warsaw and, despite the need and hunger, continued to read. work, printed poetry illegally. ed. Warsaw ghetto. He died in the ghetto.

gershenovich rafail samuilovich
has abstract: GERSHENOVICH Rafail Samuilovich (1889, Tashkent - 1960, ibid.), Pediatrician. Rod. in the family of a paramedic. In 1914 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Sorbonne (Paris), receiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine. In 1914 he returned to Turkestan and, having passed the exams for a doctor, entered to work in the railway. hospital in Samarkand. In 1918 he was appointed head. health department of the Turkestan district of communications and art. hospital doctor. In the 1920s and 30s. - assistant, associate professor, from 1930 to the end of his life - prof., Head. Department of children. diseases of Turkestan (since 1923 - Central Asian) University (since 1930 - Tashkent Medical Institute). In 1939 he defended his doctorate. dis. “Clinic for children. leishmaniasis in Wed. Asia ".G. - one of the founders of pediatrics in Wed. Asia, DOS. pediatrician schools. Studied the clinic. tech. leishmaniasis in children, for the first time described the febrile form of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, developed methods of treating this disease, including with the help of antimony preparations. G. studied the problems of children. nutrition in health and disease in hot climates; pneumonia and hematopoiesis in children, questions of blood transfusion in the clinic, children. diseases. was elected a che. Berlin and Paris about-in pediatricians. Cit .: Introduction to Pediatrics, M.-Tashkent, 1933; Typhoid fever in children, Tashkent, 1939; Children. leishmaniasis, Tashkent, 1939; Children. diseases of hot countries, Tashkent, 1947; Leishmaniasis, internal organs in children, Tashkent, 1959.

gershenzon abram osipovich
has abstract: GERSHENZON Abram Osipovich (1868, Akkerman - 1933), pediatrician. Brother of M.O. Gershenzon. Rod. in the family of a lawyer. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kiev University. From 1893 head. outpatient clinic of the Society of Guardianship for Sick Children in Odessa and the sanatorium art. on the Khadzhibey estuary. In 1901 he organized the second in Russia "Drop of Milk", where milk mixtures were dispensed on an outpatient basis by doctor's prescription to artificially fed children. In 1907, in Odessa, he founded one of the first clinics for infants in Russia. In subsequent years, G. organized children. consultations in Novoros. region, taught at Ying-those protection of motherhood and infancy, at retraining courses for doctors and honey. sisters. Dealt with the problems of dealing with children. morbidity and mortality. His popular brochure for mothers, "How to Feed and Handle an Infant," survived several. ed. and was lane. in Ukrainian and Heb. lang. G. was one of the founders and comrade (deputy) before. Odessa ob-va children. doctors.

gershenzon mikhail
has abstract: GERSHENZON Mikhail (Meilakh) Osipovich (1869, Chisinau - 1925, Moscow), historian, literary critic, publicist. In the 2nd floor. 1880s attended lectures on history and philosophy in Berlin. In 1894 he graduated from a historical philologist. Faculty of Moscow un-that and began to cooperate in gas. Russkiye Vedomosti and Zh. "Rus. thought ", was engaged per. From the end. 1890s developed family archives for a number of prominent Moscow. noble families, research. the history of the movement of the Decembrists, the legacy of A.I. Herzen, N.P. Ogarev, Westernizers and Slavophiles of the 1830s-40s. Perceiving societies. movement as a complex unity of dep. aspirations and ideas, G. believed that the essence of this movement is embodied in the personalities of its leaders, therefore Ch. the purpose of their research. put the identification of typical views. From 1904 G. - ed. lit. dep. g. "Sci. word ", then the head. lit. dep. g. “Critical. review ", in 1907-08 head. lit. department of f. "Bulletin of Europe", in 1912-13 sotr. gas. "Rus. rumor ”and“ Stock Exchange ”. In 1909 - the initiator of the ed. Sat. "Vekhi", the author of the foreword. and Art. "Creative. self-consciousness ”, in which he reproached the Russian. the left intelligentsia in poverty, its spiritual and worldview. potential. Art. and all Sat. caused fierce controversy in Russian. periodicals of all directions, as well as prolonged suppression of the name of G. at the Sov. authorities. From the beginning. 1910s G. was engaged in identifying and publishing literary-ist. materials, published collection "Rus. propylaea "(vols. 1-4, 6, 1915-19) and" new propylaea "(vols. 1, 1923). In collaboration with Moscow. Religious Philosophy about-vom G. published a collection. op. IV Kireevsky (vols. 1–2, 1911) and P. Ya. Chaadaev (vols. 1–2, 1913–14), participated in the development of ser. “Monuments of the world. literature "(from 1911). After Feb. Revolution of 1917 G. - one of the organizers and before. Vseros. Un…

gershenzon moyshe yakovlevich
has abstract: GERSHENSON Moishe Yakovlevich (1903, Chernyakhov, Volyn province - 1943, Mikhailovskaya Krasnodar region), poet, playwright. Graduated from Kiev Heb. ped. in-t. While still a student, he created at in-those gr. thin amateur performances "Methuselah", in a cut was a playwright, dir. and an actor, he himself wrote one-act plays, miniatures, songs. In the 1930s. gained fame as one of the most talented Jews. writers of Ukraine. He wrote mainly plays and fables. The first play by G. "Hershele Ostropoler" was staged by Moscow. GOSET (directed by V.L. Zuskin), later it was staged by many. Heb. t-ry in the USSR and abroad. In 1939, G. took part in a competition announced by Moscow. t-rum miniatures, and received the 3rd pr. for the play "Director", edges were immediately included in the t-ra's repertoire. Dram. manuf. G. were published in literary-artistic. g. and left the department. ed., among them: "Junk", "On the border", "Lady's tailor", "On the Dniester", "Chelm wise men". On Sept. 1942 G. was mobilized into the army. Killed in battle.

gershenzon sergey mikhaylovich
has abstract: GERSHENZON Sergey Mikhailovich (1906, Moscow - 1998, Kiev), geneticist, acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1976), Hero of the Socialist. Labor (1990). Son of M.O. Gershenzon. After graduating from Moscow State University (1927) he studied in graduate school under the direction of. N.K. Koltsov and S.S. Chetverikov in Ying-those experiment. biology. In 1928, G. was granted a Rockefeller scholarship for an internship at the lab. G.J. Meller (Texas University), a cut he could not use. In 1929-35 he worked in the department. A.S. Serebrovsky in Biol. in-those them. K.A. Timiryazeva. At the same time. (since 1930) taught at the newly organized Department of Genetics, Moscow State University. In 1935–37 at the Institute of Genetics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, where in 1936 he defended his doctorate. dis., edges, however, at the meeting of the Higher Attestation Commission was failed by TD Lysenko (2nd dis. G. defended in 1943). Since 1937 head. dep. genetics in Ying-those zoology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR and head. Department of Genetics and Darwinism, Kiev University. In 1948 after Aug. session of VASKHNIL was dismissed from un-that, and the department headed by him. liquidated. In 1957 he returned to his former place in the restored department. Institute of Zoology (in 1963–68 - a department within the Institute of Microbiology and Virology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR). Since 1968 in Ying-those pier. Biology and Genetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (since 1987, the department headed by G. became a part of the Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics), since 1987 - adviser to the director. this in-ta. Osn. tr. on genetics and a pier. biology. He discovered the mutagenic effect of exogenous DNA (1939), later (1964) formulated a hypothesis explaining the mechanism of this action. Developed an idea of ​​an important evolution. the role of adaptive genetic. polymorphism, included in the modern.…

gershfeljd david grigorjevich
has abstract: GERSHFELD David Grigorievich (1911, Bobrinets of Yelizavetgrad district of Kherson province - 2005, Bradenton, Florida, USA), composer, teacher, music society. activist. Son of the violinist and composer Grigory Isaakovich G. In 1930, after participating as a performer on the spirit. instruments in different. muses. ensembles (including in the orc., quartered in Berdichev cavalry division named after G.I.Kotovsky), entered Odessa in the music. rabfak. He graduated from the horse, in 1934 (later renamed the Musical Theater Institute): he studied playing the bassoon, then the French horn, studied composition with NN Vilinsky; then he was sent to work in Balta, where he became a hand. muses. parts decomp. t-ditch. One of the organizers of the horse, and mold. dep. SK of the Ukrainian SSR (1937–40); in 1940–46 and 1956–64 before. board of the SK MoldSSR. In 1944–47 - director of the cons., Music. uch-schA, special muses. ten-year schools; founder of the opera studio at the cons. In 1942–44 - thin. hands. ensemble "Doina", in 1962-64 director. Mold. t-ra op. and ballet. Since 1966 he has lived in Sochi; headed the Sochi Philharmonic. G. - the founder of mold. owls. muses. t-ra, author of the first. mold. op. Grozovan (post. 1956). All his work is based on mold. folklore. Main manuf. - opera "Sergei Lazo", 1980, ball. "Radda" (1974, based on the story of M. Gorky "Makar Chudra"), a concert for violin with orc., Songs, romances (about 30) at st. S.A. Yesenin., Arr. mold. bunk bed songs. Nar. art. Mold. SSR (1961).

gershman mordekhay
has abstract: GERSHMAN Mordechai (1888, Chernigov - 1940), cantor (lyric tenor). He sang in a number of synagogues and choirs until he received his first position as cantor of the choral synagogue in Zhitomir, where he served for 5 months. in 1913.Since 1913 ch. cantor in Vilna. During the 1st world. war was called up as a reservist in the military. service in growing. army, but was soon released from service (thanks to singing) and was able to continue to serve as cantor. From 1920 - in the USA, where he became the cantor of the Beth-El synagogue in Brooklyn (New York) and served there for 10 years. I did a lot. concert tours in the USA, European countries, E.-I. He had a soft timbre voice, specific. cantorial manner of performance. Combined the influence of melodic. elements of biblical recitation and tradition. recitations characteristic of reading the Talmud. His records are clerical and nar. ringtones were very popular.

gershorn iegoshua
has abstract: GERSHORN Yehoshua (1893, Murovny Kurilovtsy Ushitsky u. Podolsk province - 1969, Montreal), rabbi. Since 1921 in Montreal. He played a significant role in the creation. Council of Hebrews. community and its rabbinate, united the Jewish community and made possible its centralized management, including responsibility for the diverse activities of the community from education to kashrut. In 1950 he was elected Ch. Of the Montreal Rabbinate and held this post until his death. pl. years was a Canadian vice-president. Union of Orthodox Rabbis of the USA and Canada. Mn. theoretical questions addressed to G. by a number of communities in Canada and the United States were answered in the work "Mi Mayonei Yehoshua" (1959).

gershov solomon moiseevich
has abstract: GERSHOV Solomon Moiseevich (1906, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province. - 1990, Leningrad), painter, graphic artist. In his early youth he lived in Vitebsk, was familiar with M.Z. Shagal. Studied at Minsk art. Uch-shche at YM Pen (1919-21), in 1921-24 in art-prom. technical school in Petrograd, in 1924–28 at VKHUTEIN, where he was a member of the collective headed by PN Filonov “Masters of Analytic. art ”(until 1927). In 1928–58 he lived and worked in Moscow. Participated in the officer. exhibitions in the 1970s. two exhibitions were held in Georgia, personal exhibitions were held in 1987 and 1988 in the halls of Leningrad. SH. Main works: "Evening" (1936), "Woman in Red" (1938), "Liberation of Western Belarus" (1941), series "Road of Life" (1950s), "Warsaw Ghetto" (1969), "In old Vitebsk "(1971)," To Sholom Aleichem "," Heb. dance "," Saturday "(all 1973), the cycles" Chagall in Vitebsk "(1974)," Michelangelo "," Rembrandt "," Filonov "," Malevich "," Beethoven "," Mozart "and others.

gersht meer abramovich
has abstract: GERST Meer Abramovich (b. 1908 - |), director. In 1930 he graduated from Leningrad. theater, tech. In 1931–37 - dir. in sinks. Chamber Theater, participated in the work on the performances "Optimistic Tragedy" by VV Vishnevsky. In 1937–42 - thin. hands. Chelyabinsk drama, t-ra them. S.M. Zwilling; fast. "Dowry" by AN Ostrovsky (1939), "Kremlin chimes" by NF Pogodin (1940), "The Seagull" by AP Chekhov (1941), and others. In 1946–51 - artistic director. hands. Kuibyshevsky drama, t-ra them. M. Gorky, among the post. KM Simonov's “Russian Question”, “Young Guard” after AA Fadeev (1947), “Fortress on the Volga” by IL Kremlev (State pr. USSR, 1949). In 1953–56, 1967–70 - Ch. dir. Voronezh drama, t-ra them. A. V. Koltsova; naib. Izv. post: "Port Arthur" by A. Stepanov and IF Popov (1953), "Ghosts" by G. Ibsen, "Talents and Admirers" by Ostrovsky (both 1954). From 1956 - Ch. dir. Gorkovsky drama, t-ra them. Gorky, a great achievement here was the play "Fake Coin" by Gorky, the post, also the staging of "The Break" by IA Goncharov (1957), "Anna Karenina" based on Leo Tolstoy (1961). Leading the largest theaters in Russia, G. staged performances in other theaters - "Marriage" by IL Perets in Moscow. Heb. t-re (1945), "Mad Money" Ostrovsky in Leningrad. t-re comedy (1950), operetta "Mississippi Flower" by D. Kern in T-re muses. comedy (1964) and others. In 1965–67 - Ch. dir. Leningrad. t-ra them. Lenin Komsomol; here's the post. "Threepenny Opera" by B. Brecht (1965), "Days of Our Life" by LN Andreev (1967), etc. Since 1967 - again in Dram. t-re them. A. V. Koltsova (Voronezh); fast. LI Slavin's "Intervention", Gorky's "Fake Coin" (1968), etc. Nar. art. RSFSR (1960).

gershteyn emma grigorjevna
has abstract: GERSHTEIN Emma Grigorievna (1903, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province. - 2002, Moscow), literary critic, historian of literature. In 1924 she graduated from the Faculty of Societies, Sciences of the 1st Moscow State University. In 1936–41, 1946–47 she worked in the handwritten department. GBL, East. b-ki, State. Lit. museum. Compiled by the book. "A. Akhmatova about Pushkin", L., 1977, Gorky, 1984, M., 1989. Works: Lermontov's fate, M., 1964, 1986; "A Hero of Our Time" M.Yu. Lermontov, M., 1976.

gershteyn iona gerasimovich
has abstract: GERSHTEIN Iona Gerasimovich (1827 - 1891, Vilna), teacher. He graduated from the Vilna rabbinical school, in 1856 he was appointed a learned Jew under the Vilna governor-general, in 1861 he participated in the work of the rabbinical commission. Was ed. applications to the train. "Gacarmel". Contributed to the development of school affairs in the region, collective. with L.O. Levanda compiled a Russian textbook. lang. for Heb. students - “First lessons of Russian. letters ”(Vilna, 1866; 5th ed. - 1875). In 1875, the lane. (with Lewanda and L. Gordon) Pentateuch. Contributed to the work of the Vilna Talmud-Torah.

gershteyn izya abramovich
has abstract: GERSHTEIN Izya Abramovich (b. 1923, Kiev), cinematographer, film director. In 1941–42 he was a laboratory assistant at the Aktobe power plant. In 1942 - pom. cameraman at the Frunzenskaya newsreel studio and the Sibtekhfilm film studio. Then the cameraman at the "Kirgizfilm" studio. The most famous works are doc. f. "Right-flank" (1960), "Three Answers to the Mountains" (1963), "Change" (1964), "Boomerang" (1965), "There, Beyond the Mountains, Horizon" and "Cape of the Bay Horse" (both in 1966), "Chingiz Aitmatov" (1968), "Pamir - the Roof of the World" (1969), "Happy Man" (1972), "For what prize |" (1973), "Shepherds" (1977), "Four Portraits" (1979), "Sold for Scrapping" (1982, pr. MKF in Oberhausen, 1983). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Kyrgyz SSR (1977).

gershteyn khaim srulevich
has abstract: GERSHTEIN Haim Srulevich (party ps. - Typographer) (1903, Chisinau - 1963, Moscow), member of the rev. movement in Bessarabia 1920-30-ies. He graduated from the evening g-ziyu (1919). From 1920 he worked in printing houses in Chisinau, led a roar. propaganda among the workers. From Dec. 1922 sec. Time, Regional Committee Communist. org-tion of Bessarabia. Delegate of the 5th Congr. Comintern (1924), at the 3rd Congress of the Communist Party of Romania elected a member. Control Commission. July 1930 - Oct. 1931 - Resp. hands. underground printing houses of the Bessarabian Regional Party Committee, from Oct. 1931 - instructor, in 1937–38 - secretary. Bessarabian Regional Committee of the Communist Party of Romania. In 1939–40 - activist of the trade union of printers. He was arrested several times. After the annexation of Bessarabia to the USSR in 1940–41, Dir. printing houses in Chisinau. In 1942–43 at the front, he was wounded. 1945–48 ed. dep. allied information Telegram. agencies of the MoldSSR, in 1948–49 responsible. sec. regional gas. "Kolkhoznikul" (Ocnita). In 1949-60 he was an employee of the Dipl. corps of the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

gershteyn semen isaevich
has abstract: GERSHTEIN Semyon Isaevich (1903, Iletskaya Protection of the Orenburg province - 1960, Moscow), graphic artist, theater and film designer. Studied at Kazan art-tech. workshops (c. 1921), VKHUTEMAS (1921–26) by NI Feshin, II Mashkov, VA Favorsky. Favorite type of creativity - scenography, designed the performances: "Rigoletto" and "Tosca" (Belarusian Opera and Ballet Theater, 1935), "Straussian", "London Slums" B. Shaw (Moscow Satire Theater, 1950) and others. in thin. exhibitions. Scenery sketches for performances are in the State. Russian Museum, Saratov art. museum, Altai Regional Museum (Barnaul).

gershteyn semen solomonovich
has abstract: GERSTEIN Semyon Solomonovich (b. 1929, Harbin), theoretical physicist, Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1984). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1951). He taught physics at school. Postgraduate student L.D. Landau Landau at Ying-those physical. problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1955–58), then sotr. Leningrad. physical and technical in-that. In 1960–64 at the United. Institute of Nuclear Research. (Dubna). Since 1964 at the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (head of laboratory, chief scientific worker). At the same time. teaches at Moscow. physical and technical in-those (since 1963, since 1967 prof.). Main scientific. works on physics of elementary particles, nuclear physics, astrophysics. In 1955, joint. with Ya.B. Zeldovich opened funds. the law of nature - the law of conservation of vector current in weak interactions, which played an important role in creating. theory of electroweak interactions, as well as in the development of a number of fruitful directions (including current algebra). They also noticed a connection between elementary particle physics and cosmology, from cosmology. the data obtained the upper limit of the neutrino mass. G. owns important results in the field of muon catalysis of nuclear reactions, mesoatomic and mesomolecular physics, astrophysics, physics of muons and neutrinos, physics of weak and strong interactions, hadron spectroscopy. He established the dependence of nuclear catalysis reactions on transitions between the energy levels of the hyperfine structure of mesoatoms (the Wolfenstein-Gerstein effect). Theoretical G.'s work stimulated experimental. research in pl. will accelerate. centers. The author of St. 150 scientific. publications and 3 discoveries. Son G. - Yuri, experimental physicist, specialist in the region. high energy physics.

gershteyn yulian isaevich
has abstract: GERSTEIN Yulian Isaevich (1894, Iletskaya Protection of the Orenburg province. - 1962, Moscow), artist, architect-planner, teacher. Inventor of a new method of cardboard engraving. Author of publications and guidelines on engraving technique. For many years he headed the studio of engraving and etching, in which many prominent architects were engaged. Main arch. works: Yaroslavl planning project (1930s), Southern river port project in Moscow (1935), Taganskaya square area planning. and the Peasant Outpost in Moscow (1934).

gershun aleksandr ljvovich
has abstract: GERSHUN Alexander Lvovich (1868, Sokolka, Grodno province - 1915, Petrograd), physicist. Graduated from Petersburg. un-t (1890), in 1890-1902 worked as a laboratory assistant and assistant at the Department of Physics. In 1902–08 the head. Department of General Physics Art. officer class in Kronstadt, from 1908 head. Department of Physics Petersburg. wives pedagogical in-that, simultaneously. in 1908-12 early. optical department of the Obukhov plant in St. Petersburg. From 1912 to the end of the days of scientific. hands. Grew up. about-va optical. and mechanical production, initiator of the creation of fatherlands. production of military. optical instruments for the fleet, in particular new designs of rangefinders and sights. Basic research. G. are devoted to applied optics. The author of works on geometric. and physical. optics, electromagnetism, radioactivity.

gershun andrey aleksandrovich
has abstract: GERSHUN Andrei Alexandrovich (1903 - 1952, Leningrad), physicist, founder of the Fatherland. hydrooptics. Son of A.L. Gershun. Graduated from Leningrad State University. From 1920 he worked in the State. optical in-those where since 1934 the lab was in charge. Prof. from 1933, from 1946 - head. Department of Leningrad. Institute of Precision Mechanics and Optics, Osn. research devoted to physical. optics, theoretical. photometry and lighting technology. Developed a general theory of the light field (1936), in which the presentation of physical. fields extended to the region. light calculations applied to any distribution of light emitting, absorbing and scattering centers. He introduced the concepts of volumetric energy density, light vector and equivalent brightness. I decided a number of practical. nature design problems. lighting, derived the dependence of coeff. illumination from geometric. source parameters. Research the spread of daylight and arts, light in the depths of the sea, developed general photometry, the theory of the passage of light through turbid media. Developed a method of visual spectrophotometry in the infrared region. Works: Izbr. tr. on photometry and lighting engineering, L., 1958.

gershuni evgeniy pavlovich
has abstract: GERSHUNI Evgeny Pavlovich (1899, Petersburg - 1970, Moscow), circus director, critic. Rod. in the family of a writer and publisher, until 1918 he studied at Petrograd. un-those. In 1919 he entered the theater, a studio at the Small Drama Theater. t-re (Petrograd). Soon, together with a group of young actors, he organized the "Drama Workshop". Then he worked in the t-re "Free Comedy", t-re miniatures "Balaganchik". In 1922 he played the role of the old Konung in the play by NS Gumilyov "Gondla". All R. 1920s worked on stage and in the circus. Since 1926 deputy. dir. Leningrad. circus, in 1931–37 artistic director. hands. Leningrad., In 1939–41 - Kiev circuses. In 1934, the joint work. with A.G. Arnold staged in Leningrad. circus new edition romantic. pantomimes of the 19th century "Black Pirate", in 1939 joint venture. with V.E. Eyzhen wrote the script thematic. revue "Motor ship" Vesely ", staged by a circus group headed by Eizhen. In the summer of 1941, he volunteered for the People's Commissariat. militia, where he soon organized a small pop ans. On Sept. 1941 by order of the Political Administration of the North-West. front G. with gr. militia artists assigned to Leningrad. House Kr. Army, on the basis of which he organized a front-line circus and became his beginning. The circus served the warriors of Leningrad. and the Volkhov fronts. 9.5.1945 circus under control. G. performed on flights of stairs of the Reichstag in Berlin. G. wrote notes, reviews, small articles dedicated to the circus and the stage, in the 50s – 60s. collaborated in the train. "Sov. circus "(since 1963 -" Soviet stage and circus "). G. - one of the creatures. (together with V.Ya.Andreev and E.M. Kuznetsov) of the Museum of Circus Art in Leningrad (1928) and Leningrad. workshops for the preparation of new circus acts. Honored. art. RSFSR (1939). Works: Stories about the stage, L., 1968.

gershuni grigoriy andreevich
has abstract: GERSHUNI Grigory Andreevich (Gersh Isakov-Itskov) (1870, Minsk - 1908, Zurich, Switzerland), polit. activist. A pharmacist by profession. In the 1890s. worked in Narodovolch. circles price Minsk. In 1897 he met E.K. Breshko-Breshkovskaya, who had returned from exile, and together with her began preparations for the creation of a unified neo-folk. party. In the summer of 1901 he traveled around Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Ufa, Voronezh, and other cities, established contacts with the local roar. circles. In the fall of 1901, he went abroad, where in 1901–02, with his participation, the Socialist Revolutionary Party (AKP) was formed. G. - one of five members of its Central Committee, the creator and first hand. combat organization of the AKP. Under the arm. G. in 1902 carried out a terrorist. acts against mines. int. cases of D.S. Sipyagin and Ufa lips. N.M. Bogdanovich. In May 1903, thanks to the reports of EF Azef, G. was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, in March 1904 he was sentenced to death, commuted to life imprisonment. Contained in the Shlisselburg fortress, in the fall of 1905 he was transferred to Akatui (Eastern Siberia), from where in October. 1906 fled and returned to Europe through China and the USA. On Feb. 1907 in Tammersfors participated in the 2nd Congress of the AKP, where he spoke out for a bloc with the cadets in the State. thought and for the termination of interfraction. fight. On Feb. 1908 a breast sarcoma was found in G., he was taken to Switzerland, where he soon died. Shortly before his death, he wrote a memo. "From the Recent Past" (St. Petersburg, 1907; 2nd ed. M.-L., 1928).

gershuni grigoriy viktorovich
has abstract: GERSHUNI Grigory Viktorovich (1905, Minsk - 1992, Leningrad), physiologist, Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1964). Graduated from the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. Institute (1927). Until 1931 he worked at the department of this institute. In 1931–36 in the Military Medical. academy. Since 1936 at the Institute of Physiology. I.P. Pavlova (head of the laboratory of physiology of the senses, since 1951 - laboratory of the physiology of hearing). Since 1972 in Ying-those evolutions. physiology and biochemistry. IM Sechenov (head of the lab. Compare, physiology of hearing, temporal-space. Organization of the auditory system). Developed a method of quantity. assessment of the function of the hearing organs (objective audiometry). He put forward the idea of ​​processing auditory information in the nervous system. He proposed methods for diagnosing lesions of the auditory c. For the totality of works on the physiology of hearing, he was awarded pr. I.P. Pavlova (1949). Works: Mechanisms of hearing, M., 1967; Sensory perception, L., 1985.

gershuni vladimir ljvovich
has abstract: GERSHUNI Vladimir Lvovich (1930, Moscow - 1994, ibid.), Societies, activist, poet and publicist. By profession - a bricklayer. G.A. Gershuni's nephew. He spent his childhood in an orphanage. In 1949, as a freshman student, he was arrested and sentenced to 10 years in the camps. Released in 1955. In the 2nd half. 1960s was one of the participants in the collection of materials for A.I. Solzhenitsyn during his work on the book. "GULAG Archipelago". In the 2nd floor. 1960s joins the human rights movement, signs protest petitions, in particular - letters of the Initiative gr. for the protection of human rights in the USSR. Arrested in 1969. Declared insane and sent for indefinite "compulsory treatment" to the Oryol psychiatrist. hospital special type, where he stayed until 1974. After his release from the mental hospital, G. continued to participate in a dissident, activities, in particular - in the publishing house. obsh.-polit. and thin. samizdat railway "Search" (1976-1978). He was one of the activists of the so-called. "Free interprofessional association of workers" (SMOT; one of the first attempts to create an independent professional movement in the USSR, 1979). Edited the SMOT newsletter. Arrested again in 1982. After confirming his "insanity" he was sent to a special mental hospital in Blagoveshchensk, then transferred to Alma-Ata. Released December 1987.

gershunoff aljberto
has abstract: GERSHUNOFF Alberto (1884, Proskurov, Podolsk province - 1950), writer, journalist. As a child, he was taken to Argentina, where his father settled in one of the villages. colonies. The family later moved to Alcaraz. After leaving school, G. settled in Buenos Aires, devoting himself to the pursuit of journalism. In 1908 he became a sotr. ed. daily gas. "La Nation", in a cut he worked in tech. forty years, including as Ch. ed. First and naib. Izv. book G. "Jews - inhabitants of the pampas" was published. in 1910 and described the life of Heb. colonists in Entre Rios in the first decade of the 20th century. Book. was the first description of the life of emigrants in the New World and the first modern. lit. manuf. in yen. lang. a Jew. G. belongs to a number of books, including "Entre Rios - my land" (1950). In pl. his production. Christ is felt. mysticism. G. was the founder and first president. Argentine Writers' Association. Was engaged in polit. activities. With the coming to power of Hitler, he actively opposed Nazism and became an enthusiastic Zionist. movement, a supporter of the idea of ​​education Heb. state-va.

gershunovka
has abstract: GERSHUNOVKA, a village in Rybnitsa district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century in Baltsky district Podolsk lips. In 1924-40 - as part of Mold. ASSR, in 1940–91 - MSSR. In 1859, 1007 people lived in Georgia. (100 families), in 1870 - 37 families, in 1893 - 349 people. (55 households), in 1898 - 344, in 1905 - 415 (55 households), in 1926 - 394 (95 households; Jews accounted for 83.8%), in 1940 - 280, in 1941 - 210 people. (52 families). in 1851 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony by immigrants from Volyn, Kiev and Podolsk provinces. Lacking the skills of agricultural. labor and funds for the purchase of implements, the colonists leased land to the peasants of the surrounding villages; many left Georgia. In 1870, the lustration commission confiscated arable land and hayfields from the colonists, leaving them only estates and pastures (the main occupations of the colonists were various crafts and petty trade). In 1898-99, out of 145 dess. 50% of the land was plowed up for sowing agricultural. crops (39 families out of 59 were engaged in agriculture). In 1905 there were two synagogues in Georgia. In the years of the 1st world. and Grazhd. wars x-va colonists fell into decay, but at the beginning. 1920s were restored, ch. arr. at the expense of state. loans and increase in allotments; there was a Jewish hut-reading room, library, early. Jewish school (in 1926 - 28 students), consumer. cooperation (197 members). A collective farm was formed in 1929. Between 1932 and 1933 the Jewish population of Georgia suffered from famine. During the Holocaust, 20 Jews were shot in Georgia. After 1945, more than 100 Jews returned to Georgia. A Jewish cemetery has been preserved in Georgia.

gerson veniamin leonardovich
has abstract: GERSON Veniamin Leonardovich (1891-1941), employee of the state. security, part. Communist. parties since 1917. Participant Oct. rev-tion, then - secret. department of military. control RVS Rep. Since 1918 in the organs of the Cheka, secretary. Special department, in 1920–26 personal secretary. F.E. Dzerzhinsky, at the same time. pom. the head of the GPU. After the death of Dzerzhinsky, member. commission of the OGPU to perpetuate his memory. Major of State Security (1935). Repressed.

gertop-mik
has abstract: GERTOP-MIK, see Hirtopul-Mik.

gertsa
has abstract: HERZA, city (since 1437), a regional center in the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). First mentioned. in 1408 as a village. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1859, 1,554 Jews (56.4%) lived in Georgia, in 1899–1939 (66.2%), and in 1940 there were 85 Jews. that appeared in G. at the beginning. 15th century, there were people from Moldova. There was a synagogue (Hasidic) and a Jewish cemetery. In the beginning. 20th century in G. acted different. Zionist organizations. On July 5, 1941, a ghetto was created in Georgia. By 11 Aug. 1941 1,200 Jews from Georgia and surrounding areas were deported to the Sekuryan camp. After 1945, several people lived in Georgia. Jewish families S.D. Abramovich, Yu.G. Tkachev

gertsbakh moisey iljich
has abstract: HERZBACH Moisei Ilyich (1902 - 1938, Moscow) - international economist, scientist and teacher. Graduated from economics and law. Faculty of Riga University (1925). For the publication of Art. on the first anniversary of Lenin's death in 1925 he was sentenced by a Riga court to one and a half years in a fortress. In 1926 he left Latvia for the USSR. Member CC MOPR. In 1926–33 he worked at Ying-those mir. x-va and the world. Communist politicians academy, from 1929 to teach. work in the universities of Moscow. Studied the problems of development of the countries of Europe and America after the 1st world. war, economics and politics of the Baltic states, one of the first to start research. role of int. monopolies in the capitalist. the world, works: Political and economic. the relationship between the USSR and the Baltics for 10 years (1917-1927), M., 1928; Int. monopoly, M., 1930; Peace. economical crisis and roar. rise, 2nd ed., M., 1932.

gertsenberg grigoriy rafailovich
has abstract: GERTSENBERG Grigory Rafailovich (b. 1910 - |), power engineer, specialist in the region. automatic regulation of power systems, Dr. Tech. Sciences (1965). Graduated from Kiev Polytechnic in 1933. in-t. From 1934 to engineer. work, since 1936 in Vses. electrical engineering in-those (engineer, scientific worker, head of laboratory). Sci. activities in the region. created electric devices. In the 30s. developed an electronic voltage regulator, current regulator for research. in the region. mass spectroscopy, an electronic regulator that ensures the stability of the operation of power systems. Developed the world's first strong electronic excitation regulator (for the Volzhskaya HPP named after V.I. Lenin), which made it possible to successfully solve the problem of ensuring the stability of the operation of long-distance AC power lines. current. Created an electrical attachment for regulating the operation of a steam turbine. Participated in the creation. systems of group regulation of excitation, devices for emergency control automation (for the Volzhskaya HPP named after XXII Congress of the CPSU), automatic systems. regulation of protection and automation for DC power lines, current (including Volgograd - Donbass). In the 70s. participated in the design of electric. speed regulators for steam and gas turbines, devices for group regulation of excitation of multi-unit electric power., stabilizing devices whine, current for accelerators. etc. (1961).

gertsenshteyn grigoriy markovich
has abstract: HERTZENSHTEIN Grigory Markovich (1851 - 1899) - doctor. In 1874 he graduated from St. Petersburg. Medical-Surgical Academy, since 1877 - Head. department of honey. geogr. and statistics of the Academy. G.'s creativity is devoted to studying a dignity. states of Heb. pop. points and agricultural labor of Jews. Cit .: San. orders of the East. war, St. Petersburg, 1881; Essays dignity. state of Jewry, St. Petersburg, 1884; Syphilis in Russia, M., 1885.

gertsenshteyn mikhail evgenjevich
has abstract: HERTZENSHTEIN Mikhail Evgenievich (b. 1926, Leningrad), physicist, radio engineer, Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1966), prof. (1991). In 1944–46 - in Kr. Army. Graduated from Moscow State University (1951). He taught physics at school (1952–54), worked in the industry (1954–80). Since 1980 - at SINP Moscow. un-that. Candidate (1956), Doctor (1966) Phys.-Math. sciences. Professor (1991). results in the region. radio engineering: et al. methods of machine design and cold measurements of parametric amplifiers (1962–71); offered at the same time. with Widrow Auto-Noise Cancellators with Correlation Feedback for Video Signals (1968). He proved a number of relationships in the theory of media with spatial dispersion and in plasma physics (1951–56). He showed that in the general case the curved space-time of the general theory of relativity (GR) can have a complex topological structure. He formulated the rules for solving equations of general relativity in a complex topology, found an exact dynamic solution with a physically realizable source. He showed that in a dynamic solution the matter periodically enters under the gravitational radius and leaves from under it, checked the fulfillment of the causality principle. He showed that the solutions of general relativity are extended through a singularity of the type of infinite density and developed a scenario for the evolution of the Universe, when the present. the expansion of the Universe was preceded by a stage of contraction, which is confirmed by the results of observations (1955–89). a number of applied projects: modification of nuclear fission reactors of any type in order to prevent accidents at nuclear power plants; active impact on the ozone layer with a discharge excited by a phased antenna array and a transmitter located on the Earth's surface to eliminate the ozone hole; new physical opportunities to create. low-thrust rocket propulsion engine with a plasma jet speed of more than 30 km / s.

gertsenshteyn mikhail yakovlevich
has abstract: HERTZENSHTEIN Mikhail Yakovlevich (Meer-Shovel) (1859, Odessa (according to other sources - Voznesensk, Kherson province.) - 1906, Terioki, Vyborg province.), Politician and society, activist, publicist, economist. In 1881 he graduated from law. f-t Novoros. University (Odessa), at the beginning. 1880s continued his education in Zap. Europe, moved closer to growing up. roar. emigrants (in 1883–89 under the secret police supervision). In 1884 he settled in Moscow, passed the master's exam at Moscow. un-ones, but as a Jew he was not allowed to teach. In 1885-1901 he served in Moscow. land bank. In 1888 he converted to Orthodoxy. From ser. 1880s was printed in gas. "Rus. Vedomosti "(from the end of the 1880s - one of the leading collaborators), as well as in the railway station. "Legal. bulletin "and" Rus. think"; published Art. on credit, finance, with con. 19th century - by agr. question. Since 1903 - Assistant Professor. Moscow un-that, since 1904 - adjunct-prof. Moscow s.-kh. in-that, taught also in Moscow. commercial in-those. Author of works "Mortgage banks and the growth of large cities in Germany" (1900), "On the reform of mortgage loans in Germany" (1902), "Small loan in tr. to-to about the needs of agricultural prom-sti and save. cash desk "(1904, master's thesis), translated into Russian. lang. row of tr. German economist K.I. Rodbertus-Yagetsov. 20th century G. is a prominent figure in the Lieber. opposition. movement, maintained contacts with the "Union of Liberation", "Union of Zemstvo Constitutionalists", active member. Legal. about-va at Mosk. un-those, growing up in the environment. liberals had a reputation as a specialist in agr. Voprosy. In 1905 he was elected a vowel of Moscow. mountains. Duma and Moscow. lips. Zemsky Assembly, in the Duma headed housing and finance. commission. In 1905 he participated in illegal activities. congresses of zemstvo and mountains. figures, one of the creatures. party of the Cadets, the head of its agr. commission, one…

gertsenshteyn solomon markovich
has abstract: HERTZENSHTEIN Solomon Markovich (1854, Kherson - 1894, Petersburg), zoologist. Graduated from natural sciences. Department of Phys.-Math. Faculty of St. Petersburg un-that (1875). Since 1879, the scientist custodian of Zool. Museum of St. Petersburg. Academy of Sciences by dep. ichthyology, at the same time. in 1881–89 he was an assistant at Zool. cabinet and hands. practical classes at the Higher. wives (Bestuzhev's) courses. On behalf of the Academy of Sciences, he processed and systematized the collection of fish caught in Wed. Asia during the exp. N.M. Przhevalsky, performed a number of ichthyological studies. exp. on the Murmansk coast of the Kola Peninsula. Works: Material on the fauna of the Murmansk coast and the White Sea, in the book: Tr. St. Petersburg. Society of Naturalists, St. Petersburg, 1885 (with N.L. Varpakhovsky); Notes on ichthyology r. Amur and adjacent countries, ibid., St. Petersburg, 1887; Sci. travel results of N.M. Przhevalsky. Fish, c. 1–3, SPb., 1888–91.

gertsfeljd
has abstract: HERTZFELD (Postrelko) Avraham (1891 - 1973, Israel), polit. activist. Got a trad. Heb. education. He joined the socialist Zionist movement, was arrested and exiled to Siberia. Escaped from exile. From 1914 in E.-I. There was s.-kh. workers. One of the founders of "Akhdut ha-Avoda", one of the leaders of the settlers. movement. Dep. Knesset 1-6th convocations from the Mapai party. One of the initiators created. homes for the elderly in Israel.

gertsik vladimir borisovich
has abstract: GERTSIK Vladimir Borisovich (1908, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1997), announcer. From 1927 he studied land management. f-those of the Landmark Institute in Moscow, soon switched to chem. faculty MVTU, transformed into the Military Chemical Academy, from which G. graduated in 1932, receiving a military diploma. Ing. In student. years G. participated in amateur dramas. collectives, worked in the mimance of the Bolshoi Theater, here he met IA Moiseev, who brought G. to the theater. RN Simonov's studio, where he began to study in parallel with MVTU. As a student, G. participated in the competition of announcers at the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, was hired, but after expiration of the test. term dismissed for an unnecessarily "lordly voice". In 1933, after graduating from the theater. studio, admitted to the announcer group Center, broadcasting. Laureate of Vses. reading competition (1936). In July 1941 he volunteered for the front: he served in the chemical. troops, then in the infantry, from 1943 conducted propaganda to the enemy troops as an "air announcer": at night on a U-2 plane he flew behind enemy lines and read through a sound amplifier on it. lang. texts addressed to the enemy (made over 100 sorties). In April 1945 he returned to the radio, participated in the programs of the Center, radio and radio station "Youth", read the voiceover text in f. "The Nuremberg Trials", played the role of Don Quixote in a stage adaptation of the same name. the novel by M. Servantes, read “Fathers and Children” by I.S. Turgenev and others. Programs with G.'s participation about A.S. Pushkin, A.A. Blok, L. Beethoven, a radio play about A. Toscanini, etc. into the golden fund of the radio. V.I.Kachalov called G. "a speaker-artist." Honored. art. RSFSR (1966). In addition to working on the radio, G. performed poetry reading from the stage, conducted symphony. concerts. Since 1986, speaker-consultant Ch. edition of Vses. radio.

gertsog itskhak
has abstract: DUKE Yitzchak (1888, Lomzha - 1959, Jerusalem), rabbi. At the age of 9, he emigrated with his parents to England, where his father became a rabbi in Leeds. In 1908 he was promoted to rabbi. In 1914, the University of London conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Literature. When solving normative (halachic) ​​questions of religion, he relied on his vast knowledge in the field of linguistics, jurisprudence, mathematics, and natural sciences. sciences. In 1916-1919 a rabbi in Belfast, then until 1936 in Dublin (Ireland). From 1925 ch. rabbi of Ireland. One of the founders of the Zionist, Mizrahi movement in Great Britain and Ireland. From 1937 ch. Ashkenazi rabbi of mandate E.-I. During and after the 2nd world. war made great efforts to save Europe. Jews. At the request of G. Sov. the authorities in 1940 allowed teachers and students to Lithuanian. and Polish. yeshiv to go to E.-I. through D. East. In 1946 he went to Zap. Europe in search of Heb. children, to-rye found salvation from the Nazis in monasteries and gentiles. families. G.'s sons - Haim (b. 1918, Belfast), state. and military leader, general, Israel's representative to the UN (1975–78), President of the State of Israel (1983 93); Yaakov (1921, Dublin - 1972, Jerusalem), state. activist and diplomat, ambassador and assistant. gene. dir. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Since 1965 - General. dir. Office of the Prime Minister Publicist and philosopher.

gervyaty
has abstract: GERVYATY, a village in the Ostrovets district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Vilensky u. and lips. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1903, Georgia was opened for free settlement of Jews, as an exemption from the Provisional Rules of 1882.

gerzoni genri
has abstract: GERZONI Henry (Gershoni Zvi Hirsch) (1844, Vilna - 1897, New York), journalist, writer. He studied at the yeshiva. He moved to Petersburg, accepted Christ. In 1868 he publicly declared his repentance. Since 1869 in the USA. In 1874 he became a rabbi in Macon, pcs. Georgia. He served as rabbi in Atlanta and Chicago, where he published a short-lived weekly. Juish Advance and later De Maccabian. In 1893 he returned to New York, was engaged in journalism. Carried away by the new Heb. lit-swarm in Hebrew, publ. Art. in Heb. periodic. ed., G. was also the initiator of the press in Yiddish, published gas. The Post in New York and wrote in Heb. periodic. ed. in English. lang. Themes of the publicist, speeches of G .: Orthodox and reform, immigration to America and E.-I., ethnic. culture and life of Jews. The author of the book. “Essays on Heb. life and history "(1873). Translated by I.S. Turgenev in English. lang. and G. Longfellow in Hebrew.

geshelj abragam dzh.
has abstract: GESHEL Abraham J. (1907, Warsaw - 1972, New York), writer, Ph.D. (Berlin, 1933). In 1932–33 he was a Talmud teacher at the Berlin Higher. school of Heb. Sciences, in 1937–38 he taught in Heb. theological seminary (Frankfurt am Main). In 1938–39 - Assoc. philosophy Ying-that study of Judaism in Warsaw. Since 1940 in the USA. Since 1945 prof. Department of Heb. ethics and mysticism Heb. theological. College (New York). The author of several. tens of books. in Heb. History and Philosophy, works: The Land of the Lord, Jerusalem, 1974.

geshundgeyt yakov
has abstract: GESHUNDGEIT Yakov (1815, Warsaw - 1878, ibid.), Rabbi, writer. He headed the yeshiva. When Isaac Meisens died, the rabbi of Warsaw became his successor (1870). Fought against Hasidism and its growing popularity in Warsaw. As a result of the resistance of the Hasidim and the assimilated part of Heb. of the population, led by L. Natanson, was forced after four years to resign from the duties of a rabbi. G. - author of the comm. to "Shulchan Arukh" and to the Talmudic treatises "Gittin" and "Khullin". His comm, and other interpretations of the Talmud remained in manuscripts.

gessen iosif saulovich
has abstract: GESSEN Iosif Saulovich (Savelievich) (from 1891 Iosif Vladimirovich) (1865, Odessa - 1943, New York), lawyer, public. and polit. activist, memoirist. From merchants. families. He graduated from the city of Odessa (1882), in 1882–85 he studied at Novoros. un-those (Odessa), from 1885 - to jurid. f-those Petersburg. un-that; participated in the work of the Narodnaya Volya. circles. Dec. 1885 arrested, in 1886 exiled to adm. order to Ust-Sysolsk, Vologda province. Upon his return (1889) he passed an external copy. for the legal course Faculty of St. Petersburg un-that, was baptized for the sake of adopting a son born of an Orthodox (1891). From 1893 he served in the env. court in Tula, in 1896 he moved to St. Petersburg, served in the Ministry of Justice. From 1902 pom. attorney at law (since 1904 - attorney at law) of the St. Petersburg district. court. chambers. In 1898 he founded the weekly. legal entity gas. "Right", from the same year sotr. g. "Education", gas. "Rus. Vedomosti "," Son of the Fatherland "and others. Author of works" Jurid. liter for the people "(1902)," Court. reform "(1904) and others; Heb. G.'s question. Art. “The Law of May 3, 1882 and Its Application” (Heb. B-ka, v. 10,1903). G. compiled (with A. Fridshtein) "Sat. laws on Jews "(1904) and collection of articles. "Awakening" (1906, jointly with MB Ratner and L.Ya.Sternberg). 19 - early. 20th century G. is an active Liberator. movement, part. Council of the Union of Liberation. In the fall of 1905, the participant will found. Congress of the Cadet Party, Comrade her Petersburg. to-that, since 1906 p. Central Committee, joint with P.N. Milyukov edited the center, the organ of the party. gas. "Rech", collaborated on a weekly. g. “Bulletin of the party of nar. freedom ”, participated in secret negotiations between the Central Committee of the Cadets and the prime minister. S.Yu. Witte on the creation of constitution. cabinet (ended in failure). In 1907 the dep. 2nd State thoughts from Petersburg, co…

gessen sergey iosifovich
has abstract: GESSEN Sergey Iosifovich (1887, Ust-Sysolsk, Vologda province - 1950, Lodz, Poland), philosopher, teacher. The son of I.S. Gessen from a marriage with an Orthodox woman, was baptized. With the family moved to St. Petersburg (mid-1890s) he studied in the 1st city, in 1904 he was a member. Student union cf. schools, excluded from the city. Exams for the gymnasium. passed the course as an external student. With the aim of removing from the roar. Wednesday sent by his father to Germany, where he attended lectures at Heidelberg University, then in Freiburg. In the beginning. 1909 passed with honors copy. for the degree of dr. Then he studied for a year and a half in high fur boots in Freiburg and Marburg. Returning to St. Petersburg, he passed the master's exams for historical philology. f-those Petersburg. un-that, developed the course "Ethics of Kant" and in 1914 enrolled privat-assistant professor In 1909, together with Russian. and it. scientists founded the international. the yearbook on philosophy "Logos", was his ed., was included in a number of scientific. ob-v. In 1915-16 head. Department of Philosophy at Tomsk University, in 1917–21 Assoc. Petrogr. un-that, from which owls were fired. the authorities. Participated in the activities of the Free Philosophy. associations (Wolfils) - the last free philosopher. about-va in Russia. In 1923 he went to his father in Berlin, then went to Prague, for three years prof. in Rus. higher. ped. in-those, let out. "Rus. school abroad "(1923) and the yearbook" Logos ". Member of the board “Philos. about-va "in Prague (1925). In 1938 he moved to Warsaw to teach at un-those. In 1939 he was evacuated to Lodz, where he survived the German-fascist years. occupation, put forward a number of new ideas in philosophy, successfully connected philosophy. questions with the solution of problems of pedagogy. The author of St. 40 scientific. works: "Mysticism and Metaphysics" ("Logos", St. Petersburg, 1910, book 1), "Philosophy of Punishment"…

gessen sergey yakovlevich
has abstract: GESSEN Sergey Yakovlevich (1903, Petersburg - 1937, ibid.), Historian, literary critic, Ph.D. ist. Sciences (1936). He graduated from the Tenishevskoe school in Petrograd (1919), entered the school. Faculty of Polytechnic. in-that. In 1922 he was arrested on suspicion of participating in a student. anti-bolshevist. org-tion, was in the field of vision of the NKVD and in subsequent years. In 1923 he switched to social pedagogy. dep. Petrogr. un-that. During these years he worked as a scientist. sotr. in the State. public library. In 1924 he went to Moscow, then to Tashkent, where he studied at the university. In 1926 he returned to Leningrad and entered the third year of history. Faculty of Leningrad State University (graduated in 1928). In 1926–33, the scientific secretary. and Chl. prez. Decembrist Commission of the All-Union Council. about-va former. political prisoners and exiled settlers, worked in his publishing house. Since 1934 scientific. sotr. Institute of Russian literature (Pushkin House), author of comments on Op. A.S. Pushkin, was secretary. edition academic. complete collection his op. and "Vremennik Pushkin Commission". The author of St. 60 kn., Art. and notes on the history of the Decembrist movement and the work of Pushkin. Joint. with BL Modzalevsky published "Conversations of Pushkin" (Moscow, 1929). Died as a result of an accident. Works: Pushkin and the Decembrists, P., 1921; Arakcheev in Pushkin's poem, P., 1922; Decembrists before the Court of History, M.-L., 1926; Book publisher Alexander Pushkin, L., 1930; Pushkin on the eve of the December events of 1825, L., 1936.

gessen viktor yuljevich
has abstract: GESSEN Victor Yulievich (1903, Petersburg - 1980, ibid.), Scientist, specialist in the region. electrification with. x-va, Dr. Tech. sciences (1962), honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR. Graduated from energetic. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic in-ta (LPI), worked under him in N.-i. lab. them. Smurov, then to Lenenergo. In 1933–35 he participated in the development of the gene. plan for the electrification of Belarus. In 1936–41 he headed the lab. high voltage techniques, taught at LPI. In 1941 he went to the Nar. militia, was a communications officer, taught in the military. uch-shchah. In 1945 he returned to LPI at the Department of High Voltage Engineering. In 1949 he was posted to Belarus. polytechnic Institute for the organization of a similar department. Since 1950 he taught at Leningrad. s.-kh. in-those (since 1958 prof.). Head department of electric. networks and art., organized a number of labs with her., actively worked in the Vses. about-ve of energy and electrical engineering. prom-sti. The author of St. 160 scientific. works. Became. pr. 2nd degree (1948) for creating a powerful test. installations. Vol .: Emergency modes and protection against them in agricultural. electrical networks, L.-M., 1961; Fundamentals of the theory of electric. arc, L., 1963; Village electrification. x-va (et al.), L., 1970; Power supply with.-kh. enterprises and settlements, M., 1975; Power supply with. x-va (textbook, et al.), M., 1979.

gessen vladimir matveevich
has abstract: GESSEN Vladimir Matveyevich (Wolf Munishevich) (1868, Odessa - 1920, Ivanovo-Voznesensk), lawyer, public. and polit. activist. Doctor of Law (1917). Graduated from the city of Nikolaev. In 1887–91 he studied law. f-those Novoros. University (Odessa), then studied law in high fur boots in Germany, worked at the Russian Consulate in Budapest. Since 1895 in St. Petersburg, assistant professor. jurid. Faculty of St. Petersburg un-that, read a course of lectures on the general doctrine of the state-ve and adm. right. In 1899-1902 he served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. cases, as part of growing. delegation participated in the work of the Hague Conf. about the world. From 1902 he taught at the econom. dep. Petersburg. polytechnic in-ta, at the Higher. wives (Bestuzhev) courses and at the Alexander Lyceum. One of the founders of jurid. weekly "Right", chl. edition w. "Bulletin of law". In the fall of 1905, one of the founders of the Cadet Party, member. its Central Committee. Dep. 2nd State Duma, one of the leaders of its cadet faction, worked in the commissions for the preparation of a number of bills. In 1911 he published the collection. poems "Yellow Leaves"; comp. Ts.A. Cui and V.E.Den created a number of works on G.'s words. for choir and romances. In 1917 he defended him in Moscow. un-those doct. dis. on the basics of constitution. rights, on the instructions of Time, pr-va participated in the commission for the preparation of regulations on elections to the Foundation. collection. After 1917 he was repeatedly persecuted by the Sov. authorities. From 1919 he taught at the social and economic. f-those of the newly opened Polytechnic. Institute in Ivanovo-Voznesensk. Son G. - Alexey (1900-1925), poet, in 1922 left Russia, published in Russian. emigrant railways

gessen yakov matveevich
has abstract: GESSEN Yakov Matveyevich (Shmuel Munishevich) (1869, Nikolaev - 1942, Leningrad), lawyer, societies, activist. Brother of V.M. Gessen. Graduated from law. f-t Novoros. university (Odessa). He worked in private companies in Odessa and other cities. From 1895 he lived in St. Petersburg, was a sworn attorney for Okr. court, legal adviser for organizations, participated in the creation. Publishing House "Pravo", was in charge of it, was the ed. g. "Izvestia jurid. warehouse "Right". In 1910-14 members. reign of Vseros. about-va book. cases, before Will reconcile him. the camera that analyzed the controversial issues of the publishing house. Publ. book and Art. in jurisprudence, was a recognized expert in law and in 1917 became a director. Petrogr. artistic-dramatic. about-va. Was among the activists of the Cadet Party. Together with other representatives of the Gessen family, he participated in the creation of KAMVO - the largest share. shipping company in Russia. After 1917 - legal adviser Nar. bank, in 1919-24 he worked in Petrograd. dep. Glavnauki of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR, headed the Office of Scientific. and higher. uch. institutions, in 1925-Management scientific-artistic. org-tions. Since 1926 deputy. Scientific Secretary of the State. public library (GPB), was in charge of all legal. questions, drawing up action plans. In the 1920s. member reign of Vseros. theater. about-va, in 1925-33 a member. board of Leningrad. Philharmonic Society, supported the petition to establish one of the best organs at that time in its hall, organized the publishing house. “Muses. weekly ”, released the book“ Ten Years of Symphony. music "(1927). In the 1920s. member Society for the spread of education among Jews in Russia. In 1935 he was arrested on charges of counterrev. anti-Sov. moods ”, without trial was sent with his wife to Voronezh, his rich library was confiscated. In 1939 he returned to Leningrad, was hired by the GPB, died during the blockade …

gessen yuliy
has abstract: GESSEN Julius (Yegid) Isaakovich (Judas Itskovich) (1870, Nikopol Ekaterinoslavsky district and province - 1931, Moscow), entrepreneur, public. activist. From merchants. families. In childhood he received a tradition. Heb. education, graduated from the Yekaterinoslav Real School (1888), studied at the Zurich Polytechnic, from 1889 - at the Dresden Technological College. in-those, kept in touch with growing up. roar. emigration. Upon his return to Russia in 1891, he was arrested, in 1892, by imperial command, he was imprisoned for 6 months. to jail. From 1893 he was engaged in grain trade in Nikopol, from 1900 he was an agent of the Moscow-Vindavo-Rybinsk railway. in Chistopol, Kazan province. Since 1901 an agent of the same society in St. Petersburg. Since 1915, dir. steamship company "Caucasus and Mercury". Together with his brother Boris and other representatives of the Gessen family, he organized the largest shipping company in Russia. about-in KAMVO, which included the Kamskoye and Volga shipping companies. He planned to arrange transportation of goods from Zap. Europe to Persia along the waterways of Russia. Together with his brother and his son Isaac, he participated in the work of the Ob-va to spread education among Jews in Russia. Since 1918 in Finland, where he played a role in to-those support of the gene. N.N. Yudenich. In 1920 he traveled to the Crimea to establish transport links between the White Army and the ports of Turkey. From 1922 he was engaged in establishing contacts between governments, Soviet organizations. Russia with heads of prom. firms and banks in Great Britain, and since 1924 and Germany, with the aim of creating mixed enterprises for the restoration of the country's economy (Volga-Kama Shipping Company, etc.) and for the construction of new facilities (the Volga-Don Canal, Moscow Metro, etc.) ), received owls. citizenship. All G.'s proposals were initially approved, but then rejected by the Sov. the authorities. In 1930 G. came to …

gessen yuliy isidorovich
has abstract: GESSEN Julius Isidorovich (Judas Izrailevich) (1871, Odessa - 1939, Leningrad), historian, societies. activist. Dr. East Sciences (1939). Graduated from commercial. uch-shche in Odessa, was engaged in self-education (mainly history). Since 1895 sotr. gas. "Odessa News". In 1896 he moved to St. Petersburg, until 1905 he served in a bank. Since 1898, members Society for the spread of education among Jews in Russia. Hence, the influence on the formation of views and scientific. interests G. had an acquaintance with Hebrew. scientists and societies, leaders Ahad ha-Am and S.M. Dubnov. In 1898 he was translated into Russian. lang. and published the work of L. Pinsker "Autoemancipation", participated in the release of ser. brochures “Gallery of Heb. figures ", in a cut he published his work" O. A. Rabinovich "(1898). In 1899-1900 ed. ser. brochures "From the history and life of the Jews." In 1900–01 publ. into gas. "Future" cycle of Art. on the position of Heb. in Russia at the end. 18 - early. 19th centuries, in scientific literature. collection of "Future" - the work "To the history of censorship in Heb. book in Russia "(1901, v.2). In the 1900s. sotr. gas. "Voskhod", in the railway station "Voskhod Books" was placed by Art. “To the history of religions. struggle among the Russian. Jews at the end. XVIII and early. XIX centuries. " (1902, book. 1), dedicated. history of Hasidism. He studied the history of Freemasonry and the problem of participation of Jews in it, the work "Jews in Freemasonry" (St. Petersburg, 1903). Has appeared with a number of publications against accusations of ritual murders against Jews. In 1906 he published the collection. their art. “Jews in Russia: Essays on societies, legal and economic. life rus. Jews ". In 1906 G. - one of the founders of the "Union for the achievement of the full rights of Jews in Russia", in the book. “On the life of Jews in Russia: A note to the State. Duma "(1906) gave an analysis of legal. and social the position of Je…

getskin lev solomonovich
has abstract: GETSKIN Lev Solomonovich (1911, Ufa - 1992, Ust-Kamenogorsk), metallurgist, specialist in the region. technologies for processing non-ferrous and rare metals. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1964), ch. AN KazSSR (1967). Graduated from the Ural Polytechnic in 1934. in-t. In 1934-44 at the Chelyabinsk zinc plant (foreman, head of the shop, head of laboratory, deputy head of engineer). In 1944–52 at the Ust-Kamenogorsk zinc plant (head of the technical department, deputy chief engineer), since 1948 - director. In 1952–82 Ch. engineer, deputy. dir., dir. Vses. n.-i. mining and metallurgy. in-that non-ferrous metals AN Kaz. SSR in Ust-Kamenogorsk. Osn. works related to metallurgy and complex processing of non-ferrous and rare metals and alloys. Supervised the development and implementation in production of the technology of complex processing of metallurgical. dust at the Ust-Kamenogorsk plant and the Chimkent lead plant. Developed a technology for processing zinc cakes using production waste. Linen. pr. (1961). Cit .: Extraction of rare metals at the enterprises of the lead-zinc industry zarub, stran, Moscow, 1962 (with V.N.Leksin); Modern Methods for processing lead-zinc ores and concentrates, M., 1964.

getsov iosif notovich
has abstract: GETSOV Joseph Notovich (Nutovich) (1860, Minsk - after 1923, USA), member of the revolutionary. movements of the 1879-80s. Received a tradition. Heb. education. In 1878, members. roar. populist. mug of M. Weller in Minsk. In the end. 1870s studied at the Gory-Goretsky agricultural worker. uch-shche, soon came out of it, led a roar. propaganda in workers' circles in Minsk. In the end. 1880, together with Saul Greenfest, equipped an underground printing house in Minsk, the roar. org-tion "Black redistribution", worked there as a typesetter. After the failure of the printing press in December. 1881 went to Kovno, then to Vilna. Due to the threat of arrest in March 1882 he emigrated to Germany (Konigsberg), in August. 1882 settled in Zurich (Switzerland), worked as a typesetter in a printing house w. “Bulletin of Nar. will ”, later moved to the Social-Democrats. position, became close to members of the first grew. Marxist, c. Emancipation of Labor. In 1890 he settled in New York, where he owned two pharmacies, a member of the Amer. s.-d. movement.

geverts shloyme-yankl
has abstract: GEVERZ Shloyme-Jankl (1865, Riga - 1936, Chicago), rabbi, teacher. R. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. Studied at Berlin University. Since 1887 - in the USA. One of the organizers of the Heb. education in the USA. Author of a number of articles dedicated to the problems of adaptation of Russian Jews to the secular. amer. about-ve.

gevirts yakov-moisey germanovich
has abstract: GEVIRTS Yakov-Moisey Germanovich (1879, Odessa - 1942, Leningrad), teacher, artist-architect. In 1899-1906 he studied at the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg under Leonid Benois. In 1908 he won the competition for the design of a new complex of buildings on the Heb. Preobrazhensky cemetery in St. Petersburg and entered Build. to-t obshiny, with a cut he collaborated until the 1920s. In 1916–21, an architect in the management of the railway. line Petrograd-Oryol. Participated in competitions for projects of buildings of the Botkin Hospital in Leningrad (3 Ave., 1926), House of Prospect in Minsk (1929), etc. Since 1922 he taught at the Academy of Arts in Petrograd-Leningrad. Author tr. on architecture. Main buildings: at the Preobrazhensky cemetery in St. Petersburg - a complex of buildings (1908–13), a greenhouse (1913), a project for finishing the House of Ablution and Funeral Service (1915, not implemented), in St. Petersburg - the Stock Office (1911, in 1913 M.A. Ginsburg transferred the building of the community for the accommodation of the Jewish almshouse and enlightenment, institutions), apartment buildings (1907-16), the Kolossei cinema, the Riga Stock Exchange (1913), the synagogue (1910); projects: Kharkov Choral Synagogue (1909), synagogue in Mariupol (1914).

geyfman abram ljvovich
has abstract: GEYFMAN Abram Lvovich (1912, Zhitomir - 1944, disappeared during the war), composer. Studied at Moscow. cons. in the composition class of V.A. Bely. During his lifetime, Op. G. were not executed. For the first time in 1980 in Israel his “Heb. Suite ”,“ Elegy ”for violin; concert, “Heb. melody "for cello; sonata for viola, "Poem" for trumpet; romances, songs, “Three Hebrews. dance "for FP.

geyler grigoriy moiseevich
has abstract: GEYLER Grigory Moiseevich (1894-1969, Moscow), chess player and chess. journalist. Ed. chess. department of sinks. gas. Trud, compiler of the Chess Dictionary (1964). Champion of Geneva (1915–16) and 1st Central Asian. Olympiads (1920).

geylikman boris tovjevich
has abstract: GEYLIKMAN Boris Tov'evich (1914, Moscow - 1977, ibid.), Theoretical physicist, Doctor of Phys.-Math. sciences. The son of T. Geilikman. In 1937 he graduated from Moscow. un-t. Cand. dis. defended in 1940. In 1940–44 he taught in Yoshkar-Ola and Saratov. In 1944 he was admitted to doctoral studies Phys. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. From 1946 he worked at the Institute of Atomic Energy. At the same time. taught at Moscow. pedagogical in-those them. VI Lenin (1946-60) and Moscow. physical and technical Institute (since 1960). interests are diverse - superconductivity, superfluidity, TV theory. bodies, nuclear physics. Developed the theory of superconductors with strong electron-phonon coupling. He proposed and investigated in detail the electronic mechanism of superconductivity in three-dimensional systems. Considered the flow of He2 in long capillaries and investigated the kinetic. properties of NZ. Gave the rationale and follow. formulation adiabatic. approximation in metals and constructed a kind of diagrammatic technique for the theory of conductivity. A series of works is devoted to the properties of quantum crystals. He formulated the problem of direct elastic and inelastic scattering of fast particles by nuclei with the excitation of collective levels of the nucleus. Developed a quasi-classical. theory of triple nuclear fission, predicted a sharp increase in the yield of neutrons in the case of symmetric fission. Author approx. 200 scientific. works, cit .: Statistical. theory of phase transformations, M., 1954; Kinetic. and nonstationary phenomena in superconductors, Moscow, 1972.

geylikman tevje
has abstract: GEYLIKMAN Tevye (1873, Gomel - 1948, Moscow), historian, teacher. In 1912 he made his debut in Russian. per. dram. Heb. playwright Y. Gordin "Mirele Efros" and "Gd, Man and Devil", which in the same year were staged at the Theater Korsh in Moscow. All R. 20s was invited to work at the University for nat. minorities in Moscow. From the lectures given during the first year, G. made the book. “History of Societies. Movement of the Jews of Poland and Russia ”, which was published in 1926 in Yiddish and Russian. lang. Simultaneously with work in Un-those for nat. Minorities of G. gave lectures at other universities in Moscow. In the second floor. 20s wrote the works "Baruch Spinoza", "Jews in the beginning. period of the system rus. citizenship ", as well as a large essay" Jews in Russia ", included in the 24th volume of the first edition of B. Sov. encyclopedias (1932). Author of an essay on the history of the Jews in the multivolume edition "History of the USSR". In the last years of his life, he completed work on the first volume, "History of the Jews in the USSR," which remained unpublished. In the 1930s. - prof. history and philosophy in a number of car washes, universities. In 1941–45 members. East commission at Heb. antifash. to-those.

geyljpern faljk
has abstract: GEYLPERN Falk (1876, Nesvizh Slutsky district. Minsk province - 1945), prose writer, translator. He studied at the cheder, yeshiva in Minsk, worked as a teacher. In 1908 he came to St. Petersburg, taught at the school of the Ob-va to spread education among Jews in Russia, then taught in Simferopol, Warsaw, Vilna. In the years of the 1st world. war authorized mosk. dep. Society for the dissemination of education in the organization of Heb. schools for refugees, organized and headed one of these schools in Tambov. After the Revolution of 1917 he worked in Ukraine. In 1918 he founded in Yekaterinoslav a publishing house for the release of the book. for kids. In 1921 he arrived in Vilno, where he continued to work on the organization of the Hebrews. schools. Lit. activity began in 1900 in gas. "Ha-Tsfira", collaborated in other ed. in Hebrew. Published stories and art. in Russian-Heb. g. "Sunrise" and "Heb. life ”, in 1906 he made his debut in Yiddish. In different periods. ed. published journalistic, critical. and pedagogical. Art., stories and feuilletons, was ed. first child. g. in Yiddish "Unter di grininke beimelech" (1914-23), wrote and published dozens of books. for children, as well as plays and translations, translated into Yiddish productions. N.A. Rubakin, L. Levanda, B. Disraeli, K. Hamsun, L. N. Tolstoy, N. V. Gogol, F. Schiller, tales of the brothers Grimm and H. K. Andersen. Author of language textbooks. and lit-re for Heb. schools. From 1938 in E.-I., where he continued lit. and pedagogical. activity. He died in E.-I.

geyman mark abramovich
has abstract: GEYMAN Mark Abramovich (1902, Baku - |), engineer, specialist in the region. development of oil fields, organizer of oil production enterprises. Graduated in 1924 Don Polytechnic. in-t. In 1925-41 the beginning. oil fields in Baku, manager of the Aznefteproekt trust. In 1941–47 the head. lab. Institute of fossil fuels of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He dealt with issues of secondary exploitation of oil fields, in 1941–45 he was in charge of decisions important for the military. economics problems, incl. increase in oil production in the Volga region. The proposed method is directed. drilling oil wells, methods of operating low-debit wells. In 1947, joint. with M.A. Kapelyushnikov developed methods of mechanization and automation of drilling processes. Author of over 100 scientific. printed works to improve methods and increase oil production.

geyman rodion grigorjevich
has abstract: GEYMAN Rodion Grigorievich (1802, Vilna - 1865, Moscow), chemist, active. State Councilor (1852). R. in the family of a doctor. In 1817-18 he studied at ma-tem., In 1817 at honey. Faculty of Vilnius University, from 1818 to Moscow. Department of Medical-Surgical. Academy (MHA), in 1822 received the title of Doctor of Medicine. From 1823 Adjunct Chemistry and Formulation in the same place, from 1826 at the same time. Adjunct, Department of Chemistry, Moscow. un-that. Since 1829 the extraordinary prof. Moscow department of the Moscow Art Academy, participated in the elimination of the cholera epidemic of 1830–31 in Moscow (created a cholera hospital and quarantine for convalescents). Since 1833, an ordinary prof. chemistry Mosk. un-that and Moscow. branch of the Moscow Art Academy, organizer (1833) and head. university chem. lab. In 1836-41 he read public lectures on chemistry for car washes, entrepreneurs, in which he introduced the audience to the latest achievements in chemistry. science and technology. From 1836 - director. T-va for the production of stearin from lard. In 1843, members. Time, consult. Manufacturing Council, on his behalf, compiled a review of Rus. chem. z-dov, participated in the organization of a number of manufacturing exhibitions. Since 1852, members Moscow post offices Manufacturing Council. In 1854, retired, was engaged in the implementation of dec. improvements to mosk. prom. pr-tyakh. Moscow about-va sat down. x-va, K-ta sugars, Phys.-honey. about-va, Mosk. about-va of nature testers, Vilna honey. about-va, Geol. about-va in France and Germany, honey. about-va in Berlin. Cit .: The meaning and limits of chemistry at the present time, M., 1834; Opinion about chem. f-kakh and z-dakh, "Review of the Manufacturing Industry", St. Petersburg, 1843; Readings of General Chemistry, Applied to Factory and Factory Business, v.1–5, M., 1845–49; A quick glance at the four elements of the ancients in relation to physical, chemical. and physiological, M.,…

geyman vasiliy aleksandrovich
has abstract: GEYMAN Vasily Alexandrovich (1823 - 1878, Kars), military leader, lieutenant general. (1872). In the army since 1839.Since 1842 - in the Caucasus. In 1844 he was promoted to ensign. Participant of almost all exp. in Chechnya. Gr. M.S. Vorontsov called him the bravest of the officers of the Caucasian army. He was repeatedly wounded and awarded. In 1861 he was promoted to colonel and appointed commander of the regiment. In 1863 he was promoted to major general. During the Russian-Turkish War of 1877–78 he fought in Turkish Armenia. The author of several. Art. in a number of Russian. ed.

geymanovich aleksandr iosifovich
has abstract: GEYMANOVICH Alexander Iosifovich (1882, Kharkov - 1958, ibid.), Neuropathologist, honored. prof. Ukrainian SSR (1927). Brother of ZI Geimanovich. In 1908 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that and until 1911 worked in the clinic of nervous diseases un-that, in 1911-22 - a psychoneurologist in the lips. zemstvo hospital in Kharkov, art. assistant of the nervous clinic for women honey. in-that (now the Kharkiv medical institute). In 1920–21 he organized and headed the Ukr. psychoneurological. Institute in Kharkov, since 1932 - vice-president. Ukr. psychoneurological. academies, simultaneously. in charge of the same nervous clinic and morphology. lab. In 1937-53, the director. clinics of nervous diseases and neurohistology. lab. reconstituted Ukr. psychoneurological. in-that. After 1953 - Consultant Center, psychoneurological. and neurosurgeon. hospitals of the Ministry of Railways and balneology. hospitals in Kharkov. During the war years (until 1944) Zakavk, a consultant neuropathologist. front and Chernomor, navy. tr. G. dedicated the study of involutional processes (aging of the body), epidemic. encephalitis (1927), tumors of the central nervous system (1936), war wounds peripheral. nerves (1943), brain injuries (1946), infec. diseases of the nervous system (1956-57) and others. with T.A. Geyer and V.M. Gakkebush described the form of the psyche. disturbances in cerebral atherosclerosis, the edges are known in the literature as Gakkebusch's disease - Geyer - Geymanovich. At the same time. with Ya.M. Raimist (Odessa) first described the epidemic. encephalitis on the territory. countries (1919). Deputy prev. Vses. neurosurgeon about-va; member reign of Vses. about-va of neuropathologists and psychiatrists.

geymanovich zakhariy iosifovich
has abstract: GEYMANOVICH Zakhary Iosifovich (1884, Kharkov - 1948, ibid.), Neurosurgeon, founder of neurosurgeon. schools in Ukraine, prof. (1932), brother of A.I. Geimanovich. At the end of 1909 honey. Faculty of Kharkov University in tech. of the year trained in leading surgeons. clinics abroad, then worked as a surgeon resident. branches in Kharkov and Rostov-on-Don. Participated in the 1st world. and citizen wars as military. doctor. In 1922 he organized at Ukr. psychoneurological. in-those lab. experiment, neurosurgery and topographic. anatomy of the nervous system, on the basis of a cut in 1931 the first neurosurgeon in Ukraine was opened. clinic. At the same time. head surgeon branch of the 2nd Sov. b-tsy in Kharkov. Since 1935 head. Department of Neurosurgery, Psychoneurological. f-that of the 2nd Kharkov honey. in-that. They were offered prompt access to tumors of the pontine-cerebellar angle, for the first time in the USSR a tumor of the quadruple was successfully removed. Vol .: On vascular tumors of the spinal cord, in the book: Clinical. and Experimental Pathomorphology of the Nervous System, 1935; Military traumatic lesions of the spine and spinal cord, Tyumen, 1943; Gunshot injuries of peripheral nerves and their treatment, Omsk, 1943; Wartime traumatic brain injury, Kharkov, 1947.

geyshin
has abstract: GEISHIN, a village in the Slavgorod district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Bykhovsky u. Mogilev province. 195 Jews lived in Georgia in 1841, 337 in 1860, 377 in 1863, 104 in 1880, 332 in 1908, 144 Jews in 1923, 25 Jewish families in 1925, and 104 Jews in 1926 In 1798 there was a synagogue in Georgia, in 1841 there were 2 synagogues and a rabbi, in 1880 there were 3 synagogues, and in 1908 there were 5 synagogues. In the 1st floor. 1870s the rabbi in Georgia was Podraisky, from 1893 - Joseph Prupes (1864—?). In the beginning. 1870s acted leather. Yankel Brook plant. In front of the germ. occupation 1941 all Jews left G.V. N. Pervyshin

geyshtor leonid grigorjevich
has abstract: GEYSHTOR Leonid Grigorievich (b. 1936, Gomel), athlete (rowing in a canoe-two). Z.m.s. USSR (1960). Lecturer, graduated from Gomel University (1969). Champion Olympus. games (1960), the world (1963), Europe (1961 and 1963) and the USSR (1959–63) on decomp. distances.

geyzer matvey moiseevich
has abstract: GEYSER Matvey Moiseevich (b. 1940, Bershad, Vinnytsia region), writer, teacher. 1941–44 in the ghetto in Bershad. Writes in the main. about the fate of Russian Jewry, about Heb. culture in Russia. Publ. in different ed. both grew up and abroad, a lot of articles, research, essays, essays, interviews. The author of the book. "Solomon Mikhoels" (M., 1990) and "Evr. mosaic "(M., 1994). Since 1993 chap. ed. "Intern. Heb. newspapers ”(Moscow). Honored. teacher of the RSFSR (1991).

gezlev
has abstract: GEZLEV, see Evpatoria.

giaginskaya
has abstract: GIAGINSKAYA, stanitsa, a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Maikop department. Kuban Region In 1910 one Jew lived in Georgia. 1942 67 evacuated Jews were shot in Georgia.

gidle
has abstract: GIDLE, a village in the Czestochowa Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807, part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the village of Novoradomsky u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1897 195 Jews (15.5%) lived in Georgia, in 1921 - 190 (13%), in 1939 - approx. 40 Jewish families. Jews were engaged with. x-vom, small trade and crafts, as well as the provision of services are numerous. pilgrims (in G. there was a Dominican monastery with a "miraculous" icon). In the end. 18 - early. 19th century Rabbi Gershon (? -1831) lived in Georgia, whom his contemporaries counted among the 36 righteous of the generation. After his death, his grave became a place of pilgrimage for the Hasidim. During the 1st world. During the war, branches of Zionist parties and youth movements began to operate in Georgia. 1940 a labor camp was created in Georgia, where approx. 800 Jews from Czestochowa and Radomsko. The camp was liquidated in Oct. 1942.

gidrotorf
has abstract: GIDROTORF, urban-type settlement (since 1932) of the Balakhna City Council of the Nizhny Novgorod Region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Sergeevka Balakhninsky u. Nizhny Novgorod province. In 1926, 2 Jews lived in Georgia, and in 1939 - 8 Jews.

gigant
has abstract: GIANT, urban-type settlement (since 1933) in the Salsk district of the Rostov region. (Russian Federation) In 1939, 31 Jews lived in Georgia.

gikhman iosif iljich
has abstract: GIKHMAN Iosif Ilyich (1918, Uman, Kiev province. - 1985, Kiev), mathematician, Ph.D. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1965). Graduated from Kiev University (1939). Dr. phys.-ma-tem. Sciences (1956), prof. (1959). He worked at Kiev University (1947–65), at Donetsk University, and Vychisl. center of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (since 1966). Main the results relate to probability theory and mat. statistics. In the theory of random processes, he introduced and research. total stochastic differential ur-tion. Etc. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR them. N.M. Krylova (1970), State. pr. Ukrainian SSR (1982). Cit .: Introduction to the theory of random processes, M., 1965; Stochastic differentials ur-niya, M., 1968; Theory of random processes, M., 1968 (all jointly with A.V. Skorokhod).

gilad zrubavel
has abstract: GILAD Zrubavel (1912, Bendery, Bessarabian Gubernia - 1988), poet. Writes in Hebrew. From 1922 - in E.-I. In 1942–48 he was one of the commanders of the combat units of Palmach and the author of his anthem. Since 1956 - one of the editors. publishing house "Ha-kibbutz ha-meuhad". The author is poetical. Sat. "Autumn Blossom" (1950), "Green River" (1956), "Shining Ash" (I960), "Thrush" (1978) and others, lyric. the content of which is closely related to nature, especially from the villages. landscapes of Israel, as well as prose. rec. about childhood and adolescence in a kibbutz - "Conversation on the Shore" (1954), "Roots of the Stream" (1978).

giladi
has abstract: GILADI (Butelbreuit) Israel (1886, Kalarash Orhei u. Bessarabian province. - 1918), one of the leaders of the "Ha-Shomer" movement. Consisted of a member. org-tion "Poalei Zion" and Heb. self-defense squad. From 1905 in E.-I. He lived among the Jews. workers in the settlements. Since the founding of the Ha-Shomer organization in 1909, G., as part of its committee, was responsible for the defense of settlements in Galilee, Samaria and Judea. Since 1913, Mr .. acting head of the organization. Initiator created (during the 1st World War) s.-kh. settlements - bases for "Ha-Shomer", in 1917 together with gr. friends founded the settlement of Kfar Bag (named after the Bar Giora movement). The author of the book. "History of the Association" (1937) about the organization "Ha-Shomer". After G.'s death, the settlement founded with his participation was named after him Kfar Giladi.

gilat
has abstract: GILAT (Gilzer) Aharon (b. 1910, Vilna), mechanical engineer, head of production. Graduated from Tech. un-t in Warsaw. From 1934 in E.-I. In 1958-60, dir. Israeli governments, investment center, simultaneously. in 1957-60 taught the basics of production, management in Heb. un-those. From 1960 onwards. Counselor of the Tel Aviv Mountains. management. In 1966-68 deputy. gene. dir. Ministry of Industry of Israel. Since 1968, Dir. Institute of standards, since 1975 production. counselor of the State controller.

gilboa amir
has abstract: GILBOA Amir (1907, Radziwilov Kremenetsky district of Volyn province - 1984, Tel Aviv), poet. He wrote in Hebrew. In E.-I. - from 1937. He worked on plantations and quarries. During the 2nd world. war served in Heb. brigade, which was part of the British army. G.'s poetry is characterized by an individual style, in which archaism and innovation merge, a synthesis of personal, nat. and universal principles, the expression of contrasting feelings - from the apocalyptic. fear of the future of mankind to unbridled enthusiastic life-affirmation. Main poetic. Sat. "Everyday Poems" (1953), "Blue and Red" (1963), "I Wanted to Write with the Mouth of Sleepers" (1968), "Doe, I Will Send You" (1972). Author of a number of translations into Hebrew, incl. the novel "Three Colors of Time" by AK Vinogradov. Lit. etc. them. H.-N. Bialik (1971). State Israel Ave (1982).

gileljs elizaveta grigorjevna
has abstract: GILELS Elizaveta Grigorievna (b. 1913, Odessa), violinist. Sister of E.G. Gilels, wife of L.B. Daniel. She showed outstanding abilities at an early age, learned to play the violin with P.S. Stolyarsky. In 1940 she graduated from Moscow. horse, (in the class of A.I. Yampolsky). In the 1940s and 70s. toured a lot as a soloist, played in various. ensembles, incl. with husband. Since 1966 he has been teaching at Moscow. cons. (since 1987 - prof.). 2nd Ave. at the All-Union Competition of Music Performers in Leningrad (1935), 3rd Ave. at Mezhdunar. violin competition them. E. Izaye in Brussels (1937). Honored. art. RSFSR (1977).

gileljs emilj grigorjevich
has abstract: GILELS Emil Grigorievich (1916, Odessa - 1985, Moscow), pianist. Hero of Soc. Labor (1976). In 1935 he graduated from the Odessa cons. in the class of BM Reingbald, in 1935–38 he trained at the Higher School of Arts and Crafts at Moscow. cons. from G.G. Neuhaus. From 1938 he taught at Moscow. cons., since 1952 prof. Among the students M.V. Mdivani, I.M. Zhukov. The performance of G. is distinguished by emotion. tension, power, strength, dynamism, monumentality. One of the best interpreters of L. van Beethoven (including 5 concerts for piano with orc., Recorded on gramophone records with orc under the direction of American conductor J. Sell). G.'s repertoire included works. F. Schubert, R. Schumann, F. Chopin, F. List, I. Brahms; a special place was occupied by Op. Russian and owls. composers: P.I. Tchaikovsky, S.V. Rachmaninov, D.D.Shostakovich, A.I. Khachaturian, S.S. Prokofiev (his 8th sonata was first performed by G.). In the last years of his life, the lyric was more and more clearly revealed. the gift of a musician, the culmination of this period of creativity was the performance of E. Grieg's piano pieces. G. performed as an ensemble player - in a trio with LB Kogan and ML Rostropovich, with the L. van Beethoven and others 1st Ave at Vses. competition of musicians-performers (Moscow, 1933), 2nd Ave. competition of pianists (Vienna, 1936), 1st avenue at the Intern. competition them. Queen Elizabeth (Brussels, 1938). Honorary Member King. Academy of Music, London (1969), Moose. academy named after F. Liszt (Budapest, 1970), Nat. Academy "Santa Cecilia" (Rome, 1980). Awarded the Gold Medal of the City of Paris (1967), belgium. Order of Leopold I, Became. pr. (1946), Len. pr. (1962). Nar. art. USSR (1954).

gileljs shlomo
has abstract: GILELS Shlomo (1873-1953), Jewish writer. Grew up in Bessarabia. In 1902-17 he served as a director. Wed schools in Marculesti. In 1918 he headed the bureau of the joint council, created in Romania to provide assistance to refugees from the Ukraine who were fleeing the consequences of Russian. rev-tion. From 1921 he lived in Chisinau, where he served as an inspector of the Hebrews. schools of the Tarbut network in Bessarabia. From 1925 - in E.-I. He taught in the village. households school Mikve Israel (1925–35) and was a director. Beit Bialik (House of Bialik) in Tel Aviv (1935–39). During the 2nd world. war lived in the United States. Early works G. published in the 1890s. in "Ha-Tsfira" and "Ha-Melits". However, his best works were written after moving to E.-I. His rum. "Gar Ha-keramim" ("Grape Mountain", 1931, revised edition 1951) - realistic. picture of life of Bessarabian Jews. farmers - drew critical acclaim. G. author of autobiographical. the story "Tabaot be-sharsheret" ("Links of the chain", 1950), as well as stories about the life of Jews during the revolution and civil war in Bessarabia and in Ukraine - "Tahat shmey Bessarabia" ("Under the sky of Bessarabia", 1942). Prod. G. are realistic and imbued with a deep faith in man. Coll. his op. ed. in 6 volumes. (1950-53). In connection with the 80th anniversary of G. in 1953 K.A. Bertini and Eliahu Meitus publ. memorial ed. "Shai le-Shlomo" ("Gift of Shlomo").

gilenson boris aleksandrovich
has abstract: GILENSON Boris Alexandrovich (b. 1932, Moscow), literary critic, specialist in American history. lit-ry and lit. criticism. Graduated from Moscow State University (1954). Dr. philol. Sciences (1976), prof. (1977). Head Department of Literature at the Orekhovo-Zuevsky Pedagogical Institute (since 1988). Works: "America of Sinclair Lewis" (1972), "American. literature of the 30s of the XX century "(1974)," In search of the "Other America" ​​(1987) and others. manuf. J. Reed (1966), H. Wells (1981), E. Hemingway (1989) and others.

giljdenman moyshe
has abstract: GILDENMAN Moishe (1898, Korets of Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province - 1957, Ness Ziona, Israel), publicist, prose writer. Studied at the State University and the Polytechnic. Until World War II, he worked as a civil engineer, owned a concrete factory. In July 1941, fleeing the Nazis, G., together with his 16-year-old son, hid in the woods near Sluch, organized a Heb. a partisan, a detachment, with which he fought to the forests of Zhytomyr region. In 1943, a detachment of 1,400 fighters from G. ("Uncle Misha's partisans") merged with Kr. Army. In 1946 G. settled in Poland, then several. years he lived in Paris, in 1952 he came to Israel. While living in ód, he began writing stories and reports about partisans. life, printed them in Heb. periodic. publications, published the story "Libe un kampf fun a yidisher partisanern" ("Love and struggle of a Jewish partisan"). In 1949 he published the book in Paris. "Oifn veg tsum zig" ("On the way to victory"), in 1950 - "Motele, der junger partisan" ("Motele, young partisan"), "Khurbn Korets" ("Death of Korets") and "Yiddishe tekhter" ( "Jewish daughters"). Some of G.'s stories have been translated into Hebrew, Polish. and French. lang. In Israel, G. was engaged in societies. activities, worked on memories.

giljdin khaim
has abstract: GILDIN Chaim (1884, Nikopol Yekaterinoslav province - 1944), poet, prose writer. From the age of 12 he worked in a shoe factory, participated in the labor movement, was arrested twice. After his release, he worked at a factory in Warsaw, placed in Hebrew. newspaper correspondence from working life. The first verse, G.'s experiments was supported by the classic Heb. literature I.-L. Peretz. Participated in civil. war, printed poems and stories, worked in the editorial offices of the communist. publications, belonged to Proletkult. The first book of poems "Gamer-klangen" ("Sounds of the hammer") was published in Moscow in 1922. Having moved to Kharkov, G. played a prominent role in literature. movement, ch. ed. lit.-thin. g. "Di dig Velt", spoke with criticism. articles, defending the "general line" of the party in the literature. G.'s stories and poems are devoted to the "construction of communism", industrialization, and collectivization of villages. x-va, the fight against "enemies of the people", as well as the events of civil. war. G. published the book. poems "Leniniada" (1926), "Bai unz inland from May" ("May in our country", 1932) and prose. manuf. In 1937 he was repressed, exiled to a camp in Siberia, where, according to his wife, he died in 1944.

giljkvit moris
has abstract: GILKVIT Maurice (1869, Riga - 1933, New York), polit. activist. From 1886 he lived in New York. In 1888 he helped to organize the Heb. prof. associations, which was the first step towards the creation of a trade union of the European Union. emigrant workers. Having entered the Socialist. workers' party, headed at the end of the 1890s. a campaign of protest against desks, hand control. and the ideologist of the party D. De Leon and his hostility to the Amer. federation of labor. After creating. Socialist. Party of America (1900) occupied a leading position in it until the end of his life. He had a decisive influence on the development of the party's program and ideology. His concept of socialism was based on the ideas of Marxist revisionism. He believed that he was socialist. the state will appear as a result of changes in the psychology of people. On behalf of the party, he objected to America's entry into the 1st world. war. During the growth of the ranks of the Socialist. party (1908-12) predicted the final victory of socialism in the United States. The author of the book. Socialism in Theory and Practice (1909), Stages of Working Life (1934), etc.

giljman shamuelj itskhak
has abstract: GILMAN Shamuel Yitzchak (1860, Shadov - 1953), rabbi and judge of the London Bet-Din. He served as a rabbi in Berezino (Belarus), from 1908 - in Glasgow (Scotland). He was the initiator of the convocation of the conf. rabbis of Eastern Europe. Jewry in Leeds (England, 1913), which became a turning point in the recognition of these rabbis in England and the beginning of their influence on societies and religions. life of local Jews. Since 1914, member. london. bet din; thanks to deep talmudic. knowledge became recognized halakhic. authority. During the 1st world. During the war, he was involved in providing for the needs of Belgian Jewish refugees who arrived in England, and received an award for his service from the King of Belgium. Represented interests of prominent Eastern Europeans in London. the rabbis of their time, including H.O. Grodzensky and Israel Meir ha-Kochen ("Hafetz Chaim"). Leaving his post in 1934, he settled in Jerusalem, where he created a yeshiva. Rabbi G. devoted himself to research. Talmud and halakhic. midrash. In fact, he wrote about every treatise of the Babylonian Talmud (6 volumes, 1921-45), about the treatises of the Jerusalem Talmud (2 volumes, 1947-48), about all halakhic. midrashah (2 vols., 1949-50) and about the code of Maimonides "Yad ha-khazaka". These works are of great importance for scientists, since include references to all the later additions scattered in the extensive literature of the responsa. Children of G. - son David (1899 - |), a London portrait painter who also worked with colored glass, an active Zionist, and daughter Sarah, wife of Yitzhak the Duke.

giller izrailj mikhaylovich
has abstract: GILLER Israel Mikhailovich (1910, Kovel, Volyn province - 1963, Moscow), military leader, major general of the quartermaster service (1944). In Kr. Army since 1931. In 1934 he graduated from the military. pilot school, commanded by an aviator. subdivisions and units. In 1941–42 deputy. com. Aviation divisions in the rear. In 1942–45 - deputy. teams. Air army in the rear. In 1946–48 - deputy. early rear of the USSR Air Force. In 1948–52 the beginning. rear of the USSR Air Force. In 1952-57 - com. Aviation tech. divisions, in 1957–63 - early. rear of the air force missile units. Awarded 4 hordes.

giller solomon aronovich
has abstract: GILLER Solomon Aronovich (1915, Riga - 1975, ibid.), Organic chemist, acad. Academy of Sciences of the Latvian SSR (1958), Academician-Secretary of the Department. chem. and biol. Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the Latvian SSR (1963–75). He graduated in 1941 from Latvia. un-t. In 1942-46 he worked as a technician. hands. and ch. Ing. at the Kazan bakery plant them. Lenin, in 1946–57 - in Ying-those forestry. problems of the Academy of Sciences of the Latvian SSR. In 1957 he organized and headed (until 1975) the Institute of Organic Engineering. synthesis of the Academy of Sciences of the Latvian SSR. At the same time. taught at the Riga Polytechnic. in-those (prof. from 1964) and in Latvia. un-those (prof. from 1973). Main scientific. works are devoted to isl. and the development of methods for the synthesis of physiologically active substances, mainly heterocyclic. row. He studied the reactions of furan compounds, in particular, 5-nitrofuran. Discovered a high biological. the activity of 5-nitrofurylacrolein derivatives. He developed the chemistry of furanidylpyrimidines and aziridines, synthesized compounds of a new class of bicyclic. heterocycles 1,3-diazobicycles (3,1,0 hexanes). Received a number of synthetic. analogs of nucleotides and nucleic acids. In the end. 60s synthesized and implemented in the production of many. physiologically active drugs of the furan series (furacilin, furagin, fluorofur, solafur, dioxonium, imifos, etc.) printed works, monographs. Ch. ed. g. "Chemistry heterocyclic. compounds "(1965-75). Became. pr. (1951).

gillerson arnoljd isidorovich
has abstract: GILLERSON Arnold Isidorovich (1864, Vitebsk - |), lawyer. Graduated from law. f-t Novoros. high fur boots (Odessa, 1886), consisted of assistant. Attorney at law in Moscow, for protesting against the rules on assistants issued by the anti-Semitic Council of Attorneys at Law, expelled from the estate, reinstated by a Senate decision that recognized the rules as illegal. Since 1898 in St. Petersburg, he defended a number of trials on polit, affairs and cases about Jews. pogroms (speeches of the G. ed. in the collection "Protective speeches", 1904). In 1908 he accepted a challenge to a duel from one officer who was a witness at the trial (he took this step in order to avoid accusing the Jews of insulting officers with impunity; for an accidental reason, the duel did not take place). In 1908 for a speech delivered at the trial in the case of Heb. pogrom in Bialystok, brought to trial. responsibility and sentenced to imprisonment in the fortress for 1 year. The fact of bringing a lawyer to trial drew strong condemnation grew. advocacy.

gilon
has abstract: GILON (Goryachinov) Baruch (1901, Ekaterinoslav - 1980, Tel Aviv), music. and theatrical figure. He studied at the cheder. Graduated from un-t in Tiflis. Since 1923 - in E.-I. 1924–26 - director. first op. in E.-I. and the first symphony. orc. E.-I. 1929-50 - director. satirical t-ra "Ga-mate". During the 2nd world. wars - teams. citizen defense. In the 30s. organized performances of the world's leading artists in E.-I.

gimmeljfarb boris natanovich
has abstract: GIMMELFARB Boris Natanovich (b. 1919, Kiev), astronomer, Ph.D. phys.-math. Sciences (1943). Graduated from Central Asia. un-t in Tashkent (1942). In 1942–44 he worked at the Pulkovo Observatory (in evacuation). In 1944 he was drafted into the army, fought on the 2nd Belorussian front. In 1946–48 in the postgraduate course of the department. services of the Sun at the Pulkovo Observatory. Participated in the search for a place for the astronomical mountain. observatory (solar station) and in its building with the district of Kislovodsk. In 1949–51 he worked as a editor. g. "Nature". In 1951–61 he taught. work: in 1955–61 in Arkhangelsk ped. in-those. In 1961–81, as amended by the astronomy of Vses. in-that scientific. and tech. information. works are devoted to the theory of astronomical. aberration. Gave a rigorous description of the phenomenon of stellar aberration in the light of the theory of relativity, introduced the concept of planetary aberration, studied the history of research. stellar aberration from the time of its discovery to the present day. He was also engaged in the popularization of astronomy, gave lectures at Leningrad. planetariums.

gimmeljfarb yakov klementjevich
has abstract: GIMMELFARB Yakov Klementyevich (1896, Odessa - 1971, ibid.), Microbiologist, epidemiologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1935), prof. Graduated from Odessa honey. in-t. From 1924 he worked at the Odessa Sanitary and Epidemiological. (now virology and epidemiology) in-those them. I.I. Mechnikov Art. assistant plague department. and at the same time. (1927–41) taught at the Department of Microbiology and Epidemiology (since 1935 the head of the department) of the Odessa Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors. During the war years 1941–45 he served in Kr. Army doctor, medico-san consultant. services Chernomor. Fleet, from the end of 1942 the flagship epidemiologist. In 1945-59 the head. Department of Epidemiology, Odessa honey. Institute, from 1958 until the end of his life, consultant at the Research Institute of Virology and Epidemiology. scientific. tr. G. dedicated epidemiology of plague, viral hepatitis (Botkin's disease), etc. He proposed a method for diagnosing epidemic. hepatitis, developed a method for detecting virus carriers in Botkin's disease. Works: DK Zabolotny (1886-1929), M., 1958 (co-authors).

gimpeljson efim gilevich
has abstract: GIMPELSON Efim Gilevich (1921, Glorious - 2005), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1966), prof. (1989). In 1938 he entered the history department of Moscow State University. In 1941, 43 worked for an aviation. s-de in Moscow. After graduating from the Faculty of History (1945) he was sent to the Secretariat of Ch. edition of "History of Cit. war ”Politizdat. Dec. 1949 in the course of the campaign to "fight cosmopolitanism" fired and left without a job. In 1950–58 he taught history at the technical school. Since 1958 scientific. sotr. Institute of History (since 1968 history of the USSR) Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1992 Institute of Ros. history of the RAS. One of the first in the Fatherland. historiography began to develop the problems of the history of the Soviets, the working class and the economics. provisions of the Sov. power in 1917-21. Participated in the preparation of a number of encyclopedias and collective works. From the end. 1980s studies the formation of owls. desks, systems. Works: From the history of the building of Soviets. November 1917 - July 1918. M., 1958; Councils in the years of civ. war, M., 1968; War Communism: Politics. Practice. Ideology. M., 1973; Sov. working class 1918-1920: Socialist-polit. changes. M., 1974; Conducted. October and the formation of owls. control systems bunk. x-vom. M., 1977; The working class in the management of the Sov. state-wom. M., 1982.

gindin aron markovich
has abstract: GINDIN Aron Markovich (1903, Krichev Chirikovskogo u. Mogilev province. - 1993, Moscow), hydraulic engineer, organizer of construction. production, Hero of the Socialist. labor (1966). He graduated in 1929 Moscow. s.-kh. Academy named after K.A. Timiryazeva. In 1931–42, Ch. engineer of the construction of the Verkhne-Varzob and Khram hydroelectric power stations, in 1943—54 ch. engineer Gruzgidroenergostroy, then Bratskgesstroy. Since 1968 deputy. early department in the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on science and technology. Under the arm. G. for the first time in hydraulic engineering. the method of erection of dams from rock-fill with metal was applied. screen (on the Khrami river). He is one of the participants in the development of a unit for the flow construction of hydraulic engineering. round-section tunnels, the initiator of the implementation of the Bratsk hydroelectric power station and the Bratsk prom. complex of progressive technology builds. works. Honored. builder of the RSFSR (1963). Became. pr. (1950), Len. etc. (1968).

gindin iosif frolovich
has abstract: GINDIN Iosif Frolovich (1900, Petersburg - 1980, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1960), Cand. econom. Sciences (1946). Graduated from econom. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic in-ta (1925), worked in Prombank and the State Bank (until 1930), in 1931–47 in the system of construction projects and design and research. management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In 1947-49 he taught at Moscow. finance. in-those. In 1950–56 he worked at the Research Institute of the Ministry of Oil. industry of the USSR, since 1956 - in the Institute of History (since 1968 history of the USSR) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. on the problems of social and economic. life of Russia 2nd half. 19 - early. 20th century (ch. arr. on the history of finance and banking), as well as on the problems of Sov. credit, building economics and drilling in oil. prom-sti. Participated in the preparation of collective monographs and collection of books "On the peculiarities of imperialism in Russia" (Moscow, 1963), "The transition from feudalism to capitalism in Russia: Materials of Vses. discussions "(Moscow, 1969)," Overthrow of the autocracy "(Moscow, 1970), etc .; multivolume editions: "Financial and Credit Dictionary" (vol. 1–2, Moscow, 1961–62), “History of the USSR from ancient times to the present day” (vol. 6, Moscow, 1968) and others. .: Banks and industry in Russia: On the issue of financial capital, M.-L., 1927; Rus. commercial banks: From the history of finance. capital in Russia, M., 1948; State bank and economical the policy of the tsarist pr-va (1861-1892). M., 1960.

gindin leonid aleksandrovich
has abstract: GINDIN Leonid Alexandrovich (b. 1928, Moscow), philologist, Ph.D. RANS (1992), Dr. philol. Sciences (1976). In 1952 he graduated from the classic. branch of philol. Faculty of Moscow State University Lomonosov. In 1952–59 he worked as a teacher in Moscow. In 1959 Art. scientific. ed. in Big honey. encyclopedias. In 1961–70 at the Institute of Rus. lang. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1970 in the Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1976-88 he taught at Moscow State University for classical. branch. Works in the region. classic philology, antique studies, other Balkan studies (reconstruction of the Thracian, ancient Macedonian language; the founder of the interdisciplinary direction "Ancient Balkan studies"), Hittology, Indo-European studies, Slavic studies, including Carpa studies, Byzantine studies (all researched from the angle of etymology and philological interpretation of the text). Cit .: Yaz. the most ancient population of the south of the Balkan Peninsula. Fragment of Indo-Europeans. onomastics, M., 1967; The most ancient onomastics of the Eastern Balkans: Franco-Hittite-Luwian and Franco-Asia Minor isoglosses, Sofia, 1981; Population of Homeric Troy: Istoriko-philol. research on the ethnography of ancient Anatolia, M., 1993.

gindinson solomon saveljevich
has abstract: GINDINSON Solomon Savelyevich (1902–1982), mechanical engineer. From 1918 he began to work as a locksmith apprentice at the Izhevsk machine-building. s-de (PA "Izhmash"). In the beginning. 20s on a Komsomol ticket he was sent to the Leningrad workers' faculty. polytechnic in-that, at the end of which he returned to the plant, worked as engineer. (from 1941 - chief engineer of the plant). In 1941–42, he supervised the production of aviation. guns designed by B.G.Shpitalny and A.E. Nudelman, A.S. Surinov (NS-37 and NS-45), a universal machine gun M.E.Berezin, anti-tank. rifles V.A. Degtyarev (PTRD) and S.G. Simonov (PTRS). Took part in the organization of mass production of small arms for the front. Became. pr. (1946).

gindus moris gershon
has abstract: HINDUS Maurice Gershon (1891-1969), writer and journalist. In 1923, on the instructions of J. The Century Magesin was visited by Sov. Union. The impressions of the trip to the USSR formed the basis of the production. "The Eradication of Humanity" (1929) about the social. position and politics in the post-revolution. Russia; Red Bread (1931); The Great Offensive (1933). "Mother Russia" (1943) and "Cossacks" (1945) - two books. o 2nd world. war. G. is also the author of 3 rom. - "Moscow Sky" (1936), "Sons and Fathers" (1940) and "Magda" (1951). Over time, his initial sympathy for the Sov. regime gave way to criticism of the totalitarian nature of growing. communism. In his autobiography "Green World" (1938), he described his adolescence in Russian. village and looking for work on the farm after coming to the United States. This is a product. includes a contrasting description of rural life in America and in Russia.

ginetsinskiy aleksandr grigorjevich
has abstract: GINETSINSKY Alexander Grigorievich (1895, Vologda - 1962, Leningrad), physiologist, member of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1946). Graduated from the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. Institute (1922). In 1932–51 - prof., Head. department physiology Leningrad. honey. pediatrician in-that, in 1951–55 - Novosibirsk honey. in-that; since 1955 deputy. director, in 1958-60 - director. Institute of Evolutionary Physiology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. works on the physiology of the autonomic nervous system, the mechanisms of regulation of water-salt metabolism and evolutionary physiology. In 1923, he established (with his teacher Orbeli) that a tired skeletal muscle restores its working capacity when the stimulus innervates it is irritated. nerve (Orbeli-Ginetsinsky phenomenon); found out the spatial arrangement of cholinergic. substance in the muscles, its transformation during ontogenesis. Installed main. patterns of evolution of the neuromuscular connection. Gave an analysis of the traumatic. contractures, offered the basis for their classification and forecasting. Etc. Of the USSR Academy of Sciences I.P. Pavlova (1944) Cit .: Physiological mechanisms of water-salt equilibrium, M.-L., 1963.

ginger aleksandr samsonovich
has abstract: GINGER Alexander Samsonovich (1897 - 1965, Paris), poet, prose writer. From 1921 he lived in Paris. Here in 1922 he entered the poet. gr. "The Chamber of Poets", to which D. Knut also belonged, and in its publishing house published his first collection of articles. poems "The Pack of the Faithful" (Paris, 1922). From 1926 he was regularly published in Paris. g. "Numbers" and others. During it. occupation G. remained in Paris with his wife, the poet A. Prismanova. In 1946 he was among the emigrants who adopted owls. citizenship. The author is poetical. collection of books "Devotion" (1925), "Complaint and Triumph" (1939), "News" (1957), etc.

gingoljd pinkhas m.
has abstract: GINGOLD Pinchas M. (1893, Grodno - 1953, New York), societies. activist, publisher. Since 1909 in the USA. As the founder of Heb. legion at the beginning. 1st world. war, volunteered for fr. and took part in the actions of the British army in Palestine. After returning to New York (1920) he joined the Labor Zionist. movement and actively participated in the Amer. and World Heb. Congr. In the 20s and 30s. there was a deer. Yiddish Teachers' Seminars. In 1932 ed. "Yiddishe Dartshung" - will enlighten. g., sponsored by Heb. nat. union of workers (Farband). After 1930 he headed the nat. to-t Heb. bunk bed schools. K-t published the "Book of Pinchas Gingold" (1955), which contains his essays on Heb. education and culture, as well as vosp. about Heb. legion.

ginosar
has abstract: GINOSAR (Ginsberg) Rose (1890, Gomel - 1979, Israel), lawyer. Graduated from the Higher. legal school in Paris. From 1922 - in E.-I., where she became the first woman lawyer. She actively participated in the work of the female Zionist, the WITSO organization, in the 1970s. - post. prez. VITSO. Daughter of Ahad Ha-Ama.

ginsburg moisey akimovich
has abstract: GINSBURG Moisey Akimovich (1851, Odessa - 1936, Paris), entrepreneur and societies. activist, philanthropist. Becoming a merchant of the 1st guild, in 1902 he moved to St. Petersburg, where he opened a commission office (trading house) "Ginsburg and Company". For merits in the supply of Russian. army during the Rus.-Japanese. war 1904–05 received the title of Commerce Counselor, offspring. och. citizen and rank is valid. state councilor. Subsequently, he was involved in government consultations. Commission, in 1915 he earned the rank of acting. privy councilor. Being engaged in charity work, he allocated funds to finance a number of growths. uch. and will enlighten. institutions. Since 1909 was a member of the Household. reign of the Choral synagogue in St. Petersburg, generously donated for its maintenance, was a member of. to-that on the line of a new complex of buildings on the Evr. Preobrazhensky cemetery. At the request of the board in 1909-10, he allocated funds for the construction of the ablution and funeral service in the cemetery in memory of his deceased brother Mark Akimovich Mass, provided the community with a den. the amount to buy from the auction house with Evr. ritual bass. - "mikveh", in 1911 - for the purchase of a new plot of land for the cemetery. At the same time, at the expense of G., buildings for the Stock Office were erected, to-rye in 1913 he transferred the Heb. community to accommodate Heb. almshouses and enlighten. institutions. In 1915, G. financed the delivery of Jews to Petrograd. religious book., collected by Jewish soldiers in the combat zone, chl. a number of to-coms created to help victims of the war. In 1917, before. to-that Heb. about-va encouragement of higher knowledge. In 1917 he left for Japan, where he built a hotel in Yokohama for refugees from Russia. Later he lived in Paris, was engaged in charity work, helping Russian. emigrants.

ginsburg sofjya mikhaylovna
has abstract: GINSBURG Sofya Mikhailovna (1863, Pavlovka of Pavlogradsky district of Yekaterinoslav province - 1891, Shlisselburg fortress), participant of the roar. movements of the 1880s. She graduated from the Kerch wives. g-ziyu (1881) and Nadezhdensky obstetric courses in St. Petersburg (1884), worked in the village. a teacher in the Yekaterinoslav province. In 1885 she went abroad, established contacts with emigrants, the People's Will, studied medicine in Bern and Paris. In the summer of 1887 she returned to Russia. Soon, due to the threat of arrest, she again went abroad. In the fall of 1888, she illegally returned to her homeland in order to restore Narodnaya Volya, which had been defeated by arrests, and established contacts with a number of Petersburg. and local circles, was preparing an attempt on the imp. Alexander III. Arrested on May 31, 1889 in Bakhchisarai, taken to Petersburg, imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. 10/30/1890 sentenced to death, filed a petition for pardon. 11/17/1890 the death penalty was replaced by eternal hard labor. 1.12.1890 taken to the Shlisselburg fortress, where on 7.1.1891 she committed suicide.

ginter sergey grigorjevich
has abstract: GINTER Sergey Grigorievich (1870, Chisinau - 1937, Tomsk), architect, engineer. In 1895 he graduated from the Riga Polytechnic. Institute with the title of engineer-architect. A prominent representative of modern and neoclassicism. He began his activity in Novorossiysk, in the middle. 1890s moved to Petersburg. In 1908 he took part in a competition for projects of a new complex of buildings in Heb. Preobrazhensky cemetery (incentive pr.), Was included in the Construction committee for the management of the construction of the complex. In 1920–30 he worked at design institutes in Leningrad. In 1934 he was arrested, exiled to Siberia, where he continued to design, to teach in a technical school in the most difficult conditions. In 1937 he was again arrested and shot. Main works - in St. Petersburg more than 20 large residential buildings, "Sporting Palace", dachas in the suburbs, manuf. premises.

gintsberg aleksandr solomonovich
has abstract: GINTSBERG Alexander Solomonovich (1910, Saratov - 1957, Leningrad), architect. Author and developer of the first standard projects of public institutions for young children. Main works: House of Communications in Voronezh, a typical project of a school in Leningrad (1936-37, together with L. Ass), a typical kindergarten for 100 children in Leningrad (1938), a school on Prospect Avenue. Engels in Leningrad (1954, together with L. Ass).

gintsberg lev izrailevich
has abstract: GINTSBERG Lev Izrailevich (b. 1916, Odessa), historian, Dr. Sciences (1970). In 1937–41 he studied history. f-those MIFLI, graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1946) and graduate school of the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1950). In the first floor. 1950s ch. bibliographer Gos. publ. ist. libraries of the RSFSR. 1956-73 - Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History (since 1968 - General History) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and simultaneously. (until 1965) head. dep. bibliographies "New and Contemporary History". Since 1974 - senior, and since 1976 - leading scientific. sotr. Institute of International labor movement of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (now the Institute will compare, political science RAS). Member the editorial board of the German Yearbook (since 1968). Author of works on the modern and contemporary history of Germany. Works: Karl Liebknecht, M., 1959; The shadow is fasc. swastikas, M., 1967; Karl Liebknecht - herald of proletarian internationalism, M., 1971; On the way to the imperial chancellery, M., 1972; Worker and Communist movement in Germany in the fight against fascism (1919-1933), M., 1978; Friends of the New Russia: Movement in Defense of Sov. countries in Weimar Germany, M., 1983; Fight it. patriots against fascism. 1939-1945, M., 1987; Mass Democratic. Movement in Germany and the Green Party, M., 1988.

gintsberg levi
has abstract: GINZBERG Levy (Louis) (1873, Kovna - 1953, New York), an early ravinian researcher. liters. He studied at the yeshivas of Kovna and Telshi, until 1898 he studied history, philosophy and East. languages ​​in high fur boots of Berlin, Strasbourg and Heidelberg. Since 1899 - in the USA. From 1900 - ed. section rabbinical. literature in the "Jewish Encyclopedia" (vols. 1-12, 1901-06, Yiddish). In 1903-53 - prof. Talmud in Heb. theological. seminaries in New York. One of the founders (1919–20) and the first president (from 1929) Amer. academy of Jewish studies. He investigated the origins of Halakha, Haggadah, the literature of the Gaons (interpreters of the Talmud of the 6th – 11th centuries), published the most ancient texts of sacred books with his commentaries. Main the work "Legends of the Jews" (written in German, published in English, vols. 1-7, 1909-38). Author of tr .: "Gaonica", vols. 1–2, (1909), "Studies on the origins of the Mishna", (1920, in English), "The Significance of Halakha in Judaism" (1929), "Commentaries and Legal Novels to the Jerusalem Talmud ”, v. 1–3, (1941).

gintsburg aleksandr iljich
has abstract: GINTSBURG Alexander Ilyich, (1907, Rogachev, Mogilev province. - 1972, Moscow), cameraman, director. In 1927 he graduated from the Leningrad camera department. photocinema school, in 1934 - Faculty of weak currents Leningrad. electrical engineering in-that. From 1927 - operator of the studio "Lenfilm", in 1941–43 to / st. TsOKS in Tashkent, in 1943-51 k / st. them. M. Gorky in Moscow, in 1951–57 - cameraman and director. to / st. "Belarus-Film". In 1945-50, part-time operator of the Soviet Information Bureau. Filmed films: "Counter" (1932), "Peasants" (1935), "Komsomolsk" (1938), "Member of the Government" (1939), "Valery Chkalov" (1941), "His name is Sukhe-Bator" (1942 ), "Two Soldiers" (1943). In 1959 he made his debut as dir. f. "One night" (with EI Fayk). Self post. f. "The Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin" (1965). Honored. active RSFSR (1969).

gintsburg david goratsievich
has abstract: GINTSBURG David Horatsievich (1857, Kamenets-Podolsky - 1910, Petersburg), orientalist, writer, society. activist. Son of G.O. Gintsburg. In 1879 he received the title of baron. He studied Judaism and Arabic Studies in high fur boots of St. Petersburg, Greifswald, Paris. Expert pl. Semitic languages. The author of a number of scientific. works, ch. of which - “Hebrew. ornament "(Berlin, 1903, jointly with VV Stasov). Collected the most valuable collection of Hebrews. and an Arab. manuscripts and incunabul, to-rui bequeathed to Publ. library in Jerusalem (due to the outbreak of the 1st World War, the transfer of the collection was delayed, after October 1917 the Soviet authorities transferred the G.'s collection to the State Library of the USSR named after V.I.Lenin). After the death of his father, G. in 1909 headed the Heb. community of St. Petersburg and Society for the dissemination of education among Jews in Russia, was included in the hands. organs Heb. colonialist. about-va, about-va for the distribution of crafts. and agricultural. labor among Jews in Russia, was before. The Society of Hebrew Lovers and the founder of the Society of Oriental Studies. Cooperated closely with Heb. ist.-ethnog. ob-vom, was one of the editors. “Heb. encyclopedias "(vols. 1-16, 1908-13), conducted in it the department. Arab, and Gaonian literature. In 1907 he founded the first higher education in St. Petersburg. Heb. uch. institution - Courses of Oriental Studies, was their first rector, taught courses Talmudic., Rabbinic. and Arab, lit-ry, Semitic. language-knowledge and Wed-century. philosophy. Look, published by the book. G. about the work of M.Yu. Lermontov (1915).

gintsburg goratsiy osipovich
has abstract: GINTSBURG Horace Osipovich (Evzelevich) (Naftali-Hertz) (1833, Zvenigorodka, Kiev province - 1909, Petersburg), banker, gold miner, society, activist and philanthropist. Son of I.G. Gintsburg. Received a tradition. Heb. education. From the beginning. 1860s headed by Petersburg. branch of the banking house “IE Gintsburg”, created by the father (the Paris branch was headed by his brother Solomon). Together with his father participated in the creation. a number of private businesses banks, ac. ob-in, etc. In 1868-72 - the Hesse-Darmsh-Tadt gene. consul in St. Petersburg. In 1870 led. Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt Ludwig III granted him the title of baron. After finance. crisis of 1892 G. did not resume finance. activities, focused DOS. attention to the gold mining, in 1895 became one of the founders of Ros. gold industry. about-va, had shares in a number of other gold industry. about-in and companies, actually controlled the Lenskoye gold industry. m-in. Received a rank valid. State Councilor (1889), was awarded a number of hordes. From the beginning. 1860s G., together with his father, actively participated in the movement for the equality of Jews in Russia, was one of the founders of the Society for the dissemination of education among Jews in Russia (1863, in 1878-1909 his predecessor, financed many of his undertakings), established a number of scholarships in Petersburg. cons., founded (1862) by his friend A.G. Rubinstein, was one of the founders of Petersburg. archaeologist. Institute and St. Petersburg. in-that experiment. medicine. In 1878–92 he financed the construction of St. Petersburg. Choral synagogue, in tech. pl. years headed by Heb. community of St. Petersburg. Until 1892 it was a vowel of St. Petersburg. mountains. Duma (later, as a Jew, he was not admitted to the elections). From 1893 he headed the Center, to-t Evr. colonialist. bank in St. Petersburg (created to finance the resettlement of Jews from Russia to E.-I.), in 1905 headed the committee to help the…

gintsburg iljya yakovlevich
has abstract: GINTSBURG Ilya Yakovlevich (1859, Grodno - 1939, Leningrad), sculptor, genre painter, portrait painter, author of tombstones. In 1871 MM Antokolsky brought him to Petersburg, where G. became his student. In 1878–86 he studied at the Academy of Arts, from which he graduated with a gold medal for the sculpture "Lamentations of Jeremiah". Then a year improved in Paris and Rome at the expense of G.O. Gintsburg. One of the founders of Heb. Society for the Encouragement of Arts in Petrograd (1915-19). He worked in the style of Acad. naturalism. Main works: "A Boy Going to Swim" (1886), "In the Corner" (1901), sculptural penitentiaries by Leo Tolstoy, A.G. Rubinstein, Baron G.O.Gintsburg, L.O. Pasternak, tombstones MM Antokolsky, VV Stasov (1910), monument to DI Mendeleev in Leningrad (1929–32). Author of memoirs about the life of Jews in Russia "From my life" (1908). Sculptural works are in the State Russian Museum, PT, State Historical Museum, Leo Tolstoy Museum in Moscow.

gintsburg iona iosifovich
has abstract: GINTSBURG Iona Iosifovich (Osipovich) (1871, borough of Gusyatin, Kamenetsky district of Podolsk province - 1942, Tashkent), orientalist-Semitologist, Arabist and Hebraist, Ph.D. literary reference (1935). Got a trad. Heb. education. In 1889 he came to Odessa, where he passed exams for a gymnasium course as an external student. In 1901 he entered the Arab-Hebrew language. branch of Petersburg. un-that (enrolled in excess of 2% of the norm at the request of the professors who conducted the interview). In 1905 he graduated from un-t with a diploma of the 1st class, but because of the opposition of prof. P.K. Kokovtsov was not left at the un-those to prepare for prof. rank. In 1905–07 sec. reign of the Choral Synagogue in St. Petersburg and its Cemetery Administration. In 1908 he participated in the creation. Oriental studies courses bar. DG Gintsburg, in 1909-13 he taught the Talmud and the Arab. lang., participated in the reorganization of courses in 1916-17. In 1918–20 sec. Council of Hebrews. communities of Petrograd, in 1919 one of the founders of Heb. philanthropist, about-va and Heb. about-va of mutual assistance. In 1923 he participated in the creation. Petrogr. (Leningrad) Heb. religious community, was her secretary. before liquidation (1929). In 1920–24 - in Petrograd. in-those higher. Heb. knowledge (lectured on the Arab-Hebrew liter, taught Arabic). In 1927 he presented at Leningrad State University a work on the worldview of the Jews. Wed-century. rationalists, received the right to conduct scientific. works (in 1928–33 researcher at Leningrad State University). From 1934 in Leningrad. dep. The Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences carried out work on the description of the manuscripts of Heb. fund, published his "Overview" (in the book: "Bibliography of the East", v. 10, M.-L., 1936), prepared doc. dis, but did not have time to defend it in connection with the outbreak of war. Cit .: Arab, and Heb. Philosophy options. op. al-Mokamm…

gintsburg iosif-evzelj gabrielovich
has abstract: GINTSBURG Joseph-Evzel Gabrielovich (Osip Gavrilovich) (1812, Vitebsk - 1878, Paris), banker, gold miner, philanthropist, public. activist, commerce advisor (1874). Received a traditional Heb. religious education. From 1833 - Vitebsk merchant of the 1st guild, from the end. 1850s - petersburg. merchant of the 1st guild. In 1840, together with his father, he took up wine farms in the Bessarabian region, Kiev and Volyn provinces, quickly became rich. In 1849 he was awarded the title of offspring. och. citizen. During the Crimean War of 1853–56, he held a wine farm in besieged Sevastopol. In 1854 and 1856 he was awarded with evil. medals "For diligence" for wearing on the Vladimir and Andrew ribbons. In 1859 he founded in St. Petersburg the banking house "IE Gintsburg" (the largest in Russia) with a branch in Paris, together with his son GO Gintsburg participated in the establishment of a number of commercial. banks., acts. about-in, insurance business, etc., owned kr. estates and sugar beet factories in Kiev, Podolsk and Tavricheskaya lips, was a co-founder and co-owner of three gold mines. companies in Vost. Siberia and ac. About-va of the chain shipping company on the river. Sheksne, subsidized the railway. building and other events pr-va, participated in the placement of the growing. and foreign state loans, was closely related to many. Western-European finance. and banking professionals. Since the 1860s. actively participated in the movement for the equality of Jews in Russia, using connections in the gov. circles of Russia, managed to achieve the right for certain categories of Jews to reside outside the "Pale of Settlement", the founder and the first before. Society for the spread of education among Jews in Russia (1863), in tech. pl. years headed by Heb. community of St. Petersburg, obtained permission to build the Choral Synagogue in St. Petersburg. In 1874 he received from the chief. Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt baronial title. Part of the income from his estates …

gintsburg leone
has abstract: GINZBURG Leone (1909, Odessa - 1944, Rome), literary critic and publicist. In 1914 he arrived with his parents in Italy, studied in Turin. In 1932-33 he taught Russian. literature in Turin un-those, from where he was fired for anti-fascist, convictions. He became close to an underground anti-fascist, the Justice and Freedom group. Arrested in 1934, he was imprisoned for 2 years. After his release, he founded, together with J. Einaudi, the publishing house "Einaudi", which produced works. Russian lit-ry. In 1940 he was exiled to the province of Akuila, where he continued to deal with the affairs of the publishing house and worked on a book about I.S.Turgenev, F.M.Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolst, M.Gorky ("Russian Writers", 1948). After the fall of the Mussolini regime (July 1943), Grigory was one of the founders of the Party of Action, which united the anti-fascist and the intelligentsia. During it. occupation was edited by the underground organ of this party - gas. "Italy Liberal". 20 nov. 1943 was arrested and tortured by the Gestapo in Rome. Regina Chöley prison.

gintsburg mordkhe aron
has abstract: GINTSBURG Mordkhe Aron (1795, Salanty Telshevsky u. Koven province. - 1846, Vilna), historian, teacher, writer. Received a tradition. Heb. education, studied other Heb. lang. Until 1835 he earned his living by tutoring, was a melamed, translator in it. lang. In 1829 he settled in Vilna. In 1841, together with the poet S. Zalkind, he founded a Jewish school, which he directed as a director. until the end of life. He was one of the leading representatives of the Haskala Vilna, although he held moderate views, being in opposition to the Radik. change. G. considered the practical commandments under the influence of M. Mendelssohn as social prescriptions in favor of the Hebrews. communities. He was an opponent of both the extremism of the Orthodox and supporters of the secular school. In 1844 and 1862 publ. anthology of letters, essays and short stories "Debir" (2 volumes), including letters to JV Goethe, G. Heine, L. Berne. The book talked about the abandoned Jews. communities in Arabs, countries, China and Ethiopia, awakened in readers a sense of love for E.-I. and influenced A. Mapu and K. Shulman. In 1935, G. published Toldos Bnei ha-Adam, a translation of part of Palitz's general history. An autobiography written by G. in 1864, opened int. world of Heb. child and criticized the education system in heders. As a stylist, G. was significantly superior to his contemporaries. For the sake of accuracy, he turned to language. Mishnas, introducing phrases from the Talmud and neologisms, pl. of which have become generally accepted.

gintsburg niko
has abstract: GINTSBURG Niko (1882, Riga - |), lawyer and criminologist. G.'s family moved to Belgium when he was a child. Since 1923, a teacher of law at the University of Ghent, where he later became the first prof. a Jew. In 1937 he founded the Institute of Criminology, headed it until 1952 (except for the period of the 2nd World War, when he was seconded to the Belgian embassy in Washington). In 1953–56 prof. rights in the University of Jakarta (Indonesia). G.'s work on criminal law and criminology brought him international. confession. Ch. about-va Flemish. lawyers, defender of fl-mand. lang. Founder and President Centre. to-that to improve the life of Jews in Antwerp. Participant of the first plenary sessions of the World Heb. Congr. in 1936, before. Council of Hebrews. org-tions (1947-50).

ginzay amnon
has abstract: GINZAI Amnon (Anatoly Mikhailovich Gazov-Ginsberg) (1929, Novosibirsk - 1995, Tel Aviv), Hebraist. Graduated from the Faculty of drainage studies at Leningrad State University. He worked in Leningrad. dep. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1975 in Israel. One of Art. ed. “Brief Heb. encyclopedia ”(in Russian), published in Jerusalem. Participated in the creation of Russian-Hebrew and Hebrew-Russian. "Sov.r. dictionary "ed. Dr. I. Guri. Engaged in translations. Cit .: Was the language pictorial in its origins |: (Evidence of a presemite stock of roots), M., 1965; Symbolism of the presemite inflection, M., 1974; Golden Chameleons, Tel Aviv, 1986.

ginzberg aleksandr semenovich
has abstract: GINSBERG Alexander Semenovich (1870, Vilna - 1937, Leningrad), chemist, pharmacist, professor (1918). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1894). Since 1895 assistant at the Department of the Warsaw Veterinary Institute, in 1898-1930 at the Department of Pharmaceuticals. chemistry and pharmacognosy Petersburg. wives honey. in-that. In 1919 he organized and headed the chemical-pharmaceutical department. Institute in Petrograd, since 1930 in Botanich. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences and simultaneously. (1933-37) prof. 1st Leningrad. honey. in-that and head. chem. lab. branch in-that experiment. medicine, since 1937 prof. organic chemistry at the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. Institute of Science. tr. G. dedicated organic synthesis and pharmaceutical chemistry, incl. the structure of terpenes and their derivatives. He proposed a method for determining the amount of essential oil in ethers (1936). Works: Course of pharmaceutical chemistry, Moscow, 1915 (2nd ed.); A brief outline of the foundations of stereochemistry, L., 1930 (2nd ed.); Course in organic chemistry, L.-M., 1933.

ginzburg
has abstract: GINZBURG (Osetrov) Anton Giliarovich (b. 1930, Moscow), pianist and ensemble player. In 1953 he graduated from Moscow. conc. by class fp. from G.G. Neuhaus. In 1953–58 he worked as an accompanist. Since 1958, soloist Vses. state conc. association, since 1965 - Mosconcert. Laureate of the International. pianists' competition B. Smetany (1st Ave. together with A. Skavronsky, Prague, 1957). He performed in an ensemble with S.T.Rikhter, N.L. Dorliak, I.F. Oistrakh, since 1969 with D.B.Shafran, M.E. Khomitser. Since 1954 he has toured abroad. The repertoire of Op. W.A. Mozart, J. Haydn, L. Beethoven, F. Schubert, F. List, J. Brahms, R. Schumann, S. V. Rachmaninov, S. S. Prokofiev. The performance is characterized by sound expressiveness and musicality.

ginzburg abram moiseevich
has abstract: GINZBURG Abram Moiseevich (part ps .: Shleimke, Andrey, Grigory, Efim, Naum; lit. ps: G. Naumov, Velox) (1878, Vitebsk province - after 1931), polit. activist, economist, publicist. From ser. 1890s led a roar. propaganda in Heb. working circles. Since 1897, members Vitebsk to-that social-d. In 1897–99 he studied at Kharkov University. Since 1899, members Dvinsky to-that Bund, from the end. 1899 - Yekaterinoslavsky committee of the RSDLP; in 1900–02 in fact. hands. gas. "Southern worker". In Jan. 1902 elected member. Central Committee of the Union of southern to-tos and organizations of the RSDLP On Feb. 1902 arrested, in 1903 exiled to adm. order in Vost. Siberia. In the beginning. 1905 fled. In the 1st floor. 1906 members Mosk., Then the Riga committee of the RSDLP, joined the Mensheviks. In 1906-10 one of the hands. the metalworkers' union and member. Centre. bureau of trade unions. One of the creators and post. sotr. Menshevik. g. Our Dawn. In 1910 he was arrested and exiled to Vitebsk. In 1911 he passed the exams for the course in law. Faculty of St. Petersburg un-that. From the beginning. 1912 lived in Kiev, sotr. gas. "Kievskaya Mysl", studied the situation of workers, according to the results of their research. published the book. "The Budgets of the Workers of Kiev" (1913). After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Kiev committee of the RSDLP (Mensheviks), member. Of the Executive Committee of the Kiev Council of Workers' Dep., Vowel Hor. thoughts and comrade. (deputy) mountains. heads. By oct. the coup of 1917 reacted sharply negatively, viewed it as the result of "anarchy" in the country. After the approval of the Sov. authorities in Kiev from polit, activities departed, worked in cooperatives, Gubsovnarkhoz, Gub-plan and other institutions, released the book. "History of Socialism and the Labor Movement" (K, 1920). Since 1922 in Moscow in the apparatus of the Supreme Council of the National Economy. At the same time. in 1923–30 he taught at Moscow. in-those nar. x-va…

ginzburg aleksandr osipovich
has abstract: GINZBURG Alexander Osipovich (1916, Mariupol, Yekaterinoslav province - 1973, Tashkent), director. Graduated from the directing department of GITIS (1939, student of V.G. Sakhnovsky). In 1939–42 he worked at the Tbilisi Rus. Youth Theater, where he staged performances: "Romantics" by E. Rostan, "Poverty is not a vice" by A. Ostrovsky, "Fairy Tale" by M. Svetlov (with G. Tovstonogov). In 1940 he began teaching, organized a studio at the Tbilisi Youth Theater. In 1943-45 he worked in the Chelyabinsk drama, t-re them. S.M. Tsvilling, staged the plays “Oleko Dundich” by M.A.Kats and AG Rzheshevsky, “12 months” by S.Ya. Marshak, taught an actor's skill course in the studio at the Chelyabinsk Theater. In 1945–48 Ch. dir. Tashkent Russian Youth Theater, (director of "Tale of Truth" MI Aliger), in 1948-51 T-ra Sov. Army of the Turkestan military. district where he put the "Young Guard" on his own. dramatization of the novel by AA Fadeev and others. In 1951–58 and 1960–65, Ch. dir. Uzbek t-ra drama them. Hamza, post. performances "The Bourgeoisie" by M. Gorky (1951), "The Inspector General" by NV Gogol (1952), "Silk Suzane" by A. Kahkhara (with A. Khodjaev, 1952), "The Legend of Love" by N. Hikmst ( 1953), "The Daughter of the Ganges" (own staging of R. Tagore's novel "Crash", 1956), etc. In 1958–60 Ch. dir. Tashkent Russian t-ra drama them. M. Gorky, director of the performances "Typhoon" by Cao Yu (1957), "The Story of an Empty Soul" (1958, based on the novel by M. Gorky "The Life of Klim Samgin"), "The Dragon and the Sun" on his own. play (1958), "Irkutsk history" A. N. Arbuzov (1960). In 1967–70 he worked in Moscow at the Theater im. Lenin Komsomol, where he staged "The End of the Khitrov Market" (based on the novel by AA Bezuglov and YM Klarov) and "Farewell to Arms" (based on the novel by E. Hemingway, both in his own staging). In 1971–73, he again headed the Tr. Hamzy in Tashkent. In 1940 he began teaching, organized a studio at the Tbilisi Youth Theater, taught a cou…

ginzburg boris
has abstract: GINZBURG Boris (Berko) Abramovich (party ps. - Koltsov) (1863, Mogilev District and Gubernia - 1920, Ufa), polit. activist, publicist. He graduated from the government in Chisinau (1883). In 1883-87 he studied at St. Petersburg. un-those (on natural, then on juridical f-takh). Student student movement, from the beginning. 1886 members (by the end of the year - fac-tic manager) Center. petersburg. gr. "Narodnaya Volya", kept in touch with gr. AI Ulyanova (the so-called Terrorist faction of "People's Will") and the Social-Democratic gr. Blagoeva, evolved ideologically from Narodnaya Volya to Marxism. In the spring of 1887 he was arrested and exiled to Bessarabia, the founder of the first Marxist circles in the region. In 1893 he emigrated to Switzerland, became close to the member. gr. "Emancipation of Labor" (G.V. Plekhanov and others). In 1895-98 sec. “Union of Rus. s.-d. abroad ”, one of the leading sotr. s.-d. g. "Worker". In the end. 1890s - early. 1900s participated in the creation. org-tion "Social Democrat" (was her secretary). One of the organizers of the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903), at which he joined the Mensheviks. In 1904–05 one of the leading sotr. gas. Iskra and Zh. "Social Democrat", in 1905 before. Vseros. conf. Mensheviks in Geneva. After Oct. 1905 returned to Russia, sotr. all Mensheviks. periodic. ed., almanacs and collections of 1905-07, as an expert participated in the work of the Social-Democrats. faction of the 2nd State. thought, one of the organizers and leaders prof. movement, ch. ed. g. “Prof. messenger ", supporter of the creation. legal Social-Democrats party. Since 1908 in Baku, the leader of the local Menshevik organization, was repeatedly arrested. In 1911-14 members. edition of gas. Luch (name changed), in 1913-14. "Nasha Zarya", participated in the publication of the multivolume work "Societies, Movement in Russia in the beginning. XX century. " From Jan. 1915 in exile in Astrakhan. Into the 1st world. war one of the leaders and…

ginzburg evgeniya semenovna
has abstract: GINZBURG Evgenia Semyonovna (1906, Moscow - 1977, ibid.), Memoirist. Graduated from the department of history of the Kazan East-ped. in-that and in 1925-30 assistant of the department of methods of teaching history in the same place. She taught party history at Techn. in-those at the Kazan soap-making plant. Since 1933 she worked at the Department of the History of Leninism of the Kazan State. University (since 1936 - Assoc., Head of the Department). At the same time. in 1934-37 head. dep. culture and gas consultant. "Red Tataria". In 1938 she was arrested on charges of "Trotskyist activities", sentenced to 10 years in prison, confiscation of property and 5 years of disqualification. She spent 18 years in prisons, camps and exile. In 1955 she was rehabilitated "for lack of corpus delicti." After her release, she wrote the book. "A steep route: Chronicle of the times of the cult of personality" (published in Italy in 1967, in the USSR - in 1985–86), trans. plural lang. and released in several. dozens of ed. Heb. theme in the works of G. sounds only in verse. “And again, like gray-haired Jews ...” G.'s son is the writer V.P. Aksenov.

ginzburg evsey matveevich
has abstract: GINZBURG Evsey Matveevich (1895, Smolensk - 1985, Moscow), therapist. In 1914 he graduated from the Smolensk gymnasium, in 1919 - honey. Faculty of Moscow State University. Until 1921 he served in the Kr. Army, then worked in the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR. Since 1924 - at the Department of Internal Diseases of the 1st Moscow State University (then the 1st Moscow Medical Institute). In 1935–41 he was the head of a therapist. clinic of the All-Union Institute of Experiment, Medicine (VIEM). During the Soviet-Fin. wars - ch. consultant-therapist Leningr. military. district, during the war 1941–45 ch. therapist of the Reserve and then Kalinin fronts; from 1943 - Ch. therapist of the border troops and Center, NKVD hospital of the USSR; in 1944-50 - Ch. fighter aircraft air defense therapist. From 1957 - before. Vses. about-va of endocrinologists. Sci. tr. G. are devoted to the clinic and treatment of Graves' disease, peptic ulcer, pneumonia and hypertension; one of the first in the USSR to use oxygen treatment. Cit .: Endocrinogenous arthropathies, M., 1933.

ginzburg grigoriy romanovich
has abstract: GINZBURG Grigory Romanovich (1904, Nizhny Novgorod - 1961, Moscow), pianist, teacher. Moose. G.'s talent manifested itself early; from the age of 6 he studied with A.A. Goldenveiser, from the age of 11 - with A.B. Goldenveiser (including in musical and theoretical disciplines). In 1916 he entered Moscow. cons. He graduated from it with a gold medal, in 1928 - graduate school (also with A.B. Goldenweiser). He has performed since 1922 (performed with Persimfans - "The First Symph. Ensemble without Conductor", F. Liszt's concert). Since 1923 he has toured, incl. abroad, where he was nicknamed "Sov. Petri ". His repertoire was huge, he included works. fatherlands. and foreign. classics. G. was called “the great master of the older generation of owls. pianists ". His programs often featured rarely performed Op. own. php. transcriptions. From 1924 he taught at the Mus. technical school them. AN Skryabin, in 1929-59 in Moscow. cons. (from 1935 prof.), in the 50s. taught a class at the Gorky cons. Among the students: G.B.Akselrod, S.L.Dorensky, A.G. Skavronsky, M.Z.Pollak. From 1935 to 1937 he headed the performing section of the USSR Investigative Committee. He acted as a musician. critic. 4th ave. 1st Intern. pianists' competition Chopin in Warsaw (1927). Honored. active lawsuit in the RSFSR (1946). Became. pr. (1949).

ginzburg iekutielj
has abstract: GINZBURG Iekutiel (1889, Lipniki of Ovruch u. Volyn province. - 1957, New York), mathematician, writer. Brother of Simon and Pesach of the Ginzburgs. In the USA since 1912. He studied at Columbus. un-those, taught mathematics in Ped. college of the same university. Since 1930 prof. and head. dep. mathematics Heb. college. In 1932 he founded the period, ed. “Mat. notes ", ed. “Library of ma-themes. notes "and et al. with DE Smith "History of Mathematics in America before 1900" (1936). His feuilletons in Hebrew appeared in "Ha-Doar" under ps. J.L. Gogh. Art. on the role of Jews in the development of mathematics are collected in Sat. "Selected Stories" (1960), which also includes his biography and a list of scientific. or T. works.

ginzburg iljya isakovich
has abstract: GINZBURG Ilya Isakovich (1882, Moscow - 1965, ibid.), Geochemist and mineralogist, Ph.D. geological mineral. Sciences (1943), professor. Graduated from the Kiev gymnasium. In 1902-04 he studied at the Freiberg forge. academies in Germany. In 1906 he entered St. Petersburg. polytechnic in-t. In 1913 he was left at the Institute for 2 years to prepare for prof. rank. He worked there until 1918. In 1918-22 in Kiev, he took part in the organization of the Ukrainian. Geol. to-that. In 1922–25 in the Sov. trade mission in Berlin, studied the state of the world. miner, commodity market. Since 1925 in Leningrad in the Commission for the Study of Produce, the forces of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (headed by VI Vernadsky) and at the same time. in Geol. to-those in the ore department. (since 1928). In 1929–34 in the Ukhta region he studied mineral waters (conditions of their occurrence, genesis and industrial significance), proposed to establish the extraction of asphalt (gilsonite) at Izhma and conducted prospecting for helium. Since 1934 in the Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Crystallography named after MV Lomonosov Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1936 head of the group for the study of other weathering crust, later - head of the laboratory of weathering processes). In 1956–63 head. dep. exogenous ore deposits Ying-that geology of ore deposits, petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Main works related to mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of other weathering crust of the Urals. Research main laws governing mineral formation in the hypergenesis zone. Proposed methods of geochem. search for ores col. and rare metals, was the first to prove the hyperogenic origin of primary kaolins. pr. (1946). Honored. Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR (1957). Works: Dr. weathering crust on ultrabasic rocks. 4.1–2, M., 1946–47; Experience in developing the foundations of geochem. methods of prospecting for ores ts…

ginzburg khristian-david
has abstract: GINZBURG Christian David (1831, Warsaw - 1914, Middlesex, England), philologist, historian, bibliologist. After moving to England, he devoted himself entirely to research. masoretic. TANAKH texts. "Masora" is his outstanding work. in 4 vols. (1880-1905). G. collected a rich and extremely rare material. Publ. two stereotypical ed. TANAKH in Hebrew (1894, 1911), based on the same studies. In the "Introduction to Masoro-critical. publication of the Bible in Hebrew ”(1897, reprinted 1966) and in other works he explained his system. In 1904, in connection with the centenary of the British Bible Society, G. was instructed to prepare for publ. critically revised new Hebrew. bibl. text, which was completed in 1926. G. prepared and published the "Pentateuch" (1908), "Isaiah" (1909), "Books of the Prophets" (1911) and "Psalms" (1913). G. also owns the comm. to her ”(1857),“ Ecclesiastes ”(1861),“ Levitus ”(1882), iss. "Karaites, their history and literature" (1862), "Cabal, its doctrines, development and literature" (1863, 1920) and others. spent years of his life in Middlesex. His collection of manuscripts is owned by the British Bible. about.

ginzburg leo moritsevich
has abstract: GINZBURG Leo Moricevich (1901, Warsaw - 1979, Moscow), conductor, theoretician, pianist. From 1916 he played percussion instruments, French horn, cello in the orc. Nizhny Novgorod Union Orc. musicians; studied to play the clarinet. His creative interests were versatile: in 1922 he graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School with a diploma in chemistry. He graduated in 1919 Nizhny Novgorod muses. uch-shche (in the class of fp. from N. Poluektova). In 1928 he graduated from the conductor's faculty of Moscow. cons. Conducting class (first N.A. Malko, then K.S. Saradzhev and N.S. Golovanov; studied music theory with G.L. Catoire, G.E. Konius, B.L. Yavorsky), then assistant NS Golovanov. In 1929–31 he was sent to Germany to further improve his conducting skills; Graduated from the Department of Radio and Acoustics of the Berlin University. muses. schools (diploma in acoustics engineer); completed the conductor's course of G. Scherchen (1930–31), was an assistant to O. Klemperer, trained with L. Blech. Since 1932 conductor orc. Vses. radio. He performed in Moscow, Leningrad and others. fatherlands. and foreign classics, was the first performer of a number of Op. owls. composers, incl. 13th and 15th symphony. N.Ya. Myaskovsky. His performance was distinguished by a deep penetration into the author's intention, harmony of form, impeccable rhythm. In the 1930s. organized symph. orchestras in Minsk and Stalingrad, after 1945 - in Baku and Khabarovsk. 1940–41 - conductor of the State. symph. orc. USSR, 1944–45 participated in the creation and organization of the Novosibirsk Opera and Ballet Theater; 1945 48 - ch. conductor Gos. symph. orc. AzSSR named after U. Hajibeyova; 1950–54 headed by Moscow. region orchestra. In 1930-43 and from 1948 he taught at Moscow. cons. (from 1939 - prof., 1940–43 and 1956–61 - head of the department of conducting). Among the students: A. L. Stasevich, V. P. Dubrovsky, K. K. Ivanov, D. G. Kitaenko, V. M. Esipov, P. L. Kogan, F. Sh. Mansurov,…

ginzburg lev solomonovich
has abstract: GINZBURG Lev Solomonovich (1907, Mogilev - 1981, Moscow), musicologist, cellist, teacher. Doctor of Lawsuit (1947). In 1931 he graduated from Moscow. cons., in 1937 - graduate school in cello class S.M. Kozolupov. From 1923 to 1943 he worked for an orc. Has performed as a soloist and ensemble player. In 1932-35 he taught at the music. uch-shche at Moscow. cons., in 1936–69 in Moscow. cons. taught a cello class, since 1939 - also courses in history and theory of bow art, teaching methods (since 1950 prof.). Fundamental Tr. G. - "The history of cello art", ML, 1950, 1957; M., 1965), in it for the first time in Russian. lang. the history of Western Europe is systematically presented. and Russian. cello art. Among the many. G.'s works - "K.Yu.Davydov" (M.-L., 1950), "P.Kazals" (M., 1958, 2nd ed. 1966), "E. Izai" (M., 1959 ), "M. Rostropovich" (M., 1962), "J. Lartini" (M., 1969), "A.A. Brandukov" (M.-L., 1951), "F. Laub" (M. .-L., 1951), “On the work on the music. product ”(Moscow, 1953; 4th ed. 1981; book translated into Bulgarian, Czech and German) and others; will enter, Art. and commentaries to the book: BA Struve "Ways of the initial development of young violinists and cellists" (Moscow, 2nd ed., 1952), H.M. Corredor "Conversations with Pablo Casals" (L., 1960) , J. Szigeti "Memoirs: Notes of a Violinist" (translated from German; M., 1969), as well as numerous. articles in Sat. on questions of music and performing arts. G. belongs (with S.M. Kozolupov) ed. “Schools for cello” by K.Yu.Davydov (1947), many transcriptions for cello.

ginzburg lev vladimirovich
has abstract: GINZBURG Lev Vladimirovich (1921, Moscow - 1980, ibid.), Poet, translator, publicist. Member of the 1941–45 war. Graduated from philologist, Faculty of Moscow State University. Lomonosov. Per. with him. manuf. IV Goethe, F. Schiller, G. Heine, I. Becher and others. The author of the book. per. "German Folk Ballads" (1959), which included productions. German poets of the Thirty Years' War (A. Grifius, M. Opitsa, etc.). G. belong to the publicist. book "Pied Piper's Pipe" (Moscow, 1960), "The Price of Ash" (Moscow, 1961), "Abyss" (Moscow, 1966) and others, which recreate pictures of the past war and expose the crimes of Nazi criminals. I ate, manuf. G., publ. see, - autobiographical. rom.-essay "Only my heart was broken ..." (Moscow, 1983), in which the author's life appears in interpenetration with him. culture and its tragedy.

ginzburg lidiya yakovlevna
has abstract: GINZBURG Lidia Yakovlevna (1902, Odessa - 1990, Leningrad), literary critic, lit. critic, prose writer. Dr. philological sciences. Graduated from verbal. Faculty of Art History of Art in Leningrad (1926). In tech. pl. years she taught at universities. During the war years 1941–45, during the siege of Leningrad she worked in the radio committee. Published since 1926. Main. scientific. interests - rus. liter 19 - early. 20th century, psychological. prose. The book became widely known. G., dedicated. Russian poetry: "On the lyrics" (1964; 1974), "On the old and the new" (1982). G.'s diary entries, as well as her recollection. about lit. life 20-50-ies. and the days of the blockade open a new facet of her work - intellectual prose - "Notes of a blockade man", 1984; "The Man at the Desk", 1987; "The Transformation of Experience", 1991. Among other works. G. can be distinguished by the book: "On psychological prose" (1971), "On a literary hero" (1979), "Literature in search of reality" (1987).

ginzburg moisey yakovlevich
has abstract: GINZBURG Moisey Yakovlevich (1882, Minsk - 1946, Moscow), architect, urban planner, architectural theorist. One of the founders and theorists of Soviet constructivism. The son of arch. In 1914 he graduated from the Academy of Arts in Milan, where he received a diploma of an architect-artist, as well as an architect. branch of the Riga Polytechnic. Institute in Moscow (1917). From 1921 he lived and worked in Moscow. Prof. Moscow higher. those. uch-schcha, then VKHUTEMAS. In 1923 he published the first theoretical. the work "Rhythm in Architecture", and in 1924 - "Style and Era", translated into plural. languages. Joint. with br. Vesnins in 1925 organized the Society of sovr. architects (OCA), which proclaimed the ideas of constructivism. He took part in many competitions in the 1920s and 1930s, paying special attention to the design of the dwelling. Supervised a large creative team specializing in the design of residential buildings and complexes, summarized the experience in the book. "Home" (1934). Main architect. works: a dwelling house for workers of the People's Commissariat of Finance on Novinsky Boulevard in Moscow (1928-30), a house for workers of savings banks in Moscow (1926), a sanatorium in Kislovodsk (1935-37, head of the team), a large planning project for the South Coast of Crimea (not implemented. ).

ginzburg natan
has abstract: GINZBURG Natan (Anatoly} Ilyich (1917, Petrograd - 1984, Moscow), mineralogist and geochemist, specialist in geology of rare metal deposits Doctor of Mineralogical Sciences (1955), professor Graduated from Geological Prospecting Institute (1940). In 1941–45 - in French.After the war, he began to work at the All-Union Institute of Mineral Raw Materials, where he organized the Department of Mineralogy and was its first head. , in particular, developed the foundations for the intensification of the use of mineral raw materials, developed the doctrine of topomorphism and minerals-indicators of mineralization, laid the foundations for the mineralogy of new types of mineral raw materials, identified new sources of raw materials for rare metals (carbonatites, feldspar metasomatites, rare-metal granitoids, etc.). 300 scientific works, including about 10 monographs Steel pr. (1946), State pr. (1956) GINZBURG Passover (1894, Lipniki, Volyn province - 1947, Israel), writer, journalist. Brother of S. Ginzburg. Studied in Odessa. Eme lived in the USA (1913–18), England, Canada and Scandal. countries, from 1922 in E.-I. (1922). Published several. gas, decomp. g. and in tech. 20 years was a night editor. "Haaretz". His plays, short stories and art. appeared in Hebrew. press, some of them were published in separate brochures: "Regina Ashkenazi" (1919), "Sippur Eretz Israeli" (1945) and others. Many translations, mainly. manuf. scandal. and English. writers.

ginzburg semen ljvovich
has abstract: GINZBURG Semyon Lvovich (b. 1901, Kiev - 1978, Leningrad), musicologist-historian, musician. writer. He studied cello at the Baku muses. uch-shche; in 1918-23 he became a historical philologist. f-those Petrograd. un-that. He graduated from the Institute of History of Art, where he studied history and theory of music with BV Asafiev (1922), SK Bulich and VG Karatygin (1919-23), at the same time. graduated from Petrograd. un-t (Faculty of Societies, Sciences), at the same time he studied cello and viola da gamba with Yu.G. van Oren and playing in the chamber ans. A.K. Glazunov. He taught in music. schools and schools (1919-28), institute of stage arts (1924-28). He was a scientist. sotr. Institute of History of Art (1922-30). From 1925 he taught the theory and history of music at Leningrad. horse, (since 1935 prof.). Assoc. Leningrad. university (1927-30), head. department of muses. culture and technology State. Hermitage Museum (1932–35), Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of t-ra and music (1938–40 and 1946 48). From the beginning. 20s collaborated in a number of gas. and f., incl. "Red gas.", "Leningrad. truth "," Izvestia "," Sov. art ". Being a member. Association of modern music (which promoted new - so-called left music), was published in the collection. "New Music", "Muz. chronicle ", f. "Modern. music". In the end. 40s persecuted for cosmopolitanism. Was ed. pl. scientific. Sat. (including "History of Russian music in musical notation" (issues 1-3, M.-L., 1940-52; 2nd ed. 1968-69). G. owns works on musical ethnography : "Basic questions of studying musical instruments of Indians of South America" ​​(in the collection "Muzykoznanie", issue IV, L., 1928); instrumental studies, problems of French, as well as Uzbek music. music school "Music literature of the peoples of the USSR" (Leningrad, 1963, 2nd ed. 1970) and many others.

ginzburg semen sergeevich
has abstract: GINZBURG Semyon Sergeevich (1907, Kiev - 1974, Moscow), film historian, film critic. Doctor of Art History (1964). He worked as a journalist in provincial. press, then in the train. "Soviet Screen", "Proletarian Cinema", "Soviet Cinema", "Cinema Art". In 1939 he graduated from VGIK, head. dep. into gas. "Sov. culture ". In 1950–53 - Art. ed. k / st "Soyuzmultfilm", then scientific. sotr. Institute of History of Art in Moscow. Author of the first foundation, works on the history and theory of the cartoon. cinema, as well as pre-revolutionary cinema. Russia. In 1946–66 - taught at VGIK. Works: Drawn and Puppet Film, M., 1957; Cinematography of pre-revolutionary Russia, M., 1963; Essays on the theory of cinema, M., 1974.

ginzburg semen zakharovich
has abstract: GINZBURG Semyon Zakharovich (1897, Minsk - 1993, Moscow), civil engineer, state. activist. Since 1917, member. RCP (b). He took an active part in the revolution. events. From 1917 he worked in inform. dep. Moscow region advice. In 1918–20 in Kr. Army. Graduated in 1927 from engineering-construction. Faculty of Moscow higher. tech. school, then postgraduate studies there. From 1929 he worked in the Central Control Commission-RCI, the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the USSR and other organizations. In 1937–38, deputy. Commissar heavy. industry of the USSR. In 1938–39 before. Committee for construction under the USSR Council of People's Commissars. In 1939–46, the People's Commissar for the construction of the USSR. In 1946-47 min. building military. and naval. enterprises of the USSR, in 1947 - 50 min. industry of building materials. In 1950-70 Deputy. min. a number of mines, deputy. prev. Gosstroy of the USSR, before. Board of the Stroybank of the USSR. In 1941–45, he supervised the construction of defense facilities and the commissioning of an evacuator. enterprises, then the restoration of bunks. x-va in the liberated areas. Dep. USSR Armed Forces in 1937–50. Vol .: On the Past - for the Future, Moscow, 1983.

ginzburg shoul
has abstract: GINZBURG Shole (Saul) Moiseevich (1866, Minsk - 1940, New York), publicist, historian of literature. Rod. in a rich merchant. family. Got a traditional one. Heb. education, graduated from Mrs. To the gymnasium. years published articles in the gas. "Ga-Magid". Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that (1891), from 1892 collaborated in the train. "Sunrise". Took part in the Hovevei Zion movement. In 1897 he settled in St. Petersburg, led a post at Voskhod. the heading “Review, Heb. press ”, published in it a number of works:“ Forgotten Epoch ”(1896, about the first Russian-Hebrew organ“ Dawn ”), articles about I.-B. Levinzon, P. Smolenskin, A. Maru, about Hasidism. In 1901, together with P. Marek, he published the first Hebrew. folklore collection "Yiddish Folksleader in Rusland" ("Hebrew folk songs in Russia"), in which the texts were printed in parallel to the Heb. and lat. letters. In Jan. 1903 G., together with S. Rapoport, founded the first Hebrew in Russia. daily gas. "Der Freind", managed to unite the best literature around her. forces (circulation 50–80 thousand copies). In 1905–08, G. published every month. g. on literature, science and societies. questions of "Dos Lebn". In 1908, leaving publishing. activity, took up the study of the history of culture grew up. Jewry. Author of the monograph “Jews in the Fatherland. war of 1812 "(1913), collection of works. "The Past: Essays on the History of Jews in Russia" (1923), in 1915–21 one of the revisions. multivolume "History of Heb. people ". In 1922-28 ed. Russian-Hebrew historical-scientific collection of books "Evr. thought "and" Heb. messenger "(both in Petrograd). In the 1920s. prof. Heb. stories in Ying-those Heb. knowledge in Petrograd. In 1930 he emigrated to the USA, from 1933 he worked in gas. Forverts, has published a number of studies on the history of Hebrews. literature and culture, among which - “Ist. works "(v. 1-3, 1937-38)," Bygone St. Petersburg "(1944)," Jews-baptized in Tsarist Russia …

ginzburg simon
has abstract: GINZBURG Simon (1890, Lipniki of Ovruch u. Volyn province - 1944), poet, lit. critic. Received a tradition. Heb. education. Your first. poem publ. in 1910 in "Ha-Shiloakh". Since 1912 in the USA. Studied at Columbus. un-those, received his doctorate from the College of Dropsay in 1923. In 1933 he left for E.-I., but shortly before the beginning. 2nd world. war returned to the United States as an emissary of the Hebrew Association. writers. The author is numerous. publications in Hebrew. Strong influence on content and language. manuf. G. had the creativity of H.-N. Bialik, to whom he dedicated his book. "Songs and Poems" (1931). Besides the bibliography of M.-H. Luzzato (1935), ed. in English. lang., G. publ. three of his plays with criticism. notes, as well as his poetry - "The Book of Poems" (1944–45) and letters - "R. Moshe Chaim Luzzato and his contemporaries" (1936). Lit.-critical Art. G. collected in the book. "Captured by the Literature" (1945). Per. in Hebrew by A. Tennison, T. Goode, J. G. Byron, E. Poe and others.

ginzburg vitaliy arkadjevich
has abstract: GINZBURG Vitaly Arkadievich (b. 1938, Konstantinovka, Stalin region), glass artist. In 1955-60 he studied at the Lviv Polytechnic. in-those (special glass technology). In 1961 he began to work at the Lvov plant. glass, in the same year begins to participate in thin. exhibitions, incl. international, in 1989 a personal exhibition took place in Lviv. One of the developers of technology for molding products from thin glass rods. In 1962 created. at the plant, the country's first workshop of small sculptors. forms from drots. Nar. thin Ukraine. Main works: a series of sculptures "Zoo", composition "Summer" (1974, glass tube), "Red Roses" (1975, colored crystal, diamond cutting), "Winter" (1976, crystal glass, faceting, gut technology), " Glass "(1982, colored crystal, hot-rolled tech.)," Fiery "," Wounded "(1988, colored glass, hot-rolled tech.), Galaxy series (1991, colored glass, hot-rolled tech.)," Flower of Ukraine "for the pavilion of the Ukrainian SSR in Zagreb (1990s). Works are in the State. Museum Nar. Isk-va in Kiev, Nat. Museum in Krakow, Poland, Museum of Ethnography in Lvov, Sumy and Odessa art. museums.

ginzburg vitaliy lazarevich
has abstract: GINZBURG Vitaly Lazarevich (b. 1916, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1966), ch. since 1953. Graduated from physics. Faculty of Moscow State University (1938) and postgraduate studies under him, defended by Cand. dissertation (1940). Enrolled in doctoral physics. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences and defended his doctoral dissertation (1942). Since 1942 he has been working in the theoretical. department of this institute (since 1971 - head of the department). Prof. Gorky University (1945-1968), from 1968 - Moscow. physical and technical in-that. Author approx. 400 scientific. articles and approx. 10 monographs on theoretical. physics, radio astronomy and cosmic ray physics, incl. "Propagation of electromagnetic waves in plasma" (1967), "Theoretical. physics and astrophysics "(1987)," On physics and astrophysics "(1992)," The origin of space. rays "(1963, jointly with SI Syrovatsky)," Transition radiation and transient scattering "(1984, jointly with VN Tsytovich) and others. Almost all books. G. translated into English. lang. Foreign member London. Royal Society (Great Britain), Nat. Academy of Sciences, Academy of Arts and Sciences (both USA), King. AN (Denmark), Indian. nat. AN, Europ. academies, etc. Became. pr. (1953), Len. etc. (1966). Nob. etc. (2003).

ginzburg vladimir moiseevich
has abstract: GINZBURG Vladimir Moiseevich (b. 1930, Moscow), architect, urban planner. Son of M.Ya. Ginzburg. In 1956 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Head of the workshop in-that Mosproekt-1. Participant and laureate of pl. arch. contests. Main works: residential buildings in Tashkent (1970), an international telephone exchange in Moscow (1980), a water-health complex in Moscow (1988), a cinema center complex in Moscow (1989), a complex of buildings of the Humanitarian Academy in Moscow (1990), the Higher School of Police in Moscow (1992). State pr. UzSSR im. Hamza (1970), USSR Council of Ministers Prize (1982), State. pr. Russia (1992). Honored. arch. Russia (1992). Ch.-c. MAA (1992).

ginzburg vuljf veniaminovich
has abstract: GINZBURG Wulf Veniaminovich (1904, Kursk - 1968, Leningrad), anatomist and anthropologist, professor (1949). In 1926 he graduated from the State. Institute of Medical Knowledge (GIMZ, later the 2nd Leningrad Medical Institute). For three years he served in Kr. Army regimental doctor. In 1929–39 he was an assistant at the Anatomy Department of the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. in-that and post-graduate student of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in anthropology; in 1937-59 he taught anatomy at the Military Medical. academy and simultaneously. worked in the Institute of Ethnography and Leningrad. un-those (1938–41). tr. G. dedicated decomp. problems of anthropology (including methods of racial analysis, correlation of race and constitution), anatomy (including lymphology), history of anatomy. One of the founders of ethnic and honey. anthropology in the USSR. Participated in the exp. on the study of the anthropology of Tajiks (1932–33) and other peoples Cf. Asia (1935–37). Cit .: Mountain Tajiks, Moscow, 1937; Dr. and modern anthropological types Cf. Asia, L., 1951; The lymphatic system of the lower limb of a person, L., 1959; Elements of Anthropology for Physicians, L., 1963.

girelj ida moiseevna
has abstract: GIREL Ida Moiseevna (1928, Moscow), artist, graphic artist, book designer. In 1945–51 she studied at Moscow. polygraph. in-those with VR Eiges and NF Usachev, in 1957–62 she studied in the studio of EM Belutin. Since 1957 he regularly participates in art. exhibitions, incl. abroad. Since 1951 draws up the book. for the publishing house "Moscow Worker", "Sov. Russia "(now" Russian book ")," Fiction "," Sov. writer ”and others. Took part in the type design of the cover for the anniversary. ed. g. "Sovetish gameland", illustrated book. Heb. writers A. Lizen, G. Remennik, H. Bader, D. Khaikina, E. Gordon. Created posters made using Hebrews only. font.

girkaljnis
has abstract: GIRKALNIS, a town in the Rasein region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Girtakol Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. 168 Jews lived in Georgia in 1847, 530 (81.7%) in 1897, 213 in 1923, and 27 Jewish families in 1939. G. were engaged in trade, crafts, with. x-vom. There was a synagogue. The rabbis of Georgia were Yehuda-Leib Oppenheim, Shmuel-Naftoli Epstein, from 1903 - Meir Stulevich, Itskhok-Aizik Broyde, from 1922 - Yakov-Moishe Lesin, Chaim-Itskhok Osovsky (? -1941). June 1941 all the Jews of Georgia (about 120 people) were gathered in 3 houses and kept there for several. weeks. 21 Aug 1941 Jews of Georgia, together with Jews from neighboring villages (about 1600 people) were shot. In the beginning. 1990s at the place of execution and on the territory. Jewish cemetery monuments are installed.

girovo
has abstract: GIROVO, see Khirovo.

girshbeyn perets
has abstract: GIRSHBEIN Peretz (1880, Melnik Belsky u. Grodno province - 1948, Los Angeles), prose writer, playwright. The first plays Miriam (1904) and Slivers (1904) were written in Hebrew. The latter is revised and translated into Yiddish under the name. "Der intellectual". In 1906 he wrote the first play in Yiddish "Oif ener zayt taih" ("On the other side of the river"), later it was staged by Russian. tr in Odessa. Soon he became one of the most active creators of the modern era. Heb. dramas. Experienced the influence of M. Meterlinck and LN Andreev (the plays "Lonely Worlds" (1906); "Twilight" (1906), etc.), over time, G.'s drama becomes more realistic, truthfully describes the life of Hebrews. people in the plays "Di Neveile" ("Carrion", 1905), "Joel" (1908) and others. The plays "Einzame Welten" ("Lonely Worlds", 1906), "Di is empty krechme" ("Empty tavern ", 1912)," Green Felder "(" Green Fields ", 1923). In 1908 G. created a troupe of Jews in Odessa. actors (the so-called "Hirshbein's Group"), edges played a significant role in the history of Heb. t-ra. In addition to the plays of G. himself, the troupe successfully staged performances based on plays by I.-L. Peretz, Sh. Asch, D. Pinsky, and others. In 1911 G. left for the USA, where he collaborated in Hebrew. periodic. ed. In 1925 he undertook a long journey across the South. America, Asia, Europe, visited Russia (impressions are described in his book. "Royte Felder" ("Red Fields", 1935), devoted a number of essay books. To the description of Japan, China, India, E.-Y. Artistic autobiography of G. Meine Kinder Yorn (My Childhood Years, 1932) and Babylon (1942) paint a picture of Jewish life in Russia and America from the early 1880s to the 1930s.

girshenzon
has abstract: GIRSHENZON, family of rabbis. They were among the first settlers during the revival of settlements in E.-I. in the 19th century Yakov Mordechai (1821, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1888, Jerusalem), rabbi and ch. yeshivas. He studied at yeshivas in Lithuania and Belarus, where he served as a rabbi in several. communities before emigration in 1848 in E.-I. Lived in Safed, 1864–88 - in Jerusalem. In both cities, he managed the affairs of yeshivas and was associated with the Yishuv revival movement in E.-I. Isaac G. (1845, Pinsk, Minsk province - 1896, London), rabbi and scholar, son of G. Studied in Safed, then in different ... yeshivah in the mountains. Europe. From 1888 - in Jerusalem, became the successor of his father in the management of yeshivas. Collaborated on the rights of responsible. ed. in the weekly. "Ha-tsvi". Conducted research. decomp. variants of the Talmud text based on old manuscripts. and published Art. on Talmudic. Topics. He also published tr. by research. manuscripts, including the later additions of Nissim Gerondi to the Megillah (1884). From 1896 - in London. Published religious. Zionist. weekly "Thiy-at Israel" (since 1896). Khaim G. (1857, Safed - 1935, New Jersey), rabbi, scientist, publisher, son of G. Since 1864 - in Jerusalem. He studied the Torah, was also a supporter of secular education, supporting El'ezer ben Yehuda in his efforts to revive spoken Hebrew, was one of the founders of the Sa-fa Brura (understandable language) society in Jerusalem. In 1885–89, ed. and a publisher every month. journal in ancient Hebrew for Heb. humanitarian education. In 1892–93, he, together with his wife Eve G. and brother Isaac G., founded Heb. gas. "Beit Ya'akov", supplement to the weekly. Ben-Yehuda "Ha-Tzvi". Since 1904 - in the USA. He was a rabbi of 4 communities in Hoboken, New Jersey. The author of the book. in Heb. subject matter, incl. “Ateret hakhamim (1874) on the connection of the views of the present. scholars and teachers of the law-scholars of…

girshfeljd isidor
has abstract: GIRSHFELD Isidor (1882, Riga - 1965) - dentist. Since 1890 in the USA. In 1916 he taught at the New York Dental Institute for advanced training. From 1915 to 1925 - director. the first periodontology clinic at New York ENT hospital. In 1924–34 and in 1927–34 he was director. similar clinics in Bet Israel and New York. In 1928, G. founded and headed the department of periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Columbia University. From 1929 to 1947 - a doctor at the New York Presbyterian Hospital, from 1941 - President. Amer. Academy of Periodontology. G. helped raise funds for the development of dentistry in Israel.

girshfeljd lyudvik
has abstract: GIRSCHFELD Ludwik (1884, Warsaw - 1954), immunologist, microbiologist, acad. Polish Academy of Sciences. In 1907–11 he worked in Heidelberg, where in 1910 he worked together. with him. scientist E. von Dungern proved the heritability of blood groups. During the 1st world. war, while in the army in Serbia, discovered the causative agent of paratyphoid fever. Prof. (1924). During the occupation of Poland by the Germans, he was a prisoner of the Warsaw ghetto, from where he managed to escape. In 1945, he organized medical services in Wroclaw University. Faculty, where he became prof. microbiology. He created the Institute of immunology and experimental. therapy and Research. c. pathology of pregnancy. The author of the op. (in Polish): "The connection of the blood group with biology, medicine and law", 1934. Establishing Paternity in the Light of Blood Group Teachings, 1948.

girshgorn adam yuljevich
has abstract: GIRSHGORN Adam Yulievich (1829, Bausk, Kurland Gubernia - 1897, St. Petersburg), doctor, state. and societies. activist. From 1865 he served in Med. Department of Min-va int. cases. Since 1878, members Scientist to-that Min-va nar. education. In the 1880s. participated as an expert in the work of Vyssh. Commission for the revision of the laws on Jews. Author of a number of works on medicine.

girshgorn shmuelj
has abstract: GIRSHGORN Shmuel (1876, Slonim, Grodno province - 1942, Warsaw), writer and journalist. From 1889 he lived in Warsaw, where he graduated from the Polish Commerce. school. The rise of the Hebrews. nationalism awakened G.'s interest in the problems of Jews and their culture. Since 1903, after publ. his brochure "Vegn Zionism" ("Concerning Zionism"), devoted himself to societies, and lit. activities and became the leader of Polish Jews in the period between the two worlds. wars. In 1916, he participated in the creation of the Nar. party in Poland and as one of its members. was elected to the Warsaw municipality, in 1919 - dep. Polish Sejm. G. collaborated in many. Heb. periodic. ed. in polish. and in Yiddish, including Glos Zhidovski, Moriya, Erst Tagblat and Moment. His work on the history of Jews in Poland between 1788 and 1914 was published. in Warsaw in 1921 (translated into Yiddish 1923). From an early age he wrote poetry in Polish and trans. into Polish. pl. Russian and French. verse. His lane. Heb. poetry dec. periods include an anthology of poems by H.-N. Bialik (1917) and collection of poems 60 Heb. authors ("Anthology of Jewish poetry", 1921). G. continued his activities until the beginning of the Nazi occupation and kept a diary, later lost, about life in the Warsaw ghetto, where he died.

girshgorn yozef german
has abstract: GIRSHGORN Josef German (1899, Mitava, Kurland province - |), financier, manager. mining, collector of manuf. lawsuit. Since 1905 - in the USA. At the age of 15 he started working as a messenger. At 17 he became a stockbroker and during the 1920s. saved up means a fortune. From the beginning. 1930s successfully engaged in gold mining in Canada. In the end. 1940s financed uranium development in the Blind River area, Ontario. In 1954 he united his numerous. Canadian mining sites into a major enterprise in Rio Tinto, Canada. Having become rich, he began collecting works. modern lawsuit. In 1966 prez. Johnson, on behalf of the United States, accepted as a gift G.'s collection of 4000 paintings and 1500 sculptures. Soon, the US Congress voted to allocate $ 15 million for the construction of a gallery and sculpture park to house the collection - one of the Naib. complete collections manuf. modern fig. lawsuit.

girshkan tsvi
has abstract: GIRSHKAN Zvi (real name and fam. Tsvi-Girsh Kagan) (1886, Chashniki Vitebsk province. - 1938, New York), prose writer, publicist. Received, trad. Heb. education, passed as an external copy. for the course of Mr. He traveled a lot in Zap. Europe and America. In 1908 he debuted Etudes from Hebrews. wandering life "in f. H. Zhitlovsky "Dos Nae Lebn". In 1910 publ. rum. "Tsvey Velten" ("Two Worlds"), which brought him popularity. In the beginning. 1st world. war authorized to-tov to help refugees, lived in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kiev, wrote a publicist. essay, critical. articles, stories. In 1919 in Kharkov he published the story "Nit inter a ployt" ("Not under the fence"). In 1921 he emigrated to Germany, then traveled to E.-I., Syria, Egypt, Italy and France. In the beginning. 1925 left for the USA, collaborated in gas. "Tog", where publ. biographical. rum. "Ahad Ha-Am", stories about citizens. the war in Russia, impressions of the trip to E.-I. and others. In the United States came out the book. G. "Jake Pempik in Paris" ("Jake Pempik in Prize"), "Boris Kabalkin" and others. G. author of essays on Mendel Moicher-Sforim, Sholem Aleichem, I.-L. one roof ", 1931).

girshman leonard leopoljdovich
has abstract: GIRSHMAN Leonard Leopoldovich (1839, Tukkum, Kurland province - 1921, Kharkov), ophthalmologist, founder of Russian. schools of ophthalmology. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kharkov University (1860). He worked in a lab. E. Dubois-Reymond, G. Helmholtz, in the clinics of A. Grefe and others. In 1868 he defended his doctoral dissertation. "Materials for the physiology of color perception". In 1871 he organized an eye clinic. In 1895 he created and headed the first cafe in Russia. eye diseases in Kharkov University. In 1905, he left un-t in protest against the illegal (without the knowledge of the disciplinary court, where he was) dismissal of a group of students who participated in the student. unrest. It was very popular among the population. With funds raised by the residents of Kharkov, an eye clinic with an outpatient clinic was built and opened in 1908, in which G. worked until the end of his life. He personally took about 1 million patients. On G.'s initiative, a school for the blind was created in Kharkov. From 1886 onwards. prev. Kharkiv honey. about-va. Author tr. physiology of color perception, embryology of retinal vessels, treatment of trachoma, miosis and mydriasis caused by decomp. medicines, means; the author of the study on the smallest angle of view, etc. The name of G. named Ukr. Research Institute of Eye Diseases in Kharkov, eye clinic in St. Petersburg. Works: Towards the Treatment of Trachoma, Kharkov, 1873; Trachoma, like a bunk. disaster, Kharkov, 1900.

girshman roman mikhaylovich
has abstract: GIRSHMAN Roman Mikhailovich (1895, Kharkov - 1979, Budapest), historian, archaeologist, orientalist. D. Chl. Acad. inscriptions and fine literature (Paris), ch. Britan. acad., member. Asian. about-va (Paris), honor, gen. dir. Franz. archaeological. exp. in Iran and Afghanistan, about. Dr. and prof. a number of French. and a nickname, un-tov. Commander of the Hordes Poch. Legion. In France since 1923. He worked at the same time. studied at the Sorbonne, at the School of Higher Education. researcher, studied at the Louvre. From the beginning. 1930s participated in field research. Tello (southern Iraq), approx. Nehavenda (in Iran). In 1933–37 he conducted himself on his own. excavations Tepe-Sialk (in the center. Iran), based on materials to-rykh published one of the naib, found. to study the ancient cultures of Iran, Afghanistan and Wed. Asia monographs; offer. there is an archeol in it. periodization serves as a standard for dating early agriculture. settlements Wed East. In 1935–41 he studied the city of Bishapur, which made it possible to illuminate the history and culture of Sassanian Iran in a new way. During the 2nd world. war conducted excavations in Iran and Afghanistan. In 1946–72 he spent 12 field seasons in Iran. In tr. The city reflects the monuments of art of the Urarts, Medes, Scythians, Parthians, and other history of Elam, Persia, and Ephtalite. kingdoms, the problem of the ancient settlement of Indo-Aryans and Iran. tribes. To encourage research. on the history and culture of other Iran G. - was established by the ave. Roman and Tanya Girshmanov.

girshman yakov moiseevich
has abstract: GIRSHMAN Yakov Moiseevich (b. 1913, Chita - 1990, Kazan), musicologist, teacher, professor (1985), Ph.D. lawsuit (1963). In 1934–38 he studied at the music. uch-shche them. Gnesins in Moscow. Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1947 he graduated from the historical and theoretical. Faculty of Moscow cons. (specializing in the history of music with V.E. Ferman). He moved to Kazan, since 1948 - teacher and head. Department of Music History of the Kazan Cons. He made a great contribution to the development of Tatar culture. He brought up a whole generation of musicologists in Tatarstan. For the first time he developed a program for a course in the history of Tatar music. Naib. significant scientific. tr. G. are devoted to research. the modal structure of the Tatar melos, as well as the analysis of the creativity of the leading comp. Tatarstan: "Pentatonic and its development in Tatar music" (M., 1960), "S. Saidashev" (in Tatar language - Kazan, 1956; in Russian language - M., 1957), "N. Zhiganov "(M., 1957)," Creativity comp. Tartary "(1965), as well as a large number of Art. Honored. active lawsuit in the RSFSR (1984).

girshovich boris ionovich
has abstract: GIRSHOVICH Boris Ionovich (Borukh Evnovich) (1858, Korelichi, Novogrudok district, Minsk province - 1911, Pavlovsk), architect. Studied at Vilenskaya rice. school; with the assistance of M.M. Antokolsky came to St. Petersburg, where he studied at the Academy of Arts (1876–86), first as a sculptor. dep., then architect. In 1883-93, at the invitation of Heb. communities uch. in the development of detailing. drawings and watched the construction of the Choral Synagogue under the hands. arch. A.V. Malova. In 1897 he completed the design and construction of the Heb. uch-uch Society for the spread of education among Jews in Russia. There was a mikvah in the building - a pool for Jews. ritual ablution. G. built in St. Petersburg a number of houses for iz. Heb. leaders, bank buildings on Nevsky Prospect, etc. For a house with a printing house on Ivanovskaya Street. in St. Petersburg was awarded. silver medal in the competition for the best facades (1907). G. was valid. member Petersburg. about-va architect. Accepted uch. in the work of the Board of Heb. community of St. Petersburg, advised her on building. questions; in 1910 he was elected to its revision. commission.

girshovich boris osipovich
has abstract: GIRSHOVICH Boris Osipovich (b. 1905, Kiev), architect-planner, specialist in the design of scientific institutions. In 1931 he graduated from architect. branch of Kiev is building, in-that. Main work: participation in the development of the project Gen. the plan for the reconstruction of Moscow (1932), the project of the research institute on the Leningradskoye highway in Moscow (1934), the Institute of Gold-exploration on the Vorobyovskoye highway in Moscow (1935).

girshovich leonid moiseevich
has abstract: GIRSHOVICH Leonid Moiseevich (b. 1948, Leningrad), musician, writer. Graduated from the Leningrad Conservatory. He worked in symphony. orc. Linen. philharmonic. Since 1973 - in Israel, played in the orc. Izr. radio. Since 1979 - in Germany, orc violinist. Hanover Opera. The author of several. books, publ. in Israel and other countries.

girshovich naum grigorjevich
has abstract: GIRSHOVICH Naum Grigorievich (Gertsevich) (1896 - 1988, Leningrad), process engineer, specialist in the region. foundry production, prof. since 1937, Dr. Sciences (1945). Graduated in 1924 a metallurgist, faculty of Dnepropetrovsk forge, in-that. He worked as a foreman of the iron foundry at the plant them. K. Marx in Leningrad. In 1931-83 he taught at the department of foundry production of black and white. metals Leningrad. polytechnic in-that. Sci. tr. connected with the theory of structure formation and graphitization of cast iron in castings, with issues of crystallization and solidification of metal in castings, with research. the formation of casting defects in iron castings and the development of measures to combat them. Supervised the design and commissioning of the largest ductile iron workshop at Leningra. reinforcement plant them. I.I. Lepse. He is the founder of scientific. substantiations in the technology of producing cast iron casting. Cit .: Handbook on the properties and use of malleable cast iron for weapons objects, Moscow, 1945; Iron casting, L.-M., 1949; Properties, production technology and region. the use of cast iron with vermiculite graphite, L., 1981 (in co-authorship).

girtakolj
has abstract: GIRTAKOL, see Girkalnis.

gissen leonid davydovich
has abstract: GISSEN Leonid Davydovich (b. 1932), athlete (academic rowing, boat-eight). Champion of Europe (1954) and the USSR (1952–55), silver. prize-winner Olympus. games (1952). Dr. med. Sciences, prof.

giteljson nekhemiya
has abstract: GITELSON Nehemia (1853, Sventsian, Vilna province - 1932, New York), rabbi. Studied at yeshivas in Volozhin and Mir. Since 1880 he repeatedly visited the USA, from where several. once returned to Vilno. Later he lived in New York. In 1905, Mr .. founded "Hevras Shass" - a society for the study of the Talmud in the Congregation "Bnei Israel Kalvari" in New York.

giteljzon iosif isaevich
has abstract: GITELZON Iosif Isaevich (b. 1928), biophysicist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1990, ch.-k. 1979). Graduated from biology in absentia. Faculty of Moscow State University (1951) and the medical faculty of the Krasnoyarsk honey. Institute (1952). He worked as a doctor at the Krasnoyarsk blood transfusion station (1952–53), as an assistant, then as an associate professor in the Krasnoyarsk agricultural. Institute (1953–57). From 1957 - Art. scientific. sotr., from 1961 - head. lab. photobiology Institute of Physics SB AS USSR. Since 1981 head. lab. photobiology Institute of Biophysics SB AS USSR, since 1986 - Dir. this in-that. Prof. Krasnoyarsk University. Specialist in the region. biosynthesis control, regulation of the blood system and ocean bioluminescence. Ch. directions of scientific. activities - biophysics of supraorganic systems, the creation of closed ecological. systems, parametric management of biosynthesis of microorganisms in continuous cultures, development of biophysical. methods of analysis of erythrocyte populations in the regulation of blood systems. Developed by scientific. the basis for the implementation of long-term biological. systems of human life. Author of the monographs Experimental Ecological. systems that include a person. Space problems. biology "(M., 1975); "Light from the Sea" (M., 1986); "Remote research of Siberia" (Novosib., 1988).

gitlits mordkhe
has abstract: GITLITZ Mordkhe (1895, Mikhalishki Vilensky district and province - 1945, Leningrad), philologist, linguist. At the age of 13 he became an apprentice to a shoemaker, at the same time. was engaged in self-education, passed an external copy. for the course of Mr. He actively participated in the labor movement, was arrested several times. In 1927 he emigrated with his family to the USSR, settled in Leningrad, worked as head. Heb. branch of the workers' faculty, lectured on the history of Hebrews. lit-ry. Graduated from Leningrad. ped. Institute and postgraduate studies Leningrad. in-that language and thinking, in 1935 he defended the candidate. dis. "Slav. element in lang. Yiddish". Became a scientist. sotr. Institute of Linguistics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Studied the history and origin of the language. Yiddish, as well as problems of common language knowledge. G.'s work "Prosaish-Gesellschaftlehe Sprah" ("Prose. Business Language", 1932) served as an academic. a guide for Heb. Wed and higher. schools. Among other works - “Syntactic problem book for schools of higher education. type "," Slavicisms in Yiddish from the 16th to the 19th centuries. by letters. sources ". During the war years 1941-45 he was evacuated to Kazakhstan, worked on a doct. dis. "The origin of the Yiddish language", but did not manage to finish it.

gitman lev aleksandrovich
has abstract: GITMAN Lev Alexandrovich (1923, Yekaterinoslav - 1979, ibid.), Hero of Owls. Union (1943). Red Army soldier G. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the courage shown during the crossing of the Dnieper.

gitman mark mikhaylovich
has abstract: GITMAN Mark Mikhailovich (b. 1920, Rostov-on-Don - 1998), teacher. In 1939-50 in Leningrad. city ​​committee of the Komsomol. In 1941–43 he was commissar of the 1st Komsomolsk, a fire-fighting regiment in besieged Leningrad. Graduated from the Higher. prof. school of culture of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (1959). In 1950–72 he worked in the cultural and educational profession. institutions of the city (director of the Central Committee for Public Administration named after S.M. Kirov, deputy director of the House of Culture named after S.M. Kirov, director of the Leningrad House of Amateur Artists). In 1972–88 Art. Lecturer, Assoc., Head. chair thin. Amateur Higher. vocational schools of culture. Prepared several. thousand workers of the system thin. amateur performances, cult.-skylight. and club institutions. Works: Hood. amateur creativity in the years led. Otech. war, L., 1985; Organizational and creative the work of inter-union houses is self-styled. creativity, L., 1986; Trade unions of the USSR in the development of self-employed. thin creativity (jointly with I.P. Leiberov), L., 1987; Arts. amateur performances of Leningrad in the years led. Otech. war and blockade, L., 1988.

gitovich aleksandr iljich
has abstract: GITOVICH Alexander Ilyich (1909, Smolensk - 1966, Leningrad), poet. Began to publish in 1924 in the Smolensk gas. "Rabochaya Put" and "Young Comrade". In 1927, after graduating from school, he moved to Leningrad, entered the lit. gr. "Change" (B.P.Kornilov, O.F. Berggolts, B.M. Likharev and others). Studied for geogr. f-those Leningrad. un-that, then moved to Wed. Asia. In 1937 he organized a literary work. group "Young Association", was in charge of the department. poetry in f. "Lit. contemporary "(1938-1940). During the war years 1941–45 - soldier. corr. After the war he translated poems from Chinese and Korean. (From Chinese and Korean Poetry, 1958; Three Tang Poets, 1960; Lyrics of Chinese Classics, 1962, etc.).

gitsis moyshe
has abstract: GITSIS Moishe (1894, Hotin, Bessarabian Gubernia - 1986, Chicago), prose writer, playwright. Graduated from Russian. bunk bed school (1908). In 1910 he left for the USA, where he worked as a tailor, returned to his homeland, studied to be a pharmacist. During the 1st world. war served in growing up. army, after demobilization completed his studies, worked as an assistant pharmacist. In 1922 he left for the USA again. He began to write at a young age, debuted in print in 1927, ser. stories about rus. rev-tion. In the same year, he released a drama in New York. the poem "Glock" ("The Bells"), in 1932 - Sat. "Novels", in 1936 - the short story "Di zun in mizrekh" ("The Sun in the East"). The author of the book. Bitokhn (Hope, 1939), Der veg tsum barg (The Road to the Mountain, 1943), Mame Erd (Mother Earth, 1947). Plays G. were staged in Chicago and New York by self-actors. theater. collectives. G. also released f. “Heb. poets and writers in America ”. In the 1960s, while living in Chicago, he was published in Moscow. g. "Sovetish Heimland" (G.'s stories were published in a separate edition under the title "Fun mench tsu mench" ("From person to person").

give
has abstract: GIVE, see Givay.

givet zhan
has abstract: GIVETH Jean (b. 1917, Moscow), poet. Since the 1920s. - in Switzerland. Influenced by surrealism. The author is poetical. collection of books in French lang. We Will No More Go to the Woods (1938), Scars of Fear (1954), Water and Memory (1963). Peru also owns a brochure on neo-antisemitism.

givyay
has abstract: GIVIAI, a village in the Prienai district (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - v. Give Mariampolskogo u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 269 Jews (51.1%) lived in Georgia.

gizhdiyany
has abstract: GIZHDIYANI, see Khyzhdien.

gizhnya
has abstract: GIZHNYA, a village in the Cherikovsky district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Cherikovsky u. Mogilev province. In 1897 by 144 dess. 102 Jews (16.0%) lived on the land.

gladilin anatoliy tikhonovich
has abstract: GLADILIN Anatoly Tikhonovich (b. 1935, Moscow), writer. He studied in the military. uch-shche, worked as an electrician, a worker. Graduated from Lit. in-t. Author of prose. manuf. "Chronicle of the times of Viktor Podgursky" (1956), "The brigantine raises the sails. The Story of a Loser ”(1959). G.'s stories "The First Day of the New Year" (1963) and especially "The History of a Company" (1965) were sharply criticized in print. In 1970, Mr .. published his last book in the USSR - “The Gospel of Robespierre: The Story of the Great French. revolutionary ”. Later, being among the banned authors, he was engaged in translations. Distributed in samizdat. Roman G. "Forecast for tomorrow" for the first time publ. in 1972 in Frankfurt am Main. In 1976 he emigrated, worked in the Paris office of Russian. service of Radio Liberty, wrote a dystopian. detective story "French SSR" (1985), where he modeled fantastic. military situation. communist. coup in France and its accession to the USSR. G. described emigrant life in his autobiographical. the novel Pell the Cattle Killed Me (1990).

gladossy
has abstract: GLADOSS, see Glodos.

gladshteyn grigoriy yakovlevich
has abstract: GLADSHTEIN Grigory Yakovlevich (1922, Nikolaev - 2001), architect, urban planner, teacher. Ch.-c. MAA (1992). Graduated from Leningrad in 1948. engineer-building in-t. Main works: residential complex in Luga (1981), gen. plan for the development of Leningrad and the region (1985, et al.), a cultural and household complex in Tosno (1989). State pr. RSFSR (1983), honored. arch. RSFSR (1988).

glants-leyeles
has abstract: GLANZ-LEYELES ​​(real name Glanz) Aron (1889, Wloclawsk, Warsaw province - 1966, New York), writer. He wrote in Yiddish. Studied at yeshiva and Russian commercial. school in Lodz. In 1905-08 he studied at the University of London, where he joined the Zionist Socialist Party. Since 1909 - in the USA. Combined desks. work with the study of the history of literature at Columbia University (New York, 1910–13), one of the founders and teacher of the first school in New York with teaching in Yiddish. From 1914 until the end of his days he printed in gas. Der tog essays and reviews of polit., Societies, and lit. life. From 1909 he published poetry, in 1919 one of the founders of the Hebrew close to Expressionism. lit. movement "In zikh", in 1920 - the same name. g. Main poetic. collection: "Labyrinth" (1918), "Jung-harbst" ("Young Autumn", 1922), which became a kind of program of the "Inzychists", "Fabius Lund" (1937), based on the biography of G.-L. and his spiritual quest "A id oifn yam" ("Jew at Sea", 1947), created under the impression of the Catastrophe of Europe. Jewry, "Baym fus fun baro" ("At the foot of the mountain", 1957). The author of a number of dramatic. poems, including "Shlomo Molko" (1926), dedicated. the topic of messianism.

glants leyb
has abstract: GLANZ Leib (1898, Kiev - 1964), cantor and performer of nar. songs. As a child, he performed as a singer-prodigy. Received general and muses. education. Graduated from un-t. He was a cantor in Chisinau, Bucharest and other cities. Since 1926 - in the USA. He gained fame as an inspired improviser, owner of his own. style, which was based on tradition. lyric liturgy Vost. Europe. He wrote music. Also a songwriter (in Hebrew and Yiddish). He acted as a musician. journalist. I wrote down many. gramophone records that enjoyed great success.

glatshteyn yakov
has abstract: GLATSHTEIN Yakov (1896, Lublin - 1971, New York), poet, prose writer, lit. critic. Received a tradition. Heb. education, passed exams for the course of g-zii as an external student. Since 1914 - in the USA, studied English. lang. and worked in workshops. In 1918–19 he studied law at un-those (New York). One of the founders of Heb. poetic. group "In zikh", published in the same name. g. In 1921 his first book of poetry was published. "Yaakov Glatstein". Since 1926 sotr. gas. "Tog-morgn magazine". In 1934 G. made a trip to Europe, the impressions of a cut were reflected in the book. "Ven Yash from Geforn" ("When Yash went", 1938) and "Ven Yash from Gecumen" ("When Yash came", 1940). In 1938 he wrote a poem. "A gute nakht dir, velt" ("Good night to you, peace"), in which he predicted the coming Catastrophe Heb. people (about this verse, written about 200 st. in periodicals. Press around the world). From the beginning. 1945 printed in New York Gas. "Yidisher Kemfer" weekly. editorials, publ. under this heading approx. 600 essays (chap. Reviews of books and articles on Jewish cultural and literary problems). Some of these works were included in Sat. “In tokh genumen” (“As a matter of fact,” vols. 1–2, 1956). G.'s further work is devoted to the themes of the Holocaust and the revival of Hebrews. people in the State of Israel. In 1956, Sat. "Fun mein gantser mi" ("Of all my work"), which includes the best poems written over many years. years.

glavatskiy mikhail efimovich
has abstract: GLAVATSKY Mikhail Efimovich (b. 1924, Uman, Kiev province), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1976). In 1941–45 he worked at a defense plant in Sverdlovsk. Graduated from East. Faculty of Ural University (1950), teaches in the same place (since 1976 prof.). 1975–90 Deputy. prev. Grew up. interuniversity problem council for the study of cultural history, since 1992 deputy. prev. Interuniversity Council of the Russian Federation for the Study of the History of the Intelligentsia, hands. scientific. programs "XX century in the fate of the intelligentsia of the Urals." Author of works on the history of the intelligentsia in the USSR, for a series of works in this region. in 1985 he was awarded the 1st prize of the Academic Council of the Ural Unt for the best research, in 1993 the team of authors under the supervision of. G. was awarded by the competition committee of the program "Renewal of humanitarian education" (Soros Foundation) with a diploma for the development of the account. manuals "History of Russia - 1917-1940: Reader". Vol .: KPSS and the formation of technical. intelligentsia in the Urals, Sverdlovsk, 1974; Horizons of Higher Education and Science in the Urals, Sverdlovsk, 1981; Historiography of the formation of the intelligentsia in the USSR, Sverdlovsk, 1987; Deeds and destinies of scientific and technical. the intelligentsia of the Urals in the 1920s and 1930s, Yekaterinburg, 1993; Grew up. intelligentsia in the XX century, Yekaterinburg, 1993.

glavno
has abstract: MAINLY, see Globally.

glazer simon
has abstract: GLAZER Simon (1878, Kovno - 1938, USA), rabbi, publicist. In 1896 he was promoted to rabbi. From 1897 - in the United States, where he was a rabbi in dec. mountains. Wed West. From 1907-18 - Ch. rabbi of the united synagogues of Montreal and Quebec. In 1923 he moved to New York. In 1923–27, the rabbi of the Bet-Hamidrash Gagadol synagogue, in 1927–30, the Bet-El synagogue in Brooklyn, and in 1930–38, the Maimonides synagogue. In 1907 he founded and was the first edition. Heb. daily gas. Kaneider Aid-lair. Author of works: “Jews in the book. Job ”(1904),“ Textbook of Judaism ”(1917),“ Solution of the Palestinian Problem ”(1922),“ History of Israel ”(6 volumes, 1930) - revision of“ The History of the Jews ”by Graetz and“ The Prophecy of Isaiah ”(1937). His son Benedict G. (1902–1952) was a prominent Reform rabbi in the United States. From 1942 until his death he was the rabbi of the Beth-El Synagogue in Detroit, Michigan.

glazman barukh
has abstract: GLAZMAN Baruch (1893, Kopatkevichi Mozyr district. Minsk province - 1945, New York), prose writer. Rod. in the family of a craftsman. From 1906 he lived in Kiev, where he studied at the state and technical. courses. In the end. 1911 emigrated to the USA, worked as a painter, studied at school in the evenings. In 1918 he graduated from the Ohio State University, in 1913 he made his debut with a story in Yiddish, collaborated in many. amer. Heb. periodic. publications (also wrote in Hebrew and English). Later he also published articles on language, literature, theater. The first book "Baginen" ("Dawn") was published in 1921, followed by Sat. "Oyf a gor" ("By a hair's breadth"), "Oyf yener occupy the ocean" ("On the other side of the ocean") and many others. others. In 1924-30 he lived in Poland, made a trip to the USSR, under the impression of a cut released the book. essays "Step un ishev" ("Steppe and settlement"). In Moscow published collection. short stories G. "Steinwebs" ("Stone fabric"), in Kiev, his book. "Fanaderfall" ("Decay"). After returning to the United States, ch. the theme of G.'s work was the life of the Amer. Jews. G.'s last story publ. posthumously in the collection "Zamlebicher" (New York, 1945).

glazman mikhail semenovich
has abstract: GLAZMAN Mikhail Semenovich (b. 1931, Vladikavkaz, North-Ossetian ASSR), culturologist. Dr. Philos. Sciences (1985), prof. (1986). Graduated from North Osset. ped. in-t them. K. Khetagurov (1952). He taught philosophy at Stalinabadsk. ped. in-those (1954–63), Kolomenskoe ped. in-those (1963–91), head. department of this institute (since 1966), scientific. sotr. lab. "Dialogue of Cultures" at the RSUH (since 1991). Research by philosophy. problems thin. and scientific. creativity and knowledge, history of Europe. philosophy and aesthetics, modern. western european aesthetics. Cit .: The problem of beauty in Hegel's aesthetics, Stalinabad, 1960; Sci. and thin. thinking, M., 1973, etc.

glazman yosef
has abstract: GLAZMAN Yosef (1913, Olita Troksky district of Vilensk province - 1943), com. partisans in Lithuania. Received a traditional Heb. education, was an activist of "Beitar". Since 1937 - hands. "Beitara" in Lithuania. From July 1940 to the end of June 1941 he was one of the hands. the revisionist underground, engaged in the illegal departure of Jews to E.-I. In the Vilna ghetto, he created an underground group. beitarians. In order to obtain information, he entered Heb. police and was appointed deputy. com. the ghetto police. One of the founders of the guerrilla organization in the ghetto, he was in charge of intelligence. In July 1943, after the case of I. Vitenberg, he left the ghetto in Ch. first gr. partisans and created in the forests of Naroch Heb. partisas. neg. "Revenge". Killed in action on Judgment Day in October 1943.

glazmanka
has abstract: EYEMAN, see Living.

glazov
has abstract: GLAZOV, city, regional center in the Udmurt Republic (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 18th century as the village of Glazovskaya, since 1780 it was a city within the Vyatka governorate, then - the district town of Vyatka province. In 1862 7 Jews lived in Georgia, 4 Jews lived in the district, in 1897 in Georgia there were 25 Jews, in the district there were 14 Jews. 1910 in Georgia - 51, in 1939 - 45 Jews.

glazov yuriy yakovlevich
has abstract: GLAZOV Yuri Yakovlevich (1929, Moscow - 1998, Canada), philologist, orientalist, translator, Ph.D. philol. Sciences (1962). Since 1972 in Canada. Doctor of Philosophy, prof., Head. ka (redroy Russian language and literature in Dalhausi University (Canada). Graduated from the Uyghur department of the Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies (1952), worked as an editor in the State Publishing House of Foreign and National Dictionaries ( GIINS) in Moscow.In 1960 he graduated from the graduate school of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, specializing in the region of Tamil language knowledge; Courses with A.M. Pyatigorsky For participation in collective performances in support of convicted dissidents and signing a collective letter to the international meeting of representatives of communist and workers' parties in Budapest on the violation of civil rights and freedoms in the USSR at the end of the day. 60s and early 70s was ostracized, expelled from the institute.Wife - Marina Grigorievna Glazova (nee Finkelberg), philologist, orientalist, writer, Candidate of Philology (1966), teaches at the university In the USSR, G. published a number of translations in Russian, works of classical Tamil literature, in particular, for the first time - the famous "Tirukural. A Book of Virtue, about politics and about love "(1963) and" Shilappadikaram ", or" The Tale of the (anklet) bracelet "(1966). In the 1990s. publ. a number of stories, poems and essays, literary-artistic. essay "Separation by the Ocean" (1991).

glazovskaya
has abstract: GLAZOVSKAYA, see Glazov.

glebova
has abstract: GLEBOVA (Shmulevich) Vera Ilyinichna (1885, Samara - 1935, Moscow), specialist in rare earth elements and rare metals, organizer of scientific. research and industrial development. Member RSDLP since 1904, member of three revolutions (1905, February and October 1917), citizen. wars (1918-19). Since 1919, the secretary of the lips. to-that party. Graduated from Moscow. un-t. In 1931 she was one of the organizers of the State. Institute of Rare Metals and its first director. (Subsequently, Radium Institute of the Ministry of Atomic Energy and Nrom-Sti). Under the arm. G. began in the country prom. mining and processing of uranium ores. One of the first in the 20s. pointed out the value of radium for the military. technology. Organized the development of prom. methods of obtaining uranium, tungsten, vanadium, strontium, post luminous compounds, action. Under the arm. G. was created in the country of rare metals. prom-st. G. also belongs to the research. in the region. inert gases.

glezer aleksandr davidovich
has abstract: GLEZER Alexander Davidovich (b. 1934, Baku), poet, journalist, publisher, collector of unofficial persons. Russian lawsuit. Rod. in the family of a petroleum engineer. In 1942 the family was deported to North. Kazakhstan. Graduated from Moscow. Oil Institute (1957). In 1957–62 he taught at a technical school, worked at a plant, in a project oil and chemical. in-those. He made his debut in lit-re in 1959.Since 1962 prof. writer. Reprinted in decomp. period, ed. He was a poet. per. In 1968 he created the first private museum of neofits. Russian art-va in Moscow. He was one of the organizers of the so-called. bulldozer exhibition of neofits. Russian painting (15 Sept 1974), dispersed by the police. In 1975 in Austria, in 1976 he moved to France, where he created the Museum of modern. Russian arts in exile (Montgeron). In 1980 he creates a similar museum in Jersey City (USA). In 1976 he founded the publishing house "The Third Wave" and the almanac of the same name of literature and art. Since 1984 publishes lit. thin g. "Sagittarius", since 1989 - almanac. In 1990 92 in Russia published independent. weekly gas. "Rus. courier". G. - the author of collection of poetry. "Nostalgia" (Paris, 1977), "Wrong March" (New York, 1980), "Mirages" (Paris, 1989) and others, rep. "A man with a double bottom" (Paris, 1979; M., 1994), book. about modern Russian painting "Rus. artists in the West ”(New York, 1976) and numerous. Art. in press.

glezer iljya isaakovich
has abstract: GLEZER Ilya Isaakovich (b. 1931, Kharkov), biologist. The author of a number of scientific. works. Graduated from biology. Faculty of Moscow State University. He taught at Moscow State University. In the beginning. 1970s applied to leave for Israel; in 1972 he was arrested and convicted under Art. 70 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR ("anti-Soviet agitation"), a sentence of 3 years in the camps, followed by reference to 3 years. He served his camp term in Mordovia, exile in Siberia. Since 1978 in Israel. He wrote under the ps. Eli Gleizes. G. owned by a publicist, Art. and book. Invisible Letters (New York, 1984).

glezerman grigoriy erukhimovich
has abstract: GLEZERMAN Grigory Erukhimovich (1907, Tver - 1980, Moscow), social scientist, Doctor of Philosophy. Sciences (1948), prof. After graduating in 1930 econ. f-that Ying-that nar. x-va them. G.V. Plekhanov taught at universities in Moscow. From 1941 p. editorial board and head. dep. propaganda gas. "Komsomolskaya Pravda", from 1943 worked in the army gas. Since 1945 - at the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1955 - at the Academy of Societies. Sciences at the Central Committee of the CPSU (Head of the Department of Philosophy, since 1975 Vice-Rector). Stal, etc. (1951). Cit .: The elimination of exploiting classes and overcoming class differences in the USSR, Moscow, 1949; East materialism, M., 1954 (et al.); About the laws of societies. development, M., 1960.

glier reyngoljd-ernst moritsevich
has abstract: GLIER Reingold-Ernst Moritsevich (1874/5, Kiev - 1956, Moscow), composer, conductor, teacher, music society. activist. Doctor of Lawsuit (1941). Born into a family of offspring. masters for the production of muses. instr-tov. He studied music at home, from the age of 13 he began to compose, played in the home string, quartet. In 1891–94 he studied at the Kiev muses. taught by O. Shevchik (violin), E.A. Ryba (student of NARimsky-Korsakov; music theory). In 1894 he was admitted to Moscow. cons. in 2 specialties: violin (class of N.N. Sokolovsky, then I.V. Grzhimali) and composition (A.S. Arensky and G.E. Konyus (harmony), S.I. Taneev (counterpoint, musical form ), MM Ippolitov-Ivanov (composition). Graduated from cons. With a gold medal in 1900, being the author of a symphony, octet, sextet, quartet. From 1901 he taught at the Gnesins music school. Since 1902 his works are published in St. Petersburg. publishing house Bessel, then with Gutheil and Jurgenson. In 1903 he appeared in concerts as a violinist and pianist. In 1905 he was awarded Glinkinskaya Prospect for the 1st sextet. In 1906–08 he studied conducting with O. Fried (Berlin), with 1910 performs as a conductor in Moscow, Odessa, Kiev, Kharkov, Baku, Tiflis, Rostov-on-Don. 1913–20 professional composition class of the Kiev cons. (Since 1914 also conductor), conductor of an opera orc, chamber instructor classes. In 1920–41 Prof. Moscow cons. in composition class. His students at different times were N.Ya. Myaskovsky, S.S. Prokofiev, B.N. Lyatoshinsky, L.N. Revutsky, B.N. .Aleksandrov, L.K. Knipper, simultaneously head of the musical section of the Moscow department bunk bed education, employee of Moscow. dep. People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR. G. - member. ethnographic. section Mosk. proletkulta - showed great interest in the nat. cultures of the Caucasus and Wed. Asia. In the same years he began to cooperate with Vl.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko and K.S. Stanislavsky, wrote music for performances of …

glik girsh
has abstract: GLIK Hirsch (1922, Vilna - 1944), poet. R. in a poor family, went to school, but in 1938 was forced to leave school to help the family. He worked for a bookbinder and at a paper factory. Since 1935 he wrote poetry in Hebrew, under the influence of the poets gr. Jung Vilne switched to Yiddish. One of the creators and ed. g. "Jungvald" (1939, No. 1-4). In 1940 and 1941 G.'s poems were published in gas. "Vilner Emes" Shtraln and Nae Bleter (Kovno). In 1941, after the occupation of Vilnius, G., together with his father, was sent to peat extraction, was kept in the Vilnius ghetto, despite slave labor and illness, wrote poetry filled with hope and optimism. Verse. G. "Zog nisht keinmol ..." ("Never say ..."), sung to the melody of D.Ya.Pokrass's song "That is not a cloud ...", became the battle hymn of Hebrews. partisan. During the liquidation of the Vilnius ghetto (1943), G. tried to break through the punitive cordon, but was captured and sent to the Goldfield concentration camp (Estonia). In the summer of 1944, during the Soviet offensive. Army in the Baltics, Georgia fled the camp with a group of prisoners and died in battle with the Nazis. Prod. G. are collected in the posthumous collection "Leader und poems" ("Songs and Poems, New York, 1953). Verse. G. "Zog nisht keinmol" has been translated into dozens of languages, and the poet himself became one of the heroes of P. Markish's poem "Milhome" ("War").

glikman dmitriy petrovich
has abstract: GLIKMAN Dmitry Petrovich (1874, Slutsk, Minsk province - 1930s), playwright, journalist, theater, and lit. critic. The son of the head. Heb. uch-schm. Graduated from law. f-t Novoros. un-that (Odessa, 1903). In the end. 19th century was published in St. Petersburg. g. "Rul", "Morning", into the gas. "Stock Exchange". From 1904 head. department in gas. "News and Exchange Gazette". Collaborated in satirical. g. "Woodpecker", "Meteor", "Moment", etc., after 1917 - in satirical. g. "Inspector" and "Mukhomor". He also published theater, articles and reviews in Zh. "Life of Art" and gas. "Bulletin of theater and art". Plays by G. "White Tea", "Moral Education", "Utopia", "Who Are There Two |", the comedy "Everything is conditional" before the revolution were staged in St. Petersburg, Kiev and other cities.

gliksberg shimon yaakov
has abstract: GLIKSBERG Shimon Yaakov (1870, Mezhirichi - 1950, Tel Aviv), rabbi. Rod. in a Hasidic rabbinical family. He studied at the yeshiva in the Svisloch metro station (Minsk province). Participated in the work of founding, the Congress of Mizrahi (Vilna, 1902), was elected to the Central Committee of the movement. From 1902 - a rabbi in Minsk, from 1906 - in Odessa. 1917–37 - Ch. rabbi of Odessa. In 1917 he was elected to the Odessa mountains. advice. In 1918 he took part in the work of Vseukrainsk. Heb. Congress. 1923–28 repeatedly participated in "religious disputes" organized by the authorities in the mountains. t-re or at the stadium in the presence of thousands of listeners. From 1937 - in E.-I. He headed the rabbinical court of Tel Aviv.

glikson moshe
has abstract: GLIKSON Moshe (1878, Kholinka, Grodno province - 1939), journalist, society. activist. Zionist, started his activity in Zap. Europe among the Hebrews. students. There was work. 6th Zionist, Congr. (1903) and subsequent Congr. 1908-14 sec. to-that Hovevey Zion in Odessa. In 1910 he began to publish Art. in Hebrew in "Ga-Olam", and later in "Ha-Shiloah". After Feb. Revolution of 1917 edited daily in Moscow. gas. in Hebrew "Ha-Am". From 1919 in E.-I. In 1923–38 he edited the daily. gas. "Ha-Aretz", which during this period became an important Zionist, the body supporting the policy of H. Weizmann, the leadership of the Zionist. movement and opposed to revisionism. G. was Ch. the ideologue of Ga-noar Ga-zioni and progressive Zionism. Author of monograph. about Ahad ha-Am (1927) and Maimonides (1935). Act. societies. activist. Member to-that language. Hebrew and the reign of Heb. un-ta (Jerusalem). His book. "Yshim ba-Mada u-ba-sifrut" ("Personality in Science and Literature") appeared after his death (1940-1941). View also published 2 volumes of his collection. op. He died in E.-I.

glinitsa
has abstract: GLINITSA, see Znamenka, Chernihiv region.

glinka
has abstract: GLINKA, a village, a regional center in the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Roslavl u. Smolensk Gubernia. In 1939 there were 41 Jews living in Georgia. In 1931 there was a Jewish collective farm (34 farms) in Georgia.

glinki
has abstract: GLINKI, a village in the Rivne region of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1855 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919-39 it was in the Volyn Voevodstvo as a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1855 12 Jewish families lived in Georgia, in 1897 there were 346 Jews (38%), in 1921 - 317 Jews (28%) In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Georgia by the troops of the Directory; several Jews were killed and houses were plundered. In 1942 Jews of Georgia were sent to the Rovno ghetto.

glinnaya
has abstract: CLAY, see Klinnaya.

glinniki
has abstract: GLINNIKI, see Annopol, Khmelnytsky region.

glinnoe
has abstract: CLAY, a village in the Rokitnovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Mozyr u. Minsk province. In 1897, approx. 50 Jews (approx. 6%), in 1910 - 5-6 Jews. The Jews of Georgia were Stolin Hasidim. There was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery.

glinoe
has abstract: CLAY, see Khlina.

glinoetsk
has abstract: GLINOECK, a village in the Ciechanow Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - the village of Tsekhanovsky u. Plock Gubernia. In 1897, 96 Jews (19.5%) lived in Georgia.

glinsk
has abstract: GLINSK, a village in the Romny district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in 1446.Since 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the provincial town of Romensky u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1855, 94 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1863 - 242, in 1865 - 302, in 1897 - c. 300, in 1910 - 178, in 1920 - 128, in 1923 - 132, in 1939 - 46 Jews. Jews lived in Georgia from the first half. 19th century In 1863, Georgia had a synagogue, and in 1910, a Jewish cemetery. In 1919, there was a pogrom by units of the Volunteer Army. 1941 the Jewish population of Georgia was destroyed.

glinskoe
has abstract: GLINSKOE, a village in Zhovkivsky district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 124 Jews lived in Georgia. 1942 Jews of Georgia were sent to the Belzec extermination camp.

glinyanaya
has abstract: CLAY, see Clay.

glinyanoe
has abstract: CLAY, a village in the Dobrovelichkovsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Glinyanaya Elizavetgrad u. Kherson province. In 1942, 63 Jews were shot in Georgia.

glinyany
has abstract: GLINYANY, an urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Zolochevsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1379. In the 16th and 18th centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Peremyshlianskiy povet in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Ternopil Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 688 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1860 - 1286 (40.7%), in 1870 - 175 (44.1% ), in 1880 - 1926 (44.8%), in 1890 - 2088 (45.2%), in 1900 - 2177 (44.4%), in 1910 - 2418 (45.2%), in 1921 - 1679 (38.5%), in 1931 - approx. 1900 Jews. First mention. about Jews in Georgia belongs to 1474. In the beginning. 17th century Jews of G. rented a brewing plant. The Jews of Georgia suffered during the "Khmelnytsky land". In the beginning. 18th century some of the Jews of Georgia shared the ideas of Sabbatai Zvi. In 1721 a stone synagogue was built on the site of an old wooden one. All R. 18th century Nachman Rapoport was the rabbi of G. in the 1840s. Rabbi of G. was Arie-Leibush Rapoport (? -1848), then Shloyme-Zalman Rosen (? -1874), from 1850 - Yehiel-Mikhl Moskovich (1818-1867), his place was taken by his son Bezalel-Yeshuva (1840-1914, Bolekhov), then - the son of the last Chaim (? -1921), then at the end. 19 - early. 20th century - Itzkhok-Eliezer Grinberg, in 1910-20 - Meir Shapiro. From 1850 a Hasidic court was located in Georgia. In 1894, at the expense of Baron Hirsch, a 4-class school (200 students) was opened, in 1895 - Baron Hirsch's school. In 1898 a Zionist organization was created. In 1905 one of the streets of G. was named after him. T. Herzl. In 1909 a Hebrew school was opened, in 1915 - children. house. In nov. 1914, a pogrom broke out in Georgia, staged by the Cossack units of the Russian. army. In the 1920s and 30s. in G. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. After the annexation to the USSR, a school with teaching in Yiddish …

glitsenshteyn enriko
has abstract: GLITSENSTEIN Enrico (Henoch) (1870, Turek, Kalisz province - 1942), sculptor, painter, graphic artist. Studied as a rabbi, rice. signs, worked as a carver on the village. in Lodz. He studied art in Munich, where he became a laureate of Rome Ave (1894, 1897). In 1897 he moved to Italy, but in 1928 because of his refusal to join fasc. the party left for the USA (New York). On the recommendation of O. Roden was elected hon. member Tov-va of Graceful Lawsuits G. was ch. arr. carver, most of the work is made of oak or walnut. Prefers. difficult method of cutting the material directly. He created severe monolithic, strictly outlined statues. In sculpt., Engravings and small. number of paintings G. tried to convey the mobility and variability of the real world by increasing, reducing, distorting the form. Among the engravings of G., made with a dry needle, more than 60 sheets for the Book of Prop. Samuel. For sculptors. portraits he posed for Franklin D. Roosevelt, I. Paderewski, Sir Israel Gollanz and others. The works of G. are kept in many. museums of the world, incl. in the museum named after him. in Safed, where his library is located. Son of G. - Emmanuel Romano (1897, Rome - |), painter. In 1928 he changed his name and moved to the USA (New York). Created frescoes for a number of buildings, but more known. as a portrait painter. He is an outstanding colorist.

glizer yudifj samoylovna
has abstract: GLIZER Judith Samoilovna (1904, Rogachev, Volyn province - 1968, Moscow), actress. She studied at the studio of the 1st Worker Proletkult. In 1921-28 the actress of this t-ra. Already in the first roles - Dancer ("Mexican" by J. London), Margot ("Hear, Moscow |" by S.M. Tretyakov, directed by S.M. Eisenstein) traits of G.'s talent are the striving for ultimate stage expressiveness, generalization, and depth of psychological analysis. In 1927, G. played the role of Skoblo ("Power" by A.G. Glebov). From 1928 until the end of his life - in the troupe of Moscow. t-ra Revolution (now Moscow t-r named after V. Mayakovsky). She created images marked by the sharpness and boldness of stage decisions: Glafira (Inga by Glebova), Kiksi (Street of Joy by N.A. Zarkhi, 1932), Rakhil (Battle in the West by V.V. Vishnevsky, 1933), Tsezarin ("Ladder of Glory" by E. Scribe, 1936), Queen Elizabeth ("Mary Stuart" by F. Schiller, 1940), Constance ("An Ordinary Man" by L.M. Leonov), Lavinia ("Ladies and Gentlemen" by L. Hellman, 1949). In 1960 she created a complex, deeply tragic image of mother Courage in the play by B. Brecht "Mother Courage and her children." As dir. G. took part in staging the performances "The Art of Career" by Skribai "The Last" by M. Gorky (1937). She starred in the films: "Strike" (dir. Eisenstein, 1924), "Rise of the Fishermen" (dir. E. Piskator, 1934), "Deserter" (dir. V. I. Pudovkin, 1935), "They Have a Homeland "(1950). Nar. art. RSFSR (1954).

globino
has abstract: GLOBINO, city (since 1976), regional center in the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Vozn. in the beginning. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kremenchug u. In 1923 there were 21 Jews living in Georgia, in 1926 in the Globinsky district - 123, in 1939 in Georgia - 51 Jews, in the district - 117 Jews. Ataman N.A. Grigoriev. In 1942, several were killed in Georgia. Jews.

glodenj
has abstract: GLODEN (until 1991 - Glodnyany), urban-type settlement (since 1967), regional center (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - D. Glodeny Beletskiy u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 214 Jews lived in Georgia. On June 1941, most of the Jews of Georgia were evacuated; those who remained in the fall of 1941 were deported to Transnistria.

glodeny
has abstract: GLODEN, see Gloden.

glodnyany
has abstract: GLODNYANY, see Gloden.

glodosy
has abstract: GLODOSY, a village in the Novoukrainsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Gladossy Elizavetgradsky u. Kherson province. In 1910, 420 Jews (3.8%) lived in Georgia, in 1939 - 32 Jews. In 1910, Georgia had a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery.

glotser vladimir iosifovich
has abstract: GLOTSER Vladimir Iosifovich (b. 1931, Moscow), literary critic, art critic, researcher. children tv-va. Graduated from Moscow. jurid. Institute (1953). Was lit. sec. S.Ya.Marshak (1956–64, with interruptions), K.I. Chukovsky (periodically, in the 1960s). Children. tv-woo dedicated book "Children write poetry" (1964) with a preface. K. Chukovsky, Sat. "Early Sun" (1964) with a foreword. S. Marshak and others. Literature for children and children. book a number of Art. in the collection "Books for Children", "Panorama of Arts", "Soviet Graphics", "Illustration". G. prepared a unique. tr. “Artists children. book about yourself and your claim ”(1987). Research TV-in D.I.Harms, A.I.Vvedensky, N.M. Oleinikov, in 1987–93 published their book. G. owns retellings for children of nar. fairy tales, plays, dramatics, radio compositions for children. Among the lit.-crete. G.'s works - Art. and rec. about Heb. writers: L.M. Kvitko, Doyvber Levine, R. Baumvol (f. New World, Zvezda, Pioneer, etc.).

glovachev
has abstract: GLOVACHEV, see Glovachuv.

glovachuv
has abstract: GLOVACHUV, a city in the Radom Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807, as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1844 - Posad Glovachev Kozenitsky u. Radom Gubernia. 355 Jews (42.7%) lived in Georgia in 1856, 1109 (61.5%) in 1897, and 2250 Jews in 1921. Hil Weinberg was the rabbi in Georgia; in the 1900s. - Meir Abramovich Zlotnik. The Jewish population of Georgia was destroyed during the Holocaust.

glovinskaya marina yakovlevna
has abstract: GLOVINSKAYA Marina Yakovlevna (b. 1936, Saratov), ​​philologist. In 1959 she graduated from the Department of Russian. lang. and literature filol. Faculty of Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov. Since 1960 - in the Institute of Russian. lang. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (postgraduate student, junior scientific researcher, scientific researcher, senior scientific researcher, leading scientific researcher). Doc. dis. - "Theoretical. problems of temporal semantics rus. verb "(1987). Works in the region. phonology, sociolinguistics, aspectology, theory of speech acts, lexicography. Author of about 70 works. Vol .: Semantic types of species opposition rus. verb. - M., 1982; Grammatical studies. Functional and stylistic aspect. M., 1989 (jointly with D.N.Shmelev, S.M. Kuzmina and others); Rus. lang. in its functioning. Communicative and pragmatic aspect. - M., 1993 (jointly with E.A. Zemskaya, T.G. Vinokur and others).

glovno
has abstract: GLOVNO, a city (since 1427) in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Glavno Brezinsky u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1793 there were 198 Jews (65%) in Georgia, in 1808 - 398 (70%), in 1827 - 784 (77%), in 1857 - 1237 (77%), in 1897 - 1317, in 1921 - 1430 (60%), in 1939 - approx. 2,100 Jews. Jews began to settle in Georgia in the second half. 18th century In 1793 among the Jews of Georgia there were 5 bakers, a butcher, a jeweler, 25 tailors, a furrier, a hatter, and an innkeeper; 6 Jews were engaged in trade. The community existed since 1822. At the same time, a synagogue and a yeshiva were built. In the 2nd floor. 19th century the rabbi of G. was Mikhl Pachanovsky, in 1908-20 - Eliyahu Laskovsky, in the 1920s-30s. - Elimelech Shapiro, who died during the Holocaust. In the 1920s and 30s. in V. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and movements. 13 Sept. 1939 G. was occupied by Germans. troops. In apr. 1940 a ghetto was created. In July 1940 the number of Jews together with refugees was approx. 5600 people The Judenrat and the Jewish police were established. On Feb. - March 1941 all Jews were sent to the Warsaw ghetto.

glubochek
has abstract: DEEP, see [[Great Deep.

glubochok
has abstract: GLUBOCHOK, a village in the Borshchevsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk province. During the German period. occupation during the 2nd world. During the war, a labor camp was established in Georgia. On June 23, 1943, 63 Jews were transferred to Georgia from the liquidated camp in Chortkiv. V. Gutiansky.

glubokiy
has abstract: DEEP, urban-type settlement (since 1929) in the Kamensky district of the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Turoverov of the 2nd Donetsk okr. The lands of the Don Cossack, since 1870 - the regions of the Don Cossacks. In 1939, 10 Jews lived in Georgia.

glubokoe
has abstract: DEEP, city (since 1940), the regional center of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of the Oshmyany district of the Vilna voivodeship in the Rzeczpospolita. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Disnensky u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland. From 1939 - a part of the BSSR, from 1940 - a regional center in Vileika, from 1944 - Polotsk, from 1954 - Molodechno, from 1960 - Vitebsk region. In 1766 755 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1847 - 2183, in 1897 - 3917 ( 70.4%), in 1921 - 2844 Jews. about Jews dates back to the 2nd half. 17th century In 1742, Bishop Zenkovich of Vilna gave the community of Georgia permission to build a new synagogue to replace the old one destroyed by fire. From 1848 to 1856 Sh. Mogilever was the rabbi in Georgia. In 1886 there were 6 synagogues in Georgia, in 1901 there were a husband. Jewish school of Gufenberg, in 1909 - 2 private Jewish schools. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Georgia. t-in, in 1915 - a branch of the Jewish Society of Aid to the Victims of War and Pogroms. In aug. - Sept. 1915 in G. there were several. pogroms organized by the retreating units of the Russian. troops in the 1930s. In G., an underground Lubavitch yeshiva operated under the hands. Mandelboim. June 1941 G. was occupied by the Germans. troops. On Sept. 1941, a ghetto was created, which existed until August. 1943. The ghetto contained approx. 8 thousand people In the spring of 1942, 2,200 Jews were killed (except for artisans and specialists) 1.5 km from Georgia; in the fall of 1942, c. 1 thousand Jews. In aug. 1943, during the liquidation of the ghetto, its prisoners were armed. resistance. During the liquidation of the ghetto, 5,000 Jews were exterminated. In G. there was also a Jewish family camp, in which there was approx. 500 people After 1945, a monument was erected on the s…

glukhov
has abstract: GLUKHOV, city, regional center in the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1152. From 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - a county town of Chernigov province. 1 Jew lived in Georgia in 1736, in 1847 - 1383, in 1862 - 2562, in 1863 - 2517, in 1886 - 3176, in 1897 - 3853 (26%), in 1910 - 5177, in 1920 - 2084, in 1923 - 2362, in 1926 - 2551 (15.9%), in 1939 - 1501 Jews. In 1800 in Glukhovsky district. 175 merchants and petty bourgeois - Jews are registered. From 1887 Sh. Aronson was the rabbi in Georgia, and from 1890 Yisroel Shumyatsky (1862—?). At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. There were 3 synagogues in Georgia (the date of construction of the first is unknown, the second was opened in 1853, the third in 1871), and a Jewish cemetery (the oldest surviving monument to the early 20th century dates from 1823; among those buried is the writer E.-Ts. Zweifel) , as well as about-in benefits to the poor and loan-save. m-in, main. in 1898, society. cheder (50 students). In 1910, the box collection amounted to 3600 rubles. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Georgia. m-in. In 1915 she worked as a Talmud Torah. Main the occupation of the Jewish population is tailoring and trade. In March 1918, as a result of a pogrom organized by parts of the Kr. Army, approx. 270 Jews (including a 75-year-old rabbi). The mikvah was closed in 1928. 1941 in Georgia, several were shot. hundreds of Jews. In 1948 the religion was liquidated. community in G. Ya.N. Drobnis, A.L. Kaplunov, M.O.Razumov, I.S.Shklovsky, Z.I.Shneiderov.

glusha
has abstract: GLUSHA, an urban-type settlement (since 1935) in the Bobruisk district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Bobruisk u. Minsk province. 53 Jews (6.7%) lived in Georgia in 1926, 67 Jews in 1939. In the fall of 1941, several were shot in Georgia. Jews.

glushkevichi
has abstract: GLUSHKEVICHI, a village in the Lelchitsky district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Mozyr u. Minsk province. 140 Jews (10.2%) lived in Georgia in 1897. In the fall of 1941, several were shot in Georgia. Jews.

glusk
has abstract: GLUSK, an urban-type settlement (since 1938), a regional center in the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Minsk powiat as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Bobruisk u. Minsk province. In 1924-62 and since 1966 - a regional center (until 1930 - in the Bobruisk region, in 1938-44 - in Polesskaya, in 1944-54 - Bobruisk, in 1954-60 - Minsk, since 1960 - Mogilev region). In 1847 3148 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1897 - 3801 (71.3%), in 1923 - 2614, in 1926 - 2581 (58.3%), in 1938 - 1935 Jews. about Jews in Georgia belongs to the third quarter of the 17th century. Until 1711, Yehiel Geilprin was rabbi in Georgia, and in 1905 a self-defense detachment was formed in Georgia. In 1909 there were bunks. Jewish school with wives. change, Jewish library. Among the main. occupation of the Jewish population - crafts (ch. arr. woodworking). In 1912, a savings and loan system operated in Georgia. t-in. During the germ. After occupation, a ghetto was created in Georgia. In 1942, approx. 500 Jews (on the territory of the so-called Kostelsky Val), later another 70 people were killed. In total, during the Catastrophe, approx. 3 thousand Jews. In 1948, Jewish believers rented premises for the synagogue, tried to register the community, elected its rule (Hirsh Leibovich Aizenstadt became rabbi). In 1954, up to 50 people gathered for prayer. In nov. of the same year, the authorities warned the community activists and banned illegal gatherings in unregistered premises. In G. born: Sh.-F. Margolin, A. Regelson; Grigory Yakovlevich Rapoport (Rappoport) (1890-1938), secret service officer, State Security Commissioner of the 3rd rank (1935), in 1930-31 People's Commissar of Internal. cases of the BSSR, "Honorary Worker of the Cheka - GPU" (1922, 1932). Lived and worked I. Geller, M. Lurie, P.S. Wagner

glusk avraam abba
has abstract: GLUSK Abraham Abba (2nd half of the 18th century), leader of the Haskalah. According to one version of R. in Glusk (in the Lublin province), according to another - in the city of Minsk province, bearing the same name. He is also identified with "Glusker Maggid", whose works were burned on suspicion of heresy in the courtyard of the Vilnius synagogue. Interested in philosophy, G. left his homeland in search of new ideas. After long wanderings in Berlin, he met M. Mendelssohn. However, the local Orthodox, circles and the head of Berlin, the community appealed to the authorities with a request to expel G. from the city under the pretext that he did not have a residence permit. Mendelssohn, who considered G. a deep thinker, helped him stay in Berlin. Later G. traveled to Germany, Holland, France and England. His further fate is unknown. Him. the poet A. von Chamisso dedicated a poem to him (1832).

gluskin aleksandr mikhaylovich
has abstract: GLUSKIN Alexander Mikhailovich (1899, Odessa - 1969, Moscow), painter, graphic artist, teacher. Volunteer (1916-18), then a student (1918-21) of the Odessa Higher. thin uch-schA, studied with YR Bershadsky and KK Kostandi. I became friends with I.A. Ilf, E.G.Bagritsky, Yu.K. Olesha, I.E.Babel. Since 1921 in Moscow. He worked in the department. Art of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR. Took part in the organization of the New Society of Painters (KNO). In 1922, 30 taught painting and drawing. in orphanages, schools and thin. studios in Moscow. In 1924-28 members. and a participant in exhibitions of the Society of Art. "Being". In 1927–30 he performed creative work annually. trips to Shepetovka, Slavuta, Berdichev, Medzhibozh, where he created. genres, and portrait. work in Heb. themes ("Boy on a Chair", "House in Slavuta", etc.), still lifes ("Drake", "Fish", etc.). Plastic production G. is expressionistic, has a contrast densely fused. colors, masses. In 1941–42 he lived in Samarkand and worked at the Izoagitmasterskaya. After returning to Moscow, he worked as an artist. for defense, plant (1942-45). In 1945-59 he taught, painting and drawing. in Moscow. mountains. children thin school. In the works of the last, ten. revealed the diverse states of nature (landscapes of the Crimea, the Caucasus, Russia, etc.), reached a clear psychological. khar-ki in portraits (I.F. Stravinsky, D.E. Melamid, etc.). The participant is numerous. exhibitions, staff. exhibitions in Moscow (1955, 1969).

gluskin mendelj aronovich
has abstract: GLUSKIN Mendel Aronovich (1878, Loev Rechitskogo u. Minsk province. - 1936, Leningrad), rabbi. Rod. in a rabbinic family, received a home start. Heb. religious education, and then graduated from the Hasidic yeshiva. After the death of his father, who was a rabbi in Parichi, he took his place. After the death of his father-in-law, the rabbi of Minsk, he became Ch. the rabbi of this city. In 1934 Hebrew was invited. community of Leningrad for the post of rabbi of the choral synagogue.

gluskin zeev
has abstract: GLUSKIN Zeev (1859, Slutsk, Minsk province - 1949), a member of the Zionist. traffic, entrepreneur. In 1880 he joined the Hovevey Zion organization in Warsaw, member. ord. Bnei Moshe, one of the founders of the societies. org-tion "Menuha ve-nahala", edges created the moshav Rehovot in E.-I. One of the organizers of the publishing house "Akhi'asar", a cut introduced a number of innovations in the dates. the matter is also in the distribution of literature in Hebrew. In 1896, the participant created. and the first ch. the Carmel community in E.-I. In 1901, as part of a delegation, Hovevei Zion visited a bar in Paris. E. Rothschild in order to convince him to take part in the creation. Heb. settlements in E.-I. In 1904, one of the founders of the Geula company, set up to sell privately owned land in E.-I. From the end. 1905 in E.-I., headed the "Association of Wine Merchants", which had wine cellars in Rishon LeZion and Zichron Ya'kov. During the 1st world. war went to Alexandria to organize assistance to refugees from E.-I. and the Jews who remained in the country supported the movement for creation. Heb. legion as part of the Brit. army. In 1925–46 he headed the Geula company. Author of memoirs (1946) containing valuable material on the history of the Zionist. movement in Russia and E.-I.

gluskina anna evgenjevna
has abstract: GLUSKINA Anna Evgenievna (1904, Tyumen, Tobolsk Gubernia - 1994, Moscow), orientalist, philologist and translator, Dr. of Philology. Sciences (1972). Graduated from Leningrad. east Institute and Japanese. dep. Leningrad State University (1925). Sci. sotr. MAE (1925–33), Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1933), lecturer at Leningrad Institute. east Institute (1932 38), Leningrad State University (1942), Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (1942–50). Main direction of work: ancient and middle-century. classic poetry and prose of Japan, history of Japan. t-ra and drama. Author of comments, prefaces, translated by: Manxiu. Fav., M., 1987; Japan. love lyrics, Moscow, 1988, works: Genetic. communication japan. bunk bed theatrical art, M., 1945; Short Russian-Japanese. Dictionary, M., 1950 (et al.); Essays on the history of modern. japanese. democratic literature, M., 1955 (et al.); Notes on Japanese. lit-re and t-re: antiquity and the Middle Ages, M., 1979.

gluskina gita mendelevna
has abstract: GLUSKINA Gita Mendelevna (b. 1922, Parichi, Bobruisk district, Minsk province), orientalist, Arabist-philologist, Ph.D. philol. Sciences (1968). Daughter of M.A. Gluskin. She graduated from the East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1949). Since 1951 - scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1953–54 and in 1957–90, teacher of the East. Faculty of Leningrad State University (associate professor since 1972). The author of works about unknown. manuscripts of Heb. writer and translator of the 12th century I. Alharizi "Tahke-moni", stored in the State. publ. b-ke of the USSR them. ME Saltykov-Shchedrin (in the book: "Semitic languages", v. 2, p. 2, M., 1965) and others. Compiled a number of collections of fav. works of Soviet Arabists, incl. “Problems of the Social Structure of the Societies of the Ancient Near East” by ID Amusin (Moscow, 1993).

gluzman semen fishelevich
has abstract: GLUZMAN Semyon Fishelevich (b. 1946, Kiev), psychiatrist. Rod. in the family of Dr. med. Sciences, prof. Kiev honey. in-that Fishel Abramovich G. Played means. role in the fight of owls. human rights defenders against the use of a psychiatrist, repression against dissidents. In 1969–72 he worked in a medical center. institutions of Zhitomir, Korosten, Kiev. He was one of the authors of the anonymously distributed “Psychiatrist. correspondence examination of PG Grigorenko "(1971) - the doctor who caused a violent reaction in honey. and societies, circles in the west and, therefore, the extent of the prevented owls. the authorities widely use psychiatry as an instrument of punitive policy. Arrested in May 1972. Incriminated “Zionist. propaganda ”, as well as reading and reprinting“ Cancer Ward ”by A.I.Solzhenitsyn. In oct. 1972 sentenced Kiev, regional court to 7 years in camps with the last. by reference to 3 years. He served his sentence in the Perm political camps, where he became one of the most act. participants in the struggle against the arbitrariness of the administration and for recognition of the status of a political prisoner In 1974, together with VK Bukovsky, he compiled "A manual on psychiatry for dissidents" - something like a recommendation for those who are subjected to a psychiatrist, repression. After the camp and exile in Zap. Siberia returned to Kiev. In the end. 1980s - member recreated Ukr. Helsinki c. After, on the basis of the latter, a purely lit. org-tion - Ukr. Rep. party (1991), preferred to stay in the UH G.Brat G. - Daniel (b. 1936), cytologist, Dr. med. sciences, prof .; head lab. in Ying-those problems of oncology and radiobiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.

glybokaya
has abstract: GLYBOKA, urban-type settlement (since 1956), a regional center in the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1438. In the 15-18 centuries. - as part of the Moldavian Prince. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918-40 - us. the Adinkat point was a part of Romania, in 1940-91 it was a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1940, approx. 130 Jews; Jews have lived in Georgia since the 1430s. The first Jews were immigrants from Moldova. Main occupations - trade, crafts, agriculture. There was a community, 2 synagogues, a Jewish cemetery. Between 1904 and 19030 there was a Jewish society in Georgia for rendering aid to the sick. The Jewish population of Georgia was exterminated during the Holocaust. In the vicinity of Georgia there is a place of mass burial of executed Jews, marked with a commemorative sign. After 1945, most of the surviving Jews moved to Chernivtsi or left for the USA, E.-I. and other countries; 4 families remained in Georgia in the 1990s. 2 Jewish families lived in Georgia: S.D. Abramovich, Yu.G. Tkachev

glybokovichi
has abstract: GLYBOKOVICHI, a village in the Kirov district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Bobruisk district. Minsk province. 20th century in G. lived several. dozens of Jews. On July 10, 1921, a pogrom broke out in Georgia, staged by the detachments of Ataman S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich; 24 killed, 3 Jews survived.

gmurman viktor efimovich
has abstract: GMURMAN Viktor Efimovich (1906, Odessa - 1988, Moscow), teacher, Dr. ped. Sciences, prof. After graduating from the Academy, com. upbringing them. NK Krupskoy took an active part in the development of topical problems of the organization ped. process, building account. plans and programs. Headed the department. schools and universities in the "Uchitelskaya Gazeta", at the same time. worked as a teacher in the school. No. 182 (Moscow). He headed the lab. at the Research Institute of General Pedagogy of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR (USSR). He performed the main. research work on the preparation of two ed. op. A.S. Makarenko, for which he was awarded 1st pr. APN USSR. Author of a monograph on the education of conscious discipline, et al. Izv. textbook "General Foundations of Pedagogy".

gnedin evgeniy aleksandrovich
has abstract: Gnedin Evgeny Alexandrovich (1898, Dresden - 1983, Moscow), diplomat, publicist, writer. Rod. in a family of political emigrants from Russia. Son of A.L. Parvus. During Feb. rev-tion student Novorossiysk. (Odessa) un-that G. participated in the roar. events; during civil. war, working in the villages. school, then illegally living in Odessa, became close to the Bolsheviks; member anti-Denikin Bolshevik underground in Nikolaev and Odessa. From 1920 he lived in Moscow, then in Petrograd, where he continued his education at the Polytechnic. in-those. In 1922–39 he served intermittently in the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. cases. THE USSR. Was the head. trade and economic. dep. NKID (1924), 1st sec. owls. embassy in Berlin (1935–37), head. dep. press of the NKID (1937–39). Known as one of the leading owls. international journalists; in 1931–35 (temporarily leaving the service in the NKID) Deputy. head foreign ed. in Izvestia. Arrested in May 1939 (immediately after the dismissal of MM Litvinov from the post of People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR). The 2-year investigation, which was personally supervised by L.P. Beria, could not get from G., despite the torture, compromising testimony against Litvinov and other hands. People's Commissariat. Sentenced to 10 years in the camps as a "spy" and "terrorist". In 1941-49 - in the camp, until 1955 - in exile in the Center. Kazakhstan. In 1955 after rehabilitation and restoration in the CPSU in Moscow. In the 1960s. publ. a number of Art. on the history of owls. diplomacy in Novy Mir and other editors. 1964–65 - one of the participants in the campaign in defense of IABrodsky. In 1966, when discussing the history of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Ying-those, the book. AM Nekrich "June 22, 1941", made a sharp criticism of Stalin and Stalinism. From ser. 1960s until the end of his life he participated in the movement for human rights in the USSR; was close with A.D. Sakharov and other human rights activis…

gnedina nadezhda markovna
has abstract: NEDINA Nadezhda Markovna (ps. M. Nadezhdina) (1905, Kiev - 1991, Moscow), writer, translator. In 1930 she graduated from the Higher. state lit. courses in Moscow. Lit. engaged in labor since 1930. Per. with him. G. Gross, B. Brecht, with French. O. de Balzac, E. Zola, T. Gautier and others; letters from J. Sand, G.F. Hegel, F.Hölderlin. Per. rum. F. Werfel "Forty days of Musadag" about the genocide of the arm. people.

gnesin boris yakovlevich
has abstract: Gnesin Boris Yakovlevich (1903, Odessa - 1975, Leningrad), engineer, designer of sea vessels. In 1927 he graduated from the Odessa machine-building. in-t. He worked in decomp. KB in Leningrad, at the end. 30s took part in the creation. battleships (battleships) of the Sov. Union ". From 1942 to 1947, the governor. Purchasing Commission in the USA. In 1947-54 Ch. designer TsKB-1, in 1954–67 Ch. Ing. and deputy. early TsKB-25. He took part in the creation of the sea. ships decomp. destination, incl. the world's first atomic icebreaker "Lenin". Became. pr. (1942), Len. pr. (1960).

gnesin menakhem
has abstract: GNESIN Menachem (1882, Starodub, Chernigov province - 1952, Tel Aviv), actor. One of the founders of t-ra in Hebrew. Brother of U. N. Gnesin. From 1903 in E.-I. Was a worker, sat down. teacher. In 1907 founded. Loves. troupe, edges performed in Hebrew with performances "Jews" by EN Chirikov, "Uriel Acosta" by K. Gutskov and others. In 1912, together with N. Tsemakh, he organized prof. a troupe in Bialystok, staging performances in Hebrew (some of the actors entered the Habima theater in 1917), in 1923 in Berlin - the Theater of Eretz Israel, with which in 1924 he arrived in E.-I. Was in it an actor and dir. In 1928 the t-r merged with the Habima troupe, which had come on tour. Author of the memoirs "My Way with the Jewish Theater". 1905-26 "(1946).

gnesin mikhail fabianovich
has abstract: Gnesin Mikhail Fabianovich (1883, Rostov-on-Don - 1957, Moscow), composer, teacher, music society. activist. Doctor of Lawsuit (1943). The son of a government rabbi. Graduated from Petersburg. cons. in composition classes by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov and A.K. Lyadov (1909). From 1908 he led a ped. and muz.-skylight. work - hands. working muses. circles in St. Petersburg, Yekaterinodar (now Krasnodar, 1911–13). In Rostov-on-Don (1914-21) he organized the first music in Russia. school (now named after him) and Nar. cons. (was her director), Society "Muz. b-ka them. N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov ". In 1914 and in 1922 he traveled to E.-I., met with the religion. and secular muses. folklore of Heb. communities, which influenced the muses. creativity G., who became one of the founders of prof. Heb. music in Russia. From 1923 he worked in Moscow, taught in music. school (since 1925 - musical technical school named after Gnessin). Prof. compositions Mosk. (1925–36) and Leningrad. cons. (1935–44), head. Department of Composition Music-ped. in-ta them. Gnesins (1944–51). Among the students are B.L. Klyuzner, T.N. Khrennikov, A.I. Khachaturian, A.S. Leman, G.A. Mushel. In 1941-42 the head. muses. part of the Mari muses. t-ra in Yoshkar-Ola. Initial. turned to the chamber-instructor. and wok. genres. In 1912–14 he created music for the tragedies of Sophocles and Euripides. Since 1917 he has been using music. folklore of the peoples of the Transcaucasus, the Volga region, and others. Hebrews occupy a special place in the work of G. thematic: op.-poem "The Youth of Abraham" (1923), suite from music to the play by P.V. Gogol "The Inspector General" - "Heb. orchestra at the mayor's ball "(1926), symph. fantasy ("in the Hebrew genus", 1919), variations on the Heb. theme for strings. quartet (1916), Pages from Song of Songs (1919) and 3 Heb. songs (1921) for orc., symph. poem "Song of the Ancient Homeland" (1919), "Dances of the Galilean Workers" for orc. (1923), "Song of the Wandering Knight" fo…

gnesin uri nisan
has abstract: Gnesin Uri Nisan (1881, Starodub, Chernigov province - 1913, Warsaw), writer, brother of M. Gnesin. He wrote in Hebrew. He studied at the yeshiva together with I.H.Brenner. In 1899 he worked in gas. "Ha-Tsfira" (Warsaw), published stories and critics. articles compiled by the book. "The Shadow Sides of Life" (1904). In 1900 he moved to Yekaterinoslav, then to Vilna, where he worked in gas. "Ha-Zman", then - to Kiev. In 1907, together with Brenner, he tried to publish in London. "Ha-Meorer", however, had no success, then visited E.-I. In 1908 he returned to Russia. G. was the first in the Hebrew literature to raise the topic of human alienation and loss of life. soil, resorted to a modernist, modern technique. Western-European and Russian. lit-ry. In his works. revealed the world of a Jewish intellectual who came from the Hebrews. town and trying to grow into a new European for him. culture. Main pov .: "Aside" (1905), "Bye" (1906), "Before" (1909), "About" (1913). G. translated into Hebrew production. A.P. Chekhov, S. Baudelaire, G. Heine, J. Wasserman and others.

gnesina elena fabianovna
has abstract: Gnesina Elena Fabianovna (1874, Rostov-on-Don - 1967, Moscow), teacher, pianist, music society. activist. Sister M.F. Gnesin. I learned to play php. from E.L. Langer, F. Busoni and P.Yu. Schletzer. Graduated from Moscow. cons. in 1893 in the class fp. V.I.Safonov. From 1890 she taught playing on ph. in the boarding school-gymnasium Arsenyeva. From 1893 she gave concerts in Moscow and other cities of Russia. In 1895 with the sisters Evgenia Fabianovna Savina-G. (1870-1940) and Maria Fabianovna G. (1871-1918) organized muses. school, transferred to the state in 1919 and renamed. in the State. indicative muses. school (since 1925 musical technical school named after the Gnesins. Since 1936 the school named after the Gnesins). Since 1895 he was a permanent director. uch-schA, later deer. uch. combine (founded in 1944), which included Muz.-ped. in-t them. Gnesins (now the Russian Gnessin Musical Academy), ten-year school and muses. uch-shche; from 1953 - artistic director hands. plant, since 1943 - prof. Among the students: L.N. Oborin, A.I. Khachaturian, M.V. Milman. Author det. uch.-methodical. lit-ry. Among the collection: "Piano Alphabet" (1937), "Small Etudes for Beginners" (1923), miniatures, 11 pieces (1927), 17 picture pieces (1943), "Album of Children's Pieces" (1950); “Preparatory exercises in different types of php. technology ". "Methodological manual for teachers and students" (1940) and others. Honored. active lawsuit in the RSFSR (1935) Sisters Olga Fabianovna Alexandrova-G. (1885-1963) and Elizaveta Fabianovna Vitachek-G. (1879-1953) - also musicians-teachers.

gnevoshev
has abstract: Gnevoshev, see Gnevoshev.

gnevoshuv
has abstract: GNEVOSHUV, a village in the Radom Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807, as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Gnevoshev Kozenitsky u. Radom Gubernia. 523 Jews (48.5%) lived in Georgia in 1897; in 1921, approx. 3,500 Jews in the 1900s Leibus Tyrangel was the rabbi in Georgia. 1940 a ghetto was created in Georgia, which contained apprx. 7 thousand people In aug. 1942 the ghetto was deported approx. 5600 Jews; 15 oct. 1942 approx. 1 thousand people was sent to Treblinka.

gnezdychev
has abstract: Gnezdychev, an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Zhidachiv district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, approx. 100 Jews in Sept. 1942 Jews of Georgia were deported to Stryi.

gnivanj
has abstract: GNIVAN, a city (since 1981) in the Tyvrovsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1629.From 1793 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Vinnitsa district In 1926, 142 Jews (7%) lived in Georgia, and in 1939 there were 361 Jews. On June 6, 1942, 276 Jews were shot in Georgia: 89 local, the rest from the surrounding villages.

goberman david noevich
has abstract: GOBERMAN David Noevich (1912, Minsk - 2003, Leningrad), painter, graphic artist, art critic. In 1929 he came to Leningrad, worked at the plant and at the same time. studied at the studio of ISORAM. In 1933–39 he studied architect. f-those of the Academy of Arts in Leningrad with N.A. Tyrsa and N.F. Lapshin. This means that a place in creativity is occupied by the theoretical. issl., author of monographs on nar. to the creativity of Moldova, Transcarpathia, Hutsulytsin and Bukovina, as well as the monograph “Heb. gravestones in Ukraine and Moldova ”(Moscow, 1993), where for the first time the gravestones of Hebrews were systematized and analyzed. cemeteries. Main paintings: "Kama Bank" (1949, oil on canvas), "Leningrad. On Kamenny Island "(1956, oil on canvas), graphic artist. works - "Red Houses" (1973), "Sleeping Village" (1975), "Old Man with a Pipe" (1978), "Bouquet in a Black Vase" (1983), "Ceramic Vessels" (1983), "Still Life with a Portrait" (1985), "Portrait of an Architect" (1985), "Landscape with a Yellow House" (1986). Works are in private collections.

goberman lev solomonovich
has abstract: GOBERMAN Lev Solomonovich (1892, Turov, Minsk province - 1959, Moscow), military. veterinarian. Major general vet. service (1943). In the army since 1918. Early. vet. service kav. corps of the army. 1939–41 - early. vet. Department of the North Caucasus. military. env. 1942-43 - early. vet. department of fronts. 1944-49 - deputy. early vet. management Sov. Army. Since 1949 - retired. He was awarded the 5th order.

goborin shloymo
has abstract: GOBORIN Shloymo (1883, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1930, ibid.), Rabbi. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. He studied and then taught at the best Lithuanian and Polish yeshivas. In 1914-17 he headed the yeshiva in Minsk. After the revolution, he left the yeshiva and continued his illegal teaching activities in synagogues and private homes. He was arrested, but managed to escape from custody. Since 1922 in Poland. He taught at a yeshiva in Bialystok. Was close to Mirzakhi's movement.

godiner shmuelj davidovich
has abstract: GODINER Shmuel Davidovich (1893, Telekhany, Minsk province - 1942), prose writer. Rod. in the tenant's family, the roar was carried away early. movement. In 1908 he moved with his parents to Warsaw, where he became a locksmith's apprentice. At the age of 17, he started working in metal. workshops, was engaged in self-education. By that time, his first lit. experiences. In 1912 he was drafted into the army, served in the Caucasus, in 1914 he was seriously wounded, taken prisoner by the Austrians, fled from the camp to Warsaw, from there he returned to Russia. In 1921 he entered Moscow. lit.-artist in-t them. Bryusov. In the same year, publ. into gas. Emes is the first story. Published in f. "Shtrom" (Moscow), "Stern" (Minsk) and other publications. First. book prose "Tog antkegn" ("To meet the day") published in 1924. Fame came to G. with the release of rum. Der mench mit der bix (Man with a rifle) in 1928. In the 30s. G. published several. kn., to-rye strengthened his reputation as one of the largest masters of owls. Heb. prose. ("Figurn afn rand" ("Figures on the edge"), "Jim Kuperkop", "Leader mench" ("Other people"), "Zaveler tract" ("Zavel tract") and others. G. translated into Yiddish man. M.Gorky, L.N.Seifullina, FVGladkov, Yu.K. Olesha At the beginning of the war of 1941-45 G. went into the militia and died.

godlevo
has abstract: GOODLY, see Garlyava.

godovskiy leopoljd
has abstract: GODOVSKY Leopold (1870, Soshly Vilensk Gubernia - 1938, New York), pianist, teacher, composer. From childhood he studied violin and fp., First gave concerts as a violinist. At the age of 9 he made a conc. tour of Russia and Germany. From 1882 to 1884 he studied physical education. playing with V. Bargil and E. Rudorf at the Higher School of Music (in Berlin). In 1887–90 he was with C. Saint-Saens at the Paris Conservatory. He toured a lot (including in Russia since 1905). From 1890 he lived in the United States. Taught at the Conservatories in Philadelphia and Chicago (until 1900), then in Berlin. In 1909–14, he led the class of higher pianists. mastery at the Academy of Music in Vienna (among the students - G. G. Neuhaus, I. A. Dobrovein, E. Vai). As a teacher, G. strove not to infringe on the student's individuality, he appreciated in her the ability to think musically. I paid special attention to finishing details. From 1914 he lived in New York. He gave concerts a lot until 1930, when he stopped performing due to hand disease. He possessed a virtuoso technique (he was called the “miracle of the 20th century”), while defining his technique as “smart,” and was especially famous for his left hand technique. For G. virtuosity was not an end in itself. In his pianist. craftsmanship combined sophistication and academicism. He was distinguished by impeccable taste, filigree finishing of details, he had the finest "picturesque" ear. Known processing and transcription of G. - virtuoso, with technical. tricks and compositional finds. He composed pieces for violin and piano; wrote cadenzas for the concerts of W.A. Mozart and L. Beethoven, made transcriptions of harpsichord works. J. F. Ramo, J. B. Lully, D. Scarlatti et al., Dec. processing of violin. sonatas and cello suites by J.S.Bach, compositions by K.M. Weber, F. Schubert, R. Schumann, J. Bizet, C. Saint-Saens, F. Chopin (in one arrangement he combined several of Chopin's studies, made processing for one left hand), …

godutishki
has abstract: GODUTISHKI, see Adutiskis.

gofenfeljd
has abstract: GOFENFELD, see Vysokopol.

goff inna anatoljevna
has abstract: GOFF Inna Anatolyevna (1928, Kharkov - 1991, Moscow), prose writer, poet. Graduated from Lit. in-t them. M. Gorky in 1950. Began to publish in 1947. Author of the stories "I am the taiga" (M., 1950), "Heartbeat" (M., 1955), "You may not be a poet ..." (M., 1959), “The Northern Dream: A Little Story” (Moscow, 1960), “Don't Trust the Mirrors” (Moscow, 1966), “Councils of Neighbors” (Moscow, 1979), rom. "The telephone rings at night" (Moscow, 1963) and others. G. owns a number of stories collected in collection. "Favorites" (M., 1979); "Favorites: Stories and Novels" (M., 1987). Main G.'s interest is ethical. problems, questions of friendship and love, duty and loyalty. Her work reflects various realities and collisions of her time, incl. military ("Line for kerosene", 1961; "In the evenings they sang", 1974, etc.)., "Heartbeat" dedicated. life of young doctors, pov. "You may not be a poet ..." - lit. youth. In later works. - pov. "Charlie, Mani's brother", "The boy with the glove", in the masterfully laconic stories, the deep drama of everyday life dominates. All R. 1980s turned to essays, G. was occupied by a variety of people. destiny: “Watermarks. Notes about Yuri Trifonov "(October, 1985); "Long Century". [Memoirs]] ("October", 1992), prepared for publishing. book LA Avilova “Stories and Memories” (Moscow, 1984). G.'s poems were published in periodicals. print. On pl. poems by G. wrote songs, incl. "Russian Field" by Ya.A. Frenkel.

gofman genrikh borisovich
has abstract: GOFMAN Genrikh Borisovich (1922, Irkutsk - 2005, Moscow), writer, Hero of Owls. Union (1944), Colonel. Since 1940 - in Kr. Army. In 1942 he graduated from the military. Aviation pilot school. From March 1943 - at the front, an assault aviation pilot. In 1950 he graduated from the Air Force Academy. From 1962 - retired. The main theme of G.'s work is World War II. He was awarded 9 orders. Vol .: The plane was shot down over the target. M., 1959; Heroes of Taganrog. M., 1966; Gestapo employee. M., 1978; My contemporaries. M., 1982.

gofman nekhemiya-dov
has abstract: HOFMAN Nehemia-Dov (1857, Gavra Rossiensky u. Coven province - 1928, Cape Town, South Africa), journalist, writer. The author of a number of popul. tr. in natural science. In 1877 publ. his first book. "Otsar Hemed" ("Desired Treasure"), which included the per. from rus. and it. g. Second book. "Ga-nosea" ("Traveler") was published in 1883. Comp. in f., published in Hebrew and Yiddish. For some time he lived in New York, where he was engaged in journalism. Since 1889 in the South. America, where he was one of the first to publish Heb. press. G. brought with him a Heb. font and in 1890 released the first w. in Yiddish "Der Afrikaner Israelit". Later he began publishing. other weekly "Ga-Op" (Cape Town), was responsible for the publication of a number of gas. and w., one of which ("Kinneret") was published in Hebrew. In 1916 he published an illustration in Yiddish. Sat. about the life of Jews in Yuzh. Africa, and in 1920 "Das zyudafrikanishe Yarbukh", also illustrated. He wrote stories in Yiddish.

gofnungstalj
has abstract: GOFNUNGSTAL, see Tsebrikovo.

gofshteyn david naumovich
has abstract: GOFSHTEIN David Naumovich (1889, Korostyshev of Radomysl district, Kiev province - 1952), poet. Studied at cheder, Kiev, g-zii and commercial. uch-shche, then to Kiev, and Petersburg. un-takh. He made his debut in 1917 in Kiev. gas. "Nae Zeit", and then to Kiev. alm. Aigns and Oifgang. In 1919 his first was published. poetic. Sat. "Bai vegn" ("On the road"), in 1920 - "Dig a blint" ("Red bloom"). Having settled in Kiev, he worked as a teacher in lit. and dramatic. studios. Published during the period, ed., In particular in Moscow. g. Shtrom (1922–24). In 1921 he published his collection of works. verse. "Ginen-Geveb" ("Dawn Fabric"), "Zunen-Shleifn" ("Solar Plexus"), in 1922 - "Walger Steiner" ("Boulders") and "Troer" ("Sadness"), in 1923 - "Intl fun vent" ("In the cover of the walls") and "Lyrics". In 1923 he left Russia, first lived in Berlin, then settled in E.-I., published poetry in Hebrew. In 1926 he returned to Kiev and was actively involved in lit. traffic. In 1939 he was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor. Has been criticized for nationalism and adherence to biblical phraseology. Published several. collection of poetry, where the talent of G. as a master philosopher was most clearly manifested. lyrics. Translated into Yiddish by Ukrainian. and Russian. classics, as well as abroad. literature (E. Sinkler, A. Barbusse, F. Schiller, P. Beaumarchais and others). During the 2nd world. war G. was evacuated to Ufa, was a member. Heb. antifash. to-that. Repressed in 1948, shot in 1952.

gofung efim mikhaylovich
has abstract: GOFUNG Efim Mikhailovich (1876, Constantinograd, Poltava province - 1944), dentist. He graduated from a dental school in Warsaw (1899) and Kharkov honey. Institute (1924). In 1899-1903 he practiced in Poltava, from 1904 he taught at the Yekaterinoslav dental school. In 1905–06, as well as in 1926 he improved his skills in Berlin. In 1906-21 he taught at the dental school and in the lips. zemstvo paramedic school in Kharkov; from 1921 - to Khark. honey. in-those - dean odontologic. f-that, prof. (from 1925), deputy. dir. dentist Institute of Science. tr. dedicated decomp. issues of dentistry, incl. pulpitis; author of textbooks on dentistry, one of the organizers of the higher. dentist education in the USSR. In 1910-24, the head. Kharkov Dental Society. Honored. active sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1941). Works: Fundamentals of prosthetic dentistry, Kharkov, 1910; Practical dentistry. 2nd ed. Petrograd, 1915; Materials for the clinical diagnosis of pulpitis (doc. Dis.) M., 1928; Therapeutic dentistry. M. - L., 1938 (co-author).

gognauri
has abstract: GOGNAURI, a village in the Dusheti region (Georgia). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Dusheti district. Tiflis province. In the 19th century. Jews lived in Georgia.

gogolev
has abstract: GOGOLEV, a village in the Brovarsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ostersky u. Chernigov Gubernia. Since 1904, Lieber Liberson (1867 -?) Was the rabbi in Georgia. On March 23, 1918, a pogrom broke out in Georgia, staged by the Haidamaks; 2 Jews were killed.

gokhberg david khaimovich
has abstract: GOKHBERG David Khaimovich (1880, Boguslav Kanevsky u. Kiev province. - 1964, Moscow), publicist, teacher, translator. In 1904–10 he was a teacher in the schools of the Society for the dissemination of education among Jews in St. Petersburg. After graduation. jurid. Faculty of St. Petersburg un-that in 1910 headed a school in Kremenchug. In 1915 he founded Tambov. region Heb. school for refugees from the Baltic States and held the first in Tambov. conf. Heb. teachers. He debuted in literature in 1905 Art. about fr. rev-tion, later published in different. Heb. periodic. ed. In 1913 he published the first. Yiddish study program and Heb. book for kids. After the revolution there was an ed. scientific-ped. dep. under Heb. commissariat, per. and edited a number of textbooks and scientific. ed., participated in spelling. commission for the reform of Heb. spelling. Since 1920 he headed the dialectologist. commission at the Institute for the study of Heb. history, philology and liters. His pen belonged to the research. on the phonetics and grammar of Yiddish, the evolution of Heb. literature for ate, era, methodology, literature, etc. Great interest for the history of Hebrews. enlightenment have his book. "Di nae shul" illustr. ABC (1913), "Methodical. instructions for reading and studying Yiddish "(1913). G. per. in Yiddish plural textbooks for the beginning. and cf. schools, incl. "The ancient people of Israel" by N.K.Nikolsky, "The life of a plant" by K.A. Timiryazev and others. Son Efim (b. 1910, Yekaterinoslav), societies. activist. 1928–58 - in the Sov. Army, engineer regiment. aviation. Participation. Sov.-Japanese. conf. on the lake. Hassan (1938) and 2nd World. war. From ser. 1970s collects mater, about the participation of Jews in the 2nd world. war. Con. 1970s - early. 1980s participates in the distribution. Heb. samizdat. One of the creatures. Moscow Heb. cultural and educational about-va (MEKPO), deputy. prev. Since 1990 - one of the hands. WAAD.

gokhberg izrailj tsudikovich
has abstract: GOKHBERG Israel Tsudikovich (b. 1928, Tarutino, Izmail region), mathematician. Graduated from Chisinau. un-t (1951). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1964), prof. (1966). He worked in Balti ped. in-te (Mold. SSR) (1953–64), in-te matem. Academy of Sciences of the MoldSSR (since 1964). All R. 80s moved to Israel. Prof. Tel Aviv University. Main results in the field of func. analysis and integral equations. He made important achievements in spectral operator theory, matrix theory and perturbation theory. Corresponding member Mold. AN. Member of the Israeli Academy of Sciences. Etc. Hans Schneider (1993) Cit .: Projection methods for solving the Wiener-Hopf equation. (Chisinau, 1967, jointly with I.A.Feldman); Theory of Volterra Operators in Hilbert Space and Its Applications (Moscow, 1967, jointly with MG Kerin).

gokhman khaim iegudovich
has abstract: GOKHMAN Chaim Yehudovich (1851, Drogichin of Kobrin district of Grodno province - 1915, Odessa), mathematician. In early childhood, he discovered outstanding abilities for mat. and practical. mechanics. Graduated from Phys.-Math. f-t Novoros. un-that (Odessa, 1876), passed the exams for a master's degree in applied mathematics, left at un-those to prepare for professorship, since 1877 privat-doc. un-that, but as a Jew did not receive a paid position. From 1881 he was sent to scientific. business trip abroad. Upon his return, he read lectures in the university on applied mathematics. and taught drawing. In 1890 for the work "Foundations of cognition and creation of pairs and mechanisms" received the degree of Doctor of Applied Mathematics. Only in 1894 he received a paid post, with the aim of having a post. earnings opened in Odessa private Heb. commercial school, however, as a result of the pogroms of 1905 and the increased emigration of Jews, the classes were empty. The threat of collapse caused G. incurable mind. disorder. However, until the last. days of life, taking advantage of periods of improved health, G. continued to study mat., astronomy, calendar studies, based on the study of the texts of the TANAKH and the Talmud, conducted research. by definition mat. and cosmographic. knowledge of the Jews in antiquity, argued that 2 thousand years before the new era, they knew the concept of the sphericity of the earth and its rotation. method of solving the question of gearing, M., 1877; Perpetual calendar for finding days of the week and numbers of months, Odessa, 1880; The theory of links, generalized and developed by analysis, Odessa, 1886; Kinematics of machines, Odessa, 1890; Drawing curves by means of circular arcs, Odessa, 1891; Perpetual calendar of the old style and calendar of the new style for 2800 years, Odessa, 1914.

gokhman veniamin maksovich
has abstract: Gokhman Veniamin Maksovich (1918, Bobruisk, Minsk Province - 1986, Moscow), geographer. Graduated from chem. Faculty of Leningrad University (1939), postgraduate studies in economics and geography. Faculty of Moscow State University (1948). In 1950–54 he worked at Tomsk University. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1976), prof. (1981). Since 1954 at the Institute of Geography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1966 Head of the Department and Lab. Of Geography of the World Economy). Made a great contribution to the development of theoretical. geography, theory and practice of societies, geography. One of the creatures. the concept of problematic regional studies. Works on the geography of the world. x-va, the location of the industry, the problems of geography and socio-geogr. US problems. Created foundations of the geography of culture. Member Int. Association of Regional Sciences (1967). Cit .: Panama and Panama Canal, 1951; Guatemala (both under ps. Benin VM), 1954; Geography is heavy. industry of the USA, 1956; Economic issues geography is capitalistic. countries. Geography of the US industry, 1956 (with co-authors); Econ. districts of the USA. North, 1958 (et al.); Total econom. geography, 1976.

gokhman yulius
has abstract: GOKHMAN Julius (1892, Bessarabia - 1970), labor leader. At the age of 11 he was apprenticed to a tailor. At the age of 13, he took part in a failed strike and decided to become a socialist. After leaving for the United States at the age of 15, he worked in New York as a lady's tailor and attended evening Wed. school, school of societies, sciences and Brookwood Tr. college. Since 1912 he became the organizer of the trade in clothes from the international. womenswear union in Chicago, Boston, Toronto and Montreal. Since 1925 vice-president. this union. During the intraprofessional. disagreements between right and left G. took the side of the anti-communist. gr. As a professor, he developed a program to stabilize the sewing industry. Since 1929 he has been the manager of the United Mountains in New York. council of workers of the sewing industry. G. achieved piece rates, the provision of training opportunities, which strengthened cooperation between workers and the administration and helped to increase the efficiency of production. G. contributed to the preservation of New York as a national. center of the sewing industry. In 1941, with the consent of the garment manufacturers, he developed mandatory standard performance indicators, a general industrial program. planning and creation. prom. New York's potential to turn it into a world. center of the sewing industry. G. belong to Art. (in English) "The reason for the strike" (1936) and "Prom. planning using a collective agreement "(1941).

gokio
has abstract: GOKIO, a village in Akhalkalaki region (Georgia). Until the 16th century - as part of Javakheti (historical region of Georgia), from the 16th century. - under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Since 1828 - part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Akhaltsykh, from 1874 - in Akhalkalaki u. Tiflis province. According to the testimony of Tsarevich Vakhushti Bagrationi (1745), Georgians (Meskhi), Armenians, and Jewish merchants lived in Georgia. According to other sources, there was a synagogue in Georgia. To the end. 19th century the Jewish community of Georgia ceased to exist.

golant evgeniy yakovlevich
has abstract: GOLANT Evgeny Yakovlevich (1888, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1971, Leningrad), teacher, prof. (1938). Brother R.Ya. Golant. In 1911 he graduated from Historical Philology. and legal. f-you Petersburg. un-that. In 1912-18 he taught in a private Heb. gymnasium. In 1918-28 he worked to eliminate illiteracy; his ABC book "Let's Learn" (1930) - one of the main. benefits for adults. From 1921 to scientific-ped. work in Leningrad: in Ying-those out-of-school education (1921-30), Ying-those scientific. Pedagogy (1925–38), Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute. AI Herzen (1928–71). He created primers and books for reading adults, in which the method of whole words and analytical-synthetic are combined. method of mastering literacy. Developed a wide range of didactic. problems, in particular, proposed the classification of teaching methods by sources of knowledge. He made the principles of teaching dependent on personal production, household and polit, the experience of students. In his works on the history of pedagogy, he paid special attention to the development of education in Europe and America. Naib, known written by him et al. with Sh.I. Ganelin a textbook on the history of pedagogy (1940). Works: School work with adults, M.-L., 1931; School leadership, L., 1957.

golant raisa yakovlevna
has abstract: GOLANT Raisa Yakovlevna (1885 - 1953, Leningrad), psychiatrist, prof. Sister E.Ya. Golant. In 1909-27 she worked in the clinic of nervous and mental illnesses Military medical. academy under the hands. VM Bekhtereva, where she was engaged in neuropathology and experiment, physiology. Since 1928 head. Department of Psychiatry 2nd Leningrad. honey. in-that and at the same time (1938–48) deputy. scientific director of Psychoneurological. Institute of Science. works of G. dedicated. problems of traumatic, infectious, vascular psychoses, as well as mental. disorders with vitamin deficiencies and alimentary dystrophy. She described the syndromes of hallucinations, speech movements of the tongue, violent states, feelings of weightlessness, as well as some rare gnostic and mnestic disorders, the phase course of encephalitis. A number of works after eating, mental disorders in hypertensive. diseases, brain injuries, tumors of the third ventricle, Alzheimer's disease. Member reign of Leningrad (in 1949-50 - his previous.) Vses. about-va of neuropathologists and psychiatrists. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1940). Cit .: On the disorder of memory, L.-M., 1935.

golant viktor evgenjevich
has abstract: GOLANT Victor Evgenievich (1928, Leningrad - 2008, St. Petersburg), physicist. D.ch. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1990), Ph.D. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1986). Son of E.Ya. Golant. In 1950 he graduated from physical and mechanical engineering. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic in-ta (LPI). 1950–56 at the Design Bureau of the Svetlana plant (Leningrad). He was engaged in the theory of microwave gas. Discharge and its tech. applications. In 1958 he began working at Physico-technical. in-those them. A.F. Ioffe (FTI); from 1968 - head. lab. plasma physics. Since 1987 - director. Dept. plasma physics, atomic physics and astrophysics of the Physicotechnical Institute. At the same time. from 1956 - assistant professor, and from 1967 - prof. PoI. In 1989 he headed the Department of Plasma Physics in it, a cut and is in charge at the present. time. Ch. ed. “J. tech. Physics "(since 1987). Basic work in the region. plasma physics and controlled thermonuclear fusion. Proposed and implemented a number of new methods of plasma diagnostics, DOS. on the interaction with her electromagnet. waves (plasma radar, scattering, absorption and emission of electromagnetic waves, plasma). Research diffusion of plasma in a strong magn. field and interaction of waves decomp. type with plasma in such a field. Took part in the experimental program. research plasma on tokamaks. Developed new methods of heating and compression of plasma and methods for suppressing anomalous diffusion and thermal conductivity in it. State pr. (1988). Works: Fundamentals of Plasma Physics (with A.P. Zhilinsky and I.E.Sakharov), Moscow, 1977 (translated into English, Japanese and other languages); High-frequency methods of plasma heating (with V.I. Fedorov), Moscow, 1986 (translated into English).

golaya pristanj
has abstract: Naked Pier, city (since 1958), regional center in the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1786. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Dneprovsky u. In 1897, 667 Jews (10.8%) lived in Georgia, 249 in 1923, 291 (5.1%) in 1926, and 276 Jews in 1939. 19th century a synagogue was opened in G.P., in the 1870s. - Talmud Torah, in 1907 - a Jewish hospital. In 1909 there were 2 cemeteries, a mutual aid society, 4 heders (50 students), a free husband. Jewish school. In 1907, the box collection reached 800 rubles. 31 oct. 1905 2 Jewish shops were destroyed in G.P. further pogrom was stopped by the peasants themselves. 12 Oct. 1941, 150 Jews were shot in G.P. Yu.N. Grigorieva

golbshteyn motl aronovich
has abstract: GOLBSHTEIN Motl Aronovich (1918, Novoukrainka Elizavetgradsky u., Kherson province. - 1993, Kirovograd), poet. R. in the family of farmers Heb. colonies. After leaving school he studied at Khark. gas. college, became a journalist. He made his debut in literary verse, in khark. youth Heb. gas. "Junge Guard" in 1934. Then published in different. periodic. ed. The first book. verse. "Funken" ("Iskra") was released in 1940. In June 1941 he went to the front, took part in battles in the regions of Kharkov, Lugansk, Voronezh, Stalingrad, Tula, Kursk; divisional newspaper. He started the war in stars. ml. political instructor, and finished her art. lieutenant. After demobilization he lived in Moscow, was printed in gas. "Einikite" then moved to Kirovograd in Ukraine, and ate, lived in Simferopol for two decades. In 1947 he published a second poetry in Moscow. Sat. "Meat bix in gant" ("With a rifle in hand"), which included his army poems and ballads. From the beginning. exit railway "Sovetish Gameland" regularly published poems, ballads and romantic poems. character.

gold ljyuis
has abstract: GOLD Lewis (1875, Zaboriya Vilna province - 1937, New York), builder, philanthropist. Since 1888 in the USA. Studied in the evening. School of New York. He worked as a salesman, then as an insurance agent, in 1901 he started a real estate business. Brooklyn's business and residential development owes much to his entrepreneurial spirit. In 25 years, he has built over 9,000 homes in New York. Brooklyn helped. an orphanage and Brooklyn. Heb. youth association, to-rye headed from 1905 to the last. days.

goldberg mozes voljf
has abstract: GOLDBERG Moses Wolf (b. 1905, Ruiena Volmarskogo u. Livland province.), Organic chemist. In the 30s. worked in tech. higher. school in Zurich. From 1941 in the USA, where until 1966 he headed the chemical. research at Hoffman-La Roche (Nutley, New Jersey). Sci. activities related to research. chem. compounds for pharmaceutical prom-ty used in medicine: terpenes, sex hormones, steroids, vitamins, antibiotics, etc. Author of Art. about honey. drugs in scientific. g.

goldentalj yakob
has abstract: GOLDENTHAL Jakob (1815, Brody - 1868, Vienna), orientalist. There was a deer. Heb. schools in Chisinau in 1843. In 1846 he settled in Vienna, where he taught Eastern. lang. and literature in Vienna University (from 1849). Publ. several Art. to Wed-century. Heb. lit-re. Edited by many. Wed-century. texts. Tried to renew the period, ed. Mosta and Kreisenach "Sion" (only one issue of "Neue Sion" appeared in 1845). G.'s correspondence with S.D. Luzatto was published. in "Kotvey Yitzhak". Also published the first. Heb. Arabic textbook. (1857) and compiled a catalog of forty ancient Hebrews. manuscripts in Nat. b-ke of Vienna (1851).

goldes
has abstract: GOLDES (Goldesheim) Oizer (1900, Chisinau - 1966, Kharkov), lit. critic, playwright. R. in the family of a watchmaker. He spent his childhood and youth in Berdichev. He studied at school, then in Russian. gymnasium, to-ruu graduated after the roar. There was a student philologist, Faculty of the 2nd Moscow. un-that. From the age of 19 he worked as a teacher in Berdichev, then in Kiev and Kharkov. In 1935–36 he was a scientific. sotr. Institute of Hebrews. culture at the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in Kiev. He made his poetry debut in literature, but soon took up literary knowledge, publ. in Heb. gas. and f. Art. and research. about the work of the classics of Heb. lit-ry and critical articles about modern. writers. He left a lot of interesting works about the classic. heritage, in particular about the manuf. Sholem Aleichem. In 1938 G. wrote the drama The Jewish Soldier, staged. Kievsk. Heb. theater, and in 1948 - the play "Other people" and several. one-act plays, staged. Heb. and ukr. theaters. Composition is of great value. im sat. Heb. folklore "Hershele Ostropoler" (1941). G. is the author. transl. in Yiddish Russian classics, as well as a number of textbooks on literature for Heb. schools. During the period of "the fight against cosmopolitanism" he was repressed, after reabil. in 1955 he returned to Kharkov, where he lived until the end of his life. Art. G. often publ. in f. "Sovetish gameland" and in Ukrainian. print.

goldfaden
has abstract: GOLDFADEN (Goldenfodim) Avrom (1840, Starokonstantinov, Volyn province - 1908, New York), poet, playwright. In 1857 he graduated from school, and in 1866 Zhytomyr rabbinical school. The first art. in Hebrew published in 1862 in Gaz. "Ha-Melits", and in the next. year Odessa newspaper "Kol mevaser" published his first article. Yiddish. In 1863 he began his theater, his career staging at the rabbinical school of Sh. Etinger's play "Serkele", in which Ch. role. In 1865 he published his collection of works. Art. in Hebrew, and in 1866 the first book. Art. in Yiddish "Dos Idele" ("Jew"). Songs on the next G. were very popular. He worked as a teacher, tried to trade. In 1869 the second collection came out. verse. G. in Yiddish "Di Idene" ("Jewess"). G. left Odessa for Galicia to devote himself entirely to literature. In Lvov, together with I.-Y. Linetskiy published humor, weekly. Isrolik. Then gas in Chernivtsi. "Dos bukoviner israelitishe folksblat". G. moved to the city of Yassy, ​​met there gr. "Brodsky singers" who performed his songs, and in the city of Yassy created his own theater, the first performance of which was G.'s play "Recruits". It was followed by other drama. production, G. travels with his theater to the cities and towns of Romania. In the spring of 1879 he came to Odessa with his troupe and enjoyed great success. He had the same success on tour in Elizavetgrad, Kherson, Simferopol, Kremenchug, Poltava, Berdichev, Minsk, Kovno, as well as Moscow and St. Petersburg. After the tsarist authorities banned performances in Yiddish in 1883, G. returned to lit. activities, publishes Sat. verse. "Dos fidele" ("Violin") "Isrolik". In 1887 he left for America, but two years later he returned to Europe. Peru G. belongs to about 60 plays, many of which are included in the repertoire of Hebrews. theaters around the world. Despite the naivety and primitivism of some of them, they were distinguished by their brilliant stage performance, lively folk language.

goldkhar pinkhas
has abstract: GOLDHAR Pinchas (1901, Lodz - 1947, Melbourne), writer. He began his lit. activity with poetry, but soon turned to prose. Publ. short realist stories. Since 1928 in Australia. He lived in Melbourne, where he owned a small paint store. He edited for a long time and published the first weekly. in Yiddish in Australia. Mn. his stories after eating, integrating Heb. emigrants from Poland on Wednesday Australians. His book. "Derceilungen fun Oustralie" ("Australian stories") appeared in 1939. One-volume fav. manuf. G. was published by Sing, in 1949.

goldman mozes
has abstract: GOLDMAN Moses (1863, Pinsk, Minsk Province - 1918, New York), journalist. He studied at the Volozhin yeshiva and then in Vienna. Since 1890 in the USA. He worked as a teacher, printer and journalist. He founded a short-lived Hebrew in 1894. g. "Ga-More", edited first together with NM Shaikevich, and then independently "Ga-Le" (1901–02) in Yiddish and Hebrew. In 1909 he edited the first. amer. daily gas. "Ga-Yom". Published the book. "Sayings of the Wise Men" from the lane. in English. lang. (New York, 1916).

goldman shlomo
has abstract: GOLDMAN Shlomo (1893, Volchin, Brest district, Grodno province - 1953), rabbi, public figure. The child was brought to the USA. Educated in the yeshiva of Rabbi I. Elhanan in New York and in Heb. theological seminary. Rabbi since 1918. After serving in Brooklyn and Cleveland, where he founded a conservative congregation, in 1929 he became rabbi of the Anshey Emes synagogue in Chicago and held this position until his death. Throughout his life he was occupied by dec. public posts, incl. presidency of the Zionist organization of America and co-chairmanship in the united Heb. the appeal board. G. is the author of a number of books: "Romance of People", dramatization of events taking place in everything, a fair in Chicago in 1933, "Rabbi Meets" (1931), "Jew and the Universe" (1936), "Crisis and Solution" (1938) and The Undefeated (1940), Everyone Dealing with Jews in the Modern World. In the last. years began publishing works on the Bible and its impact on the world. culture. 3 volumes were completed: Book of Books (1948), In the Beginning (1949) and From Slavery to Freedom (1958). GOLDMARK, family. Joseph G. (1819-1881), rev. activist, physician and chemist. Rod. in env. Warsaw. He studied at the University of Vienna (1838), in 1840 he entered honey. school. In 1845 he began research. in the region. chemistry. When the revolution took place in Vienna in 1848, G. worked in a hospital. As a volunteer, he joined Acad. legion, became before. student union and was elected to the Reichstag. Accused of complicity in the murder of a military man. min. Latour, G. fled the country (later he was sentenced to death in absentia) and in 1850 moved from France to New York. Initially, G. practiced as a doctor. In 1857 he received a patent for the production of a mercury mixture, in 1859 he organized the production of fuses and cartridges. In 1868 he voluntarily returned to Austria, where he was forced to stand trial. The son was Henry G. (1857–1941), an engineer who was involved in th…

goldmen emma
has abstract: GOLDMAN Emma (1869, Kovna - 1940), journalist, polit. activist. Children. and a young man. years spent in Kovna, Konigsberg and Petersburg. Since 1885 in the USA. She was engaged in self-education. She early became a supporter of the anarch. movement. Unlike many others. anarchists G. acted in small radics. emigrant, communities, lectured, published w. "Mother Earth", where publ. numerous. Art., in which tried to enlighten the immoral Amer. about-in and defended personal freedom. Was a defender of birth control in the years before the 1st world. war, which was the reason for her arrest and imprisonment, imprisonment, as well as the prohibition of w. "Mother Earth". In 1919 she was deported to the Sov. Russia. She left her in 1921, disappointed by the suppression of her personality. She continued to write Art. and lecture, but her watered career was over. I tried to help the Catalan anarchists during the civil. wars in Spain. Author of the book: "Anarchism, etc. Art." (1910), “My disappointment with Russia” (1923), “My further disappointment with Russia” (1924) and “Living my own life” (2 vols. 1931), etc.

goldovskaya marina evseevna
has abstract: GOLDOVSKAYA Marina Evseevna (b. 1941, Moscow), film director. Daughter of E.M. Goldovsky. Dr. lawsuit. In 1963 she graduated from the opera. Faculty of VGIK. Since 1963 cameraman, since 1970 director-cameraman Center. TV. She took off the doc. f. "Surgeon Vishnevsky" (1969), "Yuri Zavadsky" (1971), "Valentina Tereshkova" (1974), "Arkady Raikin" (1975), "Alexander Tvardovsky" (1976), "Mikhail Bulgakov" (1979), "Pushkin and Pushchin "(1980)," Tvardovsky House "(1981)," The Eighth Director "(1981). The largest works: "The Arkhangelsk Peasant" (1986, pr. MKF electronic cinema in Cannes, 1987), "Tumbalalaika in America" ​​(1987), "To have a theater" (1987), "Power Solovetskaya" (1988, special pr. . Mkf in Amsterdam, 1989), "Taste of Freedom" (1990, in the USA), "From the Abyss" (1991, in Austria), "Shards of a Mirror" (1992, ave. "Golden Gate" of the Mkf in San Francisco), "House on Arbat Street" (1993, main prize of the Moscow Art Festival in Marseille, chapter ave. "Europe" for documentary film, 1993). Author pl. articles about cinema. VGIK teacher, State pr. USSR (1989). Son - Livnev Sergey Davidovich (b. 1964, Moscow), screenwriter, film director. In 1986 he graduated from the cinematography and screenwriting faculties of VGIK. Author pl. scripts: "Assa", "Body", "Rare blood group", "Chill", etc. In 1992 he made his debut in directing f. "Kiks" (avenue on the Moscow Art Festival in Karlovy Vary, 1992).

goldovskiy evsey mikhaylovich
has abstract: GOLDOVSKY Evsey Mikhailovich (1903, Nikopol, Yekaterinoslav Gubernia - 1971, Moscow), scientist, inventor, film engineer. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1939). He studied at the State. cinema technical school, where he taught from 1924. From 1930 head. Department of Cinematography VGIK, prof. (1935). One of the developers of the first sound cinema installation. Supervised the creation of owls. systems of panoramic, widescreen, widescreen cinema. Author of many works on the theory and history of film technology. In 1938 he was arrested on false charges and released after a short investigation. Honored. active science and technology of the RSFSR (1947). Honorary member Int. union of tech. associations of cinematography (UNIATEK). In 1974 UNIATEK established an annual ave. Goldovsky, Works: Physical Foundations of Cinema Engineering, Moscow, 1939; From silent cinema to panoramic, M., 1961; Fundamentals of Cinematography, M., 1965; Introduction to cinematography, M., 1974; Selected articles, M., 1979.

goldvin semyuel
has abstract: GOLDWIN Samuel (Goldfish Samuel) (1882, Warsaw - 1974, Los Angeles), film producer. As an eleven-year-old boy, he emigrated from Poland to England, where he worked as a blacksmith, at the age of thirteen he moved to the United States, was a glove-maker's assistant, cutter, and traveling salesman. In 1912, together with Jesse L. Lusky, he founded the film company "Jesse Lusky Futures Play Company" with S.B. De Millem as Ch. dir. In 1914, the first f. "Indian Husband". In 1916, this film company merged with the film company "Feymous Player" A. Tsukora, and G. became president. the combined company. After pl. associations with the largest Hollywood magnates, he finally organized the Metro-Goldwin-Mayer company, and in 1923 the independent film company Samuel Goldwin Productions. G. attracted to work and "discovered" such movie stars as G. Cooper, D. Niven, D. Key, attracted writers R. Sherwood, L. Hellman and others to work in cinema. He highly appreciated the work of W. Wyler, who shot f. as "Chanterelles" (1941), "The Best Years of Our Life" (1946), and others. Dir. K. Vidor, H. Hawkes, J. Ford. He finished producing in 1958. "Porgy and Bess" L. Preminger, handing over the company to his son - Samuel G. Jr.

golenpoljskiy tankred grigorjevich
has abstract: GOLENPOLSKY Tancred Grigorievich (b. 1931, Harbin), literary department, societies. activist. Rod. in the family of owls. citizens, studied in Shanghai in Heb. school, after it was closed due to the internment of Amer. teachers during the Japanese. occupation - in Catholic. college. Before entering the whale. communists in Shanghai, which was under the control of the Kuomintang, was evacuated to the USSR along with other children of the Sov. citizens (1947). Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Leningrad ped. in-ta them. Herzen (1955). Cand. philol. Sciences (1974). G. - Americanist, author of eight books., Eating, Culture and Literature of the USA, trans. amer. prose and drama. In 1989, G. founded and headed the gas. “Bulletin of Heb. owls. culture "(" VESK ") - now" Mezhdunar. Heb. newspaper". Member reign of VAAD (1991), co-ed. To-that Heb. public in Moscow (KEOM) (1992).

golerkany
has abstract: GOLERKANI, see Cholercan.

golevi
has abstract: GOLEVI (Rabinovich) Itskhak (1847, Ivenets of the Minsk district and province - 1914, Hamburg), rabbi. He studied at the Volozhin yeshiva, a student of J. D.-B. Soloveichik. For a long time he lived in Vilna, where he was engaged in trade. He made a lot of efforts to develop Heb. education. Later he moved to St. Petersburg, where he published his book. "First Generations". After moving to Germany, he became one of the leaders of Orthodox Jewry Zap. Europe. One of the founders of "Agudas Israel". In tech. all his life was engaged in research. oral Torah, published v. on this topic in f. Ben Amy.

goligorskiy solomon davidovich
has abstract: GOLIGORSKY Solomon Davidovich (1911-1985), urological surgeon, Dr. med. Sciences (1961), prof. (1964). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Yassky University (1934). In 1941–44, a surgeon in evacuation hospitals. In 1944–66 he worked in Chisinau, having worked his way up from urologist to head. Department of Urology and Nephrology Chisinau honey. in-that. Since 1966 head. Department of Urology and Nephrology, Kiev med. in-that. Main scientific. works (over 270, including 11 monographs) dedicated. diagnostic issues, Ch. arr. functional, inflammatory diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract, the development of plastic. methods in the surgeon. urology, the introduction of nephrodological. principles in urology, the problem of acute and chronic. renal failure. prez. reign of Vses. Society of urologists, chl. board of Ukr. about-va of urologists, deputy. prev. Kiev Society of Urologists. Honored. active Science of the Moldavian SSR (1966). Works: Essays on urological semiotics and diagnostics, 4th ed., Chisinau, 1972; Selected chapters of nephrology and urology, parts 1-3, L., 1968-1973 (co-authored with A.Ya. Pytel); Adenoma of the prostate gland, Kiev, 1973; Pyelonephritis, 2nd ed., Revised, M., 1977 (in co-authorship); Kidney stone disease, Kiev, 1978.

golina
has abstract: GOLINA, city (since 1930) in the Koninsky Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Koninsky posad. Kalisz province. In 1808, 227 Jews (26%) lived in Georgia, in 1827 - 444 (44%), in 1857 - 614 (50%), in 1897 - 679 (38%), in 1921 - 695 Jews (29 %). the community existed in Georgia since the 1820s. The community contained a rabbi, and societies and charities worked under it. help. The Jews of Georgia were engaged in trade and crafts; they owned the mill and the shinok. In 1823-62, Jews were forbidden to settle in Georgia, as in the border area. paragraph. In the 1870s. Rabbi G. was Avrom Frost, in the 1910s. - Ts. Makovsky. Herm. troops occupied Georgia at the beginning. Sep 1939. In July 1940, all the Jews of Georgia were sent to Zagurów and the Zhagov ghetto. In oct. 1941 Jews of Georgia were shot.

golinkin mordekhay
has abstract: GOLINKIN Mordechai (1875, Kherson - 1963, Rishon-le Zion), conductor. He studied at the cheder. As a child, he was a singer in the choir of the cantor Minkovsky in Kherson. Studied at the Warsaw horse. (1891–96). Conducted at opera houses in Russia, incl. in Maryinsky t-re. Since 1923 - in E.-I. He created the first opera theater here, opened by op. La Traviata. Author of memoirs.

golitsyno
has abstract: GOLITSYNO, an urban-type settlement (since 1962) in the Odintsovo district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation) In 1926, 13 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1939 - 94 Jews (1.2%).

goljber leonid moiseevich
has abstract: GOLBER Leonid Moiseevich (b. 1909, Zlatopol Chigirinsky u. Kiev province.), Pathophysiologist and endocrinologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1947), prof. In 1932 he graduated from Kharkov honey. Institute and entered graduate school at the Department of Pathophysiology of the Ukr. in-that improvement of doctors. In 1935–38 he was an assistant at the Department of Pathophysiology at the Center, Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors and the 2nd Moscow. honey. in-that. In 1938–41 - Associate Professor of the Department of Pathophysiology, TsIUV. During the war 1941–45 - early. hospitals in the army. In 1945-47 he worked in the experimental. sector of the Riga Institute of Reconstructive Surgery, in 1947–61 - head. Department of Pathophysiology med. Faculty of Latvian University (Riga Medical Institute). In 1961-90 the head. lab. pathophysiology, and then deputy. dir. by scientific. work of Vses. in-that experiment. endocrinology (Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Chemistry of Hormones), since 1983 - scientific. consultant lab. pathology and immunology of the endocrine system. Main scientific. works are devoted to the problems of pathogenesis of systemic disorders in endocrine diseases, incl. with thyrotoxicosis and diabetes mellitus, as well as research. metabolic processes and fiziol. functions in the pathology of the pancreas and thyroid glands. prez. Vseros. about-in pathophysiologists and endocrinologists, deputy. prev. Moscow about-va of endocrinologists. Awarded with the Selye medal. Works: Some new data on the relationship between the spleen and the liver in metabolism, Riga, 1948; To the pathochemical characteristics of acute forms of gunshot osteomyelitis, Riga, 1953; Essays on the physiology and pathophysiology of the hepatolienal system, M., 1947.

goljdanskiy vitaliy iosifovich
has abstract: GOLDANSKY Vitaly Iosifovich (1923, Vitebsk - 2001, Moscow), physicochemist, Ph.D. (1962), acad. (1981) Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1944). From 1944–52 and from 1961 in Ying-those chem. Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1988 - Dir. In 1952–61 in Phys. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the same time. since 1956 prof. Moscow engineer-phys. in-ta.Osn. work on nuclear chemistry. Developed chem. application of the Mössbauer effect and positron annihilation. Discovered the phenomenon of asymmetry of Mössbauer spectra. Studied chem. positronium reactions, as well as the phenomena observed during solid-phase polymerization under the influence of ionizing radiation and shock waves. He substantiated the existence of two-proton radioactivity of atomic nuclei. Predicted the properties of neutron-deficient and neutron-rich isotopes. For the first time experiment. identified electric. polarizability of a proton. The author of a large number of scientific. publ. Ch. ed. g. High Energy Chemistry (1967–87) and J. "Chem. physics "(since 1987). 1989-1992 - pl. Deputy of the USSR. Prev Pugwash. com-that (since 1988). Linen. etc. (1980). Etc. them. DI Mendeleev Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1966). Works: The Mössbauer effect and its application in chemistry (Moscow, 1963); Phys. Chemistry of Positron and Positronium (Moscow, 1968).

goljdberg anatoliy maksimovich
has abstract: GOLDBERG Anatoly Maksimovich (1910, Petersburg - 1982, London), BBC radio commentator. From 1918 he lived in Vilna, then in Berlin. He studied in the French. Lyceum, later at the Berlin Institute of Oriental Studies, where he studied whale. and japan. lang. In Berlin he was also educated as an architect. After Hitler came to power (1933) he emigrated to Great Britain. G. worked at the radio station. BBC; listened, trans. in English. lang. and processed radio broadcasts in Spanish, German. and owls. radio station. Since 1946, when it was created. Rus. BBC service, began working as a commentator and columnist. Its weekly. observer notes and daily. comments in rus. and English. lang. have become the standard of journalistic ethics and professionalism. G.'s striving for the objectivity of coverage of events watered, life aroused criticism. In the 1950s. during the Cold War in Great Britain was organized persecution of G. in the press, conservative w. The "Spectator" accused him of pro-Bolshevik sentiments. In 1968 Sov. the press accused G. of espionage and subversion for his comments on the Sov. invasion of Czechoslovakia. In the late 1970s. in Sov. Union were ed. two books. about the dangerous subversive activities Zap. radio station. and, in particular, G. For merits in journalism was awarded the medal "Fighter for Truth" (1977). He was also awarded hordes. British Empire.

goljdberg ben tsion
has abstract: GOLDBERG Ben Zion (real family Veif; 1895, Golypany, Vilna province - 1972, Tel Aviv), journalist. He wrote in English. lang. and Yiddish. He studied at the yeshivs of Lida and Volozhin, as well as secular sciences with private teachers. Since 1907 in the USA. In 1917 he married the daughter of Sholem Aleichem. In 1920 he graduated from the department. psychology of Columbia University (New York) with the title of Dr. From 1922 - collaborator, in 1924–40 - editor-in-chief of gas. Der tog. He was one of the organizers of the Amer. branch IVO (Yiddish scientific organization after 1925) and about-va “Union of Hebrews. culture "(1937). Collaborated in Amer. birobidzhan. to-those, published pro-Soviet travel notes about a trip to the USSR (1934). In the years of the 2nd world. war was a member. Amer. to-that Heb. writers, artists and scientists, Heb. Council for helping Russia in the war, organized a reception in the United States of S. Mikhoels and I. Fefer (1943). Headed by Nat. to-t Amer.-Heb. friendship. Liquidation of Heb. culture and physical. the destruction of its leaders in the USSR changed the position of G., which was expressed in speeches for the departure of owls. Jews to Israel (book "Jewish problems in the USSR", 1961; "Journey across the USSR", 1966; both - in English). Collaborated as a socialist. gas. "Algamishmar".

goljdberg ber
has abstract: GOLDBERG Ber (Dov) (1800, Khlodnya, Lomzhinskaya province - 1884), philologist. Known by its acronym Bug. Orphaned at an early age. Living in poverty, he studied the Torah. In 1843 he moved to Berlin, was close with the leaders of the Haskala. However, without a certificate of education, he could not find a job and in 1847 he left for England, where he earned money by copying and publishing manuscripts in Hebrew from Oxford libraries. In 1853 he settled in Paris. Publ. 17 kn. and brochures, as well as many art. in Heb. period, prints, mainly signed "Divrey Baga" ("Word of Baga") and "Gam elle divrey Bagh" ("This is also the word Baga"). Main a contribution to the culture of Georgia was the preparation and editing of the Middle-century. religious texts.

goljdberg boris
has abstract: GOLDBERG Boris (Dov) Davidovich (1866, Shaki, Suwalk Province - 1922, Tel Aviv), economist and publicist, one of the leaders of the growing up. and int. Zionist. movement. He studied at high fur boots in Berlin and Hanover, received a diploma in chemical engineer (1891). From 1898 he lived in Vilna, where he founded a factory. In his youth, he joined the Hovevei Zion movement, and later became one of the hands. Vilna lips. org-tion of the Zionists; was repeatedly imprisoned. In 1905, one of the founders of the Center. to-that grew. Zionists, organizer and founder. speaker of the Zionist congress in Helsingfors (1906), participant of the 4th (The Hague, 1907) and 5th (Hamburg, 1909) congresses of E.-I. At the 8th World. Zionist. Congr. (The Hague, 1907) was elected to the plenum of the executive committee of the Zionist organization. Mn. years collaborated in a Zionist. periodic. print. After the revolution of 1917 in Russia at the 7th Congress, he grew up. Zionists in absentia elected member. Centre. to-that, before. his pa-lestine. commission. In 1919 he represented a growing up. Jewry in to-those Heb. delegations to Paris, peace conf. Since 1920, dir. dep. trade and industry Worldwide. Zionist, org-tion. From 1921 in E.-I., he settled in Tel Aviv, establishing a joint stock company there. about-in "Ga-Bone" and plant for the production of silicate. builds. materials. In May of the same year he was seriously wounded during the Arab riots and a year later died. Son of G. - Alexander (1906, Vilna), chemical engineer and entrepreneur, President. Technion in Haifa (1965–73). Art. brother - Yitzhak Leib (1860, Shaki - 1935, Switzerland), Zionist. activist and philanthropist.

goljdberg boris isaevich
has abstract: GOLDBERG Boris Isaevich (1884, Ekaterinoslav - 1946, Moscow), military. and desks. activist, household. worker. Member Communist. parties since 1902, led the party, work in Yekaterinoslav, then in Siberia. After Feb. rev-tion before. Garrison Council Soldier. dep. In Tomsk. Since 1918 in Kr. Army, lips. commissar of Tomsk and Perm provinces. Since 1919 teams. Reserve Army Rep. and the military commissar of the Volga region. Since 1921, deputy. prev. Ch. to-that state. structures, authorized by the RVS Rep. in the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade. Since 1923 pom. early Ch. management Kr. Air fleet, one of the creation. owls. citizen aviation. In 1925-30 again teams. Reserve Army. After 1930 on the responsible. households work.

goljdberg daniil isaakovich
has abstract: GOLDBERG Daniil Isaakovich (1906, Krasnoyarsk - 1973, Tomsk), pathophysiologist, hematologist. Dr. med. Sciences (1938). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Tomsk University (1929). In 1929–34, postgraduate student, assistant, in 1934–73, head. Department of Pathophysiology, Tomsk honey. in-that (prof. from 1939) and at the same time. (1938–52) deputy. dir., dir. this in-ta.Nauch. tr. G. dedicated problems of hematology: developed a method for identifying chromatin structures in erythrocytes; established the value of changes in gastric acidity for the development of anemia; revealed the features of the development of anemia in stomach cancer and after its resection; studied issues of compare, hematology. He offered an ointment (Goldberg ointment), which stimulates the healing of wounds and ulcers and is effective in the treatment of chemical. burns. Joint. with sotr. participated in the research. blood leukocytes using the tissue culture method, for the study of tuberculous and leprosy infections and explantation of human tumors. Member reign of Vses. about-va pathophysiologists, before. Sib. branch of Vses. about-va pathophysiologists. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1960). Cit .: Our experience in stimulating the healing of wounds and ulcerative processes. Tomsk, 1947; Mechanisms of acute leukocyte reaction. Tomsk, 1957; Atlas of microphotograms of the bone marrow in acute radiation sickness and the action of cytotoxic drugs. M., 1973.

goljdberg david isaakovich
has abstract: GOLDBERG David Isaakovich (b. 1908, Warsaw), orientalist, historian, Dr. Sciences (1956), prof. (1959). Graduated from Leningrad. east Institute (LVI) (1931). From 1932 to teach. work in LVI and LSU; in 1935-50 scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Member of the 1941–45 war. The author of St. 100 scientific. works on the history of the worker and socialist. movement, issues of external. Japanese policy in the 1st half. 20th century Member of the team. ed. “The latest history of the countries beyond the ruble. Asia and Africa "(L., 1963)," History of the Zarub. Asia on Wed. century "(Moscow, 1970)," History of the Second International "(vols. 1-2, Moscow, 1965-66). Cit .: Japan's foreign policy (September 1939 - dec. 1941), Moscow, 1959; Foreign policy of Japan in 1941–45, M., 1962; From the history of the roar. movement in Japan. September riots 1905, L., 1968; V.I. Lenin and Japan, L., 1970; Essay on the history of the worker and socialist. movement in Japan (1868-1908), M., 1976.

goljdberg efim iljich
has abstract: GOLDBERG Efim Ilyich (1910, Yekaterinoslav - 1998, Moscow), military. activist. General-leith. quartermaster service (1972). He graduated from the bargaining. technical College. In the army from 1932 to 1934 and from 1940. 1946–67 - early. center, experimental-prom. Commander of the USSR Defense Ministry. 1968–86 - early. Ch. Department of Trade of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR. Since 1986 - retired. Awarded 4 hordes.

goljdberg evgeniy danilovich
has abstract: GOLDBERG Evgeny Danilovich (b. 1933, Tomsk), pathophysiologist, Ph.D. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1984). The son of Goldberg D.I. Graduated from Tomsk honey. Institute (1957). Organizer and first hand. (from 1962) Center, n.-i. lab. in Tomsk honey. in-those. 1970–84 - Vice-rector for science and at the same time. (since 1976) head. department of pathological. physiology of Tomsk honey. in-that. Since 1984, Dir. Research Institute of Pharmacology Tomsk Scientific. Center of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. tr. on hematology, radiobiology and experimental. oncology. Conducted an analysis of radiosensitivity decomp. elements of hematopoiesis, gave the characteristic of biol. role of giant neutrophilic leukocytes, received new data on the role of the thymus and lymphocytes in the regulation of hematopoiesis. Carried out the research. anticancer drugs for toxicity, which made it possible to find out their side effects and develop methods for correcting disorders arising from the use of these drugs. Cit .: Interference microscopy in hematology, Tomsk, 1983 (in co-authors); Handbook of Hematology with an atlas of microphotograms, Tomsk, 1989; Tissue culture methods in hematology, Tomsk, 1992 (in co-authorship).

goljdberg grigoriy abramovich
has abstract: GOLDBERG Grigory Abramovich (1908, Tsarskoe Selo - 1976, Moscow), chess player; Master of Sports of the USSR (1939), Intern. Arbitrator (1965), Hon. coach of the USSR (1965), chess. journalist, engineer. Coach MM Botvinnik in the matches for the world championship (1958-60). Member of two USSR championships (1945 and 1949). Since 1960 - a teacher of chess theory at the State Central Institute of Physics and Technology.

goljdberg isaak grigorjevich
has abstract: GOLDBERG Isaak Grigorievich (1884, Irkutsk - 1939), writer. In 1902 he graduated from the Irkutsk school. Consisting in gr. "Brotherhood", published an illegal handwritten journal, for which he was arrested in 1903. In 1904 he joined the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, took part in the revolution. From 1907 to 1912 in exile, in the Bratsk prison and on the Lower Tunguska. From 1916 ed. published in Irkutsk gas. "Siberia". He began to publish in 1903. In the early pov. Confession (1906), The Verkhoturov Brothers (1916), the influence of Freudianism is palpable. He also wrote ethnographic. prose - from the life of the Evenks ("Tungus stories", 1914). The time of Kolchak's reign became a turning point for Goldberg: he breaks with the Socialist-Revolutionaries and demonstrates loyalty to the new government. In the future, action-packed productions. G. reflect the emergence of socialism in Russia: the novel "The Day Flames Up" (1935) - about the first Russian. roar. 1905, cycle of stories and pov. "The Way Not Marked on the Map" (1927) - about the heroics of civil. war, "Main drift" (1932) - about the work and life of miners, rum. Life Begins Today (1934) is about collectivization. Was repressed, reabilized. posthumously.

goljdberg itskhak-leyb aleksandrovich
has abstract: GOLDBERG Yitzhak-Leib Aleksandrovich (1861, Shaki of Suwalk province - 1932, Switzerland), Heb. total activist. Brother of B.D. Goldberg. Active figure Hovevei Zion in Vilna. A delegate to many Zionist congresses, one of the leaders of the Histadrut ha-tionite in Russia. Was an elector in the State. thought. One of the founders of the Carmel company selling wines in Russia. His donations to land funds were used to purchase the first lands in E.-I. From 1918 - in E.-I. Owned large citrus plantations. He bought land at Gar ha-Tzophim in Jerusalem and donated it to Heb. the university. Founder of the Ha-Aretz newspaper.

goljdberg leyb
has abstract: GOLDBERG Leib (1892, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1955, Moscow), publicist, translator. Rod. in a family of writers: his father was a Hebrew teacher and writer, and Art. brothers M. Boreisho - poet, A. Goldberg - ed. Warsaw gas. "Gaynt". Lit. G.'s activity began in 1914 per. manuf. L. Tolstoy and E. Ozheshko in Yiddish and reviews. He also translated the production. Sholem Aleichem and I.-L. Peretz in Russian. lang. After the roar. worked in Nar. Commissariat for Heb. business in Moscow, in the 20s. - secret. and deputy. ch. ed. gas. Der emes, ed. many editions, publ. Art. on questions Heb. culture and literature. From 1930 to the beginning. 2nd world. war was the head. publishing house "Der emes". During the war years and before the closure of Heb. antifash. to-that actively participated in its work, collaborated in gas. Einikite. G. translated into Yiddish Y. Korchak's "Miniatures" (1914), "On Religion" by P. Lafargue (1919), "Foundations of Leninism" by J. Stalin (1924), "The International Bourgeoisie and Karl Kautsky" by N. Bukharin (1925) , "From February to October" by V. Lenin (1925) and others.

goljdberg nikolay maksimovich
has abstract: GOLDBERG Nikolai Maksimovich (1891, Moscow - 1961, ibid.), Orientalist, historian, Ph.D. ist. Sciences (1945). He studied at Lozansky and Heidelberg un-takh, in Petrovskaya s.-kh. academy (1908-12). After Oct. revolution of 1917 joined the RCP (b), at the party. work, in 1920–35 sotr. People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR (RSFSR) and East. dep. ECCI; then corr. TASS in Turkey. Since 1943, a teacher at Moscow State University; scientific. sotr. Institute of History (before 1941), Uzbek. Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1941–43), Institute of Oriental Studies (1943–61) of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The author of St. 50 scientific. works on the history of India in the 19th and 20th centuries, Russian-Iids. relations of the 17th century. With G.'s preface, there was a preparation. im ed. "Rus.-Ind. relations with the 17th century ”. Sat. documents (M., 1958). Cit .: India of our days, M., 1924 (co-author); Rus.-Ind. relations in the 17th century, in collection: Uch. app. Quiet. Institute (USSR Academy of Sciences), vol. 2, Ind. Sat, M.-L., 1949; Afanasy Nikitin and his time, M., 1951 (co-author); Bal Gangadhar Tilak is the leader of the Democr. wing nat. movement in Maharashtra, in the book: National-liberate. movement in India and the activities of B.G. Tilak, M., 1958; Essays on the history of India. National-will release. movement in modern times, M., 1965.

goljdblat moshe
has abstract: GOLDBLAT Moshe (Moisey Isaakovich) (1896, Hertz, Bessarabian Province - 1974, Haifa), director and actor. As a teenager, he stuck to the Heb. traveling troupe, from 1918 he played in the Hebrew. mobile t-re. In 1924 he graduated from the studio of the State. Heb. t-ra, in which he worked until 1937 as an actor and studio teacher. In 1929 he was also headed by gr. gypsy actors, was one of the founders of the gypsy theater "Romen", which led in 1931-36. In 1937–40 - thin. hands. Birobidzhan Heb. t-ra, where he began with staging 2 plays by M. S. Kulbak, but soon the staging of one of them was banned, and the premiere of the second did not take place due to the arrest of the author (1937). The play "Tevye the Milkman" based on Sholem Aleichem (1939) was a great success. In 1940 he became the head of the Kiev Jewish. t-tr (after the 2nd World War he was moved to Chernivtsi), directed it (with interruptions) until it was closed in 1949. In 1941–44, 1951–59 - art. hands. Kazakh t-tra drama (Alma-Ata). Honored. art. RSFSR (1935), people's. art. Kazakh SSR (1943), Hon. active lawsuit in the Ukrainian SSR (1945). Since 1972 - in Israel.

goljdblum izraelj isser
has abstract: GOLDBLUM Israel Isser (Isidor) (1864, Vilna - 1925), writer, bibliographer. Studied in Eastern Europe. yeshivah. Dedicated himself to the study and publication of Hebrew, manuscripts in Berlin, Paris, London, Oxford and Rome. Study results publ. under ps. Yafer in the main. in f. "Ga-Magid". Was in correspondence with leading Hebrews. scientists of their time and publ. collection these letters ("Kvutsat mikhtavim", 1895). He also published the work "Mi-ginzei Israel be-Paris" (1894) - about the Parisian manuscripts in Hebrew. Some of his productions. and letters preserved in manuscripts in Heb. theologian, seminary in the USA.

goljdblum yakov kopl
has abstract: GOLDBLUM Yakov Kopl (1872, Kletsk of Slutsk district, Minsk province - 1961), a member of the Zionist movement in Great Britain. In 1892 he moved to London, where he joined the Hovevey Zion movement. After meeting with T. Herzl, he created a Zionist, org-tions in the London district of Whitechapel, provided assistance to the Zionist leaders Herzl, D. Wolfson, O. Warburg, H. Weizmann, N. Sokolov, N. Goldman and others. 1901 participated in the work of a number of World. Zionist. Congr., member Central Committee of the World. Zionist, organization (since 1935 - member of its European Executive Committee), one of the creation. Brit, Zionist, federation and council of her synagogues. G. developed a new method of teaching Hebrew ("Hebrew Be-Hebrew"), for several. have been teaching for decades. activities taught lang. thousands of teenagers in their Talmud Torah. The author is utopian. rum. in Hebrew "Feast of the First Harvest in Eretz Yisrael in 2016" (1920). In 1963, the remains of G. were buried in Jerusalem.

goljdeljman solomon izrailevich
has abstract: GOLDELMAN Solomon Izrailevich (1885, Soroki, Bessarabian province. - 1973, Jerusalem), economist and polit. activist. In 1913 he graduated from the Higher. commercial school. Member of the USDRP. Member of the Revolution and Civil. war in Ukraine. In 1917-18, members. ukr. Centre. Rada and its narrower composition - Malaya Rada. In nov. 1918 supported the uprising against the hetman. In the first pr-ve Ukr. Directories - secret. labor, after the restoration of 11/10/1918 the law on national-personal autonomy at the same time. and about. sec. for nationalities. In the following compositions of the production - Comrade. (deputy) min. labor. Since 1920 - in Poland, Austria. He worked in Ukr. in-takh in Czechoslovakia, since 1922 - assistant professor, since 1925 - prof. Ukr. households acad., then Ukr. technical-household in-that. From 1939 in E.-I., continued scientific. and societies. activity. 1951-60 - before. Leagues for warning religious coercion in Israel. In his works on the situation of Jews in Ukraine and the USSR, he deliberately did not use the word "Jew", using the word "Jew". Among tr. G. “Leaves of a Jewish Social Democrat about Ukraine. Materials on the history of Ukrainian-Zhidivs' vidnosins during the revolution. " (1921), "Narisi socio-economic structure of the Jewish people", part 1 (1930), "Assimilation and denationalization of Jews in the Sov. Union "(1961)," Zhidivska national autonomy in Ukraine (1917–20 years) "(1964).

goljdenberg-getroytman lazarj borisovich
has abstract: GOLDENBERG-GETROITMAN Lazar Borisovich (Leizer Borukhovich) (1846, Poplavsk, Kherson Gubernia - 1916, London), revolutionary populist, participant of the growing up. roar. movement. In 1865 he passed the external examinations for the course of the state studies and entered the physics and mathematics. Faculty of Kharkov University, in 1867 transferred to Technological. Institute in St. Petersburg (one of the first Jewish students). Active student student movement, part. secret society "Smorgon Academy"; in March 1869, Mr .. arrested for participating in a student. unrest and was sent under police supervision to Temnikov, Tambov province, soon moved to Petrozavodsk, served at the state mining plant. On charges of inciting peasants to non-payment of taxes, in July 1872 he was sentenced to imprisonment in a fortress for 8 months, fled, emigrated to Switzerland, lived in Zurich and Geneva, and was in charge of the printing press of a circle of "Taikovites". In 1876 he moved to London, participated in the publication of J. "Forward". In May 1876, together with A.Sh. Lieberman, he founded the "Society of Evr. socialists ". Participated in the work of the so-called. "Internats. league ”(together with F. Engels, P. Lissagare, V. Vrublevsky), served as secretary. From 1877 he lived in different countries of the West. Europe and North. America; in the beginning. 1880s founded in Romania the first socialist. about-in, laid the foundation for the publication of socialist. liters per room. lang. In 1881 the room was arrested. authorities, was to be extradited to Russia, but fled to England; in 1885 he moved to New York, where he lectured on the history of the roar. movement in Russia. At the invitation of the emigrants, N.V. Tchaikovsky, S.M. Stepnyak-Kravchinsky, in 1895 he settled in London, was in charge of the technical. and finance. the affairs of the Free Russian Foundation. press, part. editorial board of his "Flying Leaves". In 1906 he came to Russia, but soon returned t…

goljdenberg grigoriy davidovich
has abstract: GOLDENBERG Grigory Davidovich (rev. Ps .: Grishka, Beaconsfield) (1855, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1880, Peter and Paul Fortress, St. Petersburg), revolutionary populist. The son of a merchant. In 1871-74 he studied at the Kiev-Podolsk gymnasium. Participant of Kiev and St. Petersburg. roar. populist. circles. On Feb. 1878 arrested in Kiev and exiled without trial to Arkhangelsk province. In June 1878 he escaped and became illegal. position, in Kiev sided with "Yuzhny will execute, to-tu", advocated watered, struggle and terror. 9.2.1879 shot from a revolver mortally wounded the Kharkiv governor, Prince. D.N. Kropotkin. Since May 1879, members. terrorist. group "Freedom or Death", a participant in the congresses of the roar. populist. the organization "Land and Freedom" in Lipetsk and Voronezh (summer 1879). After the split of "Land and Freedom" (Aug. 1879), member. Execute, to-that "Narodnaya Volya", participated in the preparation of a number of attempts on the imp. Alexander II. Arrested on 11/14/1879 in Elizavetgrad with a load of dynamite, taken to Odessa, thanks to the provocation organized by the investigation, he began to give frank testimony. In apr. 1880 escorted to St. Petersburg in shackles, imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, where he was visited by the head of Verkh. will order. commissions gr. M.T. Loris-Melikov, who convinced G. of the readiness of the government to go for sweeping reforms if the revolutionaries stop terror. Impressed by this meeting and thanks to the efforts of the investigation, G. gave the authorities detailed information about the plans of Narodnaya Volya and its participants. G.'s "confessions" led to mass arrests of the People's Will. Having learned from the prisoner in the fortress A.I. Zundelevich about the consequences of his act, G. 15.7.1880 committed suicide. "Confession" G. publ. in f. The Red Archive (1928, vol. 30).

goljdenberg immanuelj
has abstract: GOLDENBERG Immanuel (1881, Moscow - 1970, Tel Aviv), physicist, specialist in photo optics. In 1905 he graduated from Moscow. un-t, defended his doctoral dis. at Leipzig University, those where he taught at the same time. serving in the Berlin military. academy. In 1919-1933 prof. Highest technical. schools in Dresden. In E.-I. from 1937. The lab created by him. fine mechanics laid the foundation for the development of photoelectric. industry in Israel. He was an adviser to Gagana and then to the Israel Defense Forces on optics. State pr. Israel (exact sciences) in 1968 for organizational and experimental. activity.

goljdenberg iosif petrovich
has abstract: GOLDENBERG Iosif Petrovich (part, pa: Meshkovsky, Roman) (1873, Nizhny Novgorod - 1922, Moscow), politician, activist. He graduated from the Nizhny Novgorod Real School, studied physics and mathematics. f-those of the Sorbonne (Paris). In the S.-D. movement from 1892. From 1903 he conducted party work in Saratov and St. Petersburg. After the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903) - a Bolshevik. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07. Affairs. 2nd All-Russia. conf. RSDLP in Terijoki (1907), 5th (London) Congress of the RSDLP (1907) and 7th Intern. Congr. 2nd International (Stuttgart). He was arrested several times. In 1908 he left for Terijoki (Finland). From 1910 he was a Menshevik. Member Central Committee of the RSDLP. In 1910 he was arrested and exiled to Siberia. Returning from exile in 1914, he finally joined the Mensheviks. In the years of the 1st world. wars - defenders, supporter of G.V. Plekhanov; led a sharp polemic with the Bolsheviks. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Petrogr. Council, worked in his Intern. department. In the summer of 1917, as part of the delegation of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the 1st convocation, he went abroad to prepare the International. peace conf. socialists in Stockholm. After Oct. In 1917 he returned to Russia, in 1920 he joined the RCP (b), from 1921 he worked in the People's Commissariat of External. trade.

goljdenberg natan
has abstract: GOLDENBERG Nathan (b. 1911, Boguslav Kanevsky u., Kiev province), chemist-technologist, member. Royal chem. about-va. Graduated from the University of London. He worked in the region. food production technology. Sci. Counselor at Marks & Spencer. An active member of the Zionist movement in Great Britain.

goljdenberg shimon rafailovich
has abstract: GOLDENBERG Shimon Rafailovich (1910, Font of Starokonstantinovsky near Volyn province - 1941), poet, prose writer. He became interested in literature early, at the age of 12 he began to write Art. in Hebrew, and at 14 gave Hebrew lessons in wealthy families m. At one time he joined an illegal Zionist organization. In 1927 he entered the Odessa Jew. ped. technical College. His first Art. in Yiddish. Was a member of the Odessa lit. gr. under the hands. A.Vorobeichik, published poetry in gas. "Odesar Arbeter", "Berdichever Arbeter", to Kharkiv. Der Stern, Minsk. "October". Graduated from Odessa in 1930. teacher's institute, worked as a teacher in Balta. In 1931 he moved to Kharkov. In 1932 in Kharkiv. publishing house "Literatur un kunst" comes out the first collection. verse. G. "In die gebeurene" ("Born into alarm", in 1936 - collection of "Leader un balades" ("Poems and ballads"), in 1938 - the book of stories "Heimland" ("Motherland"). Before World War II, G. lived in Kiev, worked in the center, Republican Hebrew library named after M. Vinchevsky. He volunteered for the front. Killed in battles in Ukraine.

goljdenblyum morits arnoljdovich
has abstract: GOLDENBLUM Moritz Arnoldovich (1862, Odessa - |), doctor, musician and music critic. After graduating in 1887 honey. Faculty of Yuryevsky University worked as a resident at the Obukhov hospital in St. Petersburg, at the same time. in 1887-92 he was an assistant at the Department of Skin Diseases of the Clinical Institute led. Princess Elena Pavlovna. gained fame as a conductor, he directed the symphony. orc. at concerts in Pavlovsk and choirs. Collaborated in periodicals (newspaper "Novosti" and others).

goljdenveyzer aleksandr borisovich
has abstract: GOLDENWEISER Alexander Borisovich (1875, Kishinev - 1961, Moscow), pianist, teacher, music society. activist, muses. writer, composer. Doctor of Art History. Graduated from Moscow. cons. by class fp. from P.A. Pabst (previously studied with A.I. Ziloti) in 1895 and in composition class with M.M. Ippolitov-Ivanov in 1897, also studied with A.S. Arensky (composition) and S.I. Taneyeva (counterpoint). Prof. by class fp. Moscow Conservatory (1906-61), head. department (1936–39), deputy. director (1918-19), vice-rector (1919-22), rector (1922-24), deputy. director (1932–34), director of the conservatory (1939–42). G. is a participant in the reforms of the music. education. One of the founders of Moscow. pianistic. schools, developed a system for training musicians. G. performed with concerts as a soloist and ensemble player. Performed along with the classic. manuf. op. owls. composers. In his youth, he was creatively and amicably associated with L.N. Tolstoy, S.V. Rachmaninov, A.N. Scriabin, N.K. Metner, communication with whom influenced the formation of G. as a pianist and contributed to the formation of his school. G. trained more than 200 musicians, many of whom continued his traditions, later becoming professors of Moscow. cons. Among them are S.E. Feinberg, G.R.Ginzburg, L.I. Roizman, T.P. Nikolaeva; D.A.Bashkirov, D.D.Blagoy, L.N.Berlin, A.L.Kaplan, R.V. Tamarkina became prominent concertists. G. studied in the class of php. composers D.B.Kabalevsky, V.G.Fere and others. G. carried out their pedagogical. principles as revised op. J.S.Bach, D.Scarlatti, V.A.Mozart, L. Beethoven, R. Schumann, F. List, P. Tchaikovsky; G. belongs to ed. book F. Chopin's Letters (Moscow, 1929). The author of the op. "Feast during the Plague" (1942), "Singers" (1943) and "Spring Waters" (1947) after Turgenev, (no operas were staged); overtures (after Dante, 1897), 2 “Rus. suites ”(1946), chamber instrumental. cit., incl. "Trio in memory of Rachmaninoff" (1953), chamber instructor. ensem…

goljdenveyzer aleksandr solomonovich
has abstract: GOLDENWEISER Alexander Solomonovich (1855, Yekaterinoslav - 1915, Kiev), lawyer. Graduated from Petersburg. un-t. From the beginning. 1880s lived and worked in Kiev, pl. years headed Kiev, advocacy, was popular with Jews as a defender of civil. claims. He spoke in print against the percentage rate for Jewish lawyers. Being a supporter of the philosophy of Leo Tolstoy, in his work "Crime - as punishment, and punishment - as a crime" (1908), he argued that the society is guilty of committing a crime, and not the evil will of the criminal, and that it commits a crime by imposing punishment. The author of several. tr. on the reform of criminal. rights. He lectured in Paris (1902), participated in the international. jurid. congresses in Budapest, Paris, Washington.

goljdenveyzer aleksey ljvovich
has abstract: GOLDENWEISER Alexey Lvovich (1909/10, Moscow - 2003), a scientist in the field of theoretical. and butt, mechanics, Dr. Phys.-Math. sciences (1947), honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1970). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1931). Worked at the Center, scientific. in-those industry. structures (1930 1941), Center, aero-hydrodynamic. in-those them. N.E. Zhukovsky (1942-1947), Moscow. physical and technical in-those (1947-1952). In 1952 he was forced to move to Vses. correspondence engineer-building Institute (Head of the Department of Mathematics). In 1960–89 head. separate main tr. on the theory of shells and the theory of elasticity. He is responsible for the development and application of the rigorous asymptotic method. integration in shell theory (including dynamic problems). Etc. Of the USSR Academy of Sciences B.G. Galerkin (1952). Foreign member Amer. acad. Arts and Sciences (1970). Works: Theory of elastic shells, Moscow, 1953; 2nd ed., M., 1976; Free vibrations of thin elastic shells, M., 1979 (with VB Lidsky and P.E. Tovstik).

goljdenveyzer emmanuil aleksandrovich
has abstract: GOLDENWEISER Emmanuil Alexandrovich (1883, Kiev - 1953, USA), economist. In the United States since 1902. He studied at Columbia and Cornwall fur boots, from 1907 at the state. service as an economist and statistician (in the immigration commission, census bureau, agricultural dep.). In 1919 G. entered Feder. reserve chamber and from 1927 until his retirement was deer. research dep. He was engaged in improving the statistics. services of the Chamber, represented by Feder. backup system in pr-ve, participated in the work of DOS. rules, to-coms on economics and finance. One of Ch. amer. developers Int. monetary fund and the world. bank. Among the many. tr. M.G .: Immigrants in the Cities (1909), Land Rentals in the United States (1924), The Federal Reserve System in Action (1925), Money Management (1949).

goljdfarb lev semenovich
has abstract: GOLDFARB Lev Semenovich (1910, Kiev - 1960, Moscow), mechanical engineer, specialist in the region. automatic regulation, Dr. Tech. Sciences (1948). He graduated in 1931 Moscow. energetic in-t. In 1931-59 he taught there, from 1951 at the All-Union Union. electrical engineering in-those them. VI Lenin in Moscow. Main work in the region. theory automatic. regulation and calculation of nonlinear and servo systems, complex objects of regulation. He proposed and developed a harmonious method. balance (Goldfarb method), which is one of the main. methods for calculating nonlinear systems. Supervised the creation. the first in the USSR methodology for calculating magn. amplifiers. Developed (1933) the first electronic-ion voltage regulators for powerful AC generators. current. The first to apply approximate research methods. self-oscillations, developed earlier in relation to radio engineering. systems. Cit .: Lecture notes for the course "Theory of automatic. regulation ", 2nd ed., M., 1965; Theory is automatic. management, 2nd ed., M., 1976 (co-authored).

goljdfarb yakov lazarevich
has abstract: GOLDFARB Yakov Lazarevich (1901, Chernyakhov of Zhitomir u. Volyn province - 1985, Moscow), organic chemist. Dr. chem. sciences, professor. After graduating from the Zhytomyr city in 1919, he served in the Kr. Army. In 1929 he graduated from Moscow State University, worked at Vses. n.-i. chem.-farm. in-those in Moscow. From 1930 to the lab. for the Analysis and Synthesis of Raises, and Animal Products of the Nature Commission. produces, the forces of Russia. Since 1938 in Ying-those organic. Chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1945–85 he headed the laboratory. heterocyclic. connections in-that. Studied the influence of intermolecular complexation on the course of reactions of heterocycline. Carried out the synthesis of sulfides and selenides of the thiophene series. Made creatures, contributed to the chemical education, writing et al. with V.N. Verkhovsky and L.M. Smorgonsky a textbook on chemistry for cf. schools, published in 1932–48 and trans. in 24 languages. The author of the country's first methodology for teaching chemistry at school, collection of tasks in chemistry for Wed. schools (1934) and for higher. schools (1941). Etc. Of the USSR Academy of Sciences A.M. Butlerova (1964). Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1971).

goljdfeljd vladimir aleksandrovich
has abstract: GOLDFELD Vladimir Alexandrovich (1908, Ekaterinoslav - 1982, Moscow), director, playwright. In 1928 he entered the Proletkult Theater. In 1929–32 he worked at the Dnepropetrovsk Theater. T.G. Shevchenko. From 1932 he studied at dir. Faculty of GITIS (graduated in 1936). In 1936-38 thin. hands. Kalmyk Theater (Elista). G. - one of the creatures. Centre. t-ra transport in Moscow (now T-tr named after N.V. Gogol). In 1938-59 chap. dir. this theater. Post, performances: "The Son of the People" by Y. P. German (1939), "Dowry" by A. Ostrovsky (1944), "Shelmenko Batman" by G. F. Kvitko-Osnovyanenko (1946), "The Conspiracy of the Doomed" .E. Virta (1949), "The Larks Sing" by K. Krapiva (1951), "Mother of Her Children" by AN Afinogenov (1951), "The Tempest" after VT Latsis (1954), etc. The author of the plays - tales for children. t-ditch (trans. into Czech, Bulgarian, Romanian, etc.): "The Tale of Ivan Tsarevich, the native land, beloved mother" (1944), "Ivan da Marya" (1950), "Mal, yes he was good ”(1960), he also wrote the plays“ To the Ocean ”(1947),“ Common People ”(1952),“ Nobody fell asleep that night ”(1959) and others. ... plays nat. playwrights. In 1980, Sat. his plays - "Kind Word". Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1954).

goljdin aleksandr vladilenovich
has abstract: GOLDIN Alexander Vladilenovich (b. 1964, Novosibirsk), chess player, international grandmaster (1989). USSR Youth Champion (1981). Winner of Vses. tournament of young masters (1981) and the 1st USSR championship among clubs (1988). Participant and winner of a number of international tournaments.

goljdin ezra
has abstract: GOLDIN Ezra (1868, Lunna of the Grodno District and Gubernia - 1915, Riga), writer. From 1886 to 1893 he lived in Warsaw, then moved to Lodz. He wrote in Hebrew and Yiddish. His first. publication was Sat. poems "Shirey Noar" ("Poems of Youth", 1887). Subsequently he turned to prose, publ. stories in lit. g. in Hebrew and Yiddish, released several. collection of books. In 1896 he published lit. anthology "Ha-Zman", in which were included manuf. pl. leading Hebrews. modern writers. He was a prominent representative of the populist-minded gr. Heb. fiction writers, to-rye performed at the beginning. 90s 19th century against trad. "Old school" with its tendentious-denounces. rum. and sought to portray in his works. everyday life and internal spirit. peace of the people. In many of G.'s stories, the idealization of the traditional way of life of the Jews of Vostochnik appears. Europe. In the beginning. century left lit. activities and went into commerce. He ate, spent years of his life in Riga.

goljdin lev lazarevich
has abstract: GOLDIN Lev Lazarevich (1919, Belaya Kholunitsa, Vyatka province - 2003, Boston, USA), experimental physicist, Doctor of Phys.-Math. sciences (1959), professor (I960). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1941), then studied at the Air Force engineer. Academy, in 1944 he went to the front. After demobilization (1945) he worked at Ying-those theoretical. and experiment, physics (ITEP) head. lab., beginning. dep., ch. scientific. sotr. (1989). At the same time. (1948-93) taught at Moscow. physical and technical Institute of Science. interests - nuclear physics, physics of accelerators, honey. physics. One of the participants created. 7 GeV and 9.3 GeV ITEP proton synchrotrons. Hands. work on these accelerators in tech. 25 years. Discovered rotational levels of heavy nuclei and investigated. radioactive decay of transuranic elements. Developed (in collaboration with others) methods of proton-beam therapy (based on the proton synchrotron), with irradiation accuracy up to several. shares mm. Member Int. stereotoxic. neurosurgeon, about-va (1992). The author of St. 130 scientific. works and textbooks for higher. schools. State pr. USSR (1984).

goljdina mariya solomonovna
has abstract: GOLDINA Maria Solomonovna (1899, Pochinok Elninsky district of Smolensk province - 1970, Moscow), singer (mezzo-soprano), teacher. In 1916, on the advice of O. I. Kamionsky, she entered Petrograd. cons., however, could not study due to lack of funds. In 1920–23 she studied at the wok. branch of Moscow. philharmonic. uch-schA. She took singing lessons from E. I. Zbrueva. Since 1923 she has been a soloist at the K.S. Stanislavsky opera studio (since 1926, the theater named after him, in 1928 - the K.S. Stanislavsky and V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko Opera Theater). Mn. scenic G. created images at hand. Stanislavsky (he personally worked with G. for the role of Carmen). G. was one of the first opera singers to approve the Stanislavsky system on the opera stage. She was characterized by temperament and naturalness of playing, high wok. culture. Opera heroines G. are bright stage performances. images: Olga, Polina ("Eugene Onegin", "The Queen of Spades"), Lyubasha, Ganna ("The Tsar's Bride", "May Night"), Marina Mnishek ("Boris Godunov") and others. She also performed in operettas, among them The Gypsy Baron by J. Strauss, The Pericola by J. Offenbach, The Daughter of Madame Ango by S. Lecock and others. G. gave concerts as a chamber singer in Moscow, Leningrad and other cities of the country. In 1941–45 she went to the front as part of Moscow brigades. artists, performing sometimes 3-4 times a day. From 1949 - dir. and teacher-tutor of T. Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko. Nar. art. RSFSR (1941).

goljdingen
has abstract: GOLDINGEN, see Kuldiga.

goljdman aleksandr genrikhovich
has abstract: GOLDMAN Alexander Genrikhovich (1884, Warsaw - 1971, Kiev), physicist, acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1929). Graduated from Leipzig. (1908) and Kiev. (1909) high fur boots. In 1914-18 he worked in Petrograd in Ch. chamber of weights and measures, simultaneously. taught at the Polytechnic. in-those. In 1918-30 in Kiev, Polytechnic. in-those (since 1921 - prof.). In 1929–38 prof. Kiev, un-ta (in 1923 the head of Kiev organized by him, scientific research department of physics), transformed in 1929 into Kiev, scientific research. Institute (now the Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR), became its director. In 1938 he was repressed. In 1944-52 prof. Pedagogical. in-ta in Vologda, in 1952-56 - in Balashov, from 1956-59 - in Rostov-on-Don. In 1959 G. was allowed to return to Kiev, head. lab. Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR until the end of life. Sci. works on the physics of semiconductors and dielectrics, electroluminescence, history of physics. He studied the photovoltaic effect, processes in solid-state solar cells, rectification in semiconductors, the properties of metal-semiconductor contact. Research luminescence of copper oxide, electroluminescence of certain complex compounds and emission of "hot" electrons. The author of several. dec. scientific. Works: Stimulation of current and electroluminescence, Kiev, 1972 (with G.A. Zholkevich).

goljdman avraam
has abstract: GOLDMAN Avraham (1868, Proskurov - 1944), one of the first Hebrews. Ing. in E.-I. Received a traditional Heb. education. In 1898 he received an engineer degree. in Germany. He worked in his specialty in Russia. At the beginning of c. emigrated to the USA. From 1907 - in E.-I. Author of the Tel Aviv construction project. During the 1st world. war worked for the Turkish army. Later he became an entrepreneur. Author pl. articles in the press E.-I. Published a popular science monthly "Gitpathut". After the 1st world. war created gas. union of engineers "Megandes". He died in E.-I.

goljdman bernard
has abstract: GOLDMAN Bernard (1842, Warsaw - 1901, Lviv), society. and polit. activist. Rod. in the Maskilim family. His father was the owner of a printing house, his grandfather was a rabbi in Amsterdam. Studied at a yeshiva in Warsaw. Later he took an active part in the Polish roar. movement against the tsarist pr-va. After a demonstration in Warsaw (1861) he was exiled to Siberia, fled, and returned to Warsaw. Participated in the uprising of 1863. After its suppression, he lived in Paris. In 1867 he finished his law in Vienna. education. In 1870 he settled in Lvov, contributed to the education of the Jews. residents of Galicia, organized enlighten, work (the creation of schools and libraries for the spread of Polish culture, etc.), founded the society "Dorshei Shalom" and three years publishing. gas. This led to the creation. "Agudas Achim", which later became the most famous. center of assimilation activity in Poland. In 1876 he was elected from Lvov to the Galician Seim. In 1883 he was elected municipal consul, member. Council of Heb. community in Lvov, took part in the organization of the society of Jewish artisans. He actively contributed to the development of a network of schools later named after him.

goljdman isaak meerovich
has abstract: GOLDMAN Isaak Meerovich (1839-1905), poet. Got a trad. Heb. education; I replenished my knowledge with self-education. In 1862 he moved to Vilna. In 1876, he appeared humorous. poem "Mi pahad Ba leylot". Poem from the era of isp. Inquisition "Shanim Kadmoniot" (1879) was met with sympathetic criticism. His poem "Shivat Zion" (1888) enjoyed the same success, in which the author drew a fantastic. picture of the revival of other Heb. homeland. Small verse. G. were published in different periodicals. ed. G. was also (1886) comp. "Ha-Melitsa", where he posted a number of publicists. Art. and feuilletons.

goljdman mendl leybovich
has abstract: GOLDMAN Mendel Leibovich (1897, Bialystok, Grodno province. - 1974, Tashkent), poet, publicist, translator. Rod. in a merchant family, studied in the cheder and g-zii, was a teacher. In his youth he created together with gr. writers are self-styled. tr, where he was an actor and for whom he wrote plays. Beginning in 1920, he published poetry in Bialystok gas. "Dos nae lebn", then into gas. "Unzer Lebn", where he was one of the editors. Publ. in different Heb. period, ed. poetry, Art. to polit. or T. themes, per. from Polish. In aug. 1939 prepared for publication Sat. verse. "Harz ois - harz ain" ("From heart to heart"), but due to the outbreak of the war, he did not see the light. Hastily leaving Bialystok, G. ended up in Tashkent, where he lived until the end of his life. Per. in Yiddish izv. verse, Uzbek, Nar. poet Gafur Gulyam "I am a Jew", as well as poems by A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, E.A.Evtushenko and others. years published poetry and essays in the train. "Sovetish Gameland", gas. "Birobidzhaner Stern", zarub. Heb. ed.

goljdman nakhum
has abstract: GOLDMAN Nakhum (1895, Vishnev Oshmyansky u. Vilna province - 1982, Paris), societies. activist, one of the Zionist leaders. movement. Since 1897 in Germany. In 1912-15 he studied law in a number of germs, un-com. In 1913 he visited E.-I., his impressions were described in the book. "Eretz Yisrael, Travel Notes from Palestine" (1914, in German). In 1919 he defended his thesis. for the degree of Doctor of Law, in 1920 - Doctor of Philosophy. Joint. with Ya. Klyachkin published J. Freye Zionistische Letter (1920–22), Heb. encyclopedia ”,“ Encyclopedia of Judaic ”(in 1925–33, 10 volumes in German and 2 volumes in Hebrew were published). In 1933 he moved to Geneva. In 1934 he was elected to the post. to-that Heb. delegations, from 1935 the representative of Heb. agencies at the League of Nations. One of the founders of the World Heb. Congr. (1936), first prev. will fulfill it, council, in 1949-78 - President. In the beginning. 2nd world. war moved to New York, where he launched a struggle for the immediate creation of Heb. state-va. In 1948 56 before. will execute. to-that Zionist. org-tion, from 1949 headed by the Amer. branch of Heb. agencies. Initiator and participant in negotiations with the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany K. Adenauer on the payment of reparations to Israel and compensation for victims of Nazism (1953), the initiator of the creation. Worldwide conf. Heb. org-tions (1958). Prev 1st int. conf. in defense of owls. Jewry (Paris, 1960). In 1962 he settled in Jerusalem, but did not participate in the political life of Israel. Since 1968 - Swiss citizen. Moving away from active societies and activities, he advocated the territory. Israel's concessions to the Arabs, which prompted denial. reaction means parts of Heb. the public.

goljdman yasha
has abstract: GOLDMAN Yasha (real name Joseph) (1904 - 1929, Sevastopol), poet. Rod. in m. near Warsaw. From an early age he was engaged in various professions, got involved in the roar. movement, and this became the main theme of his first poetry. experiments. In 1924, the Polish-Sov. border, settled in Minsk and became a printer. Then he began to publish Art. in Minsk gas. and f., then became a full-time sotr. ed. Heb. rep. gas. "October". Soon he became one of the leading poets of the Minsk literature. gr. Jünger Arbeter. In April 1929, G. came to Sevastopol for treatment and, having learned that he was hopelessly ill, committed suicide. In 1931, Sat. verse. G. with a complete bibliography of his published works. In ist. Heb. poetry G. remained as one of her most talented lyricists.

goljdshmidt lazarus
has abstract: GOLDSHMIDT Lazarus (1871, Plonjaine - 1950), philologist, translator. He studied at a yeshiva, then at high fur boots in Berlin and Strasbourg. His early works by Poyev, Ethiopian, Yaz. and lit-re. Publ. Ethiopian, variant of the book. Enoch with the lane. in Hebrew (1892), library "Ethiopica" (1895), "Sefer Ezirah" (1894), trans. Koran in Hebrew (1916) and prepared a new ed. Verterbuch Zum Talmud und Midrash by Jacob Levy (1924). After Hitler came to power in 1933 he went to England and lived in London. Main G.'s work is the lane. the complete Babylonian Talmud on it. lang. (1897-1935). Also prepared items. decree. to the Babylonian Talmud, publ. see. (1959). Being a passionate polemicist and leading a heated discussion with the leading scientists of that time E. Loev, D. Hoffman and others, publ. a large number of pamphlets. G. was a collector of rare books. His collection was acquired by the Royal Library in Copenhagen.

goljdshteyn agaron
has abstract: GOLDSTEIN Aharon (1902 - 1976, Givatayim, Israel), polit. activist. Since 1921 - in E.-I. One of the leading construction contractors in Israel. The builder of "Shkhunat Borokhov" - the first district of Givatayim. Member Central Committee of the General Zionist Party. Member Knesset (1962 69).

goljdshteyn aleksandr
has abstract: GOLDSTEIN Alexander (1884, Minsk - 1949, Tel Aviv), societies. activist, publicist. Studied law in St. Petersburg. un-those, took the act. participation in the activities of the Zionist. student circles. In 1903 publ. first art. and soon became one of the most prominent Zionist, publicists. Comp. with train "Dawn", "Heb. a life". He traveled around Russia, propagandizing the Zionist. idea. At the 7th Congress of Russia. Zionists in 1917 in Petrograd put forward a proposal to hold the nat. a referendum, which should demand equal rights for Jews in the Diaspora and Jews in E.-I. In 1919 he left Russia as a delegate of the Russian Zionists for peace. conference. Since 1933 in E.-I.

goljdshteyn boris emmanuilovich
has abstract: GOLDSTEIN Boris Emmanuilovich (1921, Odessa - 1987, Hannover), concert violinist. He learned to play the violin from the age of 5 under P.S. Stolyarsky in Odessa. In 1930–36 he studied at the Special Children. gr. at Moscow. cons. in the class of A.I. Yampolsky. Later he studied at Moscow. cons. (class of L.M. Zeitlin), to-rui graduated in 1953 in the class of K.G. Mostras. Since 1932 he has been active in concert. Since 1941 soloist of Moscow. Philharmonic. G. was the first performer of pl. manuf. swelling and nick. comp. In 1948-53 he taught at the music. uch-shche at Moscow. cons, since 1959 in Muz.-ped. uch-shche them. Gnesins. Laureate of the International. violin competitions - them. G. Wieniawski (Warsaw, 1935) and them. E. Izay (Brussels, 1937). Since 1973 - in Zap. Germany. In 1976 he received (by competition) the position of prof. Higher. muses. schools in Würzburg. G. belong apprx. 80 gramophone records made in the USSR and the West.

goljdshteyn eduard yuljevich
has abstract: GOLDSTEIN Eduard Yulievich (1851, Odessa - 1887, Leipzig), conductor, pianist, composer, musician. critic. A cousin of A.G. and N.G. Rubinsteinov. At the age of 16 he began conducting in Italian. an opera troupe in Chisinau (Beretti entreprise), which toured the cities of Russia. Hebrew was invited. community of St. Petersburg for the organization of the choir and its leadership during the first choral service in the Temporary Synagogue in 1868. In 1868–72 he studied at the Leipzig cons. by classes FP. I. Mosheles and compositions by K. Reinecke. From 1874 in St. Petersburg he taught at the Court Singing Chapel, worked in various. gas. as muses. criticism ("Voice", "Governments, Bulletin", "Musical Review", etc.). In 1886 he first staged op. "Khovanshchina" by MP Mussorgsky by the artists of the Music-Drama. Cup. He also performed as a pianist. Author of a number of works, incl. op. "The Count of Essex" (unfinished), chamber instrument. plays, incl. strings, quartet, romances, fp. music.

goljdshteyn fanni
has abstract: GOLDSTEIN Fanny (1888, Podolsk, Moscow Province - 1961, Boston), librarian, societies, activist. Brought to the United States at an early age. In 1913 she entered the Boston publ. b-k, from 1922 to 1957 worked as a b-karem in the West End Department. Here she collected an excellent collection of Judaica, which was later placed in the main. b-ke. In 1954 she was appointed curator of Jewish studies, becoming the first woman in America to receive this title. She actively promoted Heb. lit-ru. In 1940 it became the first pre, nat. to-that week Heb. book and in 1941 he was appointed priest. prez. org-tion "Council of Hebrews. book America ". G. was well known. her listing of Judaica, publ. Boston publ. b-koy and appeared in the “Yearbook of Heb. book. " In 1958 she donated her own. a large collection of Boston Judaica. publ. b-ke.

goljdshteyn moisey leontjevich
has abstract: GOLDSHTEIN Moisey Leontievich (1868, Shepetivka Zaslavsky u. Volyn province. - |), lawyer, public. activist. Graduated from law. Faculty of Kiev University. From 1891 he worked as a pom. attorney at law by lawyers E.I. Utin and S.A. Andreevsky (in view of the restriction, the rules on Jewish lawyers were accepted into the estate of attorneys at law only in 1904). He became famous for his speeches in a number of criminal trials, as well as in political cases (A.R. Gots, Bund, cases of the group dep. Of the 1st State Duma, who signed the so-called "Vyborg Appeal" and many others. ) or T. processes (against the gas. "Nasha Zhizn", "Son of the Fatherland", "Rus", "Sovr. Mir", etc.), acted as a citizen. the plaintiff in cases of pogroms in Chisinau and Mogilev. Was collecting information about the October pogroms. 1905. From the end. 1880s was printed in Kiev gas. (Art. partly included in the collection of articles "Impressions and Notes", 1895). Later he collaborated in Vestnik Prava, Prava, Jurist, Court. Review ”,“ Our Life ”,“ Speech ”. In 1906 he published the collection. his speeches in lit. cases "Press before the court", in 1907 - kn. "Movement of the criminal procedure". Member Center, to-that of the Union, to achieve the full rights of Jews in Russia, founder and member. Center, to-that Evr. bunk bed gr.

goljdshteyn moyshe
has abstract: GOLDSTEIN Moishe (1900, Loshits, Moravia - 1943, Bolshoye Zakharyevskoe, Smolensk Region), prose writer At the age of 16 he came to Warsaw, worked in a knitwear factory and made the first samples in the literature. His first printed works. was lane. essay by VGKorolenko "Prison wanderings". From 1926 - in Argentina, worked as a weaver and printed stories in Hebrew. press. Since 1931 in the USSR, he settled in Birobidzhan, worked in the Ikor commune, published stories and essays in the local and center, in the press. In 1932 the communards "Ikora" sent him to study in Moscow, where he enrolled in lit. f-t ped. in-that. In 1934, his pov came out in a sink, publishing house "Der Emes" "Birobidzhaner afn Amur" ("Birobidzhans on the Amur") is about the courage and heroism of immigrants in the struggle against the taiga element. In 1937, his second book was published in the same publishing house. "Birobidzhaner derceilungen" ("Birobidzhan stories"). Since the fall of 1941, in French. Killed in battle.

goljdshteyn pavel
has abstract: GOLDSHTEIN Pavel (1917, Essentuki - 1982, Jerusalem), writer, publicist. Rod. in a family of musicians. Graduated from history. f-t ped. in-that. In 1938 he wrote a letter to J. Stalin in defense of V.E. Meerhold, which was the reason for his arrest. He was imprisoned until 1956. In 1956-70 he worked in Lit. the A.S. Pushkin Museum in Moscow. Since 1971 - in Israel. There was ch. ed. religious lit.-philosopher, f. "Menorah". The author is numerous. Art. and essays, as well as the book., published in Jerusalem "Point of support" (part 1, 1975; part P, 1978; part III, 1982); "Leo Tolstoy's novel" Anna Karenina "in the light of the epigraph from Deuteronomy of Moses", 1976; "House of the Poet", 1980; "The world is judged by good", 1989, etc.

goljdshteyn saljvian mavrikievich
has abstract: GOLDSTEIN Salvian Mavrikievich (1855, Warsaw - 1926), historian, archaeographer, society, activist. Rod. into the assimilir. family. Graduated from Petersburg. technological Institute (1881) and Petersburg. archaeological. Institute (1887). From 1888 he taught at the latter at the Department of Polish-Lithuanian. antiquities, paid DOS. attention to the collection and systematization of materials on the history of Jews in Russia, compiled and published doc. the publication "Regests and inscriptions" (v. 1–3, 1899–1913), based on the collection of S. Bershadsky processed by him, issued doc. the publication “Russian-Heb. archive "(vols. 1–3, 1903). From 1897 he took an active part in the activities of the Society for the spread of education among Jews in Russia, one of the founders of the Heb. ist.-et-nogr. about-va, authorized by the commission on publishing. “Heb. antiquity ", participated in the creation. archive about-va. The author of a number of Art. in Heb. encyclopedias ". In addition to ist. works, G. author of a number of issl. on the problems of tunnel construction and ed. on home economics. In the 1900s. read a course of lectures on home economics at Hygienich. courses of the Society for the protection of women's health and in other institutions. After Oct. revolution of 1917 together with a small gr. Heb. scientists tried to defend before the owls. authorities the right to study Heb. culture and life in their originality.

goljman mark isaakovich
has abstract: GOLMAN Mark Isaakovich (b. 1927, Moscow), historian, orientalist, Ph.D. ist. Sciences (1968). Graduated from Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies (1951). In 1952–57 scientific. sotr. Museum of the Revolution of the USSR, since 1957 scientific. sotr. Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Participant of the international Congr. Author approx. 50 scientific. works on the Middle-century., New and recent history of Mongolia. Compiled and co-authored by the collection. scientific. tr. “Materials on the history of Russian-Mongolian. relationships. Russian-Mong. relations (1607-1636). Sat. documents "(M., 1959)," Sov.-Mong. relations. 1921-66, Sat. documents "(M., 1966)," Rus.-Mong. relations. Sat. documents "(M., 1974)," History of prof. movement in Mongolia, Democratic Republic of Vietnam, DPRK, PRC. Uch. materials for lectures "(M., 1974). Cit .: Rus. per. and lists of Mongol-Oirat laws 1640, “Uch. app. Institute of Oriental Studies "USSR Academy of Sciences, v.24, Mong. Sat, M., 1959; Transport and communications, in the book. Mongolia. 1921–61, M., 1961; Mongolian Studies in the USA, uch. app. (Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Mongolian People's Republic), volume VI, no. 4, Ulan Bator, 1966; Problems of the Modern History of the Mongolian People's Republic in the Burzh. historiography of the United States, M., 1970.

goljshany
has abstract: GOLSHANY, a village in the Oshmyany district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the end. 13th century From the 15th century. - a place. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Olshany Oshmyansky u. Vilna lips. In 1920-39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 - as part of the BSSR. 19th century 336 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1897 - 1,049 (48%), in 1921 - approx. 800 Jews. Jews lived in Georgia from the middle. 16th century Main occupations of the Jewish population - trade and crafts; Jews also kept 3 taverns. In the end. 19th century Jews owned 4 skins. s-dami. There were 5 synagogues in Georgia. Since 1907, I.L. Polonsky (1883—?) Was the rabbi in Georgia. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Georgia. m-in. In 1919–20 the communist. The organization in Georgia was headed by Esther Elikhovna Levina (in April 1920 she was arrested and tortured to death by Polish soldiers). In the 1920s and 30s. in G. there was a husband. and wives. Jewish schools, a branch of the Jewish Bank, Jews owned offices for the sale of timber and flax, a pharmacy, a number of shops and shops, a mill, and crafts. workshops. After joining Zap. Belarus to the USSR (1939) the executive committee was headed by Mikhail Khaimovich Kozlovsky (1914 -?) After the occupation of the Germans. troops in 1941 created a ghetto in Georgia, destroyed in 1942. In 1944 several returned to Georgia. Jewish families, to-rye in the 2nd half. 1950s went to Poland, then to Israel and the USA. B.TS.Goldberg.E.S.Korzun

goljshteyn gennadiy ljvovich
has abstract: GOLSHTEIN Gennady Lvovich (b. 1938, Moscow), jazz alto saxophonist, flutist, composer, arranger, teacher. Studied in muses. school in Leningrad in the clarinet class, independently mastered playing the saxophone and flute. In 1953-59 he played in ensembles with the pianist S. Pozhlakov, the violinist A. Liskovich, and the tenor saxophonist V. Milevsky. In 1959–66 he was the leading alto saxophonist in the ensemble under the direction of I. Vainshtein, for whom he made many arrangements. At the same time, together with K.G. Nosov, G. headed the quintet, which included members of the Weinstein ensemble. In 1966–67 he toured with the orc. Eddie Rosner played in the pop orc in 1968–73. Vses. radio and television under the direction of V. N. Lyudvikovsky, and in 1973–77 - in the orc. O.L. Lundstrem. In 1978 he organized Leningrad. orc. early music "For the soul". Since 1968 he has been teaching at Leningrad State University. muses. uch-shche them. M.P. Mussorgsky. Has recorded a number of records as a soloist and accompanist.

goljts boris grigorjevich
has abstract: GOLTS Boris Grigorievich (1913, Tashkent - 1942, Leningrad), composer, pianist. From 1926 he lived in Leningrad. Studied at the Center, muses. technical school and instructor department. 1st muses. technical school, at the same time. worked as an accompanist in cinema. In 1939 he graduated from Leningrad, cons. by class php. at L.V. Nikolaev, in 1940 - in class. compositions by V.V. Pushkov. At the beginning of the war he volunteered for Kr. Army, worked in creative arts. gr. under the Balt Political Administration. fleet (1941 42). He died of hunger in besieged Leningrad. Among the most means. op. G. - "Festive Overture" for symphony. orc. (1940), concert for fp. with orc. (1940), suite for pop orc. (1941), "24 Preludes" for fp. (1934-35), romances to verses by A. Pushkin, A. A. Blok, A. D. Churkin, N. L. Brown and others, music for films.

goljts grigoriy abramovich
has abstract: GOLTS Grigory Abramovich (b. 1933, Moscow), geographer, Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1986). In 1956 he graduated from Moscow. engineering and econom. in-t. In 1975–89 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1989, Ch. scientific. employee, head. lab. Institute of Nar.-household. RAS forecasting. Works on the geography of transport, the study of the patterns of interaction between transport and settlement systems, spatial self-organization of the population. Cit .: Transport and population, M., 1986.

goljtsman abram zinovjevich
has abstract: GOLTSMAN Abram Zinovievich (1894, Odessa - 1933, Moscow), trade union and state. activist, member Communist. games from Apr. 1917. From 1909–10, a participant in the revolt. movement, in 1911 arrested, sentenced to 1 year in a fortress. Released Feb. 1913, was soon arrested again and exiled to the Narym region. In 1916 he escaped and became illegal. position, in the beginning. 1917 arrested, freed Feb. roar. Since 1917, member. Central Committee of the union, metalworkers (in 1919–20 it was earlier). In 1920–21 members. Pres. All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. During desks. discussions about trade unions actively supported the platform of L.D., Trotsky. In 1921, before. South Bureau of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions in Ukraine. In 1922–25 the beginning. Glavelektro VSNKh, member. prez. the latter. In 1926–30 members. count NK RCI, from 1930 - beginning. Ch. management Civil. air. fleet at the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In 1931 - the initiator of the creation. Vses. trust "Grazhdanaviastroy", engaged in the construction of airfields for civil. aviation. One of the ed. g. "Our achievements". Affairs. 14-16 Congress of the CPSU (b). Member Central Control Commission of the CPSU (b) from 1925 (from 1927 - member of the president of the Central Control Commission). Died in a plane crash. Cit .: Regulation and naturalization of wages, Moscow, 1918; Labor organization in the USSR, M., 1925; Reorganization of a person, L., 1925; Management of the industry in Germany, M., 1930.

gollenderskiy leon
has abstract: HOLLENDERSKY Leon (Leib ben David) (1808, Vishtynets of Volkovyshsky u. Suwalki province. - 1878, Paris), writer, publisher. He studied in Königsberg, and upon his return he received a place per. at judicial institutions. In 1835 he opened the first printing-lithograph and three book warehouses. In 1843, under pressure from the authorities, he was forced to move to Paris. G. became known for his book. "Jews of Poland" (fr.) (Paris, 1846).

goller ayzek
has abstract: GOLLER Isaac (1891, Vilna - 1939), writer. He was brought to England as a child. Served in the communities of Manchester, London and Liverpool. His Sat. poems "The ardent Jew and the cobblestones of the road to Gd" (1923) violently denounces the atrocities committed against the Jews of Vost. Europe after the 1st world. war. Book. poetry and prose "The Jew Says" (1926), as well as many others. G.'s subsequent publications, was illustrated. the cartoons he had drawn. For rum. D. "Five Books of Mr. Moses" (1929) was written the play "Cohen and Son" (1937), staged in London. The author of plays in Hebrew. Topics: "Yehuda and Tamar", "Modern Women", "Dream on the Night of Purim" (all in 1931), "The Scroll of Lot's Wife" (1937). Declaration of Commitment to Heb. faith is contained in the book. "A summary of the history of my people from Abraham of Ur to Herzl of Budapest" (1936).

goller boris aleksandrovich
has abstract: GOLLER Boris Alexandrovich (Shmerovich) (b. 1931, Leningrad), playwright, historian, essayist. In 1957 he graduated from Leningrad. engineer-p. in-t. During his school years he wrote poetry, trans. Persians, poets, participated in the work of youth literature. associations, became interested in history and drama. G.'s first play "Ten Minutes and All Life" (written in the late 1950s) was going to be staged by ONEfremov, AVEfros, AAGoncharov, but did not receive permission. In 1968 there was a post. "Model 19-68" (Leningrad Theater for Young Spectators), but the performance was unsuccessful and was not included in the repertoire for long. In 1972 post, the play "Ten minutes and all life" (theater, studio "Resonance", Moscow). The performance was a success and aroused the interest of other amateur t-drs. During these years, G. wrote several. plays, the action of which belongs to the 1st quarter of the 19th century: "One hundred brothers Bestuzhev", "Around the square" (both about the revolt. Decembrists), "Pushkin: Self-portrait with Tatyana", "Lament for Lermontov" and others. In 1976 student. tr "Studio" post. "One hundred brothers Bestuzhev"; the performance was a great success and on the basis of the studio was created by prof. Leningrad. youth tr. G. wrote also the plays "Sailors without the sea" (post. T-r in Murmansk), "Around the square" (Irkutsk, Leningrad. Youth Theater). During these years G. hands. amateur c / st in the recreation center im. Lensovet; his f. "Bridges" and "Decembrists" were shown by Leningrad. television. Author of the plays "White Deer" and "Halt of the Comedian, or Wreath for Griboyedov" (published in 1989). Since 1991 - in Israel. Essay G. about modern. films and t-re are published in the Russian-language press in Israel.

golmshtok fayvl
has abstract: GOLMSHTOK Faivl (1880, Minsk - after 1937), linguist, teacher. From the beginning. 1900 - in the USA. Until 1922 he lived in New York, was one of the most prominent teachers, at one time the director. and a teacher in bunk. schools them. Sholem Aleichem, founded and was the first ed. children ed. "Kinder Journal". In the end. In 1922 he returned to Russia, settled in Minsk and until 1937 studied ped. work. Published Art. to the center, and local Heb. press, in 1925-27 - was sotr. Minsk gas. Der Junger Pioneer, 1932-35 - f. "Afn visnshaftlehn front", organ of the Institute of Evr. culture at the Academy of Sciences of Belarus. His pen belong to the lane. in Yiddish several. textbooks for cf. schools, incl. "Chemistry" VN Verkhovsky, ed. in Minsk in 1934.

golmshtok khaim
has abstract: GOLMSHTOK Chaim (1882, Minsk - 1942), publicist, linguist, teacher. Brother of F. Holmstock. In 1916-18 he was a teacher at the workers' un-those them. Sholem Aleichem in New York. After the revolution, he returned to Minsk, continued ped. and scientific. activity. When in Ying-those Heb. culture at the Academy of Sciences of Belarus was organized by special. Commission for the Compilation of the "Great Academic Explanatory Dictionary of Heb. (Yiddish) language ”, G. headed it. In 1934 he performed in Kiev at the All-Union Council. meeting on lang. with report. “About the explanatory dictionary of Heb. language. " Even earlier, he compiled a reader on the literature for the beginning. classes, spoke to the center, and rep. gas. and f. from st. on the problems of Heb. linguistics, edited by ed. "Yidisher verterbukh" (trial issue, Minsk, 1935) and wrote a preface to it. In 1935 G. moved to Birobidzhan and headed the scientific department there. commission at the regional executive committee, conducts a large organiz. work on the planned convocation of the language conf. (it did not take place). Studied decomp. dialects of Yiddish immigrants from different regions to Birobidzhan. In the train. "Outpost" (1937, No. 1) publ. scientific. research “Unification of the Hebrews. dialects ". Was repressed.

golobudy
has abstract: GOLOBUDY, does not exist since 1971. Est. in 1849 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Gallilee Volkovysh u. Grodno province. In 1920–39 it was part of Poland, and from 1939 it was the BSSR. In 1898, 214 people lived in Georgia. by 378 dec., in 1921 - 109 Jews. 1942 Jews of Georgia were deported through a transit camp in Volkovysk to an extermination camp in Poland.

goloby
has abstract: GOLOBY, an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Kovel district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 16th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kovel district. Volyn province. In 1919-39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century There were 300-400 Jews living in Georgia (20-25%), in 1921 - 200 (13.7%), in 1931 - 350 Jews. Jews lived in Georgia from the second half of the year. 17th century There was a synagogue and a shohet. On June 26, 1941, Germany was occupied. troops. In the end. 1941 Jews of Georgia were sent to the Melnitsa ghetto. 4 Sep 1942 Jews of Georgia were shot.

goloche
has abstract: GOLOCHE, see Galochi.

golodjki
has abstract: HUNGER, see Antonina.

golodnaya stepj
has abstract: HUNGRY STEPPE, see Gulistan.

golodnyy mikhail semenovich
has abstract: GOLODNY Mikhail Semenovich (Epshtein Mikhail Shimonovich) (1903, Bakhmut, Yekaterinoslavskaya province - 1949, Moscow), poet. Graduated from the Higher Literary-artistic. in-t them. Bryusov. He joined the most leftist proletarian poets - gr. editorial office of the magazine "On the post". Then he moved to "Pass", and later to VAPP. G.'s verses are imbued with roar. romance. Such songs of G. as "Partizan Zheleznyak", "Song about Shchors" were widely known. Translated from Belarusian, pol., Ukr. Op .: Piles. M., 1922; Selected, M., 1949; Poems, ballads, songs, M., 1959.

gologorskiy viktor adoljfovich
has abstract: GOLOGORSKY Victor Adolfovich (b. 1930, Odessa), anesthesiologist, prof. (1973). Father - Adolf Sergeevich (1896-1971), Assoc. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Odessa honey. in-that. In 1953 he graduated from Odessa honey. in: t. Since 1956 he has been working in the 2nd Moscow. honey. in-those, Dr. med. Sciences (1966). From 1971 - head. scientific research lab. anesthesiology and reanimatology. scientific. works are devoted to the problems of anesthesia, pathogenesis and treatment of inf. toxic shock, multiple organ failure syndrome, respiratory distress syndrome, etc. prez. reign of Vseros. about-va of anesthesiologists and resuscitators. Laureate of the State. pr. RF (1991). Cit .: Potentiated anesthesia in a surgical clinic (et al.). - M., 1963.

gologory
has abstract: GOLOGORY, a village in the Zolochiv district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 12th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 498 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1880 - 1216 (44%), in 1890 - 1130 (36.6%), in 1921 - 505 Jews. (20.6%.) Jews lived in Georgia from 1470. 17th century a synagogue was built. Since 1772 it existed independently. community. The rabbis of Georgia in the 18th century there were Zvi-Hirsch Geler (? -1766), Rabbi Anshel from Tismenitsa (? -1762). In the beginning. 19th century Rabbi was Yosef-Azriel Rolig (? -1856, Sadagora), in 1835-45 - Yoel Ashkenazi (1810-1883, Zolochev), in 1885-1909 - Eliezer Segal (? -1938). In 1895 with the help of Baron Hirsch in G a school was opened. Since the 1900s. in G. there were divisions of various. Zionist org-tions. In 1910-15 the rabbi of G. was Mordkhe-Arie Heber, from 1927 - Shloyme Shikler, then - Yosef-Mordhe Bloom (? -1942). 1942 Jews of Georgia were sent to Zolochev.

golomb avraam isaak
has abstract: GOLOMB Abraham Isaac (1888, Straveniki - 1982, Mexico City), teacher. Studied at a yeshiva in Vilna, then at ped. in-those in Vitebsk and in Kiev un-those. He taught in Vitebsk (1909–12), Kharkov (1916–17); there was a deer. Heb. ped. seminary in Vilna (1921–31). In 1932 he moved to E.-I., taught biology in agriculture. schools. From 1938 there was Art. teacher, then deer. at the school of I.-L. Peretz in Winnipeg (Canada). Since 1944 in Mexico. The author of a number of books. on pedagogy.

golomb eliyakhu
has abstract: GOLOMB Eliyahu (1893, Volkovysk, Grodno province - 1945, Tel Aviv), organizer of the Hebrew. defense in the mandated E.-I., one of the founders and leaders of the Jewish military organization (Gagan), a public figure. In E.-I. from 1909. In 1913 he graduated from the gymnasium in Tel Aviv. One of the organizers of Heb. legion, which was part of the British army (1918). In 1919 he joined the Zionist Socialist Party. directions Akhdut ha-Avoda. Since 1921, members to-that of Gagana of the General Federation of Heb. workers in E.-I. (Histadrut). In 1936–39, he was one of the organizers of the "field detachments" that fought Arab terrorists. At the same time, being a supporter of active defense, G. opposed retaliatory punitive actions. He believed that Gagana should be the only soldier. by the power of Heb. people; however, G. had to fight other Heb. underground soldiers. org-tions. G. was one of the creatures. special detachments of Gagana - Palmach, laid the foundations of the armed forces of Israel, determined the direction of their development, was one of the hands. Histadrut, Vaad Leummi (representative body of the Jews under the mandate of E.-I.), a delegate to the Zionist congresses. In the house in which G. lived in Tel Aviv, the Gagana Museum was created, named after him.

golomb tirsh-nison
has abstract: GOLOMB Tirsh-Neeson (1853, Subzel of the Kovno province - 1934, Vilno), prose writer, linguist. Got a trad. Heb. religious education. In 1873 he came to Vilna, where he became an assistant to the proofreader in the printing house of the widow and brothers Romm, composed fairy tales in the style of A.-M. Dick and published some of them: "A junge toyb headlight a korbn" , 1878). G. also belong to linguistic. experiments: "Mishlei hakhamim" (proverbs), 1879, "Hebraic male and female names used in jargon" (1905), "Hebraic-Heb. dictionary of expressions and words from the Torah, used in Heb. conversation and in literature ”(1910) and others. G. was the author of several. collection of songs and plank beds. melodies, as well as muses. son G. - Emmanuel (born in the early 70s of the 19th century, no further information) was also a writer of fairy tales in Hebrew and Yiddish. In 1901-03, together with his father, he compiled a biography. lexicon in Hebrew "Kol Hemdat Israel".

golonog
has abstract: GOLONG, see Golonug.

golonug
has abstract: GOLONUG, now part of the city of Donbrov, Katowice Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - c. Holonogs of Bendinsky u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1897, 56 Jews (10.6%) lived in Georgia.

goloshchekin david semenovich
has abstract: GOLOSCHEKIN David Semenovich (b. 1944, Moscow), jazz multi-instrumentalist, composer, performer on flugelhorn, violin, saxophone, piano, drums, double bass, etc. In 1961 he graduated from special. muses. ten-year school at Leningrad. Conservatory in the violin class. As a jazz musician, he first appeared in 1961 at the Tallinn-61 jazz festival as a double bass player in a quartet conducted by pianist Yu. Vikharev. From 1963 to 1964 he directed the Vses ensemble. tour-conc. association in Leningrad, played in the jazz octet Leningrad. Institute of Precise Mechanics and Optics, then worked as a pianist in an orc. Eddie Rosner, Diff. ensembles in Odessa, and in 1969 he founded his own. jazz group in Leningrad, with a cut in decomp. compositions actively performed in the 1970s and 80s. In creativity, as a performer and composer, G. tends to the classical. jazz. His game is distinguished by impeccable taste and delicate style flair. He created a number of conc. review programs: "Jazz Pianists", "Bebop", "Duke Ellington", "Gershwin and His Time" and others. In 1977 he recorded the disc "Jazz Compositions", where he performed the parts of fp., harp, flugelhorn, drums, bass -guitar, double bass, violin, conga and saxophone. Has toured to many. European countries, the USA. He starred in several films, in 1993 he played one of the main roles in the television movie "When the saints march."

goloshchekin filipp
has abstract: GOLOSCHEKIN Philip (Shaya) Isaevich (1876, Nevel, Vitebsk province - 1941, Barbosh, Kuibyshev region), part. and state. activist, member Communist. parties since 1903. From the family of a contractor. He graduated from a dental school, worked as a dental technician. From 1903 he led the roar. work in St. Petersburg, Kronstadt, Sestroretsk, Moscow and other cities. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07, in 1906 a member. Petersburg. to-that, in 1909 - Moscow. to-that RSDLP. In 1909 he was arrested and exiled to the Narym region. He fled in 1910. At the 6th (Prague) conference of the RSDLP elected a member. Central Committee and its Rus. the Bureau. In 1913 he was arrested again and exiled to the Turukhansk region. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 representative of the Central Committee in St. Petersburg. to-those Bolsheviks, cases. 7th (Apr.) All-Russia. conference of the RSDLP (b). In May 1917 he was sent to the Urals: member. and secret. Perm, then the Ural region. Soviets, formed the Kr. Guards in Yekaterinburg. Affairs. 6th Congress of the RSDLP (b). All R. oct. 1917 in Petrograd, cases. 2nd All-Russia. Congress of Soviets (elected member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee). Member Petrogr. VRK, participant Oct. coup. In nov. 1917 returned to Yekaterinburg, supervised the dispersal of the coalitions. To-that bed. power and the elimination of the former local state. structures. From Jan. 1918 Commissioner of Justice of the Urals, from Feb. - Regional Commissioner military registration and enlistment office, member. regional party committee and regional. Council, from May - military. Commissioner of the Ural VO. Together with the pre. Of the Executive Committee of the Uralsovet A.T. Beloborodov played a decisive role in the transfer of the royal family from Tobolsk to Yekaterinburg and in its subsequent execution. In sep. 1918 - Jan. 1919 chap. political commissar of the 3rd army, since December. 1918 members Siberian Bureau of the Central Committee of the R…

goloskovo
has abstract: GOLOSKOVO, a village in the Krivoozersky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Baltsky u. Podolsk province. In 1863 305 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1897 - 1272 (84.1%), in 1923 - approx. 1400, in 1926 - 1572 Jews. In 1863 there was a synagogue in Georgia, in 1889 there were 2 synagogues. In 1909, after the death of Yakov-Eli Shapiro's father, Chaim Shapiro (1867—?) Became Rabbi of Georgia. In June 1919, a pogrom broke out in Georgia by units of the Volunteer Army. 1941, 241 Jews were shot in Georgia. O. Zaborovsky, L.M. Kvitko.

golosovker yakov emmanuilovich
has abstract: GOLOSOVKER Yakov Emmanuilovich (1890, Kiev - 1967, Moscow), writer, philosopher. Rod. in the family of a surgeon. He graduated from the classic. gymnasium, then a historical philologist. Faculty of Kiev University (1913). In the 1920s. lectured on antique. culture and philosophy in the Higher Literature-Art. in-those them. V.Ya.Bryusov, at the 2nd Moscow State University. He began to publish in 1913, he was known as a translator of antiquity. poets, F. Hölderlin, in the 1930s. translated "Thus Spoke Zarathustra" by F. Nietzsche. He worked on a novel about modernity, which was burnt down in a fire and later partially restored by philosophical works. In 1936 he was repressed, in 1939 he was released. Made up huge. anthology of ancient poetry in translations of Russian. poets and "The Ancient World in Russian Poetry", still unpublished. Author of translation books, Op. poets of other Hellas and Rome, written in prose "Legends of the Titans" (1955, 1961, republished three times in 1993/94). In the book. Dostoevsky and Kant (1963 and foreign ed.) Showed how Kantian antinomies are refracted in the minds of Dostoevsky's heroes. In the last years of his life he suffered from a mental disorder. Main manuf. were published after his death. In the book. "The logic of myth" (1987) and philosopher, works, publ. in periodic. editions, reflected ch. the theme for him is the creative imagination of both natural and historical cultures. phenomenon. The name of the author immediately became one of the original, thinkers of the 20th century. In 1991, f. "Friendship of peoples" baked. "The Burnt Novel" (translated in German and French). Left a large lit. heritage (philosopher. works, prose, poetry). Cr. overview in f. "Rus. liter ", 1991, No. 4.

golovanevsk
has abstract: GOLOVANEVSK, an urban-type settlement (since 1957), a regional center in the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1764.From 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Baltsky u. In 1847 there were 1,974 Jews living in Georgia, in 1887 Jews accounted for 85% of the population, in 1897 - 4,320 Jews (53%), in 1923 - 3,518, in 1926 - 3,474 (85.7%), in 1939 - 1393 Jews lived in Georgia from the end. 18th century In 1889 there were 2 synagogues in Georgia, and in 1909 a private Jewish husband. uch-shche, in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. m-in. Dec 18 1917 a pogrom took place in Georgia. In 1918, a detachment of Jewish self-defense was formed (several hundreds of fighters), which was armed with rifles, grenades, art. tool. In the beginning. Aug 1919 the detachment was defeated, and on 4 August. G. was subjected to a pogrom, during which ca. 200 people In March 1921, the Evsection of the Podolsk Provincial Committee of the CP (b) U received aid from the United States intended for the Jews of Georgia who had suffered from pogroms and war. In 1925, immigrants from Georgia founded in the Odessa okr. Jewish agriculturalist artel "Freeling". July 30, 1941 was occupied by the Germans. troops, in the first days approx. 100 Jews, approx. 800 were shot in the woods near G. In Sept. 1941 killed 570 Jews, January 3. 1942 36 Jewish children from children were shot. at home, in Feb. the same year - several. hundreds of Jews. Naum Moiseevich Shinkerman (1907-1997, Moscow), pathologist, Dr. med. sciences (1955), prof., during the war 1941-45 ch. pathologist of the 4th Ukr. fr., in 1946 organizer and hands. Department of pathological. anatomy in Chernivtsi honey. in-those, research. in the region. pathomorphology of the thyroid gland and other endocrine glands. Yu.N. Grigorieva

golovchin
has abstract: GOLOVCHIN, a village in the Belynichsky district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the end. 15th century In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Orsha district as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mogilev u. In 1841, 499 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1860 - 443, in 1897 - 433 (35.3%), in 1908 - 676, and in 1923 - 378 Jews. In 1798 there were 2 synagogues in Georgia. In 1841 - a synagogue and 4 heders. In 1903, Chaim-Nathan Yudin was Rabbi of Georgia. In the end. 1920s The Shokhet in Georgia was the Lubavitch Hasid Axelrod, who in 1928 tried to restore the closed mikvah. The Jewish population of Georgia was destroyed during the Holocaust.

golovchiner boris mikhaylovich
has abstract: GOLOVCHINER Boris Mikhailovich (1907, Aleksandrovsk, Yekaterinoslav province - 2000, Moscow), military leader. Major General (1944). Graduated from the infantry. uch-shche (1931), Military. Academy named after Frunze (1939). In the army since 1929.1935 - deputy. early division headquarters. Since 1936 - com. shelf. 1939–41 - early. division headquarters. 1941–42 - pom. early and early. operational department army headquarters. 1943–45 - early. army headquarters. 1945–46 - early. headquarters of the Volga military. env. 1947–70 - Art. military teacher Academy of Gen. headquarters. From 1970 - retired. He was awarded the 5th order.

golovchintsy
has abstract: GOLOVCHYNTSY, a village in the Zalishchytsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. During the Holocaust, women were created in Georgia. Jewish work team for growing kok-sagiz (rubber substitute). On June 22, 1943, the work team was liquidated.

golovenchiz shloyme
has abstract: GOLOVENCHIZ Shloyme (1869, Town of Vitebsk Province - 1938, Jerusalem), rabbi. He studied at the yeshivas of Volozhin and Slobodka. In 1894-1908 he taught at a yeshiva in Minsk. In 1901–10 he was a rabbi in the Mogilnoe borough (Minsk province). In 1910–32 he was a rabbi in Mogilev. Since 1932 - in E.-I. In 1937–38, he was the head of a religion. council of Jerusalem.

golta
has abstract: GOLTA, a part (since 1919) of Olviopol (present-day Pervomaisk) in the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). From 1810 - a suburb of Olviopol, then - the town of Ananievsky u. Kherson province. In 1897, 1,245 Jews (17.6%) lived in Georgia. 19th century the rabbi in Georgia was Naftola Rapoport (1849–?). In 1905 a pogrom took place in Georgia. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. Dec. In 1919, retreating units of the Volunteer Army staged a pogrom in Georgia. During the war, a ghetto was created in Georgia for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina. On 1 Sept. 1943 72 Jews survived in Georgia.

golub david moiseevich
has abstract: GOLUB David Moiseevich (Movshevich) (1901, Hegumen of Minsk Province - 2001, Minsk), anatomist, acad. Academy of Sciences of the BSSR (1960). Graduated from honey. f-t Belorus, un-that in Minsk (1926). He worked at the Department of Anatomy there; prof., head. Department of Anatomy of the Minsk med. Institute (1934), simultaneously. (since 1933) worked at the Institute of Psychoneurology of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR, and since 1954 head. lab. morphology of the nervous system in Ying-those physiology of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR. Osn. scientific. tr. G. poev, anatomy and embryology of the nervous and vascular systems, one of the founders of neuroembryology in the USSR. Established the patterns of innervation internal. organs (adrenal glands, pancreas), identified the stages of formation of nerve plexuses and cranial nerves. Joint. with sotr. developed a technique for creating. new sources of innervation of organs and tissues by transplanting the mesenteric nerve node onto the wall of the bladder. Research compensatory adaptations in the autonomic nervous system. During the war years 1941–45 he developed methods for restoring the sciatic nerve in case of its extensive defects. State pr. USSR (1973). Honored. Scientist of the BSSR (1971) Vol .: The structure of the peripheral nervous system and human embryogenesis. Atlas, Minsk, 1962; Nerves of reflexogenic zones (Embryological studies). Minsk, 1976 (et al.); The development of the plexuses of the spinal nerves. Atlas, Minsk, 1982 (et al.); Gangliopexy and innervation of organs. Minsk, 1986 (et al.).

golubichi
has abstract: GOLUBICHI, a village in the Glubokoe district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Disnensky u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39, it was in the Vilnius Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1921, 63 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1931, 113 Jews. In 1863 there was a synagogue in Georgia. In 1942 there was a synagogue in Georgia. killed several. Jews.

golubovka
has abstract: GOLUBOVKA, a village in the Kremensky district of the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Slavyanoserbsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1939, 166 Jews lived in Georgia.

golubovskaya nadezhda iosifovna
has abstract: GOLUBOVSKAYA Nadezhda Iosifovna (1891, Petersburg - 1975, ibid.), Pianist and harpsichordist. Graduated from Petersburg. conservatory, class fp. under S.M. Lyapunov, previously studied there under A.A. Rozanova (1907–10). From 1915 she performed as a soloist and ensemble player. She performed with singer ZP Lodiy, violinist M.B. Reison. From 1920 she taught php. the game in Petrogr. (Leningrad) Conservatory. Associate professor since 1926, professor since 1935. In 1941–44 the head. Department of FP. Sverdlovsk Conservatory, in 1945–63 consultant of the Tallinn Conservatory. G. is the author of works on the problems of pianism, incl. book "The art of pedaling". M., 1967. Honored. artist of the RSFSR (1937).

golubovskiy boris gavrilovich
has abstract: GOLUBOVSKY Boris Gavrilovich (1919, Kharkov - 2008, Moscow), dir. In 1934-35 he studied at the Bauman Theater. school, in 1941 he graduated from dir. Faculty of GITIS them. A.V. Lunacharsky (Moscow) and began to work in the T. K. Marx (Saratov). In 1941 org. fr. tr miniatures "Ogonyok". In 1944–46 he worked in Moscow. dram, t-re at hand. F.N. Kaverina, at the beginning. 1950s headed by Moscow. region td drama, post, performances "The Legend of Love" N. Hikmet, noted by criticism. In 1957-65 - Ch. dir. Moscow Youth Theater; fast. “In the Name of the Revolution” by MF Shatrov, “The Steamer is called“ Eaglet ”by AA Galich,“ Romeo and Juliet ”by W. Shakespeare, and others. In 1965–87 - Ch. dir. Moscow dram, t-ra them. N.V. Gogol; fast. "Riding a Dolphin" by L.A. Zhukhovitsky, "Conspiracy of the Empress" by A.N. Tolstoy (both in 1968), "House" (chapters from F.A.Abramov's novel), etc. ... in-those cultures. Since 1975 hands. courses on dir. f-those. Prof. (since 1985). In 1991 he organized a theater, a college at Ros. acad. lawsuit and headed it. The author of several. book Nar. art. RSFSR (1976). State pr. RSFSR them. K.S. Stanislavsky (1978).

golynj
has abstract: GOLYN, a village in Kalush district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 122 Jews lived in Georgia. 1942 Jews of Georgia were deported to Kalush.

golynka
has abstract: SHEET, see [[Old Stump.

golyub-dobzhinj
has abstract: GOLYUB-DOBZIN, a city (from 1789) in the Torun Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Dobrzhin Rypinsky u. Plock province. In 1808 in G.-D. Jews lived in 1880 (90%), in 1827 - 1304 (62%), in 1857 - 1599 (67%), in 1897 - 1938 (52%), in 1921 - 1976 Jews (49%). Jews lived in Georgia. -D. from the beginning. 17th century By the beginning. 18th century in G.-D. there was a community. A site was allocated for the cemetery; in the beginning. 19th century a wooden synagogue was built. Jews earned a living in the main. trade and crafts. Due to the location of G.-D. smuggling flourished in the city on the border with Prussia. Most of the smugglers were Jews. All R. 19th century Jews discovered in G.-D. several small prom. pr-ty: plant for the production of candles and soap, sawmills, distillery plant. In G.-D. philanthropists acted. org-tions and org-tions for the provision of social assistance, hevra kaddish, etc. In the end. 19th century the first Zionist circles were created. Rabbis G.-D. in the 19th century. were David Bartov and Yehuda-Leib Zonaband. In 1914 in G.-D. a free cafeteria was opened for refugees, some of them settled in G.-D. In the 1920s. a branch of the Cooperative Bank was created. Cells of plurals operated. Jewish parties and movements. Two schools were opened - “Isodei ha-Tora” for boys and “Beis Yaakov” for girls. In G.-D. worked b-ka them. Sholem Aleichem with a reading room, sports. Maccabi Club. 1 Sept. 1926 approx. The corpse of a child was found on the fence of the Jewish cemetery. The Poles accused the Jews of ritual murder. There were clashes between local peasants who demanded to "hand over the criminals" and Jewish youth. In the course of the investigation, it turned out that the child died in an accident. 11 people, including 5 Jews, were brought to trial on charges of disturbing public order. The Poles were sentenced to 3 month…

gomberg mozes
has abstract: GOMBERG Moses (Moisey Georgievich) (1866, Elizavetgrad - 1947, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA), organic chemist. Doctor of Philosophy (1894), prof. chemistry since 1904. In 1884 he graduated from the Elizavetgrad state government. After accusing his father of anti-government. The family fled in 1884 to the United States (Chicago). Despite financial difficulties, in 1890 he graduated from Michigan University, worked there until 1892 as an assistant. Between 1896 and 1897 he improved chem. education in Munich un-those at hand. A. Bayer and in Heidelberg un-those at W. Mayer. Until 1936 he worked at Michigan University. During the 1st world. wars in 1914-19 in military service. From 1919 ch. chemist and advisor art. Department of the United States for the production of gunpowder and poisonous substances, in 1927-36 headed the chemical. department. work in the region. the theory of free radicals, one of the founders of a cut he is. Research decomp. organic connections, incl. first received tetraphenylmethane, discovered the existence of free radicals, carried out a diazo reaction (the Gomberg reaction), proved the possibility of the existence of trivalent hydrogen. Since 1915, against his will, he was engaged in research. chemical warfare agents, the synthesis of ethylene chlorohydrin (an intermediate product in the production of mustard gas). Created the first successful antifreeze. From 1931 prez. Amer. chem. about-va.

gombin
has abstract: GOMBIN, a city (from 1437) in the Plock Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 14th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - in Gostynsky district. In 1808, 577 Jews (51%) lived in Georgia, in 1827 - 1472 (50%), in 1857 - 1897 (49%), in 1897 - 2539 (51%), in 1921 - 2564 (45% ), in 1939 - 2,312 Jews. Jews lived in Georgia from the middle. 16th century, engaged in handicrafts and small trade, including leather trade. In 1576, a decree was issued prohibiting Jewish merchants from purchasing leather from peasants and bringing it to Georgia. By the same decree, Jews were prohibited from buying milk from peasants. In 1656 a wave of Jewish pogroms took place in Georgia. Jews lived in a specially designated area. A synagogue was built in 1710. One of the first rabbis of Georgia was Avrom-Abale Gombiner (? -1713). In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Georgia. m-in. In the beginning. 1914 a Jewish library with a reading room was opened. In 1911-1919 the rabbi of G. was I. L. Avida, from 1927 - Gatkover. In 1922 the Union of Jewish Craftsmen (in 1935 split into several trade unions) and the Union of Small Traders were created. In 1927 a branch of the People's Cooperative Bank was opened, and in 1931 - the Bank of Small Traders and Artisans. In 1935 there were 198 Jewish artisans (45%) in Georgia. Jews were engaged in carriage, as well as serving vacationers and summer residents. Philanthropists worked in G. and socio-societies. org-tion; there were branches of almost all Jewish parties and movements, including Agudas Yisroel and Bunda. For some time the school of the Tarbut network and the school of Agudas Yisroel worked. In the end. 1930s in Georgia there were 2 libraries - the Zionist (3000 kn.) and Bund (2700 kn.). Under the Bund library, lit. and dram. mugs. Sports were active. clubs "Maccabi" and "Ha-Poel" .9 Sept. 1939 G. was occupied by the Germans. troops. In t…

gomelj
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ГОМЕЛЬ, город, центр Гомельской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1142. С 1335 — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, с 1569 — в Речицком повете Минского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1772 — в составе Рос. империи, с 1773 — центр Гомельского у. Рогачевской провинции, с 1777 — местечко Белицкого у. Могилевской губ., с 1852 — уездный город Могилевской губ. С 1919 — центр Гомельской губ. в составе РСФСР, с 1926 — в БССР, в 1926—31 и с 1937 — центр Гомельского р-на, в 1926—30 — Гомельского окр., с 1938 — Гомельской обл.В 1640-х гг. в Г. проживало ок. 2000 евреев, в 1765 — 658, в 1847 — 2400, в 1863 — 6518, в 1881 — 10 700, в 1893 — 14 472, в 1897 — 20 385 (55%), в 1899 — 24 981 (56,3%), в 1905 — 26 614, в 1910 — 30 708, в 1911 — 46 435 (48,3%), в 1912 — 57 810, в 1917 — 18 043 (25,8%), в 1920 — 31 600, в 1923 — 37 811 (48,8%), в 1926 — 37 475 (44%), в 1939 — 37 100, в 1959 — ок. 25 000, в 1970 — ок. 27 000, в 1979 — 26 416, в 1989 — 22 574 еврея.По одной из версий, евреи жили в Г. уже в 1-й пол. 16 в. В 1648 казаки отряда П.Головацкого захватили Г. и вырезали ок. 2 тыс. евреев (спасаясь от смерти, мн. евреи приняли православие, но после окончания воен. действий большинство из них вернулось в иудаизм). В кон. 18 в. в Г. была построена синагога. С нач. 19 в. Г. становится одним из центров любавичского хасидизма; в Г. жил ученик Шнеера-Залмана из Ляд Ицхок-Айзик (ок. 1780—1857). Евреи были владельцами первых кр. пром. пр-тий Г. (гл. обр. по переработке с.-х. продукции). Раввинами в Г. были: с 1862 — Абрам Хаимович Эльяшов, с 1880-х гг. — Зелик Зак, с 1893 — Менахем-Лейб Левин и Р.-М.Баришанский. В 1863 в Г. имелось 9 синагог, в 1897 — 26 синагог. С нач. 1890-х гг. (после изгнания евреев из Москвы) численность еврейского населения Г. резко возросла, оживилась торговля (в т. ч. лесом, льном, пенькой), открылся ряд кр. магазинов (оборот торговли в 1870—90-х гг. увеличился с 2 до 5,5 млн. руб.), возросло кол-во ремесл. мастерских (в 1890…

goncharj grigoriy moiseevich
has abstract: GONCHAR Grigory Moiseevich (b. 1916, Elisavetgrad), Hero of the Sov. Union (1945). In Kr. Army since 1937. On fr. from June 22, 1941. In July 1941 - surrounded. In 1941–43 he joined the partisans. detachments in Ukraine. From Jan. 1944 - in the army. Com. companies, Art. leith. G. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the courage shown in the battle when crossing the Oder in the Breslau region. Colonel G. has been in reserve since 1961.

gonendz
has abstract: GONYONDZ, a city (since 1547) in the Lomrzyn Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Bialystok region, since 1842 - the provincial town of Goniondz in Bialystok Grodno province. 1337 Jews lived in Georgia in 1847, in 1890 - 1713, in 1897 - 2056 (59.9%), in 1910 - 2138, in 1921 - 1135 Jews. In 1863 there were 2 synagogues in Georgia, in 1910 - philanthropist. Society "Linat ha-Tzedek", a Jewish cemetery. In 1941 a ghetto was created in Georgia, which contained 1280 people. The ghetto was liquidated on November 2. 1942, born in G. A.-A. Robak.

gonikberg mark gertsovich
has abstract: GONIKBERG Mark Gertsovich (1913, Moscow - 1970, ibid.), Physicochemist, Dr. Chem. Sciences (1947), professor. He graduated in 1935 chem. Faculty of Moscow state un-that and simultaneously. Institute of Oriental Studies. N.Narimanova. 1941–45 at the front. In 1945–70 he worked at Ying-those organic. Chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences ND Zelinsky in Moscow, in 1960 organized and headed the lab. chemistry of high and ultrahigh pressure. Main scientific. work related to research. viscosity of gases and their solubility in liquids at high pressures, with the study of organic. reactions at high and ultrahigh pressures. Developed the theory of the effects of high pressure in organic. chemistry. He established the regularity of the influence of pressure on spatially hindered reactions. Research correlated dependences between rate constants (equilibrium) of reactions at high pressures. I found out the regularities of the influence of pressure on the department. stages of radical polarization. He established a connection between the effect of pressure and the mechanism of the polymerization process as a whole. Works: Chem. equilibrium and speed of reactions at high. pressures, 3rd ed., M., 1969.

goniondz
has abstract: GONYONDZ, see Gonyondz.

gonor lev robertovich
has abstract: GONOR Lev Robertovich (Ruvimovich) (1906, borough Gorodische Cherkassky u.Kiev Gubernia - 1969, Moscow), mechanical engineer. Major General Engineering Art. service (1944). Hero of Soc. Labor (1942). R. in the family of an employee. Graduated from Leningrad. mechanical Institute (1930). He worked as an engineer, early. workshop, in 1939–42 dir. s-da "Barricades" (Stalingrad), in 1942-45 director. artillery. the plant in Sverdlovsk, created on the basis of Uralmash; in 1945–46 dir. Leningrad. plant "Bolshevik", 1946-50 dir. Research Institute-88, head org-tion in the region. rocket science; in 1950–52 in the reserve of the Ministry of Armaments of the USSR, then - director. artillery. s-yes in Krasnoyarsk. In January-March 1953 under investigation on charges of espionage. In 1953–69, the director. near Moscow Phil. Central Research Institute of Aviation motor building. Became. pr. (1946).

gonorata
has abstract: GONORATA, a village in the Kotovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk Gubernia. Since the fall of 1941, a camp for Jews from Bessarabia (about 300 people) was located in Georgia. By dec. 1941 most of the Jews in the camp died of hunger and disease.

gontarj avram yutkovich
has abstract: GONTAR Avram Yutkovich (1908, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1981, Moscow), poet, prose writer. First. verse, publ. in 1927 at the local gas. "Di voh". Graduated from Odessa. ped. in-t and post-graduate student, at Ying-those Heb. culture at the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. In 1933 he became a member. editorial board and the answer. sec. g. Farmest. In the same year, the first sat. verse. G. "Af reshtovanies" ("On the scaffolding"). In the future, more than two dozen of his poetry are published. Sat. and several. book prose. In the beginning. 2nd world. G.'s war is at war. service, and since 1943 works as an editor. in Heb. antifash. to-those. During the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism" he was repressed and reabilized. in 1956. At the beginning. exit railway G. Sovetish Gameland becomes a member. his editorial board. and head. department. G.'s poetry is saturated with folk motifs, emotionally elevated. G.'s works were translated into Russian, Ukrainian. and other languages. G. was also known as a brilliant translator from other languages ​​into Yiddish. In his lane. g. "Sovetish gameland" publ. rum. A. Rybakova "Heavy Sand". In the 60s and 70s. in the publishing house "Sov. writer "published several dozen books. Heb. writers, ed. to-rykh was G.

gopnik khaskelj
has abstract: GOPNIK Haskel (Vladimir) Moiseevich (1917, Zhitomir - 1989, Lvov), Hero of the Sov. Union (1945). In Kr. Army from 1937. In 1940 he graduated from the aviation. uch-shche. In fr. - from March 1943. Navigator of the ground attack aircraft. regiment, Major G. made 122 sorties, shot down 5 enemies. aircraft. Colonel G. was in the reserve since 1960. Awarded the 7th order.

gor gennadiy
has abstract: GOR Gennady (Gdaliy) Samoilovich (1907, Verkhneudinsk - 1981, Leningrad), prose writer. He spent the first year of his life in prison, where his parents were serving sentences for roaring. active Studied in lit. Department of the Faculty of Language and Material Culture Leningrad. un-that. In 1941 - fighter of the Kirov Div. bunk bed militia. First. story publ. in 1925. Themes of creativity - the life of the people. Cr. North, science fiction; showed a constant interest in philosophy, wrote a lot about painting (essays about V.G. Perov, V.I.Surikov, P.A. Fedotov, Nenets artist Pankov). Published more than forty books. Works: Painting: Stories. L., 1933; Carry me, river. L., 1938; Blue Lake: Short Stories. L., 1939; House on Mokhovaya. L., 1945; A young man from a distant river: Rum. L., 1953 and 1955; Winners of Space and Time: A Writer's Reflections. L., 1960; Kumbi: Science Fant. pov. and stories. L., 1968; Magic road. L., 1978; Five Corners: Essays. L., 1983, etc.

goray
has abstract: GORAI, a village in the Zamosc Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - posad of Zamostskiy u. Lublin province. 483 Jews (26.2%) lived in Georgia in 1856, 473 (27.2%) in 1897, and approx. 700 Jews in the 1900s. Abram Bronstein was the rabbi in Georgia. The Jewish population of Georgia was destroyed during the Holocaust.

gorb moisey saveljevich
has abstract: GORB Moisey Savelievich (1894, Odessa - 1937), sotr. foreign intelligence. Left Socialist-Revolutionary, since 1920 in the RCP (b). Since 1922 in Foreign. dep. (INO) GPU at SNK RSFSR. In 1922-24 he worked at the USSR embassy in Germany under the name. Worms. In 1925–37 - pom. early INO, pom. early Secretaries-polit. dep. OGPU USSR, early. specialist. dep. NKVD USSR. Art. Major of State Security (1935). Arrested, shot.

gorbatov
has abstract: GORBATOV, a city (since 1779) in the Pavlovsk district of the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 16th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Nizhny Novgorod province. In 1926, 1 Jew lived in Georgia, in 1939 - 4 Jews. 1915 there were 200 Jewish refugees in Georgia, October 10. 1915 - 140 Jews. In 1915, with the assistance of Moscow. OPE branches in G. were opened a school and a hearth.

gorbatov boris leontjevich
has abstract: GORBATOV Boris Leontievich (1908, Pervomaryevsky mine, Donbass - 1954, Moscow), writer. In 1922 he made his debut with the story "Satiated and Hungry" in gas. "All-Union stoker". In 1926, as a representative of the "Zaboi" association of writers, he joined the board of the VAPP and moved to Moscow. Since 1931 - a gas essayist. "Pravda", in the years of the 2nd world. war - military. correspondent. Brig, Commissioner, Colonel. Mn. manuf. G., sustained in the spirit of partisanship and DOS. social dogmas. realism, imbued with a roar. the romance of the first five-year plans (novel: "Cell", 1928; "My generation", 1933; rom. "Donbass", book 1, 1951, etc.). Author pl. book essays. Wide society. G.'s military journalism had resonance (Letters to a Comrade, 1941–42; Aleksey Kulikov, Fighter ..., 1942; Stories about a Soldier's Soul, 1943). For pov. "Unconquered" (1943), which tells about the struggle of the owls. people against the Nazis for the occupiers. territory, was honored. Became. pr. (1946). Heb. the topic is reflected in pov. "My Generation" (1933), largely an autobiography, which describes the disintegration of the Hebrews' way of life. m. in Ukraine. In pov. "Unconquered" G. is one of the first. in owls. literary wrote about tragic. the fate of the Jews in the conditions of fasc. occupation. In 1951 publ. scenario "Donetsk miners" (with V.M. Alekseev; Stal, pr., 1952). See. publ. rum. Alexey Gaidash (1955).

gorby
has abstract: GORBY, a village in Globinsky district of Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kremenchug u. Poltava province. In 1923-28 it was a regional center. In 1926, 47 Jews lived in the Gorbovskiy district. In 1942, several Jews were killed in Georgia. Jews.

gordievka
has abstract: GORDIEVKA, a village in Trostyanetsky district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Olgopolsky u. Podolsk province. 1941 there was a camp in Georgia for Jews from Bessarabia (230 people).

gordin abba
has abstract: GORDIN Abba (1887, Vilna - 1964, Israel), writer. Received a tradition. Heb. education. He wrote in Hebrew, Russian, English, as well as Yiddish. Adhering to the ideology of anarchism, he remained true to his convictions even in the Sov. Russia. Until 1926 he lived in Moscow and Leningrad, then - in the USA. Edited gas in New York. Yiddish Font (1941–46). I ate, lived in Israel for seven years, edited the gas. "Problem". In their early ped. op. G. sought the synthesis of the Bible. Judaism and classical. anarchism. The author of the memoir book. Memories and Abacus (1955-57) and Thirty Years in Lithuania and Poland (1968).

gordin arkadiy moiseevich
has abstract: GORDIN Arkady Moiseevich (b. 1913, Pskov), literary critic, renowned specialist in the history of Russian. literature of Pushkin's time. Graduated from Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute. A.I. Herzen (1935). He worked as a deputy. dir. Pushkin Reserve (1945–49), deputy. dir. Vses. Museum of A.S. Pushkin (1957–63). Author and compiler approx. twenty kn. about the literature of the Pushkin era. Compiled by the popular ser. "V.G.Belinsky" (1951, 1958), "N.V. Gogol" (1953, 1959), "A.S. Griboyedov" (1955), "I.A.Krylov" (1966), "A . Block "(1973) in portraits, illustrations, documents, etc.

gordin yakob
has abstract: GORDIN Jacob (1897, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province. - 1947, Paris), teacher. Received general and Heb. education in St. Petersburg. During civil. war wandered in search of opportunities to deepen knowledge in the region. Heb. mysticism. Since 1923 in Germany, where publ. a number of phi los. cit., incl. several Art. in Heb. philosophy for going out on it. lang. encyclopedia "Judaica". Since 1933 in France, where he continued his philosophy. research. After the Nazi occupation, at the invitation of Heb. scout movement was created by. Heb. uch. c. in the Vichy "free zone". After the liberation of France, he devoted himself to educational activities in the region. Heb. traditions. He had a noticeable effect on many. young Hebrews. intellectuals.

gordin yakov mikhaylovich
has abstract: GORDIN Yakov Mikhailovich (1853, Mirgorod, Poltava province. - 1909, New York), playwright, prose writer. Rod. in comp. Hasidic family. Got a house. education, studied other Heb., Rus. and it. languages. In the beginning. 1870s printed correspondence in Russian. newspapers, became interested in populism, wandered around the country, worked as a loader, actor, journalist, teacher in Russian-Hebrew. school. Having settled in Odessa, he wrote stories and correspondence, published them in Russian. ed. Under the influence of the ideas of Leo Tolstoy, the Stundists (a protest sect in southern Russia) and populism, he created in 1880 the "Spiritual-Biblical Brotherhood" with the aim of radically reforming the life of Jews, turning the tradition. religion in a rationalistic. ethical and social teaching, based on bibl. Judaism. The path to morals. improvement of personality G. saw in the appeal to physical. labor, primarily agricultural. For three years he lived in the village, was engaged in agriculture. From 1891 in the United States, where he wrote a novel. in Yiddish "Dos tsebrochete harts" ("Broken Heart") - from the life of Jews in Russia. In the same year New York, Heb. Union Theater staged his first play Sibiria. Since that time, G. becomes prof. playwright. He wrote about 100 plays, of which the most popular were the dramas “The Jewish King Lear” (1892), “Lithuanian Brothers Lurie” (1894), “Mi-relay Efros” (1898), “God, Man and the Devil” (1900), “ Orphan Hasya "(1903)," Di shkhite "(" The Massacre ") and" Overseas "(1902), and others. G. translated for Hebrews. theater dozens of plays from Russian. and peace. drama. He wrote stories, is critical. articles on drama, was engaged in societies, activities, was close to the Amer. socialists, gave lectures and abstracts. For several decades, G.'s plays occupied a leading place in the repertoire of Hebrews. theaters of the world.

gordina mirra veniaminovna
has abstract: GORDINA Mirra Veniaminovna (b. 1925, Leningrad), orientalist, linguist-phoneticist, Ph.D. philol. Sciences (1960), Assoc. (1964). Graduated from philol. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1947). In 1948-50 scientific. sotr. Ying language. and thinking of the USSR Academy of Sciences; in 1951–53 the teacher was Ivan. state ped. in-that; since 1953 - teacher of philology. Faculty of Leningrad State University. Main scientific. publications consider Vietnam, Russian transcriptions. words, tone system, interpretation of diphthongs, vowel duration, etc. according to experiment, data. In the book. "Yaz. South-East. Asia. Questions of morphology, phonetics and phonology ”(M., 1970, et al.) Presents materials on grammar and phonetic. I build dialects and dialects of modern times. Vietnam, lang.

gordineshtj
has abstract: GORDINESTI (until 1991 - Gordinesti), a village in Edinet district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Khotinskiy u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40, it was a part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the MSSR. On July 7, 1941, 3 Jews were killed in Georgia.

gordineshty
has abstract: GORDINESTI, see Gordinesti.

gordon agaron david
has abstract: GORDON Aharon David (1856, Grofnov Volyn province - 1922, Dgania Alef), one of the founders of the Halucian movement in Zionism. Got a trad. Heb. education. From 1904 in E.-I. Worked with.-kh. workers, during the attack of the Arabs was seriously wounded. G.'s worldview was influenced by the ideas of Leo Tolstoy and the Amer. sociologist G. George, who saw the way to improve the society in self-improvement people. personality, in its proximity to nature. Centre. for G. there was "the idea of ​​labor", to-ry from the means of subsistence should become the goal of life. G. considered the physical activity. labor as a means of intuitive comprehension and mystical. perception of Gd. G.'s followers defined his worldview as a "religion of labor." He opposed private ownership of land, but rejected Marxism as a product of the Hindus. production-va, far from nature. living conditions. Social security deposit justice seen in the joint. working life of all. He believed that the people as a "collective personality" live in the same way as dep. individual, and therefore actions prohibited in relations between people (murder, robbery, deception, etc.) should be prohibited in relations between nations. As a result, a people will appear, embodying a perfect personality, a single people - humanity. The tragedy of Heb. people saw not so much in dispersion and pogroms, as in the fact that by virtue of the truth. circumstances he was divorced from the production. labor. He offered to revive the nat. working life in E.-I. The personality and activities of G. had a tremendous impact on his contemporaries. Although G. was an opponent of partisanship in the Zionist movement, he, not being a member. the party "Ha-Po-el-Ha-Tsair", therefore, determined its decisions. In the name of G. youth Zionist movement (founded in 1923). In Dgania Alef, the G.

gordon david
has abstract: GORDON David (1831, Podmeresch of Vilna district and province - 1886, Lyk, Prussia), journalist, editor. He studied at the yeshiva, later joined the Gaskal movement and received a secular education. Worked as a teacher. All R. 1850s moved to Liverpool (England), where he remained until 1858, teaching OE. and it. lang. In 1858 he moved to Lyk, where E.L. Zilberman invited him to become a assistant. ed. first weekly. "Ha-Magid" in ancient Hebrew lang. From 1880 officially ed. "Ga-Magid". 1879-1881 published a weekly. lit. and scientific. app. to "Ga-Magid" under the name. Magid Mishneh. G. also edited the gas. On him. lang., wrote for "Time" and "Juish Chronicle". Art. G. in "Ha-Magid", calling for Heb. nat. revival in E.-I., were the first. Art. of this kind in OE. lang. G. - one of the founders and hands. movement Khibat Zion in the beginning. 80s The author of several. books.

gordon eliezer
has abstract: GORDON Eliezer (1840, near Minsk - 1910, London), rabbi. Appointed in 1874 as a rabbi in Kelmakh and the head of his yeshiva, which attracted many. disciples, G. became famous as one of the wisest and most pious learned rabbis of Lithuania. Since 1884, a rabbi in the Telshi borough and rukov. yeshivas, which since 1858 after the closure of the yeshiva in Volozhin became the spiritual center of Lithuanian Jewry. G. was one of the first to apply the "method of logical completeness." His lectures were distinguished by their deep analysis and their original logic. interpretations. He was also one of the first hand. Lithuanian yeshivas included in the account. Musar (ethics) study programs. He is a spiritual leader and mentor for hundreds of yeshiva students. Showed interest in the financial issues of the yeshiva; personally dealt with the financial situation of students, who highly appreciated and respected him. As rabbi G. Telshi was devoted to the cause, unshakable and unselfish, he defended the rights of growing up. Jewry, played an active role in the decision of the international. Heb. problems; at the congresses grew. Rabbis G. was one of Ch. speakers. In 1904 in Vilna, striving to create an organization that would unite all Orthodox Jews, he helped found the organization of Knesses Israel, considered by many. as the predecessor of Agudat Yisrael. In 1910 the Telshi yeshiva was destroyed by fire. Single published the work of G. - Tshuvot Rabbi Eliezer (2 volumes, 1912, 1940).

gordon grigoriy meerovich
has abstract: GORDON Grigory Meerovich (b. 1909, Kovno), painter, graphic artist. In 1929 he graduated from Vitebsk art. technical school, in 1929-34 he studied graphic art. Faculty of VKHUTEMAS at S.V. Gerasimov, A.A. Deineka, N.A. Udaltsova, K.N. Istomin. Member of the 1941–45 war. He worked in East. genre, painted portraits. Participant pl. official exhibitions, a personal exhibition took place in Moscow in 1979. Main. works: panel "Meeting of the heroes of Khasan with collective farmers of the Far East", "Arrival of immigrants to the Amur state farm" for the pavilion "Far East" at the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (1939, with Y. Pimenov, S.Ya.Adlivankin, G.G. Nissky and others. ), the series "Ukrainian Front" (1943–45, bum., car.), "Front dinner" (1966, oil on canvas), "Heroes of the Civil War" (1977, oil on canvas), portraits - S.V. Gerasimov (1938, paper., Card.), L.D. Landau (1948, paper., Card.), Group portrait of comp. D.D.Shostakovich, T.N. Khrennikov, A.I. Khachaturyan, D.B. Kabalevsky (1978, oil on canvas). Works are in the Rostov region. the museum will depict. arts, Nizhny Novgorod art. museum.

gordon ieguda-leyb
has abstract: GORDON Yehuda-Leib (Lev Osipovich (Osherovich) (1830, Vilna - 1892, Petersburg), poet. In 1852 he graduated from the Vilna rabbinical school, worked as a teacher. In 1856 he made his debut with the poem "Love of David and Michael" in Hebrew. His poetry collection “The Fables of Yehuda” (1860) and “Songs of Yehuda” (1866) were equally successful. He also wrote prose and collaborated in Russian-Hebrew . period, publishing house "Dawn", "Zion", "Hebrew b-ka" and others. In 1872 he arrived in St. Petersburg, where he became secretary of the "Society for the spread of education." He proclaimed the slogan "Be a Jew in your tent and a man leaving him ", which became the motto of the Jewish enlighteners of that time. In 1879 he was arrested and together with his wife exiled to the Olonets province. After returning from exile, he became an assistant to the editor of the newspaper" Ha-Melits ", where he published a publicist. and literary-critical articles and feuilletons, and in 1881 published in the journal "Voskhod" a study on the history of Jews in St. Petersburg. Poems and poems of G. were very popular among young people. about style in Hebrew lit-re. He also wrote in Yiddish. Sat. his verse, in Yiddish (1886), withstood several. republished, had a great influence on the further development of Heb. lit-ry. G.'s significant contribution to Hebrew. lit-keeping.

gordon iekutiel
has abstract: GORDON Iekutiel (18th century), Kabbalist. He came from Vilna to study medicine at the University of Padua, where he met M.-H. Luzzatto. At the same time, Luzzatto organized his own circle for study and messianic activity. G., who became his main follower, was one of the first seven who signed about 1728 the charter of the Luzzatto Society. For many years he remained an adherent of his views. G. returned to Vost. Europe after Luzzato ceased operations in Padua.

gordon iljya zinovjevich
has abstract: GORDON Ilya Zinovievich (1907, Zelenopol, Mariupol district, Yekaterinoslav province - 1989, Moscow), prose writer. Rod. in a peasant family. From childhood he worked in the village. host. After the death of his parents, he was brought up in an orphanage in Berdyansk. Studied at the Odessa rabfak. ped. in-that, then in Moscow. ped. in-those. The first two books of G. are rum. "Wildgroz" ("Burian") and Sat. stories "Af greener erd" ("On the green earth"), published in 1930, brought him fame. Prod. G. dedicated life of Heb. cross-va to roar. and in the first. decades after her. During the war of 1941–45, G. worked for the front, for gas. He published essays and reports for gas. "Einikite". The author of the book: "Ingul-Boyar", 1935; pov. Dry Breeder (Three Brothers), 1938; Derceilungen un noveln (Stories and Novels), 1939; "In eigene cantn" ("In the native land"), which included rum. Three Brothers and Stories Written after the War, 1969; rum. Unter der Geiser Zun (Under the Hot Sun), 1978; rum. "Leicht-tour" ("Lighthouse") 1989.

gordon leonid abramovich
has abstract: GORDON Leonid Abramovich (b. 1930, Moscow), sociologist. Dr. East Sciences (1979). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1953). He worked as a scientist. sotr. Fundamental library on societies, sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1955–61), Institute of the Peoples of Asia (1961–65). Research Institute of Labor under the State. committee on labor issues (1965-66), Ying-that international. of the working movement of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1966–91), hands. Center for Social and Labor Relations of the Institute of Employment Problems of the Ministry of Labor and Employment (1991–93), head. dep. Ying-that world. economy and international. relations of RAS (since 1993). Research on the history of the working class of Asian countries, dec. problems of the working class of the USSR and post-socialist. Russia, int. the labor movement, as well as the problems of social planning and way of life. Vol .: From the history of the working class of India. M., 1961. The working class of independent India. M., 1968 (in co-authorship). Man after work. M., 1972 (in co-authorship). The working class of the USSR: Trends and prospects for the social and economic. development. M., 1985 (et al.). What was that | Reflection on the premises and results of what happened to us in the 30s and 40s. M., 1989 (in co-authorship). Essays on the labor movement in the post-socialist. Russia. M., 1993.

gordon mikhl
has abstract: GORDON Mikhl (1823, Vilna - 1890, Kiev), poet. He led a wandering life. He made his debut in the liter in 1846 with an elegy to death outstanding. Heb. the writer M.A. Gintsburg. In ancient Hebrew came out several. Sat. verse. G., but he became popular thanks to the production. Yiddish. In 1868 in Zhitomir he published his first. Sat. verse, in Yiddish "Di board underdere noh andere shain is not a Yiddish leader" ("Beard and other beautiful Jewish verses"). His second poetry. Sat. was published in Warsaw in 1889. The pearls of G.'s poetry were such poems as "Di board" (Beard), "Der get" ("Divorce"), "Main letzer tog" ("My last day"), etc. Devotee idea of ​​enlightenment Heb. bunk bed masses, G. was going to publish in Yiddish ser. popular science. book Due to the heavy material. provisions he had published. only first. part of the History of Russia (1869).

gordon osip ljvovich
has abstract: GORDON Osip Lvovich (1898, Riga - 1958, Moscow), gastroenterologist. After finishing honey. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State University (1922) entered the hospital therapy clinic of the 2nd Moscow State University as an external student, in 1923–30 he worked as an intern at the Belorus hospital. railway and a doctor at the Center, lab. psychology and pathology of labor in transport. Together with M.I. Pevzner, he organized the research. to lay down. food in Ying-those food, in Krom from 1931 until the end of his life worked as the head. department of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. tr. G. dedicated decomp. problems of gastroenterology. Made a contribution to the study of the pathogenesis and clinic of gastritis, research. compensation for diseases of the digestive system, incl. after the surgeon. Operations. Cit .: Clinical significance of disorders of neurohumoral regulation in certain pathological conditions of the stomach, L., 1948. Complications in ulcerative patients after gastroenteroscopy and resection of the stomach, M., 1949; Chronic gastritis and the so-called functional diseases of the stomach, M., 1959.

gordon shmuelj leyb
has abstract: GORDON Shmuel Leib (1865, Lida Vilna province - 1933, Tel Aviv), teacher, poet. Acronym Shalag. He wrote in Hebrew. Orthodox, replenished upbringing with self-education. In 1898 he came to E.-I., where he taught in Hebrew. school in Jaffa. In 1901, due to disagreement with the reorientation of the school to the French. culture went to Warsaw, where he founded a school with teaching in Hebrew, edited by J. for children and youth "Olam Katon" (1901-05), "Ga-Neurim" (1904-05), for teachers "Ga-Pedagogue" (1903-04). Since 1924 in E.-I. The author of multivolume comments, to TANAKH, to-rye are DOS. uch. manual for its study in secular schools in Israel, and the book. poems "Harp of Israel" (v. 1-2, 1900), trans. the Hebrew fables of La Fontaine, "King Lear" by W. Shakespeare and others, Hebrew textbooks.

gordon shmuelj vuljfovich
has abstract: GORDON Shmuel Vulfovich (1909, Kovna - 1998, Moscow), prose writer, playwright. He spent his childhood in Ukraine, was brought up in an orphanage. In 1931 he graduated from Heb. branch of the 2nd Moscow. un-that. In the same year he began to work as a teacher, then he was a journalist. work, correspondent gas. Der Stern, Komsomolskaya Pravda. First. story "Elko Gilgl" publ. in 1930 to Kharkov, railway station "Di dig Velt." In 1934, his first was published in a sink, publishing house "Der Emes". book stories and sketches "Tsvishn azover un schwarzn" ("Between Azov and Black"). His stay in Birobidzhan gave him the opportunity to assemble a large dock. material about the life of Heb. immigrants who came to the taiga region from different parts of the world. After eating this topic. book The Patriots (1936) and Birobidzhaner Kinder (Birobidzhan Children, 1937). During the war, G. was in French, worked in French. press, publ. essays and reports in the gas. "Einikite" - the organ of Heb. antifash. committee. The book "During the War" ("Milhome Zeit", 1946) consisted of stories and essays about the war. After the war, he again makes a trip to D.Vostok, after which his book appears. "Birobidzhaner toyishvim" ("Birobidzhan old-timers", 1947). In 1949 G. was together with the big gr. Heb. owls. writers repressed. Rehabilitated in 1956. In the beginning. 60s publ. in f. "Sovetish gameland" ser. essay "On the virgin land", "Non-fictional stories", essays about the destroyed Hebrews. townships and Crimean Jews. villages. Rum. and pov. G., dedicated. ethical issues: "Freeling" ("Spring"), "Bam Weingortn" ("At the Vineyard"), "Di eibike mine" ("Eternal measure"), "Di file un der boygn" ("Bow and arrow"), "Yorshim" ("Heirs") and others. The fate of the prisoners became. The GULAG is dedicated to his rum. "Izkor" ("Remembrance").

gordon sholem
has abstract: GORDON Scholem (1890-1963), lit. critic. In the first number lit. g. "Shtrom" (M., 1922) placed a large work "Wort un leibnesteiger" ("Word and way of life"), in which he gave a deep, characteristic transition. period Heb. lit. from classics to modern times. This theoretical. research he entered the owl. Heb. lit. His name appears frequently on the pages of Heb. periodicals, he is the author of the first lit. alm. - "Aigns", "Nayerd" and others. In the 50s. G. was a scientific consultant for Hebrews. lit. in B. Sov. Encyclopedias.

gordon vladimir mikhaylovich
has abstract: GORDON Vladimir Mikhailovich (1871, Lokhvitsa Poltava province - 1926, Kharkov), lawyer, acad. VUAN (1925). Specialist in the region. citizen law and process, one of the first to speak in the region. owls. bargain. rights.

gordon yakov iljich
has abstract: GORDON Yakov Ilyich (b. 1913, Kiev), literary critic, prose writer, poet, playwright. Graduated from Kiev University (1939). Researcher of creativity G. Heine, interaction of Russian, Tajik. and nick. lit-r. Author of the books: "Heinrich Heine: An Essay on Life and Work" (1967), "Heine in Russia (1830-1860s)" (1973; in German - Hamburg-Dusseldorf, 1982), " Heine in Russia: 1870-1917 "(1979)," Heine in Russia: XX century "(1983).

gordon yakov yakovlevich
has abstract: GORDON Yakov Yakovlevich (1894, Warsaw - 1982, Tashkent), neurologist, honored. scientist of the Uzbek SSR, prof. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Central Asian University (Tashkent). In 1925–46 he worked as a resident and assistant at the Department of Nervous Diseases in the same place. During the war years 1941–45 he worked as a hospital consultant. In 1946 he organized the Department of Neuropathology at the Tashkent Institute of Advanced Training for Doctors, which he headed until 1967. In 1967, he organized the Department of Children there. neuropathology, a cut supervised until 1972. From 1972 and until the end of life G. was a consultant of these departments and others to lay down. institutions of Tashkent. studied rabies, developed instructions for the prevention and treatment of complications after anti-rabies vaccinations. Dealt with the problem of tumors caused by carcinogenic substances. In 1942–44 G. participated in scientific research. exp. on the study of the epidemic of Joilangar encephalitis, studied lesions of the nervous system in influenza (one of the first in our country to isolate opticoencephalitis and diencephalitis) and rheumatism. was elected deputy. prev. Scientist honey. Council of the Ministry of Health of the Uzbek SSR. Cit .: On the issue of atypical family diseases, Kharkov, 1928 (et al.); To the clinic and pathogenesis of nervous complications after anti-rabies vaccinations, Tashkent, 1935; The effect of streptocide on the nerve, system, Tashkent, 1943 (et al.).

gorelik aleksandr zeljmanovich
has abstract: GORELIK Alexander Zelmanovich (1923, Kharkov - 1981, Moscow), singer, operetta artist. In prof. tr came from thin. amateur performances. 1944–62 artist t-ditch muses. comedies of Perm, Baku, Rostov-on-Don, Novosibirsk. In 1960-61 he studied at the Higher dir. courses State. in-that theater. lawsuit. In 1962 - soloist of the Moscow. t-ra operetta. Leading roles: Heinrich Eisenstein ("The Bat" by I. Strauss), Count Danilo ("The Merry Widow" by F. Legar), Ferry ("Silva" by I. Kalman), Henry Higgins ("My Fair Lady" by F. Low), Zeus ("Orpheus in Hell" by J. Offenbach), Agathon ("One Hundred Devils and One Girl" by TN Khrennikov), Cesare, Voevoda ("Kiss of Chanita", "Maiden Trouble" by G.S. Milyutin) and others. Honored. art. RSFSR (1957). Nar. art. RSFSR (1978).

gorelik gabrielj semenovich
has abstract: GORELIK Gabriel Semenovich (1906, Paris - 1957, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Father is a doctor, left Russia for higher education. education. The family returned to Russia in 1921 and graduated from Moscow. un-t in 1929. Since 1930, postgraduate student of LI Mandelstam at the Research Institute of Physics, Moscow. un-ta, Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1934). In 1930 he began teaching at Moscow. un-those, since 1935 - prof. In 1935–37 he was a consultant in Gorky. research physical and technical in-those (GIFTI). In 1938–53 prof., Head. Department of Gorky. university and head. dep. at GIFTI. Since 1953 prof., Head. Department of Moscow. physical and technical in-that. At the same time. was a member. uch. Council of the Institute of Radioelectronics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, head. the lab organized by him. statistical Radiophysics. interests - theory of vibrations, radiophysics, optics and acoustics. Explained the phenomenon of "multiple resonance". Joint. with A.A. Witt, research. parametrically coupled vibrations. systems and first introduced the concept of parametric. communication. Generalized the small parameter method to nonlinear systems close to linear ones with periodically varying parameters. Joint. with AA Andronov, he constructed a "ferroresonant" theory of acceleration ("Resonance") of a relativistic particle in a cyclotron. Joint. with A.A. Andronov and N.N. Bautin developed the theory of indirect control taking into account dry friction in the sensing. element. Conducted a number of studies. by fluctuations into self-oscillation. systems. Research properties of in-islands and radiation of radiophysical. methods, scattering of waves on chaotically moving inhomogeneities and self-oscillations. lagging feedback systems. Joint. with G.A. Elkin considered the transformation of fluctuations of the amplitude and phase of quasi-monochromatic. vibrations when passing through resonant systems. The author of St. 60 scientific. works. Vol .: Oscillations and…

gorelik lev yakovlevich
has abstract: GORELIK Lev Yakovlevich (1908, Gomel - 1983, Minsk), part. and households. worker. He began his labor activity in 1922 as a worker. Since 1933, deputy. dir. Gomel plant "Engine of the revolution", then - director. Mogilev machine-building. h-yes, deputy. and control. Belarusian, metal products trust. Since 1940 - instructor, head. sector, deputy. head department of heavy goods. promety of the Central Committee of the CP (b) of Belarus. In 1941–44 - on the responsible. work in Belorus, partisan headquarters. movement. Since 1949 - Deputy. min. meat and dairy industry, deputy. min. food industry, deputy. min. industry of foodstuffs. goods of the BelSSR. 1957 - early. Ch. management of material and technical. supply and sale of the Economic Council of the BelSSR. In 1965–77 he headed the Ch. management of material and technical. supplies at the Council of Ministers of the BelSSR.

gorelik mikhail viktorovich
has abstract: GORELIK Mikhail Viktorovich (b. 1946, Narva, Estonian SSR), art historian, graphic designer, designer. In 1964 he graduated from thin. special school graphic artist, in 1969 - department of theory and history of art. Faculty of Moscow State University. From 1961 he took part in archeol. excavations of nomadic mounds and ancient settlements. He is working on the reconstruction of material-thin objects in the material according to the old technology. cultures of the past - weapons, costume, accessories, horse equipment. Since 1973 - at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Since 1991, he has been the head of the Yarrist firm, which creates exhibits for museums in Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kiev, Alma-Ata, and others. works: monographs "Scythians" (1983), "Weapons of Dr. East "(1993), diaph. on the history of dr. East, costumes for f. "Nizami", "Ermak", mnogoser. epics about the ancient Bulgars and Khazars.

gorelik shmarje
has abstract: GORELIK Shmaryier (1877, Lokhvitsa, Poltava province - 1943), publicist, translator, historian of the liter. At the age of 13, he and his father arrived in Vilna, where he later became an employee, an accountant. Lit. activity began at the end. 90s as Russian. journalist (under ps. Constant published correspondences, reports in the Vilna Russian newspapers "North-West Word" and "Novaya Zarya"). In 1908 he released the book. in Yiddish "Briv tsu a fraind" ("Letters to a friend"). In the same year, together with A. Weiter and S. Niger, he founded J. "Literary monatprint". In 1910 he was revised. Sat. "Der Yidisher almanac" (Kiev), in which the works were published. D. Bergelson, Der Nister and other then beginning writers. G. collaborated in other Hebrews. lit. Sat. In the years of the 1st world. During the war, he lived in Switzerland, where he collaborated in the pacifist gas., for which he was arrested for 6 months. Later he settled in Berlin. In 1923-24 he traveled to Canada and America and published ser. travel sketches to new york. and Warsaw. Heb. gas. From 1933 in E.-I., where until the end of his life he collaborated in Hebrew. periodic. ed. in Hebrew and Yiddish. The author of the book: “Di libe provinces” (“Sweet province”), 1913; "Literary-builder" ("Literary pictures"), 1912; "In vander-lebn" ("In a wandering life", 1918), "Groise neeshomes" ("Great souls"), 1921; "Tales of Rabindranath Tagore" (1922) and others.

gorelik shneur-zalman
has abstract: GORELIK Shneur-Zalman (1880, Rogachev, Mogilev province - 1974, Kfar-Chabad, Israel), rabbi. He studied at the "Tomkhey Tmimtsi" yeshiva (Lubavichi). From 1902 - rabbi in the city of Berezna, Chernigov. lips. 1941–46 - rabbi in Tashkent. In 1946 he left the USSR. Since 1948 - in Israel. First rabbi of Kfar-Chabad (1949–74).

gorelik solomon aronovich
has abstract: GORELIK Solomon Aronovich (1913, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1941), Hero of the Sov. Union (1941). In Kr. Army since 1931. Member of the Soviet-Finl. war. From June 1941 - to fr. Pom. com. companies for technical. parts of the tank. corps, military technician 1st rank, G. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the courage shown in the battle near Belgorod. Killed in battle.

gorelik zalman abramovich
has abstract: GORELIK Zalman Abramovich (1908, Bobruisk, Minsk province - 1087, Minsk), geologist. Dr. Geological and Mineralogical. Sciences (1973). He graduated in 1936 Moscow. geological exploration. in-t. From 1937 to Belorus, geological. management (beginning, chief engineer). From 1950 ch. geologist of Belpromproekt. At the same time. taught in Belorus. un-those. Since 1957 in Ying-those geological. Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR, in 1959–67 early. Department of Oil and Gas. Since 1967 head. sector of tectonics Belorus. Research Institute of Geology Management at the Council of Ministers of the BSSR. Osn. scientific. tr. in the region. petroleum geology of oil, tectonics, placement of minerals on the territory. Belarus. Participated in the compilation of the atlas of the BelSSR. Works: Data on tectonics of Belarus and the problems of identifying salt and oil deposits on its territory. Minsk, 1945; Modern structure and history of tectonic. the development of the Pripyat depression. Minsk, 1968.

gorelik zinoviy samuilovich
has abstract: GORELIK Zinovy ​​Samuilovich (1904, Osipovichi, Bobruisk district, Minsk province - 1968, Simferopol), Hero of the Sov. Union (1943). In Kr. Army in 1926–28 and from June 1943. Kom. companies, Art. leith. G. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the crossing of the Dnieper.

goren
has abstract: GOREN (Gorokhovsky) Shraga (1897 - 1972, Israel), trade unionist. Graduated from commercial. uch-shche in Kiev. Active member Ceirei Zion, founder of the Dror movement. Since 1921 - in E.-I. Was a member. “Working brigade named after I. Trumpeldor ". One of the founders of the Hevrat-ha-binyan construction company in Tel Aviv, member. of the Solel Bone Directorate since the 1920s. Member Knesset of the 1st convocation from Mapai. He put forward the idea of ​​creating a plural. histadrut enterprises, among them - "Delek" and "Alliance".

goren natan
has abstract: GOREN Nathan (real family member Grinblat) (1887, Vidzy Novoaleksandrovsky u. Koven province - 1956, Tel Aviv), writer, journalist. He wrote in Yiddish, Hebrew, Russian. lang. He studied at the yeshiva. In 1904 he joined the Zionist. slave. Poalei Zion's party, then to the Zionist Socialists, was arrested. 1906-08 was imprisoned. After his release, he passed the exam for the title of teacher as an external student. In 1909 he began to publish stories in Russian. lang. In 1910 he moved to Odessa, where he published in Yiddish and Hebrew periodically. ed. In 1921 he moved to Kovno, where he taught in Hebrew. g-zii, led the societies. and published. work (member of the European National Council of Lithuania, editors of “Head Lita”, “De Wort” and others, an active figure in the movement for collecting donations for the Jewish population of E.-I.). In 1935 he graduated from East. Faculty of Kaunas University and went to E.-I., where he worked as a teacher, was published in periodicals. ed. Published 9 kn. in Hebrew, incl. Critics in Our Literature (1953). The author of the book. Fivewush (1911), The Hen Brothers (1939) and others.

gorenshteyn fridrikh naumovich
has abstract: GORENSHTEIN Friedrich Naumovich (b. 1932, Kiev), prose writer, playwright, screenwriter. The father was repressed, after the death of his mother he was brought up in orphanages. Graduated from Dnepropetrovsk Mining Institute (1955). Engineer worked. in Ukraine, Ural. In 1962 he moved to Moscow. In the train. "Youth" (1964) publ. first manuf. - pov. "House with a turret". In 1960–70 he wrote a lot, but was almost never published in the USSR. One of the members of the alm. Metropol (1979), where publ. fragment of the "Steps". G. author pl. screenplays, incl. f. A. Tarkovsky "Solaris" and N. Mikhalkov "Slave of Love". Since 1977 manufactured. G. are printed in the West. Since 1980 in Germany. Since 1990 manuf. G. are published in Russia: the drama "Disputes about Dostoevsky", pov. "Winter of the 53rd Year", "The Last Summer on the Volga", rum. "Atonement", "Place", "Psalm", etc., stories, essays, plays. Based on the play "Child-killer" by t-rum them. E. Vakhtangov staged the play "My Lord, Father ..." "Psalm" (Roman-meditation on the four executions of the Lord), covering several. decades of the 20th century, G. reflects on the fate of the Jews in Russia, on Christ and Judaism. One of the most important motives of TV-va G. is a strong rejection of anti-Semitism. In 1991 in Moscow came out "Izbr. cit. " G. in 3 volumes.

gorenshteyn yasha
has abstract: GORENSHTEIN Yasha (1898, Kiev - 1973, Paris), conductor. Studied in Königsberg and Vienna. First there was a choir. conductor (assistant to Z. Oks in Berlin). Later it became symph. conductor. He won particular fame as a conductor of works. G. Mahler, A. Bruckner and production. contemporary composers. In 1933 he left Germany and worked in Paris. He acted as a touring conductor in diff. countries. Conducted by the Israeli Philharmonic. orc.

gorev
has abstract: GOREV (real fam. Goldman) Boris Isaakovich (party, ps: Igor, B. Igorev, Dneprovsky and others) (1874, Vilna - 1937), polit. activist, publicist, historian. Brother of M.I.Liber and L.I.Goldman. He graduated from the city of Vilna (1894). Since 1893 organizer and leader. student s.-d. circles. In 1894–97 he studied at St. Petersburg. un-those, in 1895-97 members. Petersburg. "Union of the Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class," led the roar. propaganda among the workers. In 1897 he was arrested, in 1898 he was exiled to the adm. order for 4 years in Olekminsk, Yakutsk region. In 1901–03 abroad. Upon his return to Russia - Iskra's agent, Chl. to-that on the convocation of the II Congress of the RSDLP, elected as its delegate, but arrested on the way to the congress. In 1905, members. Vilensky, then Petersburg. to-tov RSDLP, participant of the 1st All-Russia. conference of the RSDLP (Tammerfors, December 1905). In Jan. 1906 arrested at a meeting of the Executive Committee of St. Petersburg. Council of Workers Dep., Exiled to the Yenisei province, soon fled. In 1907, an agent of the Central Committee of the RSDLP (Mensheviks), led the roar. work in the Volga region and the Urals, delegate to the V (London) Congress of the RSDLP. In 1908 he was arrested again, placed in exile and fled again. In emigration sotr. g. "Voice of the Social Democrat", delegate of the Copenhagen Socialist Congress (1910), a participant in Part, a Menshevik conference in Vienna (1912), where he was elected a member. Org. to-ta (OK) RSDLP. On his return to Russia he was arrested, and in 1913 he was exiled to the Turukhansk region. In the years of the 1st world. wars - the Menshevik-"Oboronets". After Feb. Revolution of 1917 OK RSDLP, cases. Vseros. unite, Congress of the RSDLP (Aug. 1917), elected member. Central Committee from the "defencists". In 1920, he retired from political activity, taught at universities, the author of works on the history of societies, thought and roar. moveme…

gorevich solomon
has abstract: GOREVICH Solomon (b. 1912, Moscow), entrepreneur, societies, activist. Graduated from commercial. Faculty of Liege University. Pres. Heb. communities in Liege (since 1957); member Council of the Union of Heb. communities of Belgium.

gorfin david vladimirovich
has abstract: GORFIN David Vladimirovich (1889, Zhitomir - 1969, Moscow), organizer and health historian, hygienist, prof. Honey. Educated on honey. f-takh of Berlin (1910-14) and Saratov (1915) un-com. Military. doctor participated in the 1st world. war, from 1918 in Kr. Army, in 1919–21 headed the department. health care price Syzran. In 1921 29 - in the People's Commissariat of Health of the RSFSR, at the same time (since 1926) assistant, associate professor of the department of social hygiene of honey. Faculty of the 2nd Moscow un-that (later the 1st medical institute). In 1929–32 the head. the same department and the rector of Tomsk un-that; in 1932–41 he headed the Center, the Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors in Moscow. In the years of the 1st world. war - a dignity. ex. South-West. and the 3rd Ukr. fr., South. groups of troops. 1946–51 worked at the Department of Health and Social Hygiene Organization of the 1st Moscow. med in-that and in the departments of the organization of public health services and the history of medicine N. - and. Institute of Social Hygiene and Health Organization. Osn. tr. G. dedicated health issues prom. workers, rural health care, org-tion dignity. - epid. service, medical-dignity. Legislation: Essay on the history of the development of rural health care in the USSR, Moscow, 1961; NASsemashko, M., 1967.

gori
has abstract: GORI, city, regional center (Georgia). Main in the 12th century. In the 15-18 centuries. - as part of the Kingdom of Kartli. Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, since 1846 - the center of the Gori district. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 - as part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 - in the Georgian SSR. 258 Jews lived in Georgia, and in 1863 in Georgia and Ukraine. - 1506, in 1886 in Georgia - 281 (6.7%), in 1905 - 331 (2.2%), in 1915 - 104 (2.1%), in 1926 - 333 (3.3%), including 314 Georgian Jews, in 1939 - 781, in 1970 - 1849 (3.9%), in 1979 - 1031 Jews. Jews lived in Georgia from the beginning. 19th century In 1828 and 1878 the Jews of Georgia almost fell victim to the "blood libel". In the 1830s. Movsha Lazarevich Yelkin owned a brick house and a beer and vodka factories in Georgia. The majority of Jews lived in Georgia as a time. settlers. After the abolition of serfdom in Georgia (1864), Jews moved to Georgia from Akhaltsykh (present-day Akhaltsikhe), Tskhinvali (present-day Tskhinvalish), and Breti. Main occupations of the Jewish population - small trade, crafts and agriculture. In the beginning. 20th century in Georgia there were 5 shops owned by Jews. In 1920 pl. Jewish families suffered from the earthquake and were resettled to other us. points. In 1929, a branch of Gruzevkombed was opened in Georgia, and with its help a number of small enterprises were set up, where Jews from the poorest strata worked. In 1936, all these enterprises were liquidated, and the department of Gruzevkombed was abolished. Between 1936 and 1938, a shoe workshop established by GruzOZET operated in Georgia. In the end. 1930s I. Babalikashvili created a circle for the study of Hebrew and Torah in Georgia. In the 1940s and 1950s. There was a synagogue in Georgia; the rabbis were Mordekh Davidovich Davarashvili (1875—?), Itskhak Abramovich Mamistvalov (1895–1979), Daniil Abramovich Manasherov (1887–1967), and Refoil Iosifovich Elashvili (b. 1934). On ordinary days, up to 8…

gorikker mikhail ljvovich
has abstract: GORIKKER Mikhail Lvovich (1895, Kherson province - 1955, Moscow), military leader, general-major tech. troops (1940). Graduated from ped. uch-shche (1912), worked as a teacher. Since 1918 in Kr. Army, citizen war. Graduated from the infantry. command school (1923), Military-technical. Academy (1929) and Military. Academy of Mechanization and Motorization of the Red Army. In 1933-37 he commanded an experienced tank, units, in 1937-42 early. military. tank, school. In 1942–43 the General Inspector Ch. car management Kr. Army. In 1943-45 the beginning. car management Leningrad. front. In 1946-51 the beginning. military car uch-schA. Retired from 1951. Load 6th order.

gorikker vladimir mikhaylovich
has abstract: GORIKKER Vladimir Mikhailovich (b. 1925, Moscow), film director. He studied at the Kiev Tank School, at the Academy of Armored Forces (1942–43). Participated in the 2nd world. war. In 1947 he graduated from the acting faculty of the Theater, school them. Shchepkina, in 1953 dir. Faculty of GITIS. In 1953-57 dir. opera houses of Odessa and Kiev. In 1959 he graduated from the Higher dir. courses at the Mosfilm cinema. Since 1966, dir. k / st "Mosfilm". The author and co-author of the scripts of all the f. Creator and naib, a brilliant representative of the film opera genre in Sov. cinema. He made his debut short. f. Beethoven's Sonata (1959). Among other fictions: "Mozart and Salieri" (1962, "Grand Prix" at the International CF in Bergamo), "Iolanta" (1963), "The Tsar's Bride" (1964), "The Stone Guest" (1966), "Seville" (1970), "Under the Roofs of Montmartre" (1975), "Autumn Bells" (1978, special avenue. Intern. KF in Salerno, Avenue. Intern. (1983). Honored. activist of the lawsuit in Azerb. SSR (1971).

gorilovskiy leonid mikhaylovich
has abstract: GORILOVSKY Leonid Mikhailovich (b. 1930, Nizhyn, Chernigov region. Ukrainian SSR), urological surgeon, Dr. med. Sciences (1985). Graduated from Kiev honey. Institute (1953). Until 1958 he worked as a surgeon and urologist in Ust-Kamenogorsk. In 1958–60 he specialized in clinical residency in urology in Moscow. In 1963-66 the head. urological. dep. business centers in Kolomna, since 1966 - business centers number 60 in Moscow. tr. G. dedicated operative urology of elderly and senile age. Author of the monograph "Essays on Geriatric Urology" (1993). Deputy prev. urological. about-in Russia and Moscow.

gorin
has abstract: GORIN (real name of Offstein) Grigory Izrailevich (b. 1940, Moscow), writer, playwright, screenwriter. In 1963 he graduated from the 1st Moscow. honey. Institute, worked as an ambulance doctor. In student. For years he met A. Arkanov, with whom he acted as a co-author for the next 10 years. Their sketches, feuilletons, monologues were included in the repertoire of leading pop artists (M. Mironova and A. Menaker, L. Mirov and M. Novitsky, G. Dudnik). In 1965 Moscow. T-r satire puts the first joint. play by G. and Arkanov "Wedding for the whole Europe". There is also a post. and their other plays: "Banquet" (1969), "Little Comedies of the Big House" (1973). The first one is independent, G.'s play "... forget Herostratus!" (1972) was a post, in T-re Sov. Army. Naib. means. fast. plays G. performed in the Theater. Linen. Komsomol: "Til" (1974), "Memorial Prayer" (1991) dir. M. Zakharov. In 1992 "Memorial Prayer" was staged in Tel Aviv in the Chamber Theater. G. - screenwriter of television films: "The same Munchausen", "Formula of love", "The house that Swift built", "Say a word about the poor hussar", etc. Author of the book: "Four under one cover" (1966, col. with A. Arkanov, F. Kamov, E. Uspensky), "Solo for a duet" (M., 1975, jointly with A. Arkanov), "I want kharcho!" (Moscow, 1970), “Who's Who” (Moscow, 1978), collection of plays “Comic Fantasy” (Moscow, 1986), etc. Laureate of the “Golden Calf” pr. (1964 and 1965).

gorin b.
has abstract: B. GORIN (real name and fam. Itzhak Goyda), (1868, Lida Vilna province - 1925, New York), prose writer, playwright, translator, historian of t-ra. Received a tradition. Heb. education. At the age of 16 he came to Vilna. He made his debut in 1889 with the story "Zikroynois fun cheder" ("Memories of a cheder"). Since 1894 in the USA. Published stories, Art. about Heb. lit-re and t-re. In 1910 his rum came out. "Shifra". Plays G. "Dos Vilner balbesl", "Baruch Spinoza" and others were staged on the stages of Amer. Heb. t-ditch. One of the best plays - the comedy "In Yedn Gois" ("In Every House"), staged. in 1924 the Kunst-Theater by Maurice Schwartz. G. translated the production into Yiddish. L. Tolstoy, O. Balzac, G. Maupassant, A. Chekhov, M. Gorky, L. Andreev, E. Zola, and others. All his life G. collected materials on the history of Hebrews. t-ra, in 1918 his monograph “History of Heb. t-ra - two thousand years of t-ra among the Jews. "

gorjkaya
has abstract: BITTER, see Bitter.

gorjkaya balka
has abstract: GORKAYA BALKA, a village in the Soviet region of the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1845. At 19 - early. 20th century - the farm Gorkobalkovsky Novogrigorievsky, since 1900 - Blagodarnensky district. Stavropol Gubernia In the autumn of 1942, 48 Jews were shot in G.B.

gorjkiy
has abstract: GORKY, see [[Nizhny Novgorod.

gorjkobalkovskiy
has abstract: GORKOBALKOVSKY, see [[Gorkaya Balka.

gorjkoe
has abstract: GORKOE, a village in the Gulyaypolsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1857 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Gorkaya. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Alexandrovsky district Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. In 1923-29 - in the Gulyaypolsky district of the Zaporozhye okr., In 1932-41 - in the Novo-Zlatopolsky Jewish nat. Dnepropetrovsk region, from 1939 - Zaporozhye region. In 1858 there were 488 Jews living in Georgia, in 1861 - 509, in 1897 - 431 (66 families), in 1924 - 375 Jews (82 families). 92 dec. land, in 1897 - 741 (rye, winter and spring wheat and other crops), there were 125 horses and 140 cows. A synagogue and societies functioned. early school. In 1919 St. half husband. population of Georgia perished during the pogrom perpetrated by the detachments of N.I. Makhno. Dec. 1924 a Jewish agriculturalist was established. artel "Red Plowman No. 2" (1030 dess. of arable land), in 1929 - a collective farm (in 1938 - 85 farming, 330 people). During the Holocaust, the entire Jewish population of Georgia was destroyed. IM Shaikin

gorki
has abstract: GORKI, city, regional center in the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 16th century In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Orsha district of the Troki voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire, a small town of Orsha district, since 1861 - a district town of Mogilev province. From 1919 - in Gomel, from 1922 - in Smolensk province. RSFSR, in 1924-91 - part of the BSSR, a regional center in the Orsha environs. (until 1930), from 1938 - in the Mogilev region. In 1847, 1,544 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1863 - 1774, in 1897 - 3029 (45%), in 1910 - 3991 (49.9%), in 1923 - 2450 In 1926 - 2343, in 1939 - 2031 Jews. Jews settled in Georgia in the first half. 17th century, in 1643 the Jewish community was formed, destroyed in 1648-49 and 1654 and revived in 1669. During the North. the war between Russia and Sweden, the Jewish community suffered greatly; in 1718 the community could not support the cantor and shohet. By the time G. joined Ros. the empire, the financial situation of the Jews was difficult. In 1806 the landowner Sollogub transferred the plots of land rented by Jews to Christians, and in 1810 ordered the eviction of all Jews. Mn. Jews were forced to leave Georgia. In 1823, after being obliged to pay an exorbitantly high rent, the Jews returned to Georgia. In 1804, the kagal, fighting the spread of Hasidism, forbade the organization of prayer meetings in private homes. Mn. Jews rented land and land from landlords. In 1863 there were 4 synagogues in Georgia, in 1910 - a Talmud Torah, 6 synagogues, a husband. and wives. Jewish schools, Jewish cemetery, in 1915 - Jewish library. In 1904 a pogrom took place in Georgia. In 1909 the Bund organization functioned, in 1918 - Poaley Zion, in 1917 the Zionist organization published periodicals. ed. "Renaissance" (ed. S. Shifrin). In 1923 Boris Goldin, a melamed, was put on trial for teaching his children to be illegal. hedere. In the 1920s. under the Goretskaya s.-…

gorlovka
has abstract: GORLOVKA, city (since 1932) in Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Vozn. in 1867 as a stone-coal mine of Bakhmutsky u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. in connection with the construction of coal mines. 547 Jews (3.9%) lived in Georgia in 1926, 2339 in 1939, and approx. 2600 (0.8%), in 1970 - 2142 (0.6%), in 1979 - approx. 1,700 (0.5%), in 1989 - 1,666 Jews. In the 1880s. a synagogue was built in Georgia (closed in 1923), and there was a synagogue at the Mining School. Since 1903, Georgia was opened for free settlement of Jews, as exemption from the Provisional Rules of 1882. In the 1920s and 1980s. an illegal minyan operated in 1941 at the mine named after V. Rumyantsev was destroyed approx. 2 thousand Jews. On Feb. 1942 several were shot in Georgia. hundreds of Jews. In apr. 1942 - killed approx. 500 Jews from Yenakiev. In 1996, the Jewish Cultural and Educational Society was established in Georgia (previously Gennady Mikhailovich Fabrikant, born 1941). At the same time a Sunday school was opened. Religious was registered in 1997. community (formerly Yitzhak-Aviel Georgievich Borzakovsky, b. 1958, Kharkov). Minyan is going to Borzakovsky's house. Since 1998, the Hesed Shofar center has been operating (director Eduard Ilyich Braslavsky, b. 1941, Yaroslavl). In G., in the Nikitovka district, the synagogue building (after the war it housed a cinema) and the old Jewish cemetery have survived. Now there is a Jewish site on the territory. the city cemetery, where a memorial sign to those who died during the Holocaust was installed. In 1990–99 more than 1,000 Jews left Georgia for Israel, the United States, and other countries. In 1998, 2,000 Jews lived in Georgia. Genus: M.B. Gorodetsky; Vladimir Grigorievich Sister (b. 1945), state. activist, cand. tech. Sciences, in 1991-99 prefect of the North-East. adm. env., in 1992-99 members. production of Moscow; Grigory Rafailovich Frezerov (real family. Trotsky) (1897–?), Organizer of the production, in 1939–42 director. s-yes "Fraser", Chl. M…

gornfeljd arkadiy georgievich
has abstract: GORNFELD Arkady Georgievich (1867, Sevastopol - 1941, Leningrad), literary critic, lit. critic, translator. Rod. in the family of a notary, graduated. Simferopol city. Studied in Kharkov, un-those. A student of A.A. Potebnya. He continued his education in Berlin, un-ones, then in Petersburg. Collaborated in the train. "Russian wealth", where he was an assistant to VG Korolenko. Auth. more than 500 st. about rus. lit-re, G. was one of the Naib, notable lit. critics of their time. Naib. Izv. books: "People and Books" (1908), "Ways of Creativity" (1922), "Novels and Novelists" (1930), "How Goethe, Schiller and Heine Worked" (1933). Took part in Sat. "Questions of theory and psychology of creativity."

gornitskaya edda abramovna
has abstract: GORNITSKAYA Edda Abramovna (1892-1972), pediatrician. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Saratov University in 1916. Worked as a doctor in preschool institutions and children. hospital of Saratov, since 1918 head. lips. dep. protection of motherhood and infancy. Since 1921 head. experimental and demonstrative baby house in Moscow, where she conducted research. on the physiology of early childhood. In 1924–29 he was a doctor San.-layche. management of the Kremlin. Since 1932 Assoc. 1st Leningrad. honey. in-that, in 1934-68 - head. Department of children. diseases. In 1932–38 at the same time. ch. doctor children. hospitals them. K.A. Rauchfuss. Studied the problems of the reactivity of the child's body, one of the first noted the role of sensitization and allergy in patol. processes in children. In doct. dis. "Etiology and pathogenesis of hemorrhagic colitis" (1937) showed the influence of the body's reactivity on the flow. dysentery in children. G. highlighted the types of tech. rheumatism in childhood, which is reflected in the classification she proposed. G.'s students headed the department of pediatrics in various. universities of the country. G. was a member. reign of Vses. and Leningrad. about-in children. doctors, ch. pediatrician Leningrad. region Cit .: The influence of carbonic baths on the cardiovascular system, M., 1927 (et al.); Respiratory tract disease in children ml. age, M.-L., 1931; Children. diarrhea and the fight against them, L., 1939; Fundamentals of the doctrine of rheumatism in children. age, M., 1964.

gornoe-grushevskoe
has abstract: GORNOE-GRUSHEVSKOE, see Mines.

gornostaevka
has abstract: GORNOSTAEVKA, a village in the Repkinsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Gorodyanskiy u. Chernigov province. 13 nov. 1941 in Georgia, 20 Jews were shot.

gornostaypolj
has abstract: GORNOSTAYPOL, a village in the Chernobyl region of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1493.From 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Radomysl u. Kiev province. In 1847 there were 366 Jews in Georgia, in 1897 - 1888 (57.5%), in 1923 - 468 Jews. In 1863 there was a synagogue in Georgia. Chaim Men (1868—?) Was the rabbi in Georgia since 1898. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Georgia. m-in. In May 1919, the detachments of Ataman Struk carried out a pogrom in Georgia; on Sept. 1919 there was a pogrom organized by units of the Volunteer Army. 1920s the mikvah was closed in Georgia, and in 1930 the synagogue was closed. Means. part of the Jewish population of Georgia in the 1920s and 1930s. left for Kiev and other large cities. 7 nov. 1941 385 Jews were shot in Georgia.

gornyy
has abstract: GORNY, an urban-type settlement (since 1934) in the Krasnopartizansky district of the Saratov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Nikolaevsky u. Samara province. In 1939, 11 Jews lived in Georgia.

gornyy zerentuy
has abstract: GORNY ZERENTUI, urban-type settlement (since 1958) in the Nerchinsko-Zavodskoy district of the Chita region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Nerchinsky env. Trans-Baikal Region. In 1825, the Zerentui prison was founded in Georgia. In the 1890s. the prison held persons convicted of participation in the armament. speech by polit. exiles in Yakutsk - MR Gots and others. In 1897 there were 114 Jews in the Zerentui prison (13.2%). Since 1906, members of the Revolution of 1905–07 (Socialist-Revolutionaries, Anarchists, Social-Democrats, etc.) were also held there. After Feb. Revolution Zerentui prison was closed.

gorodenka
has abstract: GORODENKA, city (since 1668), regional center in Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 12th century In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Kolomyia land of the Russian voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - a county town in the province of Galicia within Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939 - 91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 there were 956 Jews living in Georgia, in 1900 in Georgia - 4255 (36.7%), in 1921 - 3048 Jews (30.8 %) Jews settled in Georgia from the middle. 17th century There was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery. All R. 18th century in Georgia lived the followers of Sabbatai Zvi and Y. Frank, as well as a student of I. Baal-Shem-Tov, Rabbi Nakhman (? —1780, Tiberias, E.-I.). From 1898 to 1914, a Jewish school operated in Georgia, supported by Baron Hirsch (in 1908, there were 243 students). The cheder matukan was opened in 1907. During the 1st world. the war, on charges of espionage, grew. the authorities hanged 9 Jews. In the 1920s and 30s. in G. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. On July 5, 1941, Hungary was occupied. troops. At the same time, local Ukrainians staged a pogrom, during which many Jews died. On Sept. 1941 the city was occupied by Germans. troops. In nov. 1941 a ghetto was created. Dec 5. 1941 in Georgia approx. 2,600 Jews. Apr 13 1942 - c. 100 Jews. 10 Sep In 1942 the ghetto was liquidated, the Jews were deported to the Belzec extermination camp, and in 1946 the synagogue building was transferred to the creamery.

gorodets
has abstract: CITY, city, regional center in the Nizhny Novgorod region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 2nd floor. 12th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Balakhninsky u. Nizhny Novgorod province. In 1926 there were 8 Jews living in Georgia, in 1939 - 21 Jews.

gorodetskaya evgeniya grigorjevna
has abstract: GORODETSKAYA Evgenia Grigorievna (1865 - 1939, Irkutsk), pianist, teacher, music society. activist. Hero of Labor (1921). In 1890 she graduated from St. Petersburg. cons. by class fp. from A.G. Rubinstein. In 1891-1901 she gave concerts and taught in Mogilev. From 1901 she worked in Irkutsk. In 1901–05 she directed the music she created. school, edges became one of the best muses. uch. institutions of Siberia. In 1920-22 the rector and prof. Irkutsk horse, created on the basis of her school. She taught php. game, music-theoretical. items, wok. art (she studied singing N.A. Kazantsev). Conducted muz.-enlighten. activity. Since 1922 she led the music circles. self-education, at the same time organized (together with the musicologist BM Popov) “Muz. Fridays ”- free concert-lectures (1924–32). Versatile prof. and society-educate. G.'s work contributed to the development of muses. culture of Siberia.

gorodetskiy benjyamin eliyagu
has abstract: GORODETSKY Benjamin Eliyahu (b. 1907, Bobruisk, Minsk province), rabbi. In childhood he received a tradition. Heb. religious education. Then he studied at different. underground Lubavitch yeshivas. In 1926-30 - Rabbi of Podol in Kiev. Organized an underground yeshiva and several. Talmud Torah. In 1930 he moved to Moscow and became one of those responsible for the distribution of money sent to the USSR by I.I.Shneerson. In 1930 he was arrested and exiled. Escaped from exile. In 1941–46 he taught at the underground Lubavitch yeshiva in Samarkand. In 1946 he illegally left the USSR. In 1950-80 he headed Europe. bureau of the Lubavitch movement in Paris. From the end. 1980s - in USA.

gorodetskiy efim naumovich
has abstract: GORODETSKY Efim Naumovich (1907, Vinnitsa, Podolsk province. - 1993, Moscow), historian, Dr. Sciences (1965). In 1926-28 he studied at ped. technical school in Kiev, in 1928-30 - at the Faculty of Society. Sciences of Moscow State University. In 1931–33 he was a postgraduate student at MIFLI, in 1933 42 scientific. sotr. edition of "History of Cit. wars in the USSR ". In 1942–49 he worked in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), at the same time. taught at the Higher School of Arts and Culture at the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). In 1949-60 he taught at Moscow State University. In 1960-89 he worked at the Institute of History (since 1968 Institute of History of the USSR) of the USSR Academy of Sciences, was deputy. prev. Sci. Council of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR “History of East. Sciences". Member of the editorial boards: the yearbook "History and Historians" (1965–87) and collection of articles. "East. notes "(1970-90). Author of works on the history of Russia, early. 20th centuries, the era of Oct. revolution and civil. war, problems of methodology, historiography, source study and history of Sov. culture. Participated in the creation of a number of calls. works and monographs. Mn. works G. translated into foreign. language has become. pr. (1943), Lomonosovskaya pr., Moscow State University (1961). Works: The Birth of Sov. state-va. 1917-1918, (M., 1965, 2nd ed. - M., 1987); Lenin is the founder of the Sov. ist. Sciences. History of owls. about-va in the works of V. I. Lenin, M., 1970; Sov. historiography led. October. 1917 - mid. 30s., M., 1981, etc.

gorodetskiy iosif efimovich
has abstract: GORODETSKY Iosif Efimovich (1903, Shpola Zvenigorodsky u. Kiev province. - 1957, Moscow), specialist in the region. engineering technology, prof. from 1940. In 1929 he graduated from the Kiev Polytechnic. in-t. From 1931 he worked early. tech. Department of Moscow. s-yes "Caliber", from 1937 beginning. n.-i. department, ch. engineer, then director of the Bureau of Interchangeability of the Ministry of machine tools-p. and instr. industry of the USSR. At the same time he taught from 1931 in the evening machine-building. in-those, since 1940 in Moscow. machine tool in-those (head of the department "Metrology and instrument making"). Main work in the region. metrology and measure, technology, development of measure, technology, setting standards, measures, creating measure, instruments in machine tool., machine tool and other branches of the industry, as well as for the complex automation of technology. processes in the industry. Became. pr. (1951) Vol .: Fundamentals of technical. measurements in mechanical engineering. M., 1950; Tolerances and technical measurements. 4th ed. M., 1956 (with G.A. Aparin) and others.

gorodetskiy mikhail borisovich
has abstract: GORODETSKY Mikhail Borisovich (1869, Gorlovka Bakhmutskiy district. Yekaterinoslavskaya gubernia - 1918, Rostov-on-Don), publisher, journalist. He graduated from a mining school in Gorlovka, worked in mines, wrote to local gas. His journalism skills were noted and he was recruited by the Gas Printing Office. "Azov Territory", and then in its red. chronicler. All R. 1890s settled in St. Petersburg, became a correspondent. a number of gas., was included in the ed. gas. "Son of the Fatherland", was in charge of the department. chronicles in the gas. "News". In 1905-06 ed. gas. "Free Word" (banned by the authorities), 1906-08 ed. and ed. gas. "Today", in 1906 ed. satirical. g. "Vampire", in 1907 ed. gas. "Daily News". Founder of "Gazeta-Kopeyka" 1908-18) and the same name. acc. about-va. Arriving in the capital as a poor man, he became rich, having caught the population's need for cheap gas. small format. In 1914 its circulation reached 250 thousand copies, gas. was published in four editions, differing in size and number of applications. Gazeta-Kopeyka played an important role in the fight against anti-Semitic slanderers. campaigns, in particular, during the trial of M. Beilis. For the sake of his career, G. converted to Orthodoxy, but retained ties with Jewry, in fact was a member. Petersburg. Heb. community, donated kr. amounts for cult.-skylight. events, helped to obtain permission from the authorities for their holding, fussed about Jews who wanted to obtain the right to live in the capital, maintained relations with leading Jews. figures. Gravely ill, having lost all his fortune, G. fled from Petrograd in 1918. Apparently, shortly before his flight, he underwent a rite of returning to Judaism. Author of reference editions: “Guide and index of trade-prom. firms "(Rostov-on-Don, 1893)," Sputnik of a merchant "(ibid., 1895), brochures" Under the ground (sketches and pictures from life from the life of miners ") (St. Petersburg, 1897).

gorodetskiy shmuelj aba
has abstract: GORODETSKY Shmuel Aba (1871, Malin of Radomysl district, Kiev province - 1957, Tel Aviv), Heb. historian, researcher of Hasidism and Kabbalah. Rod. in a Hasidic family. Received a tradition. Heb. education. At the age of 18, having become acquainted with the ideas of Haskala, he began to educate himself. From 1908 he lived in 3. Europe (Switzerland, Germany). He studied at the University of Bern. Since 1939 - in E.-I. He published a large number of works on the history of the Jews of Vost. Europe, Hasidism and mysticism. The most important research - the four-volume work "Hasidism and Hasidim" - went through several editions (1st 1923). Was ed. lit.-scientific. almanac "Gagoren" (10 issues, 1897-1928).

gorodetsko
has abstract: GORODETSKO, see Bezhetsk.

gorodeya
has abstract: CITY, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Nesvizh district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novogrudok u. Grodno, from 1842 - Minsk province. In 1920–39, it was a part of Poland in Novogrudok Voivodeship, and in 1939–91 it was a part of the BSSR. In 1897, 688 Jews (91.3%) lived in Georgia, in 1921 there were 796 Jews. Since 1899, Eliyahu was rabbi in Georgia. Perelman (1867—?). In 1903, Georgia was opened for free settlement of Jews, as an exemption from the Provisional Rules of 1882. During the occupation of Georgia, a ghetto was created, which was liquidated on July 18, 1942: during the liquidation, 1,137 Jews were shot.

gorodinskiy yudelj leontjevich
has abstract: GORODINSKY Yudel Leontievich (1896, Simferopol - 1962, Moscow), military leader, major general (1940). Graduated from the Higher. command courses "Shot" (1922), Military. Academy named after Frunze (1933), Higher. courses at the Academy of Gen. headquarters (1939). In the army since 1918. 1939–40 com. shooter. corps, 1941 - teams. army. 1942–44 - deputy. teams, army. 1945 - com. housing. 1946-60 - Art. military teacher Academy of Gen. headquarters. He was awarded 3 orders.

gorodishche
has abstract: CITY, see Horodishte, Rezinsky district.

gorodishche-shevchenkovskoe
has abstract: CITY-SHEVCHENKOVSKY, see. Settlement of the Cherkasy region.

gorodishchenskiy rudnik
has abstract: CITY MINER, see Manganese.

gorodkovka
has abstract: GORODKOVKA, a village in the Kryzhopol district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Vinnitsa district of the Bratslav voivodeship in the Rzeczpospolita. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Myastkovka (other name. Rotmistrovka) Olgopolsky u. In 1765, 898 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1847 - 1213, in 1887 - 75.2%, in 1897 - 2105 (26.3%), in 1926 - 1430, and in 1939 - 832 Jews. G. had 2 synagogues, in 1889 - 3 synagogues. In 1886-1928, Efroim Stanislavsky (1855—?) Was the rabbi in Georgia. Dec. 1919 and Feb. In 1920, pogroms by units of the Volunteer Army took place in Georgia. In total, 105 people were killed during the pogroms. (during the first - 44 people), property burned down, most of the Jews fled from G. The mikvah was destroyed, which was later restored by the Jews who remained in Georgia. During the war a ghetto was created in Georgia.

gorodlo
has abstract: CITY, a city in the Zamosc Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a place in the Busk land of the Belz Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - posad Grubeshovsky u. Lublin province. 220 Jews lived in Georgia in 1765, 366 (24.1%) in 1856, 717 (33.9%) in 1897, and 750 Jews in 1921. about Jews in Georgia dates back to 1751. In 1765 Jews of Georgia owned 29 houses, 8 shops, and 4 vineyards. The Jewish population of Georgia was destroyed during the Holocaust. Sh.-Z. Shargai.

gorodnaya
has abstract: CITY, a village in the Stolin district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Pinsky u. Minsk province. In 1920-39, it was in the Polesie Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939-91, a part of the BSSR. In 1863, 165 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1897 - 562 (24.5%), in 1921 - 583 Jews (22.4 %) All Jews in Georgia were Hasidim. There was a synagogue in 1863. Since 1899, Meir-Chaim Sheikhet was the rabbi. In the beginning. 20th century in G. there were 2 synagogues, a cheder. In the 1930s. in G. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Georgia was destroyed during the Holocaust.

gorodnitsa
has abstract: GORODNITSA, a village in the Gusyatinsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century In the 1920's and 1930's, 42 Jews lived in Georgia. pl. Jews left Georgia In 1941 the Jews of Georgia were deported to Grimailov.

gorodnitskiy aleksandr moiseevich
has abstract: GORODNITSKY Alexander Moiseevich (b. 1933, Leningrad), geophysicist, poet, composer, one of the founders of the author's song as a genre. Graduated from Leningrad. mining institute im. G.V. Plekhanov (1957). Dr. Geol.-mineralogical Sciences (1982), prof., Ph.D. RANS (1993). 1956–72 at Leningrad State University. Research Institute of Geology of the Arctic. Member of the geological exp. on Kr. North. Since 1972 - at the Institute of Oceanology of the Academy of Sciences; head lab. geomagnetic issl. Songs on his own poems composes since 1953. The transience of time, the world around, beloved Leningrad, the beauty of Kr. North and sea spaces - that's the main. motives of the poetry of G. Poetics of G. are inherent in aphorism and musicality. Among the naib. Izv. G.'s songs "Atlanta", "Leather Jackets", "Rolls", "Snow, Snow, Snow", "Over Canada", "To the Continent". Heb. the theme sounds in such songs of G. as "Treblinka", "Leaves above the country roads." L., 1967; Coast. M., 1984; Midnight sun. M., 1990; Migratory angels. Poems and songs. M., 1991; Islands in the ocean. M., 1993, Both near and far. M., 1991.

gorodnya
has abstract: CITY, city (since 1957), a regional center in the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1648, was part of the Commonwealth. From 1667 it was a part of Russia, in 1781–96 and from 1802 it was a county town (in 1797–1802 it was a substandard) city of Chernigov province. In 1847 there were 577 Jews in Georgia, in 1862 - 597, in 1863 - 525 (15.6 %), in 1886 - 1587, in 1897 - 1249 (28.9%), in 1920 - 1965, in 1926 - 1359 (27.2%), in 1939 - 731 Jews. Since 1845, the Khevra Kaddish existed in Georgia. There was a synagogue in 1863. 15 Feb In 1905 the Bundists organized a revolt in Georgia. manifestation. In oct. 1905 there was a pogrom. In 1910 there were 2 synagogues in Georgia (a wooden one and a stone one, the last one built in the late 18th and early 19th centuries), and there were 2 Jewish cemeteries. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. In 1878-1900, Shmuel Lerner was the rabbi in Georgia, I. Schneerson was the official rabbi from 1906, and Joachim-Gershen Berlin was rabbi from 1910. Centre. glad (2 Jews killed), in the fall of 1919 the city was raided by bandit detachments. In 1921, a detachment of Jewish self-defense was created. troops in G. in Sept. 1941, 21 Jews were shot, in November. - several. hundreds of Jews. In 1948 there was an illegal activity in Georgia. minyan, born in G. I.A.Serebryany, I.S. Yufa.

gorodok
has abstract: TOWN, see Zakamensk.

gorodovikovsk
has abstract: GORODOVIKOVSK (until 1971 - Bashanta), city (since 1971), regional center in the Republic of Kalmykia (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Stavropol province. In 1938-71 it was a workers' settlement. In 1939, 5 Jews lived in Georgia. In the fall of 1942, more than 15 evacuated Jews were killed in Georgia and the region.

gorodskoy yakov zinovjevich
has abstract: GORODSKOY Yakov Zinovievich (1898, Yekaterinoslav - 1966), poet. Participant citizen war. Since 1916 publ. into gas. Since 1934 - head. Russian poetic. section of the joint venture of Ukraine. Delegate of the 1st All. Congress of Sov. writers. In 1937 he was accused of sabotage work in the joint venture, but was not subjected to repression. 1941–45 - corr. gas. "Cr. Army "and" Sov. Ukraine". Author Sat. verse. “Through the Years (1921),“ My Country ”(1935),“ Return ”(1946), etc .; plays "Iron Brigade" (1933), "District" (1934), "Last Round" (1935).

gorokhov
has abstract: GOROKHOV, a city (since 1939), a regional center in the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1240.Since 1795 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Vladimir-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 752 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1778 - 442, in 1790 - 597, in 1847 - 1964, in 1897 - 2571 ( 54.7%), in 1921 - 2377 (53.7%), in 1931 - 2806 (46%), in 1937 - 3120 Jews (40%). about the Jews of Georgia belongs to 1601. The Jews of Georgia suffered during the "Khmelnitsky" era. In the 19th century. The rabbis of Georgia were Refoil Maiselish, Yakov Finkelstein, and from 1891 - Ephraim Averbakh (1856-1925). The Jews of Georgia were street, Trisk, Sadagor, and Karlin-Stolin Hasidim. In 1863 there were three synagogues in Georgia, and in 1889 a Jewish almshouse functioned. In 1909 a Hebrew school was opened in Georgia. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. After 1925, the two sons-in-law of E. Averbakh, Shmuel Raischer (a street Hasid) and Yeshua Rabinovich (both died during the Holocaust), were the rabbis of Georgia. 1941 in Georgia, 300 Jews were shot. In the beginning. oct. 1941 a ghetto was created, which contained approx. 5 thousand people The ghetto was liquidated on 8 Sept. 1942.

gorokhovets
has abstract: GOROKHOVETS, city, regional center in the Vladimir region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1239.From 1708 - in the Kazan province, from 1719 - in the Vladimir province, from 1778 - the district town of the Vladimir province. In 1926 there were 3 Jews living in Georgia, in 1939 - 10 Jews.

gorokhovskaya mariya kondratjevna
has abstract: GOROKHOVSKAYA Maria Kondratievna (1921, Evpatoria - 2001), athlete, gymnast. Z.m.s. USSR (1952). Trainer-teacher. Graduated from the Kiev State. in-t physical culture (1956). Olympus. champion (1952, 1st Olympic gold medal of Soviet gymnasts) in individual and team events. World champion (1954) in the team championship. Absolute champion of the USSR (1951–52), champion of the USSR (1948–54) in the department. types of all-around. Since 1990 - in Israel.

gorokhovskiy anatoliy vladimirovich
has abstract: GOROKHOVSKY Anatoly Vladimirovich (b. 1925, Kharkov), specialist in the region. broadcasting and TV, journalist. Graduated in 1951 from the Faculty of Radio Communication and Broadcasting of the Moscow. electrical engineering in-that communication. In 1942–45 in the active army he was engaged in the repair of tank radio stations. Since 1951 head. radio department "Communication Bulletin". Since 1960 deputy. ch. ed., from 1962 ch. ed. "Svyazizdata" (since 1964 "Svyaz" publishing house). Since 1973 chap. editor w. Radio (circulation up to 1.5 million per year). He actively promoted the introduction of new radio and TV technology, incl. synchronous broadcasting and special effects on TV in the 50s. In 1975–82 he headed the Interdepartments. to-volume on creation and launch loves, communication satellites "Radio-1" and "Radio-2". Author of 9 books, several hundreds of Art. in tech. g. and gas., textbook for prof.-tech. uch-uch and schools. Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1981).

goron isaak evseevich
has abstract: GORON Isaak Evseevich (1903, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province. - 1982, Moscow), specialist in the region. broadcasting and sound recording, Dr. Tech. Sciences, prof. (1944). He graduated in 1922 Moscow. higher tech. uch-shche. In 1925-29 he worked as Art. engineer Mosk. long distance telephone stations, in 1929-34 - early. Moscow radio broadcaster. tech. knot, actively participated in the creation of the country's first 30-line mechanic. TV system, which made it possible from 1931 to begin regular broadcasts from the studio on the street. Nikolskaya in Moscow. From 1938 ch. engineer State house of sound recording, in the construction of which he participated since 1934. In 1946 he was appointed director. Vses. n.-i. in-that sound recording. Supervised the design and commissioning of large radio broadcasting facilities. equipment, incl. the first automat. center, control room Mosk. radio broadcaster. node, the world's first simultaneous translation system (for the VI Congress of the Comintern). Main scientific. tr. associated with research. stereophonic systems broadcasting, development of the country's first tape recorders, video tape recorders, automatic. defendants, using the principles of ferrography and magn. flaw detection in the industry. G. headed the work on the restoration of sound recordings of previous years, in particular the speeches of V. I. Lenin. In 1928–82 he taught and taught scientific. work in Moscow. electrical engineering in-those communications, headed the department of radio broadcasting and acoustics. Author of scientific. printed works, the textbook "Radio broadcasting" (2nd ed., M., 1979). Member editorial board "Radio amateur", "Electrosvyaz", since 1953 deputy. ch. ed. magazine "Radiotechnics". State pr. USSR (1979). Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1966).

goronchik shimon
has abstract: Goronchik Shimon (1889, Veliony, Kovensky district and province - 1939), prose writer. In the years of the 1st world. war came to Lodz, where publ. his first stories, which attracted attention with a kind of depiction of local life. In 1918–20 he published poetry in some collection of books, and in 1921 he published the book. verse. "Feldbloomen" ("Wildflowers"). However, he soon began to write only prose. In 1924 his pov came out in Warsaw. Farplonterte vegn (Tangled Roads). Rum brought wide popularity. in two hours "In Geroish Fun Mashinen" ("In the Noise of Machines") and "1905". Subsequently G. publ. several more. novel: "The Masses" (1929), "Zump" ("Swamp", 1931), "Oifn Barg" ("On the Mountain", 1934), "Zvei Velten" (Two Worlds, 1935), biographer, rom. "Baym Shvel" ("At the threshold", 1936), several. collection of short stories. Several years he lived in Paris, from where in May 1939 he came to Warsaw. In the beginning. Sep 1939, when the Germans began bombing the city, he fled, hoping to get to Vilna, but on the way, he learned that owls were advancing. troops, committed suicide.

goroshki
has abstract: PEASES, see Volodarsk-Volynsky.

goroshovtsy
has abstract: GOROSHOVTSY, a village in the Zastavnovsky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Horoshovets in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918-40 - a part of Romania, in 1940-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 1941 in Georgia, St. 10 Jews.

gorovits shimon
has abstract: GOROVITS Shimon (1865, Lida, Vilna province - 1946, Motsa), rabbi and kabbalist. From 1882 - in E.-I. He studied at the Etz Chaim yeshiva, studied Kabbalah at the Beit-El yeshiva. In 1899 he went in search of ten tribes of Israel. Was in India, Tibet, China. In 1923 he published the book. about their travels. In 1906 he founded the Ashkenazi Kabbalistic. Yeshiva Shear Ha-Shamayim.

gorovits vladimir samoylovich
has abstract: GOROVITS Vladimir Samoilovich (1904, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1989, New York), pianist. In 1921 he graduated from the Kiev cons., Where he studied with V.V. Pukhalsky, S.V. Tarnovsky and F.M. Blumenfeld. From 1925 he gave concerts in the USSR and Western countries. Europe. From 1928 he lived in the United States, his Amer. debut - execution of fp. parts in the 1st concert by P.I. Tchaikovsky. Until the end of his life he toured extensively in different countries, recorded many records. Among the students - B. Jainis. G. is one of the greatest virtuosos in the history of pianism, distinguished by brilliant technique, violent temperament, deeply individual sound creation, and over-expressive articulation. His interpretations of the works. romantic composers (F. List, A.N. Scriabin, S.V. Rachmaninov, J. Brahms), to whom he most often turned in the 1920s and 1930s, are characterized by scale, inspired flight. break at the end. activity (1936–38) resumed it, significantly expanding in the 40s. the range of his programs, including the sonatas of L. Beethoven, fp. R. Schumann's cycles, op. Chopin, incl. his sonatas, Op. D. Scarlatti, M. Clementi, as well as manuf. modern composers. He was the first performer of S. Barber's sonatas, for the first time played in the USA the 6th, 7th, and 8th sonatas by S.S. Prokofiev, the 2nd and 3rd sonatas by D.B. Kabalevsky. G. did not give concerts, but very intensively recorded on records in the record companies R-C-Hey and "Columbia". From ser. 1960s a new stage of its end. activity was distinguished by a constant commitment to the romantic. style. He is the last of the great constellation of Russian pianists. school headed by A.G. Rubinstein. In the spring of 1986, he toured Russia with great triumph.

gorshman mendl khaimovich
has abstract: GORSHMAN Mendel Haimovich (1902, Borisov, Minsk Province - 1972, Moscow), graphic artist, illustrator, painter. Rod. in the family of a petty employee. He studied at the cheder. In 1920 he moved to Kostroma. In 1920–21 he studied at the Free Arts, the workshops of NN Kupreyanov and N.S. Iznar. In 1922-29 - at the VKHUTEMAS, where he was engaged in lithography under the hands. V.A. Favorsky, N.N. Kupreyanov, P.V. Miturich. From 1924 he collaborated in satirical poetry. g. and gaz., in the publishing house "Ever Emes" illustrated the children's book. "Fire" by S.Ya. Marshak (in Yiddish). In 1930–31 he created a series of easel watercolors dedicated to the life of Jews. s.-kh. communes in the Crimea, in 1933-34 with a group of Jews. artists (L.Ya.Zevin, I.M. Zisman, V.M. Midler) worked in Birobidzhan. Participation. in one of the last. official vyst. Heb. hud-kov, comp. in Moscow in 1936, - “Heb. ed. region and Heb. nat. areas in painting and graphics ". The landscapes of G., created as a result of numerous trips around the country, are characterized by balanced compositions with a developed first plan. For 45 years of work in the region. book graphics G. designed St. 50 editions, incl. works of the classics of Heb. literature by Sholem Aleichem, I.-L. Peretz, M. Moikher-Sforima. Genre motives marked G.'s plot lithographs "Dance of the Elderly", "Wedding Dance", "Party", "Conversation", "Talmudists", "In the Synagogue", "In a small shop" (all 1926), romance. expression - sheets to "Julis" by M. Daniel (1930), lyricism - ill. to the poem by IP Utkin "The Story of the Red-haired Motel ..." (Goslitizdat, 1932); sharp-grotesque "Cavalry" by I. Babel. (Goslitizdat, 1932), dramatic illus. to "Kabbalists" by I.-L. Peretz (Goslitizdat, 1940). G. - author of ill. to the book. "People and Gods" by Sholem-Asha ("Arts, Literature", 1964–65), "The Journey of Benjamin III" by M. Moikher-Sforim (Goslitizdat, 1961). One of the last major works of G. - 18 autolithographs - ill. to the …

gorshman shira grigorjevna
has abstract: GORSHMAN Shira Grigorievna (1906, Kroki, Kovno province - 2001, Ashkelon, Israel), prose writer. During the 1st world. war moved with her parents to Odessa, where she graduated from school. Studied in Kaunas, Heb. bunk bed un-those. From 1923 she lived for a while in E.-I. I sat down. host. In 1929 she came to the Crimea, joined one of the agriculturalists. communes In 1930 she moved to Moscow. First stories publ. into gas. "Der Stern" and "Der Emes" in the beginning. 30s During the war years 1941-45 she was evacuated, printed in gas. "Einikite", on Sat. "Tsum zig" and zarub, Heb. ed. The first book. stories "Der koekh funlebn" ("The Power of Life") published in Moscow in 1948. In the 60-80s. often published stories and essays in f. "Sovetish gameland". The author of the book. "33 derceilungen" ("33 stories", Warsaw, 1961), "Licht un shotn" ("Light and shadow", M., 1977), "Yomtev inmitn voh" ("Mid-week holiday", M., 1984 ), etc. G. - a recognized master of everyday story, fanned with subtle humor, psychol. insight into the details. Since 1989 - in Israel, where she released two collection of articles. stories.

gorskaya
has abstract: GORSKAYA (real family Fainberg) Rosalia Grigorievna (1891, [Bratslav]] Podolsk province - 1984, Leningrad), singer (lyric coloratura soprano). In 1913 she graduated from St. Petersburg. cons. in the singing class of S.N. Gladkoy. In 1913–15 she was a soloist of the Kiev Opera House. In 1915 she made her debut on the stage of Petrograd. Nar. at home (until 1918, by A.R. Aksarin's enterprise). From 1918 to 1949 she was a soloist of Leningrad. t-ra opera and ballet and at the same time. (until 1933) Leningrad. Small Opera House. In 1941 she was evacuated to Perm together with the t-rom, in which she continued to sing until 1943. She also performed as part of concert brigades in hospitals and military units in 1941-43. G.'s performance was distinguished by poetry, lightness of coloratura sound. G. sang in performances with the participation of FI Shalyapin and LV Sobinov, was the leading performer and complex soprano parts: Shemakhan Queen ("The Golden Cockerel" by NA Rimsky-Korsakov); Constanta ("The Abduction from the Seraglio" by W.A. Mozart, 1925); Rosina ("The Barber of Seville" by G. Rossini), Martha ("The Tsar's Bride"), Juliet ("Romeo and Juliet" by C. Gounod). She performed in concerts. Honored. art. RSFSR (1933). In 1948-50 she taught at Leningrad. cons.

gorskoe
has abstract: GORSKOE, a village in the Nikolaev district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Gorutskoe in the Drohobych district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In the spring of 1942, apprx. 40 Jews.

gorutskoe
has abstract: GORUTSKOE, see Gorskoe Lviv region.

gorvits aleksandr borisovich
has abstract: GORVITS Alexander Borisovich (Azef Berkovich (1897, Kiev - 1918, ibid.), Politician, activist. Born in the family of a businessman. Graduated from the government in Kiev (1913). In 1913–15 he studied at the Commercial Institute, from 1915 in Kazan University; member of the student organization of Social-Democratic internationalists, conducted revolutionary propaganda among the soldiers of the Kazan garrison.Since February 1917 in Kiev, propagandist of the RSDLP (b) committee, member of the editorial board newspaper "Voice of a Social Democrat." In April - the affairs of the Regional Congress of Soviets of the South-West Territory, since May, a member of the Kiev Committee of the RSDLP (b), the executive committee of the Kiev Council of Workers' Dep., since November - united Council of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies From the end of October, a member of the Kiev Revolutionary Committee for the preparation of an armed uprising In December 1917, at the Regional (Territorial) Congress of the RSDLP (Bolshevik), a member of the Chief Committee of Social-Democratic Party -tiy of Ukraine, at the 1st All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets of Ukraine (December 11-12, Kharkov) - a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviets of Ukraine.In January 1918 he was sent to Kiev to prepare an armed uprising against the Central Rada, since January 15 member of the general city of the All-Russian Revolutionary Committee, led the uprising in Pechersk. When trying to restore communication with other districts of the city cx vacated by supporters of the Center. Glad and brutally tortured. Solemnly reburied in Kiev on 31 January 1918.

gorvits martyn isaevich
has abstract: GORVITS Martyn Isaevich (1837, Mogilev - 1883, Moscow), obstetrician-gynecologist. In 1860 he graduated from St. Petersburg. medical-surgeon academy. In 1860–65 he improved his skills abroad. In 1868 he defended doc. dis. on the topic "The experience of teaching about miscarriage." In 1868–73 he worked at the Imp. petersburg. clinics midwife in-those. In 1870–75 he was a director. Mariinsky family. houses. Since 1875 - prof. obstetric and gynecological. clinics of St. Petersburg. medical-surgeon academy. G. studied the issues of uterine pathology, pregnancy toxicosis, developed methods of local treatment for gynecology. diseases. The name of G. named one of the signs of short term pregnancy. Cit .: Clinical notes on gynecology, St. Petersburg, 1871; On the indomitable vomiting of pregnant women, St. Petersburg, 1882; Guide to patol. and therapy of the female genital area, St. Petersburg., 4.1–2, 1882–83.

gorvits shaulj khaim
has abstract: GORVITZ Shaul Chaim (1820, Vilna - 1915, Jerusalem), rabbi. 1865–83 - Rabbi of Dubrovno. From 1883 - in E.-I. Rabbi Mea-Shearim. He founded the yeshiva "Mea-Shearim" and the talmud-torah "Pri Etz-Chaim".

gorvits yosef gershon
has abstract: GORVITZ Yosef Gershon (1869, Vormits Minsk, province - 1951, Jerusalem), rabbi, one of the leaders of the "Mizrahi" in E.-I. R. in the family of a rabbi. From the age of 8 he studied with his uncle (mother's brother) Sh.-Kh. Horvits. From 1884 - in E.-I. He studied at the yeshivas in Jerusalem. Since 1895, Rabbi Mea-Shearim. He headed the Yeshiva and Talmud Torah “Pri Etz-Chaim”. The first among Jerusalem, the rabbis entered the "Mizrahi". He founded and headed a branch of the party in Jerusalem. Delegate of the first congress of "Mizrahi". Honorary President of the Party.

gory
has abstract: MOUNTAINS, now part of the city of Krasnystav (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1837 - the village of Krasnostavsky u. Lublin province. 118 Jews lived in Georgia in 1897.

goryachevodskiy
has abstract: GORYACHEVODSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1966) in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Pyatigorsky u. Tersk Region In 1939, 83 Jews lived in Georgia.

goryachinsk
has abstract: GORYACHINSK, a village in the Baikal region of the Republic of Buryatia (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Barguzinsky district Transbaikal Region. In 1911, Jews accounted for 20% of the population of Georgia. some of the Jews were represented by exiled settlers.

goryachiy klyuch
has abstract: HOT KEY, city (since 1965) in Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). Main as a resort in 1864. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Yekaterinodar district. Kuban Region In 1939, 5 Jews lived in Georgia.

gorynjgrad pershiy
has abstract: GORYNGRAD PERSHIY, a village in the Rivne district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Rivne u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1784, 40 Jews lived in Georgia, 54 in 1787, 316 in 1847, 380 in 1863, and 380 in 1897. 540 (28%), in 1921 - 307 Jews (15%) In 1777, the city of Petrograd received city rights. There was a synagogue in 1863. In the 1920s. there were 2 synagogues. In the 20th century. the rabbis of G.P. were Gordon, then Malinna (before the Holocaust). June 26, 1941 ukr. the police shot 25 Jews. On July 6-7, a pogrom was organized in G.P., during which approx. 70 people Subsequently, the Jews of G.P. were sent to the Tuchin ghetto. G.Ya. Tsam.

goryshkovka
has abstract: GORYSHKOVKA, a village in Tomashpolsky district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Yampolsky u. Podolsk Gubernia. In 1887, the Jews of Georgia constituted 22.8% of the population, 376 Jews (17.6%) lived in Georgia in 1897. In 1889, Georgia had a synagogue. Between 1883 and 1885, Arie-Leibush Vexer (1860—?) Was rabbi in Georgia, and Nokhum-Aaron Malamud (1848—?) From 1885. During the Holocaust, 17 Jews were killed in Georgia.

goryunov
has abstract: GORYUNOV (real fam. Bendel) Anatoly Iosifovich (1902, Moscow - 1951, ibid.), Actor. In 1920 he entered the 3rd Studio of the Moscow Art Theater (since 1926 - the Vakhtangov Theater), where he played his first role - Truffaldino ("Princess Turandot" by K. Gozzi, 1922). He had a bright comedic talent. Among the roles: Celestin ("Intervention" by L.I. Slavin, 1933), Benedict ("Much Ado About Nothing" by W. Shakespeare, 1936), Governor ("The Inspector General" by N.V. Gogol, 1939), Sancho Panza (" Don Quixote ”by MABulgakov after M. Servantes, 1941), Colonel (“ Mademoiselle Nitush ”by F. Erve, 1946), Globa (“ Russian people ”by K. M. Simonov, 1942), etc. Impressively and sharply played negative roles: Ivan Babichev ("The Conspiracy of Feelings" by Yu.K. Olesha, 1929), Baron Nyussenzhen ("The Human Comedy" after O. Balzac, 1934), the monk Akaki ("The Great Sovereign" by V.A.Soloviev, 1945), etc. A special place in the work of G. plays the role of Hamlet ("Hamlet" by Shakespeare, 1932). Following an unconventional interpretation of the tragedy dir. N.P. Akimov, G. introduced Hamlet as an ambitious power-hungry man. Joint. with A.I. Remizova G. post. "Dangerous Turn" by J. Priestley (1940). Was the head. staged and lit. parts, deputy. hands. T-ra them. Evgeny Vakhtangov. Since 1927 teacher Theater, uch-shcha them. B.V.Shchukin at the Theater. Evgeny Vakhtangov, since 1931 - GITIS. Filmed in the roles of Loiseau ("Pyshka", 1934), director. f-ki Glinka ("Three Comrades", 1935), Karasik ("Goalkeeper", 1936) and others. Became. etc. (1950). Nar. art. RSFSR (1946).

gorzhdy
has abstract: Proud, see Gargzhdai.

gorzhkov
has abstract: GORZHKOV, see Gorzkow-Siege.

gorzhkovitse
has abstract: HORZKOVICE, see Hoškovice

gorzhkuv-osada
has abstract: GORZKOW-OSADA, a village in the Zamosc Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Gorzhkov Krasnostavsky u. Lublin province. 227 Jews (55.6%) lived in Georgia in 1856, 303 (47.2%) in 1897, and 434 Jews in 1921. The rabbi in Georgia was Naftoli Topel. The Jewish population of Georgia was exterminated during the Holocaust.

goshani
has abstract: GOSHANI, see Gradovka, Lviv region.

goshcha
has abstract: GOSCHA, urban-type settlement (since 1959), a regional center in the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 14th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ostrozhsky u. Volyn province. In 1919-39 it was in the Volyn Voivodeship as a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1847 338 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1886 - 678, in 1897 - 884 (42.3%), in 1921 - 881 Jew (36.3%) Jews who have lived in Georgia since the 16th century suffered during the "Khmelnytsky" era. In the 19th century. in G. there was a synagogue. In 1889-1903 J. Lamden was the rabbi. in G. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. 20 May 1942, 670 Jews were shot in Georgia, 23 Sept. 1942 - c. 500 Jews in G. R. Fink.

goshchin
has abstract: GOSCHIN, a city (since 1425) in the Radom Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Groetskiy u. In 1808, 67 Jews (9%) lived in Georgia, in 1827 - 99 (12%), in 1857 - 110 (14%), in 1897 - 185, and in 1927 - 185 Jews (15%). settled in G. at the end. 18th century Engaged in the main. purchase of agricultural - x. products and supply of local landowners prom. goods. In the end. 19th century some began to master crafts. On Saturdays and holidays, people gathered at home for prayer. On weekdays there was no minyan. After the occupation of Georgia by Wehrmacht units in 1939, Jews were expelled from the city in February. 1941 sent to the Warsaw ghetto.

goshkovitse
has abstract: GOSZKOWICE, a city in Piotrkowskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. From 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Gorzkovice Petrokovsky u. In 1897, 273 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1921 - 648 (42%), and in 1939 - 650 Jews. In the 1920s and 1930s, along with small traders and artisans, several Jews lived in Georgia. cr. timber merchants. One of them, Herman Winter, due to his extensive activities, received the nickname "King of the Polish forests". The Jews also owned a sawmill and a mill. In the 1920s. in G. the "Trade Union of Jewish Artisans and Small Traders" was created. In 1926, a branch of the Cooperative Bank was opened, and the city of Georgia became independent at the beginning. 1920s The rabbis of Georgia were Shmuel Davidovich, and from 1928, Yosef Shapiro. The synagogue was built in 1927. The community had a self-help fund and social assistance organizations. In the beginning. 1920s were opened two Jewish libraries, with which the decomp. mugs. In the 1920s and 30s. in G. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. After the beginning. 2nd world. During the war, the number of the Jewish population of Georgia increased to 1,500. due to the influx of large numbers of refugees. The Judenrat was created (formerly Gershon Altman). In oct. 1942 approx. 1,500 Jews were sent to Treblinka.

gostini
has abstract: HOTELS, region within the city of Plavinas (Republic of Latvia). Vozn. in the beginning. 19th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Glazmanka (other name. Dunkern) Dinaburgsky, since 1893 - Dvinsky district. Vitebsk lips. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1847 192 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1897 - 1064 (45.7%), in 1920 - 544 (61.9%), in 1930 - 635 (24%), in 1935 - 504 Jews (54%) In 1875-1916 Shoylom-Doiv-Ber Zeligman was the rabbi in Georgia. In 1888 in Georgia, as a result of a fire, St. 40 Jewish houses and several. dozens of shops, St. 60 Jewish families were left homeless. In the beginning. 20th century a cell of the Bund functioned in Georgia; in 1905 a roar was created. to-t. Jan 8 1906 a pogrom took place in Georgia. On the eve of the 1st world. During the war, Georgia had four synagogues. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Georgia. m-in. From the beginning. 1st world. During the war, most of the Jews left Georgia; during the fighting, 3 synagogues were destroyed. In 1918-19, Georgia was alternately occupied by German, Russian, and Estonian. and latv. troops. In the beginning. 1920s The Joint provided funds for the renovation of 220 Jewish houses and one of the synagogues, with its help a mutual assistance fund was created, and the services of a Jewish doctor were paid for. Since 1921 the bunker worked. Jewish school with teaching in Yiddish. In 1927, the Lubavitch yeshiva "Tomkhey Tmimim" was created in Georgia; in 1936 "Beit-Yosef" in memory of the rabbi of the Hasidic community, Yosef Ruzhin (1858-1936). The yeshiva, headed by Rabbi Hillel Horowitz, taught young men from Georgia, neighboring towns and Riga. Out of 3 synagogues of Georgia in the 1920s and 1930s. one was Hasidic. Post ch. Rabbi G. pl. years were occupied by Jehiel Friedman (1847-1937), who was considered the spiritual leader of the community. After his death, Yeshayagu-Hanoch Barkman (? -1941) from Riga became a …

gostomelj
has abstract: GOSTOMEL, urban-type settlement (since 1938) of the Irpen City Council, Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1496. from the 16th century. - as part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - Rzeczpospolita. From 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kievsky u. 916 Jews (45.8%) lived in Georgia in 1897, and 165 Jews (3.5%) in 1939. In 1863, Georgia had a synagogue. Since 1906, Joseph-Leib Karabelnikov (1876—?) Was the rabbi. 20 - 21 oct. 1905 a pogrom perpetrated by the peasants of the surrounding villages took place in Georgia (23 shops and 17 houses belonging to Jews were looted). In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Georgia. m-in. During the years of Civil. During the war, the Jewish population of Georgia suffered from raids by bandit detachments; on Sept. In 1919, units of the Volunteer Army staged a pogrom in Georgia (almost all Jews fled; the remaining Nota Goldman saved the Torah scrolls from the destroyed synagogue). During the famine of 1921-22 many. Jews moved to Kiev and other cities. In 1999, approx. 20 Jews S.Ya. Elisavetsky

gostynin
has abstract: GOSTYNIN, a city (since 1382) in the Plock Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 13th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - the county town of Plock province. In 1856 634 Jews (20%) lived in Georgia, in 1862 - 785 (24%), in 1897 - 1849 (27%), in 1921 - 1831 (27%). in 1939 there were 269 Jews. Jews lived in Georgia from the 15th century. In 1710 a wooden synagogue was built. In 1765, 157 Jews over one year old lived in Georgia. In 1823-62, Jews were allowed to live only in a special quarter. In the 2nd floor. 19th century Jews earned their living by small trade and crafts, there were several. cr. traders of timber, grain and wool. The Jews owned workshops for knitting stockings, a mill; suppliers supplied the garrison in G. with Rus. army builds. materials and other necessary goods. There were many constructions among the Jews of G. workers - masons, carpenters, plasterers, masons, glaziers, etc. In the middle. 19th century a Jewish doctor worked in G. During Polsk. uprisings of 1863–64, Jews supported the insurgents and helped them. 20th century In G., there were Polish cells. s.-d. parties, which included many Jewish workers, as well as the Bund and Poalei Zion cells. A library was opened, which was also a Jewish youth club. In 1905, a detachment of Jewish self-defense was created. 19th century in tech. For 40 years the rabbi of G. was Ichiel-Meir Lifshitz (1810-1888), one of the students of Menachem-Mendel from Kotsk (1787-1859). In the last. years of his life Lifshits headed the Hasidic dynasty and was known as Rabbi from Gostynin; he also became the prototype of the hero rum. Sh. Asha "Der Tyilim id". After Lifshits's death, Rabbi Yoav-Yehoshua became the rabbi of G., who founded a yeshiva in Georgia. In 1895-1907 the rabbi was Chaim-Meshulam Otterman (1861—?), Until 1921 - David Sylman (1880—?), One of the leaders of the Mizrahi movement in Poland, then Itzhok-Meir B…

gotlib adoljf davidovich
has abstract: GOTLIB Adolf Davidovich (1910, Moscow - 1973, ibid.), Pianist, teacher. In 1931 he graduated from Moscow. conservatory, class fp. from K.N. Igumnov, in 1935 - a theater expert. Faculty of GITIS. In 1936–49 he taught a class of fp. ensemble in Muz. uch-shche at Moscow. conservatory. In 1941-44 he was a teacher of the FP class. and fp. ensemble at the Saratov Conservatory (it included the evacuated Moscow Conservatory). Since 1955 - prof. and head. Department of the chamber ensemble Muz.-pedagogical. in-ta them. Gnesins. In 1959 G. organized in in-those and was thin. hands. first student. chamber orchestra, to-ry in 1960 became the collective of the All-Union Touring and Concert Association (VGKO). Since 1927, for over forty years, he played together with his brother M. Gottlieb in fp. duet. Performed, the style of the duet G. was distinguished by the perfection of the ensemble and ensemble technique, a temperamental, romantically upbeat character. Adolf and Mikhail G. gave a lot of concerts, performed on Vses. radio. The duo's repertoire included all meaning works written for 2 php. B.ch. the repertoire consisted of arr. and transcriptions for 2 ph., made by G. He also owns works on the theory of performance, incl. "Basics of Ensemble Technique" (1970), as well as numerous. articles about performing, the work of pianists - E.G. Gilels, Y.V. Flier, G.R. Ginzburg, Y.I. Zak, L.N. Oborin, G.G. and SG Neigauzov et al. art. RSFSR (1969).

gotlib emmanuil davidovich
has abstract: GOTLIB Emmanuil Davidovich (1908, Kremenchug, Poltava province. - 1991, Kharkov), Hero of the Sov. Union (1945). In 1929-30 - before. collective farm. Since 1930 in Kr. Army. In 1937 he graduated from the Khabarovsk military-polit. uch-shche. During the battles at the lake. Hasan (1938) was awarded a medal. At the front since November 1942. Deputy. com. regiment, Major G. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for battles when crossing the river. Ojo. Under G.'s command, the company repulsed 16 enemy counterattacks. When crossing the river, G. saved the bridge by cutting the line of a land mine already set on fire by the enemy. Colonel retired from 1959. He worked as a deputy. dir. Ukrainian Research Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry in Kharkov. He was awarded the 6th order. Member of the anti-Zionist campaign of the 1970s.

gotlib iegoshua
has abstract: GOTLIB Yehoshua (1882, Pinsk, Minsk province - after 1940), society. activist, journalist. Zionist. began his activity in 1913, in 1916 he became a member. center, to-that Zionist. org-tion in Poland. Published Art. in Warsaw gas. in Yiddish "Hint" (1919-35) and "Moment" (1935-39), was one of the prominent journalists and writers of his time. In 1935 he was elected to the Seim. In 1927–34 he was before. Warsaw. Association of Journalists, in 1924-39 - member. Warsaw. Council of Heb. communities. G. - one of the founders of the World faction. Zionist. org-tion "Et Livnot" ("Time to Build"), which supported the "expanded Heb. agency". On behalf of his faction, G. actively advocated the 4th aliyah (since 1924), the edges were in the main. of Polish Jews cf. class. When the 2nd world began. war, fled to Pinsk, where, after the occupation of the city of owls. troops, was arrested. According to one version, G. died in prison in Poland, according to another, he was sent to Kazakhstan.

gotlib mark iljich
has abstract: GOTLIB Mark Ilyich (1862, Chisinau - 1926, ibid.), Entrepreneur, public figure. Graduated from the city of Chisinau, higher. tech. educated in Munich. St. spent two years on probation in the USA, then returned to Chisinau, where he became a tenant, and in 1919 the owner of a mechanic. and cast-iron w-yes. One of the leading figures in Heb. nat. movement in Bessarabia. Delegate of the 12th World Zionist. Congr. (1921, Carlsbad). Prev Board of the Bank "Palestine-Bessarabia", before. local Zionist, org-tion, Council of Chisinau Hebrews. b-tsy and Heb. school "Trud", vice-pre, trade.-prom. chambers, before. board of the Ort society and crafts. bank, before. refugee to-that, activist of a number of other Heb. org-tion, vowel of the Chisinau mountains. Duma, ch. emissary Heb. nat. Fund ("Keren Kaemet") in Bessarabia.

gotlib mikhail davidovich
has abstract: GOTLIB Mikhail Davidovich (1907, Yaroslavl - 1978, Moscow), pianist, teacher, composer. In 1930 he graduated from Moscow. conservatory, class fp. K.N. Igumnova. In 1932–35 he taught php. game of Moose. uch-shche at Moscow. conservatory. From 1938 he taught courses on instrumentation and reading scores for the military. f-those Mosk. Conservatory (since 1948 - Institute of Military Conductors, since 1960 - Military Conducting Faculty of the Conservatory). Since 1971 - prof. Soloist of the All-Union Radio. Since 1927 he gave concerts with his brother A. Gottlieb as part of the famous fp. duet. G. the author is numerous. transcriptions for 2 ph., as well as manuf. for brass band. He owns several. music-methodical works, incl. "Course of reading scores" (1956, jointly with Ya.M. Kaabak and E.P. Makarov), "Practical course for reading scores" (1960, jointly with Ya.M. Kaabak and E.P. Makarov), " A manual on instrumentation for leaders of amateur brass bands ”(1961, jointly with NA Zudin) and others. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1968).

gotlober avrom-ber
has abstract: GOTLOBER Avrom-Ber (1811, Starokonstantinov, Volyn province - 1889, Bialystok), poet, playwright. Rod. in the cantor's family. Experienced the influence of Hasidism. I was engaged in self-education and gave lessons. He fled to Tarnopol from the military. service. Here, under the influence of iz. enlightener I. Perla joined the Maskilim movement. Subsequently, he changed his views on the Palestinian. He wrote poetry in Yiddish and composed melodies for them. In 1837 he wrote the first. the play "Der Dektuh" ("Cover"), which was distributed in manuscript and was published only in 1876 in Warsaw. In 1851 he passed the exams for a teacher in Zhitomir, a rabbi, a school and worked as a teacher in Hebrew. school in Kamenets-Podolsk, in Starokonstantinov, then a rabbi, school in Zhitomir. 40s to 70s G. wrote his best works. in Yiddish - fables, didactic. poems and dramas, many of which were found and published only in the 20th century. In 1876 he founded a railway station in Dubno. Ga-boker op. Research is of particular value. G. on the history of the Karaites and memoirs about Heb. writers.

gotman dzhin
has abstract: GOTMAN Jean (b. 1915, Kharkov), geographer, economist. Graduated from Paris University (1937). In 1937–40, a scientific assistant. work at the University of Paris. Since 1941 - in the USA. In 1942–44 he was a consultant to the Council on the methods of conducting economics. wars in the administration of foreign economy (Washington), at the same time. (1942–61) sotr. Institute for continuing education of Princeton University, in 1945-48 prof. at the University of J. Hopkins. In 1945–46, planning advisor to Franz. pr-ve (Paris). In 1946–47 at the UN (New York). Prev Int. Commission for the Study of Regional Planning (1949-52). In 1949–55 at the Paris University. In 1956-61, he directed work at the XX Century Foundation. (New York). Since 1959 at the Institute for the Study of Politics. Member pl. amer. and French. geographer. about-in.

gotman yakov davydovich
has abstract: GOTMAN Yakov Davydovich (1904, Warsaw - 1988, Moscow), geologist and mineralogist, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical. sciences. After graduation in 1929 Moscow. state University worked at the Institute of Applied Mineralogy (later All-Union Institute of Metals and Alloys, VIMS). From 1931 he taught at Moscow. oil. in-those, in 1939–41 in Moscow. geological prospecting institute them. S. Ordzhonikidze. In 1941–44 he worked in the People's Commissariat of Tsv. metallurgy of the USSR, from 1944 - again in VIMS. scientific. tr. associated with the development of methods of quantities, mineralogical. analysis of polymetallic. and copper ores. In 1930-32 he made the first quantities, mineralogical. a map of the ore deposit in Kounrad, edges provided rational methods of processing Kounrad ores. Developed a method for the manufacture of transparent thin sections and loose rocks, a mineralogical method. well core sampling. Made creatures, contributed to the creation. doctrine of typomorphism, described the typomorphic features of cassiterite. Studied petrography of tin ore provinces, gave a summary description of tin minerals. Formulated the search criteria, on the basis of which a deposit of new types of rare metals was discovered. raw materials and a new ore district. Research the problem of ore sources. Author of scientific. printed works and monographs. Honored. active Science and Technology of the RSFSR, Works: Mineralogich. Kounrad's map and the method of its compilation, M.-L., 1936; Vein alteration of granite rocks of a tungsten deposit in Kazakhstan, M., 1965 (with V.M. Malakhova).

gots abram rafailovich
has abstract: GOTS Abram Rafailovich (1882, Shavli, Kovno province - 1940, Nizhny Irgash of Krasnoyarsk region), polit. activist, grandson of the tea merchant V.Ya. Vysotsky, brother of M.R. Gots. He graduated from a real school in Moscow. Into the roar. movement since 1896, adjacent to the North. Union of Socialist-Revolutionaries. In 1900 he entered the Philosophy. Faculty of Berlin University, participated in the Halle-Heidelberg circle of "young" SRs. From the spring of 1906 - member. Combat organization of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. In 1907 he was sentenced to 8 years in hard labor, which he served in the Alexander Central (Irkutsk province). In 1915 he went to a settlement in Irkutsk, where he became close to the group "sib. Zimmerwaldovites "- exiled Mensheviks (IG Tsereteli, FI Dan and others) and Socialist-Revolutionaries (MA Vedenyapin and others). After Feb. Revolution of 1917 participated in the creation. in Irkutsk K-that societies, org-tions, the Council of workers and soldiers. dep. and Military. org-tion; personally arrested the general-lips. East Siberia A.I. Pilts. In March he returned to Petrograd. Member Executive Committee Petrograd. Council and its Bureau, leader of the Socialist-Revolutionary faction. In the days of Apr. crisis was a member of the commission for negotiations with the pr-vom. From ser. May - member. Of the Executive Committee of Vseros. Council cross, dep., Com. (deputy) prev. Petrogr. Council. At the end of May - early. June - delegate to the 3rd Congress of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, elected member. Central Committee. In June - a participant of the 1st All-Russia. Congress of Soviets, member. Pres. To the CEC of the 1st convocation. In the days of July he was a member of the commission "but the restoration of order in the capital." On Sept., During the work of Democratic. meeting, voted for a coalition with the Cadets. In oct. - member Pre-Parliament and its Pres. On the night of October 25. participated in the joint meetin…

gots mikhail
has abstract: GOTS Mikhail (Moisey, Movsha) Rafailovich (literary ps. M. Rafailov) (1866, Moscow - 1906, Berlin), polit. activist, grandson of the tea merchant V.Ya. Vysotsky, brother of A.R. Gots. Graduated from the 2nd Moscow. ziyu, in 1885–86 he studied at the honey. f-those Mosk. un-that. Into the roar. movement from the beginning. 1880s Since 1885, members and one of the hands. Moscow center, the group "Narodnaya Volya", organized its underground printing house, was in charge of relations with emigration, led the roar. propaganda among the workers. In oct. 1886 arrested, in 1888 exiled to adm. order in Vost. Siberia. The participant is armed. speeches watered. exiles against the arbitrariness of adm. in Yakutsk (March 1889), was seriously wounded. Yakut military. the court sentenced to eternal hard labor. In 1895, under an amnesty, he went to a settlement in Kurgan, Tobolsk province, worked in gas. "Steppe region", "East. review ", w. "Rus. wealth". In 1899 he settled in Odessa, was in charge of the local department. firm Vysotsky. In 1901 he went abroad, one of the creation. party of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and members. its Central Committee. Financed by ed. party press organs: "Bulletin of Rus. rev-tion "and gas. "Roar. Russia ”(one of its editors), a representative of the Central Committee in the Combat Organization of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, participated in the development of the plans of a number of terrorists. acts. In March 1903, an Italian was arrested in Naples. the police, to-paradise intended to extradite him grew. authorities, after the protests the world. public released. In 1905, despite a serious illness, he actually became the head of the foreign country. the work of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. He died after removing a spinal cord tumor. Buried in Geneva. Works: Mosk. center, group "Nar. will ". (1883 1885). (Excerpt from an unpublished biography), in the book: Narodnaya Volya after March 1, 1881. Sat. Art. and materials. M., 1928.

gotvaljd
has abstract: GOTWALD, see Serpent.

govarchev
has abstract: GOVARCHEV, see Govarchuv.

govarchuv
has abstract: GOVARCHUV, city (from 1430) in the Radom Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807, part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1844 - Posad Govarchev Konsky Radom Province. 457 Jews (43.5%) lived in Georgia in 1827, 644 (50%) in 1857, 681 (45%) in 1897, 508 (33%) in 1921, and 450 Jews in 1939. The Jewish community of Georgia was subordinate to the Konska community (present-day Konske), but maintained its own rabbi. Before the 1st world. the war rabbi G. was Eibschitz. In G. there were several. synagogues, including Gursky, Alshinovsky and Radoshitsky Hasids, heders, an old Jewish cemetery. In the 1870s. Mordkhe Zilberman was the rabbi in Georgia; in the 1890s. - Yankel Brockman. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century Jews owned several. sawmills. The Jews also owned 4 small metal-working enterprises; Jews rented dairy farms, taverns, and shanks in Georgia and neighboring villages. Most of the artisans were tailors and shoemakers. Departments of Zionist parties, the youth organization "Dror", and "Agudas Israel" worked. In 1917-18, anti-Semitic demonstrations by the local Polish became more active in Georgia. population, which led to the pogrom, in the course of which several were killed. Jews. The intervention of the army was able to stop the pogrom. 2nd world. During the war, a large number of refugees appeared in Georgia. The number of Jews has reached 1,000 people. On Sept. 1942 all Jews were sent to Treblinka. In the town of Yuzefov, which was part of the G.'s community, a work camp was set up, where Jews were brought from the surrounding towns and villages. In 1943 the camp was destroyed. I. Rabon.

govorovo
has abstract: GOVOROVO, a city in the Ostrolenki Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 16th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Ostrolensky u. Lomzhinskaya Gubernia. In 1897, 1,844 Jews (88%) lived in Georgia, in 1921 - 1,228 (23%), in 1931 - 1,085 Jews. Jews settled in Georgia in the first half. 18th century At that time, 97 Jews lived in Georgia and were independent. a community that contained a synagogue and a cemetery. The G. community also included Jews from neighboring villages. In 1892, the Jews of Georgia included 30 artisans (out of 49): 12 tailors, 5 shoemakers, 3 tinsmiths, 2 saddlers, 2 carpenters, a watchmaker, a cooper, and others; there were also butchers and bakers. The Jewish population of Georgia consisted of the Vork, Gur, and Alexander Hasids. The rabbis of Georgia in the 19th century were Aron-Shloyme-Zalman Klepfish (? -1885), Yaakov-Yehuda Kagana-Bochan. In 1912, there was a savings and loan. t-in. During the 1st world. war rabbi G. Alter-Moishe-Mordhe Burshtein and several. community members were arrested rus. authorities on charges of spying for Germany. In the summer of 1915, G. suffered greatly from art. shelling and fires. Mn. Jews left Georgia and returned there only after parts of the Germans arrived in Georgia. army. In 1918, Polish soldiers. the army that occupied G. beat Jews, burned and destroyed their houses and property. After the end of the 1st world. war with the support of the Joint was built several. synagogues. The Jews owned sawmills, mills, concrete production plant, and a generating station. Was conducted cr. trade in timber, grain and livestock. Tradesmen and artisans united in trade unions. A branch of the Credit Bank worked. There were branches and cells of Jewish parties and movements. 8 Sept. 1939 germ. troops entered the city on 21 Sept. 1939 all Jews of Georgia (about 2 thousand people) were burnt alive in a synagogue. Those wh…

govrin
has abstract: GOVRIN (Globman-Hayet) Akiva (1902, Shmekov, Podolsk province. - 1980, Tel Aviv), polit. activist. One of the founders of the Ge-Halutz movement in Ukraine. From 1922 - in E.-I. He was a worker, one of the creatures. Slave. council in Jerusalem. Founder prof. servants headed it. Member slave. council of Histadrut, one of the leaders of the professional association. An active figure in Mapai. Throughout many. years was a member. Knesset from Mapai, before factions in the Knesset and before. coalition.

goykhbarg aleksandr grigorjevich
has abstract: GOIKHBARG Alexander Grigorievich (1883 - 1962, Moscow), lawyer. Privat Assoc. Petersburg. un-that. In 1904-17 - a member of the RSDLP (Menshevik), sred. gas. "New life". After Oct. 1917 on the side of the Sov. authorities, in 1919–24 - member. RCP (b). In 1918, members. Collegiums of the NKJu RSFSR. Participant citizen war, in 1919 in the East. fr., in 1920 p. Sib. Revolutionary Committee, ed. gas. "Sov. Siberia ", region. Commissioner of Justice, prosecutor at the process of Kolchak mines. in Omsk. In 1921-23 - member. collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Justice, simultaneously. member and before. Small Council of People's Commissars. From 1921 to 1924 he took part in the development of the Sov. legislation of the first period of the NEP and supervised the work on the preparation of Civil. Code of the RSFSR, was dir. Institute of Sov. rights. In the end. 1940s arrested, imprisoned until 1956. In the 1930s-40s. - in legal counseling work in the People's Commissariat of external. Trade of the USSR, Vol. law, M., 1923; Compare family law, M., 1927; Essays on households. law, M., 1927; Civil course process, M., 1928; Canada, M., 1942.

gozenpud abram akimovich
has abstract: GOZENPUD Abram Akimovich (b. 1908, Kiev), musicologist, literary critic. Dr. philological Sciences (1962). Graduated in 1930 lit. Faculty of Kiev in-that nar. education; studied history and theory of music. Literary critic, he began his activity under the guidance of A.I.Beletsky. In 1934–46 he taught at the higher theater, and music. uch. institutions in Kiev and Sverdlovsk, was engaged in scientific activities, appeared in print as a theater, and muses. criticism. In 1948–49 he was in charge of literary part of the Small T-ra in Moscow. Since 1953 - senior researcher. an employee of the music sector, since 1979 professor-consultant Leningrad. state in-ta t-ra, music and cinematography. G. is the author of a musicologist, philological, theater expert. works, translator into Russian. and ukr. lang. op. W. W. Shakespeare, F. Schiller, A. Mitskevich, G. Hauptmann, Lesya Ukrainka (in Russian). Posted by libre. opera by V.Ya.Shebalin "The Taming of the Shrew" (after Shakespeare, 1957). Among the most means. musicologist. G.'s works - "Musical Theater in Russia: From the Origins to Glinka" (L., 1959), "Russian Soviet Opera House (1917-1941): Essays on History" (L., 1963), "Opera Dictionary" (M. -L., 1965), "Ways and Crossroads: English and French Drama of the XX century" (1967), "Russian Opera House" (book. 1-5, 1836-1917, L., 1969), "Dostoevsky and Music" (Leningrad, 1971) and others. He studies the works of N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov (1953), N.V. Lysenko (1954), A.K. Glazunov and P.I. Tchaikovsky (1959), M. A. Balakireva (1961).

gozenpud matvey akimovich
has abstract: GOZENPUD Matvey Akimovich (1903, Kiev - 1961, Novosibirsk), composer, pianist, teacher. In 1921 he graduated from the Kiev Conservatory, class of composition R.M. Glier, class of fp. - G.N.Beklemisheva (also studied under F.M. Blumenfeld). In 1933 he became a diploma holder of the 1st All-Union Union. competition of musicians-performers in Moscow. In 1929–49. taught FP classes. and compositions at the Kiev Conservatory, in 1935-49 - prof. and at the same time. (1923–49) taught php. game in Kiev muses. uch-shche. In 1951-52 - prof. Alma-Ata Conservatory, in 1953–61 he lived in Novosibirsk, where he headed the Department of Philosophy. at the conservatory. Among his students is I.N. Shamo. Author of Ch. arr. manuf. for fp., distinguished by virtuosity and complexity of texture, followed the traditions of the romantic. music, the most noticeable influence of Op. A.N. Skryabin. In the end. 1940 - early. 1950s G. paid much attention to the nar. music; he wrote suites on the theme of Hebrews. (1939), ukr. (1948), Kaz. (1953) songs. Other works include the opera Aladdin's Lamp (1947), 3 symphony. (1938, 1939, 1946), concerts with orc. for php. (1929-53), for violin; manuf. for chamber instruments. ensembles; 4 sonatas for piano; choirs, romances, songs.

gozhanskiy samuil naumovich
has abstract: GOZHANSKY Samuil Naumovich (Naftalievich) (party and literary ps. - Teacher, Joseph, Lona, etc.) (1867, village Narovlya, Grodno province - 1943), polit. activist, publicist. He graduated from teaching, seminary in Vilna (1888). From the beginning. 1890s Social-Democratic participant movement. In 1891–95 created. and hands. Heb. workers of the Social-Democrats circles in Vilna and Bialystok, author of a number of propaganda campaigns. brochures in Yiddish ("Wages", "Surplus value", "On fate"), published illegally in the 1890s. and widely used in Heb. workers' circles up to the 1910s. In the brochure Letters to Agitators (1893–94), he argued that Heb. workers will be able to achieve social. justice, speaking as an independent. detachment of the world. working movement under the hands. own. party. On Feb. 1896 G. was arrested in Bialystok, in 1897 he was exiled to the adm. order for 5 years in the Yakutsk region., for an attempt to escape transferred to Verkhoyansk. In 1902 he returned to Europe. Russia, entered the Warsaw Bund organization, and was soon co-opted into its Central Committee. In May 1905 he was arrested at a meeting of the Vilna committee of the Bund, was soon released and left for Switzerland, where he studied literary and publicist. activities. In 1906 he returned to Russia, worked in the center, the organ of the Bund gas. "Volkszeitung", participated in the elections to the 2nd State. thought. In 1907 sec. 5th Congress of the RSDLP (London). He was arrested several times. During the 1st world. war lived in Tula. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd, ed. gas. Bund "Dos professional lebn". In oct. 1917 members Time. Council Ros. Rep. (Pre-parliament). In 1918 he left the Bund, from 1919 he was a member. RCP (b), but from an active polit. life has departed. Member Vses. about-va former. political prisoners and exiled settlers. Cit .: Zionism and the interests of Jewish. proletariat, in the same name. Sat, London, 1903; Heb. proletariat, St. Peters…

grabov
has abstract: GRABOV, see Grabow.

grabovets
has abstract: GRABOVETS, a village in the Bogorodchansky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1268. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. 7 Jews lived in Georgia in 1765, and 105 Jews (6.8%) in 1921. Jews lived in Georgia from the middle. 16th century In the beginning. 20th century most of them dealt with. x-vom, in the main. livestock and poultry farming. The Jewish population of Georgia was destroyed during the Holocaust.

grabskiy mikhail isaakovich
has abstract: GRABSKY Mikhail Isaakovich (1923, Kiev - 2007, St. Louis, Florida, USA), Hero of Owls. Union (1944). In Kr. Army since 1941. Tankman sergeant G. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for the battles during the liberation of the city of Fastov.

grabuv
has abstract: GRABOW, a city in the Koninsky Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the town of Grabov Lenchitsky u. Kalisz province. In 1764 there were 8 Jews in Georgia, in 1808 - 118 (33%), in 1827 - 348 (50%), in 1857 - 514 (56%), in 1897 - 640 (63%), in 1921 - 915 (58%), in 1939 - approx. 800 Jews. In 1372-1807, Georgia had the status of a city. In the 2nd floor. 18th century Jews in Georgia were engaged in the rental of tractors. In the 1890s. Rabbi G. was Nachman Kubalsky, then his son Yehuda-Leib, in the 1900s. - Yankel Kantor. In the beginning. 1920s Rabbi G. was Yosef-Osher Fish. Last the rabbi was Elimelech Hallstock. In the 1920s and 30s. in G. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and youth movements. Jews of Georgia in April. 1942 were sent to the extermination camp in Chelmno.

grach eduard davidovich
has abstract: GRACH Eduard Davidovich (b. 1930, Odessa), violinist, conductor, teacher. Initially he studied in Odessa, in muses. school to them. PS Stolyarsky, in 1942–44 (in connection with the evacuation during the war) - in the Novosibirsk muses. school with I.A. Gutman, from 1944 in Moscow to the Center. muses. school in the class of A.I. Yampolsky. In 1953 he graduated from Moscow. cons. in 1958 graduate school (in connection with the death of Yampolsky - from D.F. Oistrakh). 1st Ave to Mezhdunar. competition (Budapest, 1949), 3rd ave. for the Intern. competition them. M. Long - J. Thibault (Paris, 1955). Since 1975 soloist of Moscow. Philharmonic. Since 1990 prof. Moscow cons. Among the students A.V. Anchevskaya, L.S. Shakhmatova, E.V. Grechishnikov, E.G. Kuperman. Gives master classes in China, Hong Kong, Czechoslovakia, South. Korea. Member jury pl. int. contests. Also acts as a violist and conductor. Created by an orc. from students of Moscow. cons. (all violinists are students of his class), whose first performance took place in 1992–93 at a mono festival dedicated to memory of Yampolsky in the Great Horse Hall. (Moscow). In the repertoire of G. St. 500 manuf. He recorded 50 gramophone records. First performer pl. manuf. owls. composers (including those dedicated to him). Among them are "Poem in memory of D.F.Oistakh" by E.F. Svetlanov, concerts for violin and orchestra by N.I. Peiko, Y. -th, the latter begins with a theme built on sounds corresponding to the name of the sequence of letters in them. and the musician's family). The repertoire also includes Heb. plays: "Three Prayers" by E. Bloch, "Heb. melody "I.Akhron and others. Tours in pl. countries of the world. Honored. art. RSFSR (1974). Nar. art. RSFSR (1987). Nar. art. USSR (1991).

grach rafaelj davidovich
has abstract: GRACH Rafael Davidovich (b. 1932), athlete (speed skating). Silver. (1956) and bronzes. (1960) medalist of Olympus, games in the 500 m race. Multiple. champion of the USSR.

grade khaim
has abstract: GRADE Chaim (1910, Vilna - 1982, USA), poet, novelist. Rod. in the family of a Hebrew teacher. During the 1st world. war was brought up in Vilen. a boarding school, then an orphanage. He studied at yeshivas and schools. First. verse, published in 1932 in gas. "Vilner tog" was adopted in lit. gr. "Jung-villene", where he stood out for his talent. In 1936 he published the first in Vilna. Sat. "Yo" ("Yes"), and in 1939 - the autobiographical poem "Musernikes" ("Musarniki"). In 1941–46 he lived in Russia, where he published a collection of works. verse. "Gus" ("Hatred", 1943). He left for Poland, from where he soon moved to France. During these years he published collections of books "Doires" ("Generations", 1945), "Oif di khurves" ("On the ruins", 1947), "Der mames tsavoyu" ("Mother's Testament", 1950). The topic of the Catastrophe of Europe. having eaten Jews, his book. Shine Fun Farloche Stern (The Light of the Fading Stars, 1950). Since 1948 in the USA. In Chicago in 1955 he published the first. prosaic. manuf. "Der mames shaboisim" ("Mother's Saturday"). The author of the book. Der shul-goif (Synagogue Yard, 1958), Der Clois un di Gas (Chapel and Street, 1974), Der Stoemer Minien (Dumb Minyan, 1976), rom. "Di agune" ("Unmarried wife", 1961, in Russian translation - "Aguna", Jerusalem, 1983) and others.

gradizhsk
has abstract: GRADIZHSK (until 1789 - Gorodishche), an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Globinsky district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). From 1667 - part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - a provincial city of Kremenchug district. In 1847, 789 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1863 - 1211, in 1865 - 1138 (15%), in 1897 - 1112 (11.7%), in 1910 - 963, in 1920 - 1194, in 1923 - 981, in 1928 - 722 (7.3%), in 1939 - 145 Jews. In 1859 there was a synagogue in Georgia. From 1894 Menachem-Mendel Gorodetsky (1867—?) Was the rabbi. In 1910 there were two synagogues and a Jewish cemetery in Georgia. In the 1920s. the mikvah was closed. 1941 in Georgia, several were shot. dozens of Jews. In G. genus: S. Delone; Aaron Beller (b. 1912), neurosurgeon, from 1939 - in E.-I., in 1971-74 dean of medical. Faculty of Jewish University in Jerusalem.

gradovka
has abstract: GRADOVKA, a village in the Veselinovsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - colony of Munich Ananievsky u. Kherson province. Feb 1942 in Georgia, apprx. 2 thousand Jews, in the end. Feb - OK. 800 Jews. March 2, 1942 ukr. policemen shot 500 Jews from Odessa in G.

gradzevskiy arje leyb
has abstract: GRADZEVSKY Arie Leib (1896, Lomza - 1967, Jerusalem), rabbi, society. activist and journalist. He studied at the Yeshiva Khafets Chaim in Radun and Slobodka. At the age of 16 he was promoted to rabbi. In 1913 he left for E.-I. After the start of the 1st world. G.'s wars were forced to move with his family to Egypt because of their Russian citizenship. There he took part in the creation. (on the initiative of I. Trumpeldor) in Alexandria schools for children of refugees and emigrants from E.-I. G. helped his father Shimon Chaim, who was appointed rabbi in the British exp. corps in the Middle East. In 1919 he returned to Jerusalem. In 1921 he left for Paris, where, after completing his education, he taught the Talmud as a rabbinic. seminary, beat the member. Centre. to-that org-tion of French. Zionists, before. Union of Hebrews. students, der. a school that trained young refugees for teaching; prez. Paris Union of Hebrew Teachers. G. published poems, stories and art. in Heb. and general topics in French. gas. (including in "Entrancian", where he taught special. department literature in Hebrew and Yiddish, in "Nouvelle Literer" and in "Revue du Levan"), in Heb. French-speaking gas., as well as in gas., published in E.-I. and other countries. Edited by French. column in the Parisian gas. in Yiddish "Pariser Hint". G. was engaged in Ch. arr. research in the Talmud. His first Art. on this topic were published. in f. "Ha-Torah" (1945, no. 11) in Hebrew and in f. "Gamenora" - in French. lang. He was a constant collaborator. jerusalem gas. "Ha-Mishpat" and "Ha-Mishpat Ha-Ivri". In 1935, G. returned to E.-I., where until 1937 he taught and also practiced in the rabbinical courts. Publ. monograph about Joseph ibn-Migash (1953, 1963).

graev mark iosifovich
has abstract: GRAYEV Mark Iosifovich (b. 1922, Moscow), mathematician. Graduated from Moscow State University (1944). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1960). He worked in Moscow. Institute of Steel and Alloys (1951–59), in Matem. in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1959–66), in the Institute of Applied Mathematics (since 1966). Currently in Ying-those system. issled. RAS. Main results in the field of algebra and func. Analysis: Theory of Representations and Automorphic Functions (Moscow, 1966, jointly with I.M. Gel'fand and I.I. Pyatetskiy-Shapiro); Fourier-Weyl Operators on the Principal Affine Space of the Chevalley Group (Moscow, 1973, with S.I. Gelfand).

graevo
has abstract: GRAYEVO, a city (from 1540) in the Lomrzyn Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the beginning. 15th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Shchuchinsky u. Lomzhinskaya lips. In 1918-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-45 it was a part of the BSSR. In 1808 197 Jews (35%) lived in Georgia, in 1827 - 727 (57%), in 1857 - 1459 (76%), in 1897 - 4336, in 1921 - 2834 Jews (40%) Jews lived in Georgia from the second half. 17 century, the community took shape in the late. 18th century Jews owned all prom. production G .: plants for the production of rubber products, bone meal, building. materials, alcohol, and a mill. The Jews owned almost all the grocery business. In the end. 1890s began a mass departure of Jewish youth to other countries. The printing house owned by the writer Mordechai Piorca produced books and magazines in Hebrew for children and adults. He also created the heder metukan. Hebrew was a compulsory language of instruction in all heders and in the Talmud Torah in G. 20th century a school with teaching in Hebrew was opened. In 1892-1912 the rabbi of Georgia was E.-A. Mileikovsky-Samonov (E.-A. Mileikovsky-Samsonov), from 1913 - M. A. Amiel. In G. there were several. synagogues (the first was built in the early 19th century). There was a small community of Gursk Hasidim. Jews of Georgia took an active part in Polsk. the uprising of 1863–64. In 1886 the Hovevey Zion cell was established, in 1902 - a branch of the Bund, in 1904 - Poalei Zion. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Georgia. m-in. Material assistance was provided by the Association of Immigrants from Georgia, created in 1915 in the USA. With the assistance of the Joint, a branch of the Cooperative Bank was opened in 1924, and a mutual assistance fund in 1927. In 1915 a Jewish library was opened, in 1924 - a school for girls "Beis Yaakov" (150 students). In the 1920s and 30s. in Georgia…

graevskiy eliezer-zalman
has abstract: GRAYEVSKY Eliezer-Zalman (1843, Malyaty Vilna district and province - 1899, Jerusalem), rabbi, traveler and journalist. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. Studied at Lithuanian yeshivas. He served as a rabbi in Kletsk, later in Orsha. In 1873, having visited E.-I., he became a staunch supporter of the new settlers. Upon return, publ. in "Ha-Ivri" memories of his trip. After the creation of the Palestinian organization Mazkeret Moshe, named after Sir Moshe Montefiore, the leading rabbis of Russia advocated the appointment of G. as their representative in E.-I., for which they sent him to England in 1876. But instead he was appointed in 1877 as a rabbi in Liverpool. Visited the USA. During his travels in the USA, G. gave lectures on the need to support the idea of ​​constructing E.-I. From 1890 - in Jerusalem, where he lived until the end of his life. Among his publ. works - "Ginat Egoz" (1887), containing moralizing conversations uttered by G. in the synagogues. Together with the London religious judge Spears published in 1877 "Gnisey Kieses" Yisroel. In 1891, in Jerusalem, he published The Gagada from English. per. and your comments. At the same time he published "Kadim le-Olam" containing commentaries on the Talmud. G. provided original punctuation to the handwritten prayer book of Heb. grammar of the 17th century Sabbatai Sofer from Přemysl. Reprinted in decomp. Heb. periodicals on decomp. lang.

grafskaya
has abstract: GRAPHIC, see Proletarian.

gramoshcha
has abstract: GRAMOSCHA, see GRAMOSCHA.

gramoshche
has abstract: GRAMOSCHE, a village in the Polotsk district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the estate of Gromosch of Drissensky Vitebsk Gubernia. In May 1925, Jewish agriculture was organized in Georgia. artel "Veker".

gran moisey markovich
has abstract: GRAN Moisey Markovich (1867, Samara - 1940, Moscow), social hygienist, prof. In 1892 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Kazan University. From 1893 he worked as a county dignity. doctor in the Samara zemstvo, then (1896-1907) - head. dignity lip bureau. zemstvos. Initiator created (1906–07) of the Samara Starving Assistance Committee. From 1908 - sotr. epidemic. services mountains. management of St. Petersburg, in 1910-1914 - ed. g. “Bulletin of Nar. un-tov ". An active participant in the Pirogov Society of Doctors. In 1920–24 - before. commission at NKZ for inspection dignity. the aftermath of the war and the famine relief commission. In 1926-28 - scientific. sotr. department of social. hygiene Mosk. un-that, head. clinic of socialist-prof. diseases. Since 1928 - prof. department of social. hygiene of Kazan University. Cit .: Measures to combat syphilis in Samara province., Samara, 1897; NI Pirogov and his legacy. Pirogovskie congresses, St. Petersburg, 1911; Occupational health and professional pathology of teachers, M., 1928.

granat
has abstract: POMEGRANATE, brothers, publishers. From merchants. families. Alexander Naumovich G. (1861, Odessa - 1933, Moscow), graduated from the Riga Polytechnic. uch-shche (1886). In student. years has been associated with the roar. underground. From 1888 he served as a mechanical engineer in Moscow. In the 1900s. owned a paper-dyeing and finishing factory in the village. Pokrovskoe-Glebovo Mosk. at. Since 1910, members Council of Moscow. bargaining-prom. about-va of mutual credit. Ignatiy Naumovich G. (1865, Mogilev - 1941, Moscow), graduated from law. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1886), left at the department to prepare for a professorship. In 1906 (under ps. I. Gray) published the book. “Labor question and land. reform". Several years spent in the UK, collecting materials for dissertation. "On the question of landlessness of the cross-va in England" (defended in 1908). From 1910 until the end of the days of prof. Political Economy Mosk. un-that. In 1892 br. G. formed the publishing house. company under the brand name T-in "Br. A. and I. Pomegranate and KO ", edges released" Desktop encyclopedic. dictionary "(1st ed. - vols. 1-8, 1891-95; 2nd and 3rd stereotyped ed., 4th - revised - vols. 1-9, 1899-1903, 5th add. - 1901, 6th add. - 1903). Ch. published. share br. G. - a multivolume universal "Encyclopedic Dictionary" (vols. 1–55, 57–58, 1910–48; formally - 7th, completely revised ed.), To work on which were attracted the best scientific. strength. Until Oct. 1917 published vols. 1–33 (prepared by vols. 37–39 and 42). At the heart of ed. cereals, complex art. with reference applications, small art. are of auxiliary and reference nature. Feature of the dictionary - “text additions”: bi-ogre. dictionaries, statistical reviews, chronological. and biogr. indexes with special page numbering, sometimes - whole monographs: “Members of the State. thoughts of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd convocations "(v. 17)," Members of the State. council since 1801 " (v. 23), "Chronology of Russia" (v. 36, …

granat evgeniy efimovich
has abstract: GRANAT Evgeny Efimovich (1898, Orsha, Mogilev province - 1959, Chelyabinsk), pediatrician, prof. In 1923 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow State University. Since 1923 - resident, assistant at the clinic for children. diseases of the 1st Moscow State University. In 1936–49 - head. Department of children. diseases of the Khabarovsk honey. in-that. In 1938 he defended his doctorate. diss. on the topic "Antiscorbutic effect of reindeer lichen". In 1949–56 - head. Department of Pediatrics, Novosibirsk Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors. Since 1956 head. Department of children. diseases of the Chelyabinsk honey. in-ta. Cit .: Vitamin S. Khabarovsk, 1938; Infectious diseases of children and measures for their prevention. Novosibirsk, 1951; Tissue therapy of nek-ry diseases in children. Chelyabinsk, 1959.

grande bentsion meerovich
has abstract: GRANDE Bentsion Meerovich (Meirovich) (1891, posad Sudargi, Suvalka province - 1974, Moscow), orientalist, Semitologist, Ph.D. philol. Sciences (1935), prof. (1946). In 1910 he entered honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that, at the same time. an Arab was engaged as a volunteer. lang. On the eve of the 1st world. war was in E.-I. In 1915 he was mobilized and sent to the front as a "mediocre doctor". After demobilization in 1918 he passed the state. exams for honey. f-those; in 1919 he voluntarily joined the Kr. Army to the end. 1921 was a front-line doctor. In 1922 he passed the exams for the Moscow course. Institute of Oriental Studies, where he was left to teach. work (Arabic). Since 1928 in Ying-those ethnic. and nat. cultures, reorganizations. then in Ying t yaz. and writing of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (until 1944), where he took part in the creation. and modernization of alphabets, normalization of the spelling of languages ​​of the so-called. small peoples of Sov. East. Since 1944 teacher, since 1947 - head. Department of Arab, Philology of Philology. Faculty of Moscow State University; since 1957 in Ying-those east. lang. at Moscow State University (in 1960-74 he was a professor-consultant - history of Hebrew). The author of St. 50 tr. in Arabic. lang-knowledge (Arabic grammar, lang.), comparative-historical. Semitology as well as Hebraic studies. Ed. “Hebrew-Russian. dictionary "F.L.Shapiro (1963). Some works were published in foreign countries. lang., for example, "Yaz. Peoples of the USSR "(Halle, 1954, in German.) Works: Grammatich. tables arab. lit. language, M., 1950; Course Arab, Grammar in Comparative East. lighting, M., 1963; An introduction to compare, the study of Semitic languages, M., 1972.

grandichi
has abstract: GRANDICHI, a village in the Grodno region of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Grodno district and lips. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. 56 Jews (10.8%) lived in Georgia in 1897. In 1942, all the Jews of Georgia were driven into Grodno and exterminated along with the local Jews.

grando aleksandr abramovich
has abstract: GRANDO Alexander Abramovich (1919, Yampol - 2004, Kiev), specialist in social hygiene, health care organizer, specialist in museum affairs. Dr. med. Sciences (1968), prof. (1970). In 1941 he graduated from Kiev honey. in-t. Member of the 1941–45 war. Since 1947 assistant at the Department of Public Health Organization of Kiev honey. in-that, from 1949 to 1959 - Kiev Institute of advanced training for doctors. From 1959 to 1961 hands. dep. history of hygiene of the Kiev Institute of General and Communal Hygiene. Associate Professor of the Department of Public Health Organization of Kiev honey. Institute (1961–67), prof. department (1968–71) and its head. (1972–90). Main scientific. works are devoted to decomp. social issues hygiene, public health organization, history of medicine, improvement of honey. help to the population, doctor, ethics and honey. deontology. From the beginning. 60s was engaged in the organization of the Museum of the History of Medicine, to-ry was opened in 1982 and was accepted as a member. Europe. Association of museums of history of honey. sciences. G. hon. prev. Ukr. scientific. about-va of historians of medicine. State pr. Ukrainian SSR (1983). Cit .: Development of hygiene in the Ukr. SSR, Kiev, 1975; Medical ethics and medical deontology, 2nd ed., Kiev, 1988; Medicine in the mirror of history: About the Museum of Medicine of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev, 1990.

granin
has abstract: GRANIN (real family member Herman) Daniil Alexandrovich (b. 1918, Volyn, Kursk region), writer. Hero of Soc. Labor (1989). Rod. in the family of a forester. In 1940 he graduated from an electromechanical. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic in-that. Worked as Art. Ing. energolab., then in the design bureau of the Kirovsky plant. Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1949-50 Art. Ing. Research Institute. He made his debut in literature in 1949. theme of early works. G. - romance scientific and technical. creativity, the struggle for new young progressive scientists with conservatives and bureaucrats from science. This conflict became central to the rum. "The Seekers" (1954), "Going into a Thunderstorm" (1962). Rum. "After the Wedding" (1958) also dedicated. the fate of the young inventor. - author of ist. and biographical. art document. manuf .: pov. "Yaroslav Dombrovsky" (1951), "Claudia Vilor" (1975, USSR State Ave., 1978), "This Strange Life" (1974) - about the biologist A.A. Lyubishchev, "Choice of Target" (1975) - about physics IV Kurchatov, "Zubr" - about the biologist NV Timofeev-Resovsky and others. Tracing the fate of his heroes, G. reflects on the relationship between science and morality, personality and history, on the ability of man to resist circumstances. occupies in the work of G. military. theme - pov. "My battalion commander" (1968), "The trail is still noticeable" (1985). Et al. he wrote a document with A. Adamovich. "The Blockade Book" (1979) - about the blockade and defense of Leningrad, where the Hebrews are also affected. topic. Peru G. belong to numerous. publicistic. speeches and literary criticism work, travel sketches. Prod. G. were repeatedly nominated for a job. Lenin, pr., Chl. Pres. Council of the Russian Federation. 1989–91 - dep. USSR Armed Forces. According to pl. manuf. G. put f. and performances.

granitnoe
has abstract: GRANITNOE, a village in Telmanovskiy district of Donetsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mariupol u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. In the 1920s. - from. Staraya Karan, the regional center. In 1926, 53 Jews did not live in the Starokaran region. 1941 - early. 1942 2 Jews were killed in Georgia.

granitsa
has abstract: BORDER, now part of the village of Gniewoszow (Republic of Poland). In the 16-18 centuries. - a small town of the Radom district of the Sandomierz Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Kozenitsky u. In Radom Province, 325 Jews lived in Georgia in 1765, 1213 (78.1%) in 1897, and 651 Jews in 1921. Leibus Tyrangel was the rabbi in Georgia. The Jewish population of Georgia was exterminated during the Holocaust.

granki
has abstract: GRANKI, see Galley-Kuta.

granki-kuty
has abstract: GRANKI-KUTY, a village in the Nikolaev district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Proofs in the Bobrovsky district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1941-42 in G.-K. 17 Jews were killed.

granot
has abstract: GRANOT (Granovsky) Abraham (1890, Floreshty, Bessarab. Gubernia - 1962, Israel), economist, ch. Heb. nat. fund (JNF). In 1919 he was approved as secretary of the JNF. Since 1922, the manager of the JNF (Jerusalem), before the council of directors. (1945), prez. (1960). His plan to unite the lands of the JNF and the State of Israel served as the basis for the development of laws on land. possessions and management, adopted by the Knesset in 1960. In 1948, G. became a co-founder and pre. Progress. party and in 1949 was elected to the 1st Knesset, where he worked before. finance. to-that. In the works "Land use system in E.-I." (1952) and Agr. reform and characteristics of Israel "(1956) formulated DOS. principles of agrarian policy.

granov
has abstract: GRANOV, a village in the Gaysinsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Gaisinsky u. In 1765 there were 662 Jews living in Georgia, in 1776 - 146, in 1790 - 396, in 1887 - 6.7%, in 1897 - 753 Jews (10.9%). by 1738, when the Haidamaks plundered the town and killed many Jews. For the second time G. suffered from the Haidamaks in 1768. In the end. 19th century there was a synagogue in G. From 1880 Dovid Shapiro (1850—?) Was the rabbi.

granovskiy
has abstract: GRANOVSKY (real fam. Azarkh), Alexander (Abraham) Mikhailovich (1890, Moscow - 1937, Paris), actor, dir. In 1910-11 he studied in the director class of Petrograd. stage schools art, in 1911–13 he was a trainee director at the Munich theater, acad. at dir. M. Reinhardt (Munich, Berlin). First dir. work - the play "Philip II" by E. Verharn (1914) in the Riga New Theater. In 1917-18 he lived in Norway and Sweden, worked on the book. theater theory, art. In 1918 the post. "King Oedipus" Sophocles in Petrograd. In 1919 he opened the state. Heb. stage school isk-va and the Studio Theater, organized by the “Society of Friends of Hebrews. t-ra ". Among the first dir. works: "Blind" by M. Meterlinka, "Sin", "Amnon and Tamar", "Winter" by S. Asch. The acting team created by him served as the basis for creating. State Heb. chamber theater, which opened in Moscow in 1921 with the performance "Evening of Sholem Aleichem". In the same year G. post, at the circus arena the play "Mystery-Buff" by V.V. Mayakovsky (in German) for the 3rd Congr. Comintern. In 1922 there was a post, the play "Uriel Acosta" by K. Gutskov, the premiere of which took place in the new premises on M. Bronnaya. Then there was the post. performances: "The Witch" by A. Goldfaden (1922), "200,000" by Sholem Aleichem (1923), "The Journey of Benjamin III" by M. Moikher-Sforim and others. with G.Z. Gricher-Cherikover put f. "Jewish happiness" (according to Sholom Aleichem). In 1928, together with gr. the actors toured Germany, France, Belgium, Holland, Austria and stayed abroad. In the last. years of his life he worked in the op. t-re, cinema. After the fascists came to power, he left for Paris. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1926).

granovskiy moisey lazarevich
has abstract: GRANOVSKY Moisey Lazarevich (1890, Zvenigorodka, Kiev province - 1941, near Yelnya), party, activist. Graduated from the Kiev Commercial Department. in-t. In 1918-19 - in Kr. Army, since 1919 managed. affairs of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukraine. In 1920–23 - deputy. Commissar ext. cases of the Ukrainian SSR, before. Kremenchug provincial executive committee, deputy. prev. Odessa Provincial Executive Committee. In 1923-26 - secretary. Amur Provincial Party Committee. 1927-29 - secret. Dagestan regional party committee. 1929-30 - secret. Tula Provincial Committee. 1932–34 - deputy. Commissar of Communications of the USSR. 1934–37 - member. CPC under the Central Committee of the CPSU / b /. 1937 - 1st deputy. People's Commissar of Justice of the USSR. From 1940 - in Goslitizdat, deputy chief. ed. g. "30 days". Member Central Executive Committee, Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Delegate to 13-16 congresses of the CPSU (b). In 1941 he volunteered for the Nar. the militia and died.

granovskiy semen abramovich
has abstract: GRANOVSKY Semyon Abramovich (b. 1908, Alexandria, Yekaterinoslavskaya province), design engineer for hydraulic turbines. He graduated in 1935 without interrupting the production of Leningrad. builds. Institute at Leningrad. metallic s-de. From 1930 he worked for Leningrad. metallic s-de foreman, art. engineer, early. bureau of design department water turbines, since 1945 - deputy. ch. designer, since 1978 - deputy. early SCV "Gidroturbomash". Passed the way from the leading engineer. for the development of basic knots of the then unique rotary vane turbines with dia. impeller 9 m for Uglich and Rybinsk hydroelectric power plants to the head of the creation of the world's largest turbines decomp. types for hydroelectric power plants: Volzhsky, Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Zeiskaya, Toktogul, Sayano-Shushenskaya, etc., as well as for many others. hack Hydroelectric power plants in India, Yugoslavia, Romania, Brazil and China. Became. etc. - for the creation of turbines for the Uglich and Rybinsk hydroelectric power plants (1946), the renovated Dnieper hydroelectric power station (1950). State pr. USSR for the creation of turbines for the Bratsk hydroelectric power station (1967).

granovskiy yakov iosifovich
has abstract: GRANOVSKY Yakov Iosifovich (b. 1931, Stalino), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1972), prof. (1973). He studied at the Kazakh state. un-those (Alma-Ata). Upon graduation (1953) he worked in the Ural ped. in-those (1953-57) teacher and head. Department of Physics. Participated in the creation. Institute of Nuclear Physics Kazakh. SSR in Alma-Ata (1957–69), worked as Art. scientific. sotr. theoretical dep. 1970-93 - prof., Head. Department of Physics, Donetsk University. Since 1993 - prof., Head. dep. theoretical Physics of Slupsky ped. University (Poland). work dedicated. the unified theory of elementary particles, the theory of interactions at high energies, the precision theory of the structure of the hydrogen atom, the classification of exactly solvable problems in quantum mechanics and electronic dynamics. Author approx. 150 scientific. Art. and monographs: “Quantum e-dynamics in dispers. presentation "(1961); "Dispers. theory of interaction of elementary particles ”(1966).

graubart yeguda-leyb
has abstract: GRAUBART Yehuda-Leib (1861, Zrensk, Poland - 1937, Toronto), rabbi and scholar-halachist. Rod. in a hereditary rabbinical family. Served as a rabbi in Yanov (1884–88), Makove, Lomzhinsk province. (1888-1901), Staszow, Radom province. (1901-14). In 1917 - one of the organizers of the Masores ve Herus (Tradition and Freedom) party. After Oct. the revolution opposed the plans of the Eusection concerning the Hebrews. schools, advocating the need for teaching Hebrew. In 1918 he returned to Poland. In 1920 he left for Canada, where he became the head of the Talmud Torah Etz-Chaim in Toronto. After the organization of the kegily (community) according to the type of Eastern Europe. communities became the recognized spiritual leader of the city's Polish Jews. Author of memoirs about life in Russia. "Sefer Zikaron", 1926; Yamei ha-Omer, 1936, collection of moralizing. conversations; Dvarim ki-ktavam, 1931–32, rabbinic. essay.

grausman levi
has abstract: GRAUSMAN Levy (1884 - 1963, Tel Aviv), rabbi. Rod. in a Hasidic family. He studied at the "Tomkhey Tmimim" yeshiva (Lubavichi). He was a rabbi in Stennitsa and Makarov (1910–20), then in 1920–36 in Kiev. In 1917-18 he was an activist of the Akhdus Yisroel (Unity of Israel) party. Sec. rabbinical congress in Korostyn (1926). Since 1936 - in E.-I. Rabbi in North. Tel Aviv.

gray moris avraam
has abstract: GRAY Maurice Abraham (Moishe Gurari) (1889-1966), Canada. polit. activist. Rod. in Russia. In 1907 he emigrated to Canada and settled in Winnipeg, where he opened a travel agency. In tech. four years was a member of the board cf. schools in Winnipeg, in 1931-42 members. municipality. In 1941 he was elected to the legislature of the piece. Manitoba as a member. The State Cooperative Union and its successor, New Democratic. party. In parliament, G. was a supporter of the social. privileges for the elderly and sick citizens. Izv. Zionist and Chl. "Poalei Zion" for almost half a century. Founder of Canada. help services Heb. expats and Canada. Heb. Congr., occupied the leading admin. positions in both org-tions. Prev Communication Ob-va Zap. Canada with the Israel Labor Party.

grayvoron
has abstract: GRAYVORON, a city (since 1838) in the Borisov district of the Belgorod region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 17th century. At 19 - early. 20th century In 1910, 66 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1926 - 9, in 1939 - 15 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Georgia.

grazhdanovka
has abstract: GRAZHDANOVKA, a village in the Vradievsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). In the fall of 1941, a Jewish transit camp was located in Georgia, in which 4,200 people were gathered, mostly. from Bessarabia. 1,440 people died from exhaustion in the camp, 2,500 people. was shot under the pretext of fighting the typhus epidemic.

grebenka
has abstract: GREBENKA, city (since 1958), a regional center in the Poltava region. (Ukraine). Main in 1895 in connection with the construction of f. village Kharkov - Kiev in Pyriatinsky district Poltava Gubernia. In 1923, 30 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1926 - 27 (2.5%), in 1939 - 77 Jews. In the spring of 1918 the troops of the Ukr. Centre. gladly staged a pogrom on the railway. Art. Comb.

grebenki
has abstract: GREBENKI, urban-type settlement (since 1958) in Vasilkovsky district of Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 17th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. In 1897 551 Jews (13.7%) lived in Georgia (together with the village of Salivonki), in 1939 - 122 Jews. were opened for free settlement of Jews in 1903, in exemption from the "Provisional Regulations" 1882. Oct. 21. 1905 a pogrom took place in Georgia. In the spring of 1918 a pogrom in Georgia was perpetrated by the troops of the Ukr. Centre. happy; 18 people was killed. In aug. 1919 a pogrom broke out in Georgia by units of the Volunteer Army; 7 Jews were killed, the survivors fled to [[Belaya Tserkov. 26 Aug. 1941 37 Jews of Georgia were shot in the forest near the village (children were thrown into the pit alive).

grebnev anatoliy borisovich
has abstract: GREBNEV Anatoly Borisovich (1923, Odessa - 2002, Moscow), screenwriter. In 1940–41 the head. department of the newspaper "Young Stalinist" in Tbilisi. In 1942–44 the beginning. gas department. of the political department of the Transcaucasian fr. In 1944–49 he was a student at GITIS. In 1950-60 Deputy. head dep. gas. "Sov. art "(then" Sov. culture "). Since 1960 prof. writer. He made his debut with the script for "Wait for the Letters" (1960). Naib. Izv. scripts: "Wild Dog Dingo" (1962), "July Rain" (1967, jointly with M.M. Khutsiev), "Visit of Courtesy" (1973, jointly with Yu.Y. Raizman), "Old Walls" ( 1974), “You wrote to me” (1977), “Private life” (1982, jointly with Reisman), “Success” (1981), “Time of Desires” (1983), “Prokindiada, or Running in Place” (1983 ), "I Only Know" (1984), "The Process" (1987), etc. Honored. worker of claims in the RSFSR (1976), State. pr. RSFSR (1976), Len. etc. (1982) Vol .: Six stories for the screen. M., 1979; Film stories of different years. M., 1990.

grebnev naum isaevich
has abstract: GREBNEV Naum Isaevich (1921, Harbin - 1988, Moscow), poet-translator. Member of the 1941–45 war. Was injured. In 1949 he graduated from Lit. in-t them. Gorky. Studied east. lang. He translated more than 130 books, among which collections of folklore are Armenian, Abkhazian, Afghani, Balkar, and many others. others. Translated the classics decomp. literature: poet and prose writer, founder of the Mughal state Babur (16th century), arm. poets Kuchak, G. Narekatsi, O. Tumanyan, Avar poet Mahmud, Karakalpak poet Berdakh, and others. Translated many. verse. R. Gamzatova, incl. the well-known "Cranes". Mn. years G. collected and recorded pre-revolution. songs of Heb. townships, recruit songs of the 30s. 19th century, crying about the bitter share, lullabies, children. songs, was looking for the former. prisoners of the ghetto, bit by bit, he collected lines, folded by the martyrs of the fasc. camps. In 1986 came out Sat. “Songs of the Past: From Heb. bunk bed poetry "(comp., trans. and after. G.). In the last years of his life he translated the Psalms of David.

gremi
has abstract: GREMI, a village in the Kvareli region (Georgia). Since 1466 - the capital of the Kakhetian kingdom. Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Tiflis province. Among the inhabitants of Georgia, Jews were first mentioned. in the letter of 1579, and in the letter of 1590 mention. Jewish serfs. The Jews of Georgia were engaged in the production and sale of raw silk, and kept dukhans (shops). During pers. the invasions of 1614-16, Georgia was ruined; later it was repeatedly raided by the Dagestanis. K ser. 17th century the Jewish community of Georgia ceased to exist.D.M. Khananashvili

gremyach
has abstract: GREMYACH, a village in the Novgorod-Seversky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1604. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novgorod-Seversky u. Chernigov Gubernia. 353 Jews (10.7%) lived in Georgia in 1897, and 26 Jews in 1939. Jews have lived in Georgia since the 19th century. Main occupation - trade. In apr. 1919, a pogrom broke out in Georgia, staged by units of the Kr. Army; 15 Jews were killed.

gremyachinsk
has abstract: GREMYACHINSK, a village in the Baikal region of the Republic of Buryatia (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Barguzinsky environs. Transbaikal region. 20th century Jews were apprx. 10% of the population of Georgia at the beginning. 20th century there was a synagogue in Georgia, which was closed in the 1930s.

gresk
has abstract: GRESK, a village in the Slutsk district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Slutsky u. In 1897, 207 Jews (12.3%) lived in Georgia, in 1926 - 386, in 1939 - 149 Jews. In 1926, immigrants from Georgia organized a Jewish agriculture in the Yevpatoriya district. collective "Gresskoe" (24 people) 18 dec. 1941 the entire Jewish population of Georgia was destroyed.

greyver naum solomonovich
has abstract: GRAVER Naum Solomonovich (1900, Tikhvin, Novgorod Gubernia - 1971, Leningrad), metallurgist, Dr. Sciences, prof. He graduated from Leningrad in 1928. bugle, inst. He worked in Lenghinsvetmet. In 1933 he organized and headed the research. gr. nickel at Leningrad. bugle, in-those. In 1953–71 he headed the department of metallurgy of light and rare metals in Leningrad. bugle, in-those. Main The work is related to the development of a technology for producing copper, nickel, cobalt, platinum group metals, selenium and tellurium, as well as to the development of fundamental issues of processing sulfide copper-nickel ores of the Arctic with the design and construction of mining and metallurgical industries. com-tov in Monchegorsk and Norilsk. He worked on the problem of extracting vanadium from slags and contributed to the organization of the production in the USSR Legir. special steels stamps. Generalized research. on the technology of extraction of rare metals, proposed (1942) hydrometallurgical. a method of obtaining calcium molybdate from poor substandard. concentrates, sold at the Balkhash copper-smelting plant. Author of printed scientific. works. Initiator and leading ed. collective monograph "Fundamentals of Metallurgy" in 7 volumes. Became. pr. (1942, 1946).

gribov vladimir naumovich
has abstract: GRIBOV Vladimir Naumovich (b. 1930, Leningrad), theoretical physicist, Ph.D. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1972). In 1952 he graduated from Leningrad. un-t. In 1952–54 he taught at a school for working youth, and from 1954 at Leningrad State University. physical and technical in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1962 head. dep. theoretical physics. Since 1971 head. dep. Leningrad. B.P. Konstantinov Institute of Nuclear Physics. In 1969–80 prof. Leningrad. un-that. Since 1980 head. sector Ying-that theoretical. physics to them. L.D. Landau of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The first works on the theory of ionic dielectrics and hydrodynamics, then on the theory of the nucleus, physics of elementary particles and quantum field theory. He laid the foundations of the method of complex moments, research. behavior of high-energy scattering cross sections, substantiated an increase in the radius of strong interaction of particles with increasing energy (1961). Studied the problem of quark confinement and its connection with anomalies in gauge theories. Ch. scientific. schools. In 1971 he was the first to be awarded pr. Them. L.D. Landau. Member Amer. acad. Sciences and Arts (1973).

gricher-cherikover grigoriy zinovjevich
has abstract: GRICHER-CHERIKOVER Grigory Zinovievich (1893, Poltava - 1945, Kiev), film director and screenwriter. He studied at the Poltava commercial school, then at the Kiev art. uch-shche, in 1922-1923 at the private film courses of BV Tchaikovsky. Since 1924 screenwriter at the Goskino film studio, since 1925 screenwriter and dir. to / st VUFKU. The author of scripts for his f., As well as f. "Jewish Happiness" (1925). I took off several. doc. short f. Member of the 2nd world. war. As dir. He made his debut with the film adaptation of Wandering Stars by Sholem Aleichem (1926). Heb. topic dedicated and other paintings by G.-Ch .: “On the Eve” (1928, based on the story of AI Kuprin “Gambrinus”), “Through Tears” (1928, after stories by Sholem Aleichem), “Quarters of the Suburb” (1930). Among other ph. - Screen adaptation of "Sorochinskaya Fair" by NV Gogol (1927). In the last. year of life - dir. dubbing at Kievskaya k / st.

grichinovichi
has abstract: GRICHINOVICHI, see Hrychinovichi.

grigorio-pavlovka
has abstract: GRIGORIO-PAVLOVKA, see Party.

grigoriopolj
has abstract: GRIGORIOPOL, urban-type settlement (since 1924), regional center (Republic of Moldova). Vozn. in 1792. In 19 - early. 20th century - the provincial town of Tiraspol u. Kherson province. 150 Jews lived in Georgia in 1850, 164 in 1856, 327 in 1863, 832 (10.9%) in 1897, 1109 (12.3%) in 1910, 849 in 1920, 1923 - 817, in 1926 - 796, in 1939 - 562, in 1991 - approx. 50 Jews. In 1856 there was a synagogue in Georgia. Since 1900 Moshka Taksir was the rabbi. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Georgia, and in 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings fund. in oct. 1941 Jews of Georgia (about 500 people) were deported to Dubossary (present-day Dubasar) and were shot there.

grigoripolisskaya
has abstract: GRIGORIPOLISKAYA, a village in the Novoaleksandrovsky district of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of Labinsky department Kuban Region. In 1939, 4 Jews lived in Georgia. 13 Oct. 1942 St. 150 evacuated Jews.

grigorjev
has abstract: GRIGORIEV (real fam. Katsman) Roman Grigorievich (1911, Kharkov - 1972, Moscow), documentary filmmaker. In 1931 he was one of the organizers of the "Komsomol studio" of newsreels in Kharkov. In 1933 - 41 hands. dep. periodicals, then, ch. ed. Center, c / st dock. f. During the 2nd world. war headed by vol. newsreels, directed by individual gr. fr. cameramen. Filmed a number of full-length docs. f., including: "Guarding the World" (1948), "Glory to Labor!" (1949, jointly with A.I. Medvedkin and M.E. Slavinskaya), "Happiness of difficult roads" (1955), "About Moscow and Muscovites" (1956), "Light of October" (1957, jointly with I. M. Poselsky), "Brussels, 1958" (1958), "People of Blue Fire" (1961, Grand Prix of the Moscow International Film Festival in Leipzig), "Magistral" (1964), "Moscow, Gorky Street" (1966). Became. pr. (1949, 1951). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1965) and the Uzbek SSR (1971).

grigorov
has abstract: GRIGOROV, a village in the Rogatinsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Rohatyn district of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 1942 all Jews of Georgia were deported to Bukachevtsy and subsequently exterminated.

grigorovich
has abstract: GRIGOROVICH (Gregorovich) Karl Karlovich (1868, Petersburg - 1921, Mogilev), violinist, teacher. He learned to play the violin from an early age; at the age of 9 he made his first public appearance. In 1878–83 he studied in Moscow under V.V. Bezekirsky, then in Berlin at Vyssh. Ioachim's school of music. In 1886 he received a title at the Mendelssohn Competition in Berlin. From 1883 he gave concerts in Russia and in many others. European countries. In 1888-1910 he taught at the Musical Drama. uch-shche Mosk. philharmonic. about-va (from 1904 prof.), in 1918–21 - in the Vitebsk horse. In 1910–18 he headed the famous Mecklenburg Quartet in St. Petersburg (among its members - V.R.Bakaleinikov, A.A. Brandukov, S.I. Taneev, A.B. Goldenveiser). In 1913 in Moscow under the direction of. G. Quartet took part in a cycle of concerts dedicated to. Taneyev, on which all his chamber instructors were performed. manuf., incl. php. quintet (the part of fp. was played by Taneyev). In the 1916 17 season for the first time in Russia, the quartet performed all the strings, Beethoven's quartets. performed as a soloist, was famous for brilliant virtuosity, beauty and melodious tone. Contemporaries called him "Russian Sarasate". As an ensemble player, he was distinguished by exquisite craftsmanship, deep penetration into the style and the author's intention.

grigorovka
has abstract: GRIGOROVKA, a village in the Chaplinsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Dneprovsky u. Tavricheskaya gubernia. In March 1942, 9 Jews of G. were deported to Askania-Nova and there were shot there.

grikhiles avenir girshevich
has abstract: GRIKHILES Abner Girshevich (Grigorievich) (1822, Vilna - 1905, Petersburg), medalist. Until 1838 studied. Talmud, then mastered by prof. cutter of seals. In 1871 he received permission to live in St. Petersburg. In 1875 he began working for the Imp. mint as a free carver. In 1878 in the rank of class artist. became a regular medalist. Engraved state. seals of Alexander III and Nicholas II, the eagle on the coins of Ros. imp., created. many memorable medals, incl. to the 500th anniversary of the Battle of Kulikovo.

grikhiles avragam avenirovich
has abstract: GRIKHILES Avraham Avenirovich (1852, Vilna - 1916 |), medalist and carver for dredges and stones. Son of A. Grilikhes. He studied in Vilensk. rabbi, school and rice. school, then recommended. MM Antokolsky in the Academy of Arts (1869–76). Worked as Art. medalist at Imp. coins, yard. For the portrait of Baron G. Gintsburg on topaz hon. angry. medals for worldwide exhibition in Paris (1889). Her works are kept in museums in Russia (including the State Hermitage Museum).

grimaylov
has abstract: GRIMAYLOV, an urban-type settlement (since 1956) in the Gusyatinsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the beginning. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - a place in the Skalat district of the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919-39 it was part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 693 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1843 - 1729 (47.7%), in 1880 - 2931 (67.7%), in 1890 - 2977 (66.6%), in 1900 - 2700 (64.7%), in 1910 - 2435 (62%), in 1921 - 1494 (54.4%), in 1931 - 1550 Jews. Jews lived in Georgia. from the beginning. 18th century In the 1st floor. 18th century there was a Jewish cemetery in G. From ser. 18th century existed independently. community. In the end. 18th century the rabbi of G. was Naftoli-Mordhe Margaliot, in 1830-52 - Shmarya-Shmerl Brandris (1780-1857, Jerusalem), in 1852-64 - his son Yosef (1800-1864), then until 1894 - Yakov Weinfeld (? -1894 ), then the son of the latter Iskhok (? -1942). In 1903 the Drushei Zion circle was founded in Georgia. During the 1st world. war, when Georgia was occupied by Rus. troops, Rabbi I. Weinfeld was arrested on charges of espionage. In 1923, a Hebrew school was opened in Georgia. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. After the beginning. 2nd world. war in G. was several. hundreds of Jewish refugees from the West. region Poland. Herm. troops occupied Georgia on July 6, 1941. July, the Judenrat was established. In the fall of 1941, a labor camp was created, which contained approx. 3,500 Jews. The camp was liquidated on Jan 24. 1943. After liberation, approx. 30 Jews.

grinbaum
has abstract: GRINBAUM (Greenboim) Itzhak (1879, Warsaw - 1970, Gan Shmuel, Israel), Zionist activist, journalist. He joined the Zionist movement in Plock (1898). He studied medicine and law at Warsaw University. In 1901 publ. first art. in periodic. publications in Yiddish and Hebrew. To prevent assimilation, he advocated the closure of Heb. gas. to foreign lang. At the 3rd Congress of the Zionists of Russia (1906) was founded. rapporteur on the development of a program of Zionist activities in Heb. diaspora. During the 1st world. war lived in Petrograd, where after Feb. Revolution of 1917 ed. Zionist gas. "Togblat" banned by the authorities in January. 1918. In Sept. 1918 returned to Warsaw, where he organized the time. nat. advice for fighting for citizens. and watered, the rights of Jews in Poland, in 1919-30 dep. Polsk. Diet, in 1922 - one of the organizers of the "Bloc of Minorities", who fought for the proper representation of the nat. minorities in the Diet. The leader of the radical Zionist faction in the Sejm ("Al ha-Mishmar"), defended the secularization of Heb. life, G. - one of the organizers of the "Tarbuta" movement, dealing with the development of culture in lang. Hebrew. In 1932 he left for Paris, in 1933 - for E.-I. At the 18th Zionist Congress. (1933) elected member. Execute, to-that Heb. agency (international. Zionist opr-tion), where he headed the department. aliyah (repatriation of Jews to E.-I .; 1935–38) and labor (1935–48). In 1943 he was elected to the post. "Committee for the Salvation of the Jews of Europe" under Heb. Agency. Didn't believe the reports of death camps. After the declaration of independence of the State of Israel - min. int. affairs in Time, pr-ve (1948–49). Organizer of elections to the Knesset of the 1st convocation (1949), then treasurer (1949-50) and special. authorized Heb. agencies (1950-51). Conducted an active Zionist activity, sotr. into gas. "Al ha-Mishmar", adhered to the left polit. views.

grinbaum natan solomonovich
has abstract: GRINBAUM Natan Solomonovich (1916, Tomashev Mazovetsky, Poland), literary critic, specialist in ancient Greek. lit-re, ancient Greek. and Latin. languages. Graduated from Warsaw University (1938). Dr. philol. Sciences (1969). Prof. (1970). Honored. active science of the Moldavian SSR (1973). Head department of classical. philology of Kishinev University (1960-1976). Cit .: Language of ancient Greek. choral lyrics (Pindar) (1973); Early forms of lit. lang. (ancient Greek) (1984); Hood. world of antique poetry (1990).

grinberg
has abstract: GRINBERG (married to Kon) Khristina Grigorievna (Hasya Gershevna) (1857, Nikolaev, Kherson province - 1942, Moscow), participant of the roar. movement of the 1870s-80s. From an orthodox well-to-do merchant. families. She was brought up in a private boarding school. In 1876, together with F.A. Moreinis, secretly from her parents, she prepared for exams for a gymnasium course and studied shoemaking. Since 1877, a member of the circle of "laurels" in Nikolaev and others. populist. circles of South Russia, led the roar. propaganda among the workers. In 1880 she joined Narodnaya Volya; she lived illegally in Odessa, then in Petersburg, was the mistress of a conspirator. apartments; participated in the preparation of attempts on the imp. Alexander II, in 1882 - the owner of an underground dynamite workshop. Arrested on 5.6.1882, imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress; according to the "process of 17" (April 1883) she was sentenced to 15 years in hard labor (by confirmation she was replaced by exile to Eastern Siberia). She lived in Verkholensk, Irkutsk province, from 1888 in Yakutia. In Jan. 1892 married the exiled F.Ya. Kon. From 1895 she lived in Irkutsk Gubernia, from 1897 - to Europe. parts of Russia (in Nikolaev, Warsaw), then in Minusinsk, where the husband was under public supervision. In 1904 she returned to Europe. part of Russia, emigrated in 1906, lived in Galicia and Switzerland, from the roar. movement moved away. After Feb. revolution of 1917 returned to Russia. Member about-va former. political prisoners and exiled settlers. Op .: To the trial of IM Kovalsky, "Byloe", 1906, No. 10; Episode from the life of the People's Will, "Proletarian Revolution", 1922, no. 7.

grinberg abram shimanovich
has abstract: GRINBERG Abram Shimanovich (1841, Chisinau - 1906, Frankfurt am Main), social partner. Got a trad. Heb. education. At the end of the 1850s. carried away by the ideas of Haskala. In the 1880s. “Joined the Palestinian movement. Treasurer of the k-that "Hovevey-Zion" in Odessa, 1892-1906 his before. Organized a group that was engaged in buying up land in E.-I. One of the organizers of Yesod Ha-Ma'ala and Kastina settlements. Thanks to G.'s activities, the ban on Jews living in the 50-verst border strip was canceled.

grinberg aleksandr-isaak zinovjevich
has abstract: GRINBERG Alexander-Isaak Zinovievich (1879-1938), architect. In 1928–30 he was a member of the ARU. Main works: House of Soviets in Bryansk (1924–26, with L. Velikovsky), project Center. telegraph in Moscow (1925), project of a hospital in Samarkand (1925, with P. Hoffman), project of the Palace of Labor in Yekaterinoslav (1926, with A. Vlasov), House of Soviets in Nizhny Novgorod (1930), hospital in Rostov-on-Don (1930s), Novosibirsk theater, op. and ballet (1930s, 1st stage).

grinberg aleksandr abramovich
has abstract: GRINBERG Alexander Abramovich (1898, Petersburg - 1966, ibid.), Inorganic chemist. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1958). Brother of G.A. Greenberg. Graduated from Leningrad in 1924. un-t. Until 1937 he worked at the Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences for the study of platinum and other noble metals. At the same time. taught from 1928 to 1947 at the 1st Leningrad Institute. honey. in-those (prof. from 1932), in 1941–44 - in the Kazan chemical-technol. in-those and Kazan un-those. In 1947–49 in Leningrad. un-those, in 1936-66 head. department total and inorganic chemistry in Leningrad. technol. in-those. Main scientific. works are devoted to the chemistry of complex compounds, incl. research platinum and palladium. In 1932, he proposed a new method for determining the structure of geometric. isomers (Greenberg method). Research acid-base and redox. properties of complex connections. in solutions, complex Comm. platinum metals, uranium, thorium, etc. He explained the regularity of the trans-influence of addends (Chernyaev's regularity) with the help of polarizers. representations (1932). Applied (1939) labeled atoms to study the structure and properties of complex compounds. Discovered (1957) kinetic. cisinfluence of ligands located nearby in the molecule of the complex (with Yu.N. Kukushkin). Became pr. (1946). Cit .: Introduction to the chemistry of complex connections. 3rd ed. M.-L., 1966.

grinberg anatoliy pavlovich
has abstract: GRINBERG Anatoly Pavlovich (1910, Kremenets, Volyn province - 1985, Leningrad), experimental physicist. In 1931 he graduated from the industrial. technical school in Zhitomir (Ukraine) and worked on decomp. s-dakh Zhitomir and Leningrad as an electrical technician and engineer. In 1934–39 he studied physics and mechanics. f-those Leningrad. polytechnic in-that. As a fourth-year student, he began working in Leningrad. physical and technical in-those (FTI) in the lab. I.V. Kurchatov. He worked at the Physicotechnical Institute until the end of his life. In 1943–45 he took part in defense work (night vision devices). In 1946–68 he taught at the LPI. Performed important experiments. research on nuclear isometry, the structure of excited levels of the bromine nucleus (Cand. Dis., 1943). Was an active member. gr. sotr. FTI, which ensured the installation of the FTI cyclotron and its commissioning. On the cyclotron, together with others, he conducted important research. Coulomb excitation of nuclei, acceleration of heavy ions. In recent years. life also dealt with the history of nuclear physics. State pr. (1968). Works: Methods of acceleration of charged particles. M., 1950; Igor Vasilievich Kurchatov in Physics and Technology. in-those (with V.Ya. Frenkel). L., 1983.

grinberg georgiy abramovich
has abstract: GRINBERG Georgy Abramovich (1900, Petersburg - 1991, Leningrad), physicist, mathematician. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1946). Graduated from Petrograd. polytechnic Institute (1923). Prof. (1933). Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1935). He worked in Leningrad. physical and technical in-those (1918-30), Leningrad. polytechnic in-those (1924–55), Leningrad. physical and technical in-those (since 1941). Main mat. results in mat. physics, in the theory of differenti. and integral equations, approximate and numerical methods. Became. pr. (1949). Cit .: Fav. questions of mat. theory of electric. and magnetic phenomena (M.-L., 1948).

grinberg grigoriy lazarevich
has abstract: GRINBERG Grigory Lazarevich (b. 1929, Chisinau), athlete and coach. The first master of sports in Moldova (1953) and hon. USSR master in table tennis. Graduated from Chisinau ped. Institute (1953), East. f-t. 4-time champion of the USSR and 34-time champion of Moldova (1945–79). Champion of the CIS (1992) among veterans. Member of a number of international. tournaments in the USSR national team. He also went in for football and tennis (bronze, medalist of the 1st USSR Championship, 1951). Works: Table tennis: technique, tactics, teaching methods. - Chisinau, 1973.

grinberg isaak moiseevich
has abstract: GRINBERG Isaak Moiseevich (1899, Evpatoria, Tauride Gubernia - 1938, Moscow), military leader, corps commissar (1935). He graduated from high school, was a student. Since 1919 in Kr. Army. In civil war battalion commissar, military commissar of a regiment, division. In 1923–25 the beginning. political department of the 2nd Chervonno-Cossack division, 1st Chervonno-Cossack corps. In 1925–27 pom. early political department of the Ural VO. Graduated from military-polit. acad. them. N.G. Tolmacheva (1929). In 1927-30 Art. Inspector of the Political Administration Kr. Army, in 1930-34 military corps, in 1934-36 deputy. early Political Administration Leningrad. VO, in 1936–37 members. military. Special Artillery Council of the Red Army. Repressed.

grinberg itsik
has abstract: GRINBERG Itzik (1901, Yaruga, Podolsk province - |), poet, publicist. Known as ps. Ber Green, A. Prince, A. Yaruger and others. After Heb. pogroms in the Ukraine fled to Romania, where in 1921-23 he worked as a teacher. Since 1923 in the USA. He worked in sewing workshops and also as a teacher. He studied at high fur boots in New York. He made his debut verse, in Hebrew and Russian. lang. He switched to Yiddish in 1924. He published poems, short stories, feuilletons, essays on literature and art in many others. periodic. ed. First. Sat. verse. Blumen Unter Schnei (Flowers in the Snow) (1939). The author of the book. "Naftole Botvin", "Yiddish Schreiber in America" ​​("Hebrew Writers in America"), "War Against War" were staged on the stage of Heb. t-ditch USA. Until the last. days he lived in New York.

grinberg khaim
has abstract: GREENBERG Haim (1889, Todorashi, Bessarabian Gubernia - 1953, New York), Zionist. activist, journalist. As a teenager he moved to Odessa, where he soon distinguished himself as a Zionist, in circles as an orator and essayist who wrote in Russian. lang. and Hebrew Philos. and watered, reviews. In 1914 he moved to Moscow, where in 1915–17 he edited a weekly. “Heb. life ", which was published instead of the Zionist organ, the" Dawn "organization, which was closed by the censorship in Petrograd. After Oct. the Revolution of 1917 taught the Middle-century. literature to Kharkov, un-those. Several was once arrested for a Zionist. activity. In 1921 he went to Berlin, where he edited the officer. weekly Everyone, Zionist, of the "Ga-Olam" organization. Since 1924 in the USA. Was ed. Zionist, ed. in Yiddish "Der Yidischer Kemperer", and since 1934 - a working Zionist, every month. Juish Frantiner. Since 1934 - member. center, to-that Working Zionist. org-tion of America. During the 2nd world. the war was headed by Amer. Zionist, Extraordinary Council, since 1946 - Dir. dep. education and culture will perform, to-that Heb. Agencies in the USA.

grinberg lev pavlovich
has abstract: GRINBERG Lev Pavlovich (1796, Volyn province - 1850) - doctor. Higher. honey. educated in Berlin, Dr. med. awarded in 1822 in St. Petersburg. medical-surgical acad. In 1822-29 he worked as a mountain. a doctor in Kiev and a doctor in Zaslav. From 1830 - inspector of the medical department in Kharkov and Art. resident of a hospital in Warsaw. G. studied the problems of epidemiology, clinical picture and treatment of plague. Vol .: Experience of the theory and essence of plague infection and its treatment, St. Petersburg., 1833; Universal terminological honey. lexicon in lat., ger. and Russian. lang., Berlin, 1839–42.

grinberg lui
has abstract: GREENBERG Louis (1884, Russia - 1964, USA), pianist and composer. From childhood he lived in the USA. Studied at the cons. New York, Vienna, then Berlin, where he studied under F. Busoni. He has toured as a pianist in Europe. Returning to the USA, he devoted himself entirely to composing. Known ch. arr. as an author of jazz works. He also wrote symph. and op. (naib. known op. "Green Palace"), as well as spiritual.

grinberg mariya
has abstract: GRINBERG Maria (Rakhil-Maria) Izrailevna (1908, Odessa - 1978, Tallinn), pianist, teacher. She studied at the Odessa cons. from D.S. Aisenberg (until 1925). In 1926–33 she studied at Moscow. cons. from F.M. Blumenfeld, after his death (from 1931) - from K.N. Igumnov, she also attended classes with M.V. Yudina. In 1935 she graduated from graduate school under the direction of Igumnov. Since 1932 soloist of Moscow. Philharmonic. Laureate of the 2nd All. competition of musicians-performers (2nd avenue, 1935, Moscow). During the 2nd world. war worked in Sverdlovsk. Since 1959 teacher (1970 - prof.) Music-ped. in-ta them. Gnesins. She gave concerts a lot. The highest achievements are the interpretation of the heroic-tragic. manuf. (fp. sonatas by L. Beethoven and others). She was the first interpreter of "Preludes and Fugues" by D. D. Shostakovich (1952). In her repertoire, works J.S.Bach, I. Brahms, R. Schumann, F. Schubert, W. A. ​​Mozart, FList (including "Mephisto Waltz") and many others. Dr. Hon. art. RSFSR (1961). She made many recordings (including all of Beethoven's piano sonatas, 1968-69).

grinberg mark iosifovich
has abstract: GRINBERG Mark Iosifovich (1896, Odessa - 1957, Leningrad), specialist in the region. turbine engineering, prof. from 1935. Graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic Institute (1922). From 1923 he worked for Leningrad. metallic s-de. From 1930 he participated in the creation. steam and gas turbines, then headed the design bureau, where projects of turbines of its design were created - condensing ones, with controlled extraction of steam at a pressure of 3 MPa (29 atm), a temperature of 400 | С. Ord. Lenin (1931). In 1931, under his hands. the project of the country's first steam turbine was released 2-5 MW with a shaft speed of 3000 rpm, then a series of condensates. turbines with variable extraction of steam of great power. at 3000 rpm. In 1934–38, according to G.'s designs, a single-shaft high-speed turbine with a powerful power was built. 100 MW. By 1941 under the hands of. G. designed and built 9 types of powerful turbines. In 1941–45 KB worked on the creation. high pressure turbines - up to 9 MPa (90 atm) at a steam temperature of 500 ° C. In 1952, the design bureau developed the country's first turbine with reheating of steam powerful. 150 MW, with parameters 17 MPa, 550–580 ° С with overheating of 520–535 ° С; in 1955–56 a powerful turbine was designed. 200 MW, the development of a turbine with a power of 300 MW supercritical steam parameters. Since 1929 at the same time. taught at the universities of Leningrad. Became. pr. (1946, 1948). Linen. pr. (1963, eat.).

grinberg moisey abramovich
has abstract: GRINBERG Moisey Abramovich (1904, Rostov-on-Don - 1968, Moscow), music society. activist. In 1928 he graduated from ped. dep. muses. in-that in Rostov-on-Don, class fp. V.V.Shauba. Prominent organizer of music-conc. life and propagandist of owls. muses. lawsuit. In 1936-38 and 1941-43 he was director. muses. publishing house Muzgiz. In 1937 39 - Ch. ed. g. "Sov. music". In 1937, the organizer and first ed. gas. "Music". In 1938–39 - early. Moose. ex. Vses. to-that on cases of claims at the Council of Nar. Commissars of the USSR. In 1939–41 - deputy. thin hands. Moose. t-ra them. V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko. In 1941–49 - early. dep .; early Control. muses. broadcasting Vses. radio. From the beginning. 1950s took an active part in the organization of muses. contests, created. new muses. collectives. In 1953-68 - thin. hands. Moscow Philharmonic. He acted as a musician. critic.

grinberg vladimir arievich
has abstract: GRINBERG Vladimir Arievich (1896 - 1942, Leningrad), artist, painter, graphic artist. From 1914 to 1941, a participant of pl. exhibitions in different cities of the USSR. Participated in exhibitions of owls. Isk-va in New York, Paris, Tokyo. Master of portrait and still life, mountains. landscape, mainly Leningrad. During the siege, he worked on posters for TASS Windows.

grinberg zorakh
has abstract: GRINBERG Zorach (1887, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province - after 1948), publicist, historian. Rod. in the Melamed family. He graduated from high school as an external student, studied in agronomics. in-those. From a young age he participated in societies, life. After the revolution, he was appointed Commissar of Education and Arts of the Northern Commune in St. Petersburg, was the "right hand" of the People's Commissar of Education AV Lunacharsky. In 1918 he moved to Moscow, participated in the work of the Hebrew. section, opposed Hebrew, especially when the question was what language. teach in Heb. school - in Hebrew or Yiddish. In apr. 1919 in Petrograd, the first issue of the public-polit. and lit.-thin. weekly "Kamph un lebn", ed. to-rogo was G. The second number w. came out in Kiev. Together with N. Buchbinder and S. Dimanshtein, G. edited a number of other social-political and literary-artistic. ed., to-rye paved the way to creation. subsequent Heb. lit. g. in Petrograd, Moscow, Kiev. In the beginning. 20s moved away from journalism, was engaged in scientific. and ped. work, taught history in a number of car washes, universities. During the 2nd world. war again returned to societies, activities, headed by East. section Heb. anti-fascist, to-that. His name stands under the appeal "To the Jews of the World", publ. into gas. Einikight June 17, 1942.

grinevich viktor petrovich
has abstract: GRINEVICH Victor Petrovich (nast, first name and surname. Mikhail G. Kogan) (1874, Rostov-on-Don - 1942, USA), polit, and prof. activist. From the family of kr. merchant. He graduated from the Rostov Real School, in 1897-1901 he studied at the Berlin Polytechnic. Ing. Since 1897 - member of the Social-Democratic Party. movement, since 1900 - ch. RSDLP, since 1903 - Menshevik. During his studies in Berlin, he collaborated in the gas that was released there. "Rus. Thought ", opposed Iskra and the Iskra-ists. In 1901 he participated in the "Unite, Congress" abroad. s.-d. groups (Zurich). After returning to Russia in 1901, he participated in prof. movement, organized strike offices. He was arrested several times. During the Revolution of 1905–07 Comrade. (deputy) prev. and Treasurer of the Executive Committee of St. Petersburg. Council, before. Petersburg. center, prof. office, ed. a number of prof. g. Since 1907 in Germany. In the years of the 1st world. war "defensive". After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia, one of the hands. prof .; from June - before. Time. VTsPS; resigned in Sept. after the majority of participants are Democratic. meetings from prof. spoke out against a coalition with the bourgeoisie and for workers' control over the government. In the early years of the Sov. authorities - for households. and prof. work. In 1919 he left the RSDLP. In 1922 he left the country. Works: Prof. movement of workers in Russia. SPb, 1908 (3rd ed. M., 1923).

grinevo
has abstract: GRINEVO, a village in the Pogarsky district of the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Starodubsky u. Chernigov province. In 1923, 67 Jews lived in Georgia.

grinevshchina
has abstract: GRINEVSHINA, see [[Big Grinevshchina.

grinfeljd yona
has abstract: GRINFELD Yona (1884, Belaya Tserkov Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. - 1953, Israel), public figure. In his youth he joined the Zionist movement. Member of Tseirei-Zion. In 1917–20 p. Nat. Council of Jews of Ukraine, an active fighter for the Hebrew. autonomy in Ukraine. In the same years - deputy. prev. Council of Assistance to Victims of Pogroms in Ukraine. At the 3rd congress "Tseirei-Zion" (1920, Kharkov) elected a member. Party Central Committee. Since 1921 - one of the leaders of the left Zionist movement in Poland. From 1936 - in E.-I., Prof. activities.

grinfest saul
has abstract: GRINFEST Saul (Shaul-Chaim-Joseph) Leibovich (Notovich) (Rev. ps. - Finster) (late 1850s, Minsk - after 1900, Zurich, Switzerland), revolutionary populist. From the bourgeoisie. In the end. 1870 together with IN Getsov led the roar. propaganda in workers' circles in Minsk was associated with the roar. the organization "Black redistribution", with the help of smugglers, smuggled people and illegal traffic across the border. ed. In the end. 1880 organized an underground printing house "Black Redistribution" in Minsk. In 1882 he emigrated to Germany (Koenigsberg), in August. 1882 settled in Zurich, soon joined c. Emancipation of Labor, joined the Swiss Social-Democrats. party.

grinfild aljbert monro
has abstract: GREENFIELD Albert Monroe (1887, Kiev - 1967), Amer. financier and societies. activist. He came to the USA at the age of five. He changed many jobs before starting a real estate business and starting a company. In 1956, his company was one of the largest in the United States in real estate. In the beginning. depression of the 1930s. G. lost part of his multimillion-dollar fortune, tk. main im the trust company ceased to exist. In the 1950s and 60s. G. controlled the universal. and specialized. shops and hotels, for which he received the nickname "Mr. Philadelphia". In the 1917–20s. as a member municipal. Council of Philadelphia G. was close to William S. Ware, a prominent figure in Philadelphia. dep. Rep. party. Despite support in 1928 for the nomination of Herbert Hoover, since 1934 G. has been identified with Demrkratich. party, although he continued to provide finance. support dep. rep. candidates. From 1948 to 1964, G. took part in all the Democratich congresses. party. He was part of the Hebrews. delegation arrived at the prez. Harry S. Truman when he announced the recognition of the State of Israel by the United States. G. was close to prez. Lyndon B. Johnson and President. the 1960 elections supported his candidacy. G. never associated himself with the department. Heb. org-tions. He was the trustee of the Heb. theological. seminary and played a decisive role in the unification of three Hebrews in 1951. hospitals in Philadelphia.

grinkishki
has abstract: GRINKISHKI, see Grinkiskis.

grinkishkis
has abstract: GRINKISHKIS, a town in the Radviliškės district (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - place of Grinkishki Kovensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 431 Jews (46.6%) lived in Georgia, in 1921 - 250, in 1923 - 235 Jews (24%). G. from the 17th century. A wooden synagogue was built at the same time. There was a cheder, a Jewish cemetery. The Jews were engaged in trade, crafts, s. x-vom. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1876-1915 the rabbi in Georgia was Arie-Leib-Dovber Volpert (1840—?), From 1934 - Meir-Leib Matz (? —1941). Aug 1941 all Jews of Georgia (about 20 families) were taken to Krakes and on 5 Sept. 1941 shot.

grinshpun leonid osipovich
has abstract: GRINSHPUN Leonid Osipovich (1906, Moscow - 1981, ibid.), Architect. In 1930 he graduated from the Architect-building Institute in Moscow. In 1928–30 he was a member of the ARU. Main works: project k / t Center. Houses of Kr. Army for 1000 seats in Moscow (1929, with I. Dlugach), the project of planning and development of Chardzhou (1931, with V. Kalmykov), Ing. railroad transport in Dnepropetrovsk (1931, with A. Kaplun).

grinstoun yulius gilelj
has abstract: GREENSTONE Julius Hillel (1873, Mariupol, Yekaterinoslav province - 1955, USA), teacher, writer. Since 1894 in the USA. He studied in the mountains. College of New York and Heb. theological. seminary, where in 1900 he received the title of rabbi. In 1905 he taught Hebrew. pedagogy and religion at the Faculty of the Gratz College. In 1933–48, the director. college. In 1905 he opened a small Hebrew house in his house. books. shop where they came for the book. and consultation rabbis and those interested in Heb. education. G. was the first Amer. a Jew who created in English. lang. book by publicly available Heb. education. His book. The Religion of Israel (1902), later rewritten and supplemented, was republished in 1920 under the title. "Jewish religion". The work “The Messianic Idea in Heb. history "(1906) was the first. book in English. lang., investigating with East. tz. the idea of ​​messianism in Heb. lit-re. His comm, to bibl. book "Numbers" and "Proverbs of Solomon" appeared in ser. "Bible with commentaries", publ. Heb. publishing house (1939). G. was one of the authors of Heb. encyclopedias (1901). In tech. For 20 years he led a scientific-popul. section in the Philadelphia weekly. Juish Exhibitor. Some of his essays were collected and republished in the book. “Heb. holidays and fasts ”.

grintser pavel aleksandrovich
has abstract: GRINTSER Pavel Alexandrovich (1928, Moscow - 2009, ibid.), Literary critic, specialist in Indian philology and historian. poetics. Graduated from Moscow State University (1951). Dr. philol. sciences (1975), scientific. sotr. IMLI. His work has made a significant contribution to the growth. and peace. indology. Laureate of the State. pr. USSR (1990). Responsible ed. ed. "Rig Veda" in Russian. lang. (1989). He wrote "Ancient Indian Epic: Genesis and Typology" (1974), "Bhasa" (1979), "Osn. categories classic Indian poetics "(1987).

grinzayd itsik
has abstract: GRINZAYD Itzik (1905, Mogilev-Podolsk, Podolsk province - 1942), prose writer, journalist. He was brought up in an orphanage, graduated from ped. technical College. In 1927 he began working as a journalist. Having moved to Kharkov, he became a sotr. gas. "Junge Guard", then her otv. ed., and also ed. center, Heb. children gas. Zay Great (Kharkov). First. stories publ. in Moscow. g. "Jungvald", then published in Kharkov, literary-artistic. g. "Spilled" into the gas. Der Stern. In 1932 he released the collection. stories "Oifkum" ("Parish". Was compiled and edited by a number of books published in the Hebrew department of the rep. publishing house of Ukrnatsmenizdat. At the beginning of the war of 1941–45, he volunteered for French and died.

grishino
has abstract: GRISHINO, see Krasnoarmeisk.

grishkabuda
has abstract: GRISHKABUDA, see Grishkabudis.

grishkabudis
has abstract: GRISHKABUDIS, a town in the Shakyai region (Republic of Lithuania). Main in 1697. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the village of Grishkabud Vladislavovsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1797 10 Jews (1.7%) lived in Georgia, in 1913 there were 30 Jewish families, in 1923 there were 92 Jews (12%), in 1940 - 8 Jewish families. Jews have lived in Georgia since the 18th century. In 1931, Jews owned a hardware, manufactory, and haberdashery shops, a sewing machine shop, and a tavern. There was a header. Most of the Jews of Georgia in the 1920s and 1930s. left for the USA. As a result of a fire in 1936, the synagogue and 22 houses burned down. 1941 Jews of Georgia were shot in Shakiai together with local Jews (about 4 thousand in total). A monument with an inscription in Yiddish is installed on the mass grave.

gritsev
has abstract: GRITSEV, an urban-type settlement (since 1959) in the Shepetovsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Since 1569 - as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zaslavsky u. Volyn province. In 1932–35 it was the regional center of the Vinnitsa region, in 1937–54 - in the Kamenets-Podolsk region, since 1954 in the Khmelnytsky region. In 1847, 1,194 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1863 - 730, in 1897 - 979 (37%), in Jews (16%) in 1923 - 1325, in 1931 - 1150, and in 1939 - 1373. Jews have been settling in Georgia since the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. All R. 17th century Jews of Georgia suffered from the atrocities of the detachments of B.M. Khmelnitsky; in the 18th century. - from the attacks of the Haidamaks. In the beginning. 18th century Hasidism spread among the Jews of Georgia. In the 19th century. main occupation of Jews - crafts, wholesale and intermediary trade in agricultural. products. In 1850 there were three synagogues in Georgia. Since 1845, Brener, a graduate of the Kamyanets-Podolsk rabbinical school, was a rabbi in Georgia, and Joseph Leib Derbarimdiker from 1878. In 1871 and 1900, 2 Hasidic synagogues were built. In 1907–17, underground Zionist circles operated in Georgia. In 1910 a Jewish school was opened without the permission of the authorities. 21 Sep 1917 a pogrom took place in Georgia. In the 1920s. in G. there were an OZET cell (80 members), underground youth Zionist organizations, and heders; in contrast to them, Jewish Komsomol members created dramas. circle, Jewish hut-reading room. Rabbi in Georgia in the 1920s. was Liberson, under his arms. the community built a new mikvah. Between 1932 and 1933 the Jewish population of Georgia suffered from famine. In the 1930s. there was a Gritsevsky Jewish nat. village council as part of the Gritsevsky district. In 1935 the authorities closed 16 synagogues in the region. After the occupation of Germany …

gritsevo
has abstract: GRITSEVO, a village in the Tolochin district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1836 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony with 24 families in Orsha district Mogilev Gubernia. In 1898, 122 people lived in Georgia. In May 1925, approx. G. was founded by a Jewish agriculturalist. artel "New Gritsevo".

griva
has abstract: GRIVA, district (since 1959) within the city of Daugavpils (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of the Griva Illukskiy u. Kurland province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1897 there were 3,027 Jews (38%) in Georgia, in 1910 - 5,207 (42%), in 1920 - 160 (6%), in 1930 - 230 Jews (4%). The Jewish population of Georgia was natives of the village. Yudovka. In 1831 approx. of the old Jewish cemetery a new one was laid. The first rabbi of G. was Yaakov Zeligman (? -1848), then his son Chaim-Dovid (1825-1849). In 1849-78 - Eliyahu-Arie Mintz (? -1878). The influence of Hasidism has noticeably increased in the community. From 1878 Issachar-Ber Rabinovich, Yehoshua Basov, E. A. Mileikovsky-Samonov (E. A. Mileikovsky-Samsonov) were rabbis. In 1878 the Jews of Georgia received permission to create a community (in fact, the Bikur Hoylim organization, the mutual assistance fund, and communal religious in-you appeared much earlier). At the same time, relations with the Hasidic minority worsened in the community. Main occupation of the Jewish population in the 2nd half. 19th century - small trade and crafts. Many worked for the prom. production facilities of Dvinsk (modern Daugavpils), approx. 35 families were engaged in agricultural. production and gardening. In 1903, approx. 200 Jews died in the flood. In the beginning. 20th century a mutual credit cash office was created ("Grivsky Bank"). In the end. oct. 1905 Anti-Semitic demonstrations related to the "blood libel" took place in Georgia. In the end. 19th century in G. there were 4 synagogues, 5 Jewish doctors worked. On the eve of the 1st world. wars, there were Talmud Torah and Yeshiva. During the 1st world. G.'s war, in the region of the cut the front line passed, was destroyed, the inhabitants left it. In the 1920s. Jewish refugees began to return, the community was reestablished, the activity of "Bikur Hoylim" was resumed, houses and a bathho…

grive
has abstract: GRIVE, see Mane.

grivnin vladimir sergeevich
has abstract: GRIVNIN Vladimir Sergeevich (b. 1923, Kharkov), orientalist, philologist and translator, Doctor of Philology. Sciences (1974), prof. (1975). Graduated from the Military. in-t foreign. lang. (1944). Comp., In 1954–64 head. dep. East VGBIL. Since 1964 teacher, since 1967 Assoc. Institute east. lang. at Moscow State University. Member of the 2nd world. wars in the Far East. Author of over 100 scientific. and translated works about modern. japanese. literature, book publishing, nat. science - kokugaku and others. Comp. and ed. bibl. literary pointers about the life and work of the Zarub, the writers of the East, incl. Japanese. The lane is very popular. G. in rus. lang. manuf. modern writers of Japan: Akutagawa Ryunosuke, Kobo Abe, Kendzaburo Oe and others; Works: Shimazaki Toson, Bibl. pointer, M, 1957; Natsume Soseki. Bibl. index, M., 1959; Determinant lang. world in writing, M., 1961, 1964, 1965 (jointly with R.S. Gilyarevsky); Akutagawa Ryunosuke. Bibl. pointer, M, 1961; Allowance for the lane. from japan. lang. Leke, questions per., M., 1966; Allowance for the lane. from japan. lang. in Russian Grammar. questions per., M, 1972; Akutagawa Ryunosuke: Life. Creation. Ideas, M., 1980.

grobin
has abstract: Grobin, see Grobin.

grobinya
has abstract: GROBINA, city (since 1695) in Liepaja region (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from the 13th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Grobin, Kurland province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1850 465 Jews lived in Georgia and its environs, in 1857 in Georgia - 634, in 1861 - 697 (42%), in 1863 - 634 ( in the county - 2660), in 1881 - 658 (41%), in 1897 - 370 (25%), in 1910 - 258 (19%), in 1920 - 130 (10%), in 1935 - 95 Jews (9% The Jewish community of Georgia took shape at the beginning. 19th century All R. 19th century Ze'ev-Wolf Robinson (? -1879) was rabbi in Georgia, and then, until 1914, Chaim-Meir Green. In 1840 several. families moved to Jewish farmers. colonies in the Kherson province. As a result of the cholera epidemic in 1848, the number of Jews in Georgia decreased significantly. In 1857 there were 2 synagogues, in 1863 - 4 synagogues, in 1867 it was founded. hevra kaddish. From 1879 to 1886, a Jewish school, transferred from Kelm, operated in Georgia, headed by Simkha-Zisl (a student of I. Salanter). Along with the Talmud and Musar, languages, mathematics were taught in it, physical education lessons were conducted. Due to the deterioration of the economy. provisions pl. Jews in the con. 19th century moved to Libava (modern Liepaja). In 1910, Georgia had 2 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. From the beginning. 1st world. war several. families left G. After the end of the war, the community experienced a lot. difficulties, its numbers declined sharply. In the 1930s. Jews owned 2 out of 10 prom. avenue and 15 out of 58 stores. In the 1920s and 30s. Leib Friedberg was the rabbi in Georgia, and there was a shohet. June 1941 G. was occupied by the Germans. troops, all the Jews of G. were destroyed in the end. 1941.

grobman mikhail
has abstract: GROBMAN Mikhail (b. 1939, Moscow), artist, poet, collector. After leaving school, he worked as a bricklayer at a construction site, where he met V. Gershuni, who had a great influence on him. At the age of 14 he began to write poetry. In the end. 1950s G. became interested in mysticism and religion. philosophy. Regular participant of meetings in Lianozovo, at O. Rabin's. Later he began to arrange such meetings and exhibitions in his home. He began to paint at the end. 1960s, became one of Ch. participants of car washes, avant-garde. In 1959, his first personal exhibition took place at the Mukhinsky school in Leningrad. In 1967 publ. first art. oh thin. moscow avant-garde in the Czech railway from 1971 in Israel, where he continued his active creative activity, participated in exhibitions both in the country and abroad. He released the book. poetry (1992). In 1975 G. founded gr. "Leviathan", was the organizer of her thin. shares issued three numbers of gas. under the same name (1975, 1979, 1981). In 1993 he organized an exhibition of works by art. - immigrants from Russia in the Ramat Gan Museum. From the very first works, G. declared himself as a Hebrew. thin However, this was not a traditional work. solutions of Heb. themes: how thin. avant-garde G. used a new art. lang. A large number of his works belong to the so-called. "Magic symbolism" ("The Creation of the World", 1962; "The Destruction of Jerusalem", 1970). In addition, G. were created. works in a style that was later called Sotsart (Generalissimo, 1964), as well as in the style of early conceptualism (Stesina's Butterfly, 1966). Most of G.'s works after 1980 can be attributed to conceptualism ("Satan", 1980; "Quiet Ukrainian Night", 1982) and postmodernism ("Lenin's Mausoleum in Tel Aviv", 1988; "The village of Russian olim-Hadashim on the Kinneret", 1993 ).

grodberg garri yakovlevich
has abstract: GRODBERG Harry Yakovlevich (b. 1929, Klaipeda, Republic of Lithuania), organist. In 1955 he graduated from Moscow. cons, according to the organ class of A.F. Gedike, according to fp. from A.B. Goldenweiser. Since 1955, the soloist of the Moscow. Philharmonic. G. is a brightly emotional musician who owns a huge repertoire, including almost all works. J.S.Bach. The first performer of a number of productions. K.S. Khachaturyan, S.M. Slonimsky, A.I. Pirumov. Participated in the international. muses. festivals. Member jury Intern. competition them. J.S.Bach in Leipzig (1972). Honored. artist of the RSFSR (1983). In the spring of 1993 he organized the Bach Music Festival in Tver. G. studies old organs, specially travels to Germany to get acquainted with their mechanics and peculiarities of sound. Member Council for Organ Building under the Ministry of Culture of the USSR (1968). Compiled collection of books on org. manuf. owls. comp.

grodek-yagellonskiy
has abstract: GRODEK-JAGELLONSKY, see. Town of Lviv region.

grodetskiy zeev
has abstract: GRODETSKY Zeev (1900, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1968, Herzliya), industrialist. From 1925 - in E.-I. One of the first inhabitants of Herzliya. Created z-dov "Amia" and "Amkor". The owner of the Shimshon tire plant.

grodisk
has abstract: GRODISK, see [[Grodisk Mazowiecki.

grodna
has abstract: Grodno, see Grodno.

grodno
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ГРОДНО (Гродна), город (с 1391), центр Гродненской обл. (Республика Беларусь). Изв. с 1128. В 13—16 вв. — в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского, в 16—18 вв. — центр повета Трокского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1795 — в составе Рос. империи, в 1795—97 — уездный город Слонимской, в 1797—1801 — Литовской губ., с 1801 — губернский город. В 1920—39 — центр повета Белостокского воеводства в составе Польши, в 1939—91 — в составе БССР, в 1939—44 — районный центр в Белостокской обл., с 1944 — обл. центр.В 1766 в Г. проживало 255 евреев, в 1816 — 8422 (85%), в 1859 — 10 300 (53%), в 1863 — 10 410, в 1887 — 27 343 (68,7%), в 1897 — 22 684 (48,4%), в 1906 — 25 191, в 1910 — 31 055, в 1916 — 15 537 (63,5%), в 1959 — 1783 (2,4%), в 1970 — 1873 (1,4%), в 1979 — 1745 евреев (0,8%).Евреи жили в Г. с 12 в. В 1389 еврейская община Г., имевшая синагогу и кладбище, получила привилегию от князя Витовта. Евреи жили на особой ул., занимались торговлей. В 1-й пол. 17 в. община Г. считалась одной из трех гл. общин Литвы (наряду с общинами Бреста и Пинска) и имела своих представителей в Литовском вааде. В сер. 17 в. в Г. поселились евреи-беженцы из Украины. В 1578 в Г. была построена каменная синагога. Кроме нее, в Г. имелось еще неск. синагог и иешива. Раввином Г. в 1572—88 был Мордхе Йоффе (1533, Прага — 1612, Познань), в сер. 18 в. — Арье-Лейб Эпштейн (1708, Гродно — 1775, Кенигсберг), затем его сын Авром-Меир Эпштейн (1722, Гродно — 1772), в кон. 18 — нач. 19 в. — Танхум бен Элиэзер (1746—1819, Гродна). В 1790 и 1816 в Г. отмечены факты «кровавого навета». В 1799 в Г. открыл типографию Борух Ромм (см. ст. Ромм). В 1803 типографию основал Г.Нахимович.Осн. занятия евреев Г. в 19 в. — торговля с.-х. продукцией, лесом и ремесла. В 1887 евреям принадлежали 88% коммерческих пр-тий, 76% ф-к и мастерских, 65% недвижимого имущества.В 1849 было открыто казенное еврейское уч-ще, затем школа для девочек, приют. В 1879 в иешиве училось ок. 120 чел. В 1886 функцио…

grodnyanskiy reuven
has abstract: Grodnyanskiy Reuven (1881 - 1913, Israel), public figure. Per. to Judaism as a child together with his parents, to-rye worked on the farm of J. Dubrovin. He married his daughter Tamara. He was distinguished by his great religiosity and careful fulfillment of all religions. rituals. Was a grave. He became famous for his debates on religion. questions with the priests, to-rye tried to return the Ger to Christ. In 1903, together with the Dubrovin family, he came to E.-I. and settled on the family farm at Yesod Ha-ma'ala.

grodzenskaya nadezhda ljvovna
has abstract: GRODZENSKAYA Nadezhda Lvovna (1892, Vilna - 1975, Moscow), teacher, activist in the region. muses. education and upbringing. In 1916 she graduated from the Higher Courses for Women in Kiev, in 1917 - the Kiev Cons. by class fp. She taught in Leningrad in Ped. in-those them. Herzen and cons. From 1928 she worked in Moscow. She taught at ped. technical schools, later in Moscow. cons. on ped. f-those (until 1932). On her initiative, the first children were opened. muses. schools, refresher courses for music teachers, general education. schools. In the 1920s she worked with B.V. Asafiev on the problem of children's music perception. audience. G. developed a methodology for muses. raising children. In 1948–69 - scientific. sotr. Ying-that thin. education APN RSFSR, since 1958 - Cand. ped. sciences. The author of a number of articles, uch. and methodical. manuals on muses. education and upbringing. Author of works “On teaching singing at the beginning. school. Methodical letter "(M., 1950); "Educational work in singing lessons" (M., 1953); “Listening to music at the beginning. school (grades I-IV) (Moscow, 1962); “Schoolchildren Listen to Music” (Moscow, 1969). Some works by G. dedicated to the mass muses. parenting, trans. to foreign yaz,

grodzenskiy khaim ozer
has abstract: HRODZENSKY Chaim Ozer (1863, Ivye Oshmyansky u. Vilna province. - 1940, Vilno), rabbi. Pupil of Rabbi H. Soloveichik. In 1887 he was appointed Vilna Dayan (religious judge), was one of the initiators of the Vilna Conf. 1909, which founded the orthodox, the organization "Kneses-Israel", will be a participant. conf. orthodox, religious movement "Agudas Israel" (1912, Katowice). Known for his fight against Zionism and Haskalah. With their responses (explanations) according to the Talmudic. law and ritual (book "Akhiezer", vols. 1-3, 1922, 1925, 1939) gained great authority in the circles of Orthodox, Jewry.

grodzisk mazovetski
has abstract: GRODZISK MAZOWECKI, a city (from 1522) in the Warsaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the beginning. 15th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Grodisk Blonsky u. Warsaw province. In 1765, 157 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1827 - 635 (83%), in 1860 - 823 (80%), in 1897 - 2154 (80%), in 1909 - 2325 (66.5%). in 1921 - 2,756 (25%), in 1936 - 3,587 Jews (21%). Jews lived in Georgia from the late 17th century They earned a living by small trade, crafts, maintained inns, some were engaged in grain trade. The community was created in the beginning. 18th century At the same time, a wooden synagogue was built and a cemetery was laid. A new synagogue was built in 1860. All community organizations and khevra kaddish worked, there were kheders and talmud-torah. Jews had all the rights to purchase land, build houses, and bargain. and crafts. activity, were the founders of the industry in GM. In 1887 a factory for the production of sewing accessories was opened, supplying all [[Kingdom of Poland. The factory employed approx. 500 workers, mainly Jews. Before the 1st world. During the war, knitting of stockings and the production of berets was an important source of income. Most of the Jews of G.M. were Hasidim. In 1849-92, the rabbi of GM was Elimelech Shapiro (1826-1892), who headed the Hasidic dynasty. 20th century - Israel Shapiro, who died in Warsaw during the Holocaust. Until 1927, Rabbi G.M. was Dovid-Chaim Malinitsky, one of the leaders of Mizrahi in Poland, in the 1930s. - Aron-Itskhok Shapiro, who died during the Holocaust. In 1905, the first Zionist circles appeared in Georgia. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. 14 oct. 1914 and 25 Jan. 1915 from GM was evicted apprx. 4 thousand Jews. In the 1920s and 30s. main occupations of Jews - trade, crafts and small-scale production. In 1936 Jews owned 2 workshops for knitting stockings, 2 shanks and a perfumery. There…

grodznenskiy aron-itskhok
has abstract: GRODZNENSKY Aron-Itskhok (1891, Vekshni of Shavelsky u. Koven province - 1941, Ponary), poet, prose writer, translator. Rod. a rabbi, a family. He studied at the cheder in Vilna, then at the gymnasium. He made his debut as a poet in 1908. In 1910 he left for Belgium. He worked as a journalist. In 1914 he released the first. poetic. Sat. Einzame Klangen (Lonely Sounds). In the beginning. 1st world. war moved with his parents to Yekaterinoslav. In 1916, as a result, unhappy. case lost both legs. In 1921 he returned to Vilno. Per. A.S. Pushkin. In 1923, the opera was staged in Vilna. "Eugene Onegin" in his per. in Yiddish, which had great success. Rum came out in 1923. G. "Lebn" ("Life") and the play "Muterlehe gefiln" ("Mother's feelings"). In 1924, he began to produce evening gas in Vilna, which existed until the beginning. 2nd world. war. In 1934, Sat. short stories "In a Yidishn Dorf" ("In the Jewish Village") - a description of the life of Heb. agricultural colony in southern Russia in the early years of the revolution. Killed during the occupation.

grodzyanka
has abstract: GRODZYANKA, urban-type settlement (since 1935) in the Osipovichi district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway Igumensky u. Minsk province. In 1939, 150 Jews lived in Georgia. On March 4, 1942, 92 Jews were shot in Georgia.

grokholitse
has abstract: GROCHOLICE, a village in Piotrkowskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. Empire, since 1867 - Posad Petrokovsky u. In 1808 26 Jews (9%) lived in Georgia, in 1827 - 61 (8%), in 1857 - 151 (11%), in 1897 - 125 (12.5%), in 1921 - 51 Jews (5%) In 1420-1870, Georgia had the status of a city. In 1770 a Jewish family settled in Georgia, selling vodka and beer. In the beginning. 19th century there was a small community, first subordinate to the Dzyaloshina community, and later to Belhatuva. 1941 all Jews of Georgia were sent to Belchatow, from there in August. 1942 - to the Chelmno extermination camp.

grokhov
has abstract: GROKHOV, see Grokhuv.

grokhuv
has abstract: GROCHUV, now part of Warsaw (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1809 - a part of Austria, in 1809-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - the village of Grokhov, Warsaw u. 280 Jews (20.6%) lived in Georgia in 1897. Rabbi Yosef-Zvi was the rabbi in Georgia.

grombakh sergey mikhaylovich
has abstract: GROMBAKH Sergey Mikhailovich (1908 - 1987, Moscow), specialist in the field of hygiene of children and adolescents, professor. Graduated from the 1st Moscow. honey. Institute (1932), since 1933 scientific. sotr. Research Institute of Health Protection of Children and Adolescents; since 1956 hands. dep. hygiene of children and adolescents Mosk. Research Institute of Hygiene. F.F. Erisman. One of the initiators created. the first in the USSR Scientific Research Institute of Hygiene of Children and Adolescents (1959) and Deputy. dir. his on scientific. work. tr. G. dedicated development of theoretical. bases of hygiene of children and adolescents, to-rye allowed to conduct research. health, morbidity, physical. development of children decomp. age groups, which contributed to the introduction of scientifically based operating modes decomp. children's institutions, principles of rationing of academic and labor loads, as well as rationing the impact of decomp. environmental factors in preschool institutions and schools. Ed. G. published a "Guide to the hygiene of children and adolescents" (Moscow, 1964). In addition to scientific. activities in the region. hygiene of children and adolescents G. was engaged in the study of creativity A.S. Pushkin, the result of which was the book. "A.S. Pushkin and Medicine".

grommer yakov pinkhusovich
has abstract: GROMMER Yakov Pinkhusovich (1897, Brest-Litovsk, Grodno province - 1933, Minsk), mathematician. Studied mat. in Berlin and Marburg un-tah, later at Gettin-gen un-those, where in 1912 he received a doctorate in philosophy. In 1915-28 he was A. Einstein's assistant in Berlin. Having moved to Minsk in 1928, he became prof. Bel. State un-that, and since 1931 - sotr. physical and technical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR. He is the author of works on mat., General theory of relativity and relativistic mechanics. Works: Proof of the non-existence of everywhere a regular centrally symmetric field in T. Kaluza's field theory. - In the book: A. Einstein Sobr. scientific. tr. (translated from German and English), vol. 2 (Moscow, 1961); General theory of relativity (Ibid, both co-authored with A. Einstein).

gromokley
has abstract: LOUDSPEAK does not exist now. Main in 1857 as a Jewish agriculturalist. the colony of Gromokley (other name. Gromokley) in Elizavetgrad u. Kherson lips. Since 1923 - in the Bobrinets district of the Zinovievsky okr., Then in the Dnepropetrovsk and Kirovograd regions. 16 families lived in Georgia in 1856, 254 people in 1886, 334 in 1896 (48 households), in 1916 - 380, in 1924 - 487 people (103 families). In 1898, 42 families (254 people) were engaged in agriculture, having 600 dess. allotment land; in total there were 890 dessiatines under crops. (of which 573 are under wheat). On average, there were up to 6 horses and 2 cows per family. There was a synagogue and a cheder. In 1918-19, during the Civil. war, the population of Georgia was subjected to pogroms and robberies by the troops of the Directory and various. gang. Dozens of residents died in 1921-22 from hunger and epidemics, many others. the colonists fell into disrepair, but were later rebuilt with the support of the ARA and the Joint. In the 1st floor. 1920s in G. actively created t-va on the joint. land cultivation (technical assistance was provided by EKO and Joint). The synagogue was closed in 1927. Between 1929 and 1930, the collective farms Naye Leben, Rote Fane, and others were established; as a result of massive seizures of grain and other agricultural products. foodstuffs in 1932–33 were struck by hunger. In the 1930s. sowing of tech. cultures, livelihood developed (ch. arr. meat and dairy direction). Until 1938, it was in force. school with teaching in Yiddish. Jews of Georgia were destroyed during the Holocaust. In the course of the campaign to liquidate "unpromising villages" the inhabitants of Georgia were resettled to other us. items, and G. ceased to exist. I. M. Shaikin

gromokleya
has abstract: LOUDGLUE, see Lumberglue.

gromoshcha
has abstract: LOUD, see Thunder.

gromov mikhail leonidovich
has abstract: GROMOV Mikhail Leonidovich (b. 1943, Boksitogorsk, Leningrad Region), mathematician. Foreign member Academy of Sciences of France. Foreign member Nat. Acad. US Sciences. Foreign member Amer. Acad. of Arts in Boston. Graduated from Leningrad State University (1965), Ph.D. phys.-math. Sciences (1965), Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1973). Worked at Leningrad State University (1968–74). Since 1974 - in the USA, at Stony Brook University (New York), then in France: at Paris-6 University (1981–82), since 1982 at Ying-those higher. scientific. explored. Since 1991 also in un-those units. Maryland (USA). Main the results refer to complex analysis, trim geometry, algebras, geometry. He discovered important connections between topological, differential-geometric. and algebraic. (including symplectic) structures on manifolds. In particular, it is shown that for hyperbolic. spaces, the volume is a topological characteristic. Etc. Moscow mat. about-va (1971). Etc. O. Veblena Amer. mat. about-va (1981). Etc. Elie Cartan of the Academy of Sciences of France (1984). Etc. Wolf (Israel, 1993). Works: Differential relations with partial derivatives. M. 1990, etc.

gromovka
has abstract: GROMOVKA, a village in Starokonstantinovsky district of Khmelnitsky region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Starokonstantinovsky u. Volyn province. In 1941–44, a camp was set up in Georgia for Jews from Bukovina and Bessarabia. 148 Jews died of hunger and disease in the camp. On 1 Sept. 1943 there were 33 Jews in the camp.

gross evgeniy fedorovich
has abstract: GROSS Evgeny Fedorovich (1897, Kolpino Petersburg Gubernia - 1972, Leningrad), physicist, Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1946). In 1918, while a student in Petrograd. un-that, began to work in the State. optical in-those (GOI) at D.S. Rozhdestvensky. After graduating from un-t (1924), he continued to work at GOI. In 1936 he became Doctor of Phys.-Math. sciences without protection dis. Head of department molecular physics Leningrad. un-that (since 1936; since 1938 prof., head of the department). At the same time. from 1944 head. the lab organized by him. solid state spectroscopy Leningrad. physical and technical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1964 head. lab. Institute of Semiconductors of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. scientific. interests - optics and spectroscopy. Carried out quantities, measurements of the fine structure of the Rayleigh line. Discovered (with MF Buks) the spectra of intermolecular vibrations - "gross frequencies". Opened optic. exciton spectrum, experimentally proving the existence of excitons in crystals. Research properties of excitons and their role in decomp. physical phenomena (photoconductivity, luminescence). Discovered the diamagnetism of excitons, the splitting of their energy levels, ionization in the external. electric field, inversion of magn. exciton fields, optical analogue of the Mössbauer effect, the role of excitons in the coherent radiation of crystals. Proved the migration of excitons in the crystal. Author pl. scientific. publications. Steel, etc. (1946), Len. etc. (1966).

grosser bronislav
has abstract: GROSSER Bronislav (part. Ps: Slavek, Zeltser) (1883, Mekhov of Keletskaya province - 1912, Petersburg), lawyer, polit. activist, publicist. In his youth, member. youth socialist. circles in Warsaw. Later he became a member. Bund. In 1906 he opposed the entry of the Bund into the RSDLP. Edited desks. ed .: "Glos Bundu" ("Voice of the Bund", in Polish.), "Our Hasla" ("Our Slogans", in Polish.), "Lebensfragen" ("Questions of Life", in Yiddish), sotr. in Polish. socialist gas. "Vedza" ("Knowledge"). Was a member. Central Committee of the Bund, in publicist. Art. advocated the restoration of the state. independence of Poland and in defense of the rights of the Jews. workers. In 1912, members. consultant to-that s.-d. faction of the 4th State. thoughts. G.'s funeral in Warsaw turned into a political demonstration.

grossman
has abstract: GROSSMAN (Grosman) Grigory Aleksandrovich (Ruvim Alterovich) (lit. ps. Kovrov) (1863, p. Pavlovka, Pavlogradsky district. Yekaterinoslav province - |), member of the rev. movement of the 1880s, publicist. He graduated from high school in Samara. From 1883 he studied law. f-those Petersburg. un-that. Since 1886, members so called Military-roar. org-tion, led the roar. propaganda among pupils of petersburg. military-academic institutions. In Jan. 1887 arrested, in Sept. exiled to admin. order to Sredne-Kolymsk (Yakutia). In 1891 he returned from exile and went abroad, listened to lectures at Berne and Berlin high fur boots, from 1893 he was published in the railway station. "God's World", "Education", "North. courier "," Our life "and others. From 1906 the Berlin correspondent. gas. "Rus. statements ". After 1917 sotr. in the emigre press.

grossman leonid petrovich
has abstract: GROSSMAN Leonid Petrovich (1888, Odessa - 1965, Moscow), literary critic, writer. In 1906–10 he studied law at the Sorbonne (Paris) and Novorossiysk (Odessa) un-those, attended lectures on philology. Graduated from law. f-t Kiev, un-that (1911). From 1903 he published critical. Art. He wrote on legal issues in “Heb. encyclopedias ". In the 1910s – 1920s. acted as a poet-neoclassicist (poems on biblical motives, cycle according to the book. Job, cycle of sonnets "Pleiades", etc.). From 1921 he taught theory and history of literature in Moscow. universities. Since 1945 - prof. Ped. in-ta them. V. Potemkin. Tr. about rus. literature of the 19th century: "Lermontov and the culture of the East" (1941; work partly based on the Hebrew theme in the poet's work), "Lermontov and Rembrandt" (1946), "Turgenev Theater" (1924), "Pushkin in the theater, armchairs "(1926); belletriz. monographs "The Crime of Sukhovo-Kobylin" (1927), "Pushkin" (1939), "NS Leskov" (1945) and other biographical. rum. and rev .: "Notes of d'Arshiak" (1930), "Roulettenburg" (1932), "Velvet Dictator" (1933), "Roman Nina Zarechnaya" (1967), etc. Mn. works dedicated to the works of F. Dostoevsky: "Dostoevsky" (1965, 2nd ed.); book "Confession of a Jew" (1924; about the tragic fate of "Hebrew Pisarev", A. Kovner, includes his correspondence with F. Dostoevsky and V. Rozanov, constructed as a dispute between the cross defending Jewry and Christ thinkers who do not accept it ). Adj. to the book. - G.'s work "Dostoevsky and Judaism" - reveals the complex attitude of Dostoevsky to Jewry.

grossman meir
has abstract: GROSSMAN Meir (1888, Temryuk, Kuban Region - 1964, Tel Aviv), Zionist, activist, journalist. Began to publish in 1905 in Russian. periodicals, from 1910 - in the period, ed. Yiddish. Studied at Petersburg. un-those, since 1913 - in Berlin, where he was a member. center, to-that Zionist. student org-tion "Ge-Haver", ed. her. in Russian lang. “Heb. student ”and humorous. gas. in Yiddish "Der ashmedai". During the 1st world. war published in Copenhagen, then in London a fortnight in Yiddish "Di Tribune", in which he supported the idea of ​​creating. Heb. legion as part of the English. army. In the beginning. 1917 returned to Petrograd, after Oct. Revolution moved to Kiev, where he was elected member. Executed, to-that Zionists of Ukraine, participated in the work of Heb. nat. meetings and Time. nat. Council of Jews of Ukraine. Was a member. Ukr. Centre. We are glad. During civil. war went abroad to acquaint the world. the public with critical the position of Ukrainian. Jewry. As a result of the trip, to-you help Ukrainian. Jews in England and the USA (1919). In the end. 1919 cum. with J. Landau transformed Heb. correspondent, bureau (created in 1914) in Heb. telegraph, agency. In 1925 he founded a daily in Jerusalem. gas. in English. lang. (from 1950 to now - Jerusalem Post). After creating. Zhabotinsky in 1925 was a revisionist, a Zionist, the party was his closest assistant until the split in 1933 on the issue of subordination to the World. Zionist. org-tion (BCO). G.'s supporters remained in the WZO after the revisionists left it and united in the Party of Hebrews. state-va (in 1948 both parties merged). From 1934 - in E.-I., where he headed a bank that subsidized the settlement of Jews in the country. During the 2nd world. war G. - in the United States, where he actively participated in the Hebrew. societies, life. In 1948 he was elected a member. reign Heb. agency (international. Zionist. org-tion) and was headed by econ. the Department. In 1953 he joined the part…

grossman vasiliy semenovich
has abstract: GROSSMAN Vasily Semenovich (nast, name Iosif Solomonovich) (1905, Moscow - 1964, ibid.), Writer, prose writer. Father is a chemical engineer, mother is a French teacher. lang. In 1929, after graduating from physics and mathematics. L-ta Moscow State University went to Donbass. He worked in Makeyevka as a laboratory assistant at the Scientific Research Institute for the safety of forge, works, then - head. gas analytic lab. mines, later - an assistant chemist in the Donetsk region. in-those pathology and occupational health, an assistant in the Stalinist med. in-those. Having fallen ill with tuberculosis, on the advice of doctors, he changed his place of residence and moved to Moscow. Engineer worked. at a pencil f-ke, later head. lab. and pom. ch. Ing. The experience of the first years of labor activity is reflected in "Gluckauf" (1934), "Ceylon Graphite" (1935), "A Tale of Love" (1937). G. considered himself a student of M. Gorky. Already in one of the first publ. stories "In the city of Berdichev" (1934) was declared Heb. topic. The development of this theme was particularly influenced by the death of the mother in Heb. the Berdichev ghetto. War years - in French, corr. "Red Star". At this time, pov. "The people are immortal" (1942) and started by rum. "For a just cause." Notebooks of that time formed the basis of the book. essays "Stalingrad". The essay "Treblin Hell", published as a brochure, was distributed at the Nuremberg trials. The essay "Ukraine without Jews", publ. only in the era of publicity. Understanding war as a continuation of life in extreme circumstances forms the basis of Grossman's military theme, incl. dilogies "Life and Fate" - Ch. manuf. D. One of the strongest pages of the dilogy is the description of the life and death of Hebrews. ghetto. The tragic solution to this theme lends a sublimity to its sound, rum. becomes a passionate warning against discrimination of any kind. Second rum. dilogy was arrested. After the appeal of the writer to Kh…

grossulovo
has abstract: GROSSULOVO, see [[Great Mikhailovka.

groytsy
has abstract: Grojec, see Grojec.

grozbard david
has abstract: GROZBARD David (b. 1915), military leader, political activist. Since 1932 - in E.-I. From 1934 - in Etzel, participated in pl. combat operations. In 1942 he directed the commander's courses. In 1944 - com. Tel Aviv branch. Since 1945 - in Ch. the command of Etzel. Created honey. service and secret broadcasting art. He founded plants for the production of guns, machine guns, explosives and grenades. After gaining independence - member. center, organs of the Herut party, director. gas. "Herut".

grozintsy
has abstract: GROZINTSY, a village in the Khotyn district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main in 1652.Since 1812 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1903 a pogrom took place in Georgia.

groznaya
has abstract: Grozny, see Grozny.

groznyy
has abstract: GROZNY, city (since 1870), the capital of the Chechen Republic (Russian Federation). Main in 1818 during the Caucasus. wars of 1817-64 as a fortress Groznaya, since 1870 - the district center of the Tersk region From 1922 it was the center of the Chechen Autonomous Okrug, from 1934 - the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic, in 1936-91 - the capital of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (in 1944-57 it was the center of the Grozny Region of the RSFSR). In 1866, 928 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1869 - 995, in 1874 - 1259 (14.9%), in 1890 - 1594, in 1897 - 1711 (10.9%), in 1900 - 2310 (14%), in 1910 - 2474 (9.5%), in 1926 - 2787 (2.9%), including 1475 Mountain Jews, in 1939 - 3992, in 1970 - 4791 (including 202 Mountain Jews, 13 Krymchaks and 2 Karaites), in 1979 - 3758 Jews (1%) The first (mountain) Jews settled in Georgia in the 1830s. During the Caucasus. war, the Jewish population grew at the expense of the Mountain Jews, who were loyal to the growing. to the authorities and those fleeing in Georgia from persecution by the mountain tribes of the Caucasus. In the 2nd floor. 19th century in Georgia there were 2 synagogues (the Ashkenazi synagogue, built in 1863, for Mountain Jews in 1865), 2 schools, and 2 rabbis. Since 1847 Moshe Tsarnis was the rabbi in Georgia. In the 1860s. one of the rabbis was Shaul Biniamini, from 1875 - Yisrael ben Asher. Mountain Jews lived in a special district - Slobodka, were engaged in arable farming, gardening, cattle breeding, and crafts. In 1866 they owned 155 sakles, 4 orchards and vineyards, 27 shops. In 1900, 13 children studied in the Talmud Torah. Local Zionists collected money to set up a library. In 1900 Matvey (Matityagu) Bogatyrev from Georgia took part in the work of the 4th World. Zionist Congress. In the beginning. 1900s the organization Poaley Zion operated in G. In 1906 a Mountain Jewish school was founded in Georgia with teaching in Russian. lang. The first is the director. school was an active participa…

grozov
has abstract: GROZOV, a village in the Kopyl district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Slutsky u. Minsk province. In 1897, 765 Jews (82.4%) lived in Georgia, in 1923 - 686 Jews, in 1926 - 704 Jews (68.6%). In 1863 there were 2 synagogues in Georgia. The rabbi in Georgia from 1898 to 1908 was Chaim-Fishel Epstein (1874—?), After 1908 - Nachman-Joseph Krupenia (1878—?), In the 1920s. - Chaim-Leib Sachs. In 1912, a Jewish loan-savings institution operated in Georgia. m-in. 1941 in Georgia 432 Jews were shot.

gruber lazarj yakovlevich
has abstract: GRUBER Lazar Yakovlevich (1897, Rasputino, Irkutsk province - 1937, Moscow), political worker Kr. Army, corps commissar (1935). Systematic. He did not receive an education, he worked as a handicraftsman-captain, then as an accountant at the Pilot plant in Irkutsk. In 1915 he was drafted into the army, a participant in the 1st world. war. Member Communist. party since 1917. In 1918 - political commissar and military commissar of a number of units of the 1st Army Vost. fr. In 1918–21 a military commissar in a number of districts in Siberia, in 1922–23 p. Novonikolaevsky lips. military commissar, then Altai lips. military commissar. In 1923-32 military commissar and early. political departments of a number of shooters. divisions, in 1932–33 pompolit (military commissar) of the Military Corps. institutions of Ukr. IN. Since 1933 pompolit (military commissar) of the 8th rifleman. housing. Repressed.

grubert iljya khaymovich
has abstract: GRUBERT Ilya Khaimovich (b. 1954, Riga), violinist. Graduated from Moscow. cons. (1978) and postgraduate studies with her (1980) in the class of L.B. Kogan. 1st pr. On Vses. competition of musicians-performers (Lvov, 1977), 2nd ave. competitions them. J. Sibelius (Helsinki, 1975), 1st Ave. N. Paganini (Genoa, 1977), 1st ave. - them. P.I. Tchaikovsky (Moscow, 1978). In the 80s. went abroad.

grubeshov
has abstract: GRUBESHOV, see Hrubeshuv.

grubian motl mikhaylovich
has abstract: GRUBIAN Motl Mikhailovich (1909, Sokolovka, Kiev province - 1972, Moscow), poet. Rod. in the teacher's family. In 1938 he graduated from lit. Faculty of Minsk ped. in-that. Began to publish in 1930 in Kharkov. children gas. Zay Great. In 1935 his first edition came out in Minsk. verse, sat. "Fun kehler af der zun" ("From the basement to the sun"). In 1940 G. published the second collection of works. verse. "Lyrics". In June 1941 he left for the French, in 1943 he was seriously wounded and demobilized. He worked in Heb. anti-fascist, to-those in Moscow, printed in gas. Einikite. At the end of the 40s. repressed. Returning from exile in 1956, he continued to work in the genre of poetry. miniatures, in a cut he managed to convey deep feelings, his vision of the world. In the work of G. postwar. period, especially in the 60s, naib, the tragedy of the Holocaust experienced by the Jews is clearly visible. These verses. included in his collection of books "Gezang vegn mut" ("Song of Courage", 1947), "Umruiker vint" ("Restless Wind", 1974), "House of Eybike Fire" ("Eternal Flame", 1976).

grudsk
has abstract: GRUDSK, a village in the Bialystok Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Since 1807 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Bialystok region, since 1842 - the town of Gorodok Bialystok u. Grodno province. In 1847 there were 454 Jews in Georgia, in 1897 - 2513 (78.3%), in 1921 - 1508 Jews. Since 1905, Avrom-Zelig Tsiyuni (1882—?) Was the rabbi in Georgia. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan-savings bank in Georgia. m-in. In the 1920s and 30s. in G. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1941 a ghetto was created in Georgia, in which there were approx. 2500 people The ghetto was liquidated in November. 1942.

gruets
has abstract: GRUEC, a city (since 1419) in the Radom Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 12th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - the county town of Groitsy, Warsaw province. In 1808, 347 Jews (52%) lived in Georgia, in 1827 - 856 (50%), in 1857 - 1719 (69%), in 1897 - 3723 (63.4 %), in 1921 - 4922 Jews (60%) Jews lived in Georgia from the middle. 18 century, were engaged in crafts, some - the production and sale of alcoholic beverages and beer, as well as timber trade and fruit trade. Fruits were supplied to all cr. cities of the region. All R. 19th century a synagogue was built, ed. wall painting (artist David Friedlander). For some time, Israel Epstein, a magid from Kozintsy, lived in Georgia, the founder of the Kozinets Hasidic dynasty. The Hasidic court of Shragi-Faivl Danzscher (? —1849) was located in Georgia. His son Ichiel Danzscher (1848-1894) in 1876 founded the dynasty of Alexander Hasidim in Alexandrov (present-day Alexandruv-Ludzki). In the end. 19th century in G. were created decomp. philanthropist. org-tion. A fund for mutual assistance and credit was opened in 1907, and the first Zionist circle arose in Georgia in 1904. After a while, branches of the majority of Jewish parties and movements were opened. Before the 1st world. During the war, the Jewish state worked in Georgia. school for girls, in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. t-in, in 1916 - a Jewish library, in 1917 - children. garden with teaching in Hebrew. In the 1920s. in G. were created by prof. associations of Jewish artisans. In 1922 a school and children were opened. garden of the "Tarbut" network, with the assistance of "Agudas Israel" - "Beis Yaakov" school. In 1926, a Yiddish school began to operate. Rabbi of G. in the 1890s - 1930s. was Eliyahu Lifshits8 Sept. 1939 germ. troops occupied G. In November. 1939 pl. the Jews of Georgia fled to areas under the control of the USSR. In the end. nov. 1939 The Ju…

grulev mikhail vladimirovich
has abstract: GRULEV Mikhail Vladimirovich (1857, Rezhitsa Vitebsk province - 1943, Nice, France), military. historian, general-leith. (1912). Got a trad. Heb. education. Graduated from the Sebezh district school. In 1878 he entered the army as a volunteer. In 1879 he converted to Orthodoxy. He graduated from the Warsaw cadet school and in 1882 was promoted to officer. In 1888 he graduated from Acad. Gene. headquarters, in 1889 ranked among the General. headquarters, served in the Amur and Turkestan VOs, made a number of trips to India, Egypt, China, Japan, headed scientific. exp. in Manchuria, carried out the surveys necessary for the construction of the Chinese Eastern Railway, recommended a place for laying the city of Harbin. During Russian-Japanese. war 1904-05 commanded a regiment, then a division, distinguished himself in battles on the river. Shahe. In 1905–07 he refused to participate in the suppression of the roar. performances. In 1907–09 he worked in the military. commissions at Ch. management of General. headquarters according to the description of the Russian-Japanese. war, participated in the compilation of the "History of Russian-Japanese. war ". From 1910 to the beginning. headquarters of the Brest-Litovsk Fortress. In 1912, due to the threat of dismissal for radical speeches in the press, he resigned, settled in Nice. 1870s (poems in ancient Hebrew in the newspaper "Ha-tsfira"), from 1880 he systematically published in Russian. periodic. ed. Art. and notes on the military. questions and about their travels. Was ed. "Turkestansky vedomosti", "Izvestia" of the Turkestan branch of Rus. geogr. about-va, pom. ed. military. g. "Scout". Naib. Izv. tr. G. “At the headquarters and in the fields of the D. East” (vols. 1–2, 1908), “Rivalry between Russia and England in Wed. Asia ”(1909, translated in German and English). G.'s interest in the problems of Hebrew. life manifested itself in the series of Art. on the Dreyfus affair and in Art. “Questions nat. and the confession…

grunau
has abstract: GRUNAU, see Aleksandronevsk.

grunberg
has abstract: GRUNBERG (Grinberg) Avragam (1841, Chisinau - 1906), merchant and owner, Palestinophile. . One of the first rich Jews joined the Khibat Zion movement. Provided support to L. Pinsker in Odessa. In 1889 at the conf. Hovevey-Zion in Vilna was elected to the committee of trustees (among the members of the committee were S. Mogilever and S.I. Fyun), who became in Ch. movement instead of Pinsker. In 1890 he obtained permission from the tsarist administration to create. “Societies for the Aid to Jewish Farmers and Craftsmen in Syria and Palestine” (official name of Odessa, Hovevei-Zion). After the death of Pinsker (1892) he was elected before. about-va and left this post for several. months before death. He headed a delegation that discussed in Paris with Baron Rothschild the methods of creating agricultural. settlements in E.-I. (1901), there was a post. protector of the interests of Jews before growing up. the authorities.

grunj
has abstract: GRUN, a village in the Akhtyrsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lebedinsky u. Kharkov province. In the 1920s. In 1926, 35 Jews did not live in the Grunsk region, 35 in 1939, and 25 in 1939. 1942 4 Jewish families were shot in Georgia.

grushev
has abstract: GRUSHEV, a village in the Drohobych district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921 164 Jews lived in Georgia. In May 1942 the Jews of Georgia were deported to Lyubeshov.

grushka
has abstract: GRUSHKA, a village in the Ulyanovsk district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk Gubernia. In 1923 there were 5 Jews living in Georgia, in 1926 - 37 Jews (4.1%).

grushko pavel moiseevich
has abstract: GRUSHKO Pavel Moiseevich (b. 1931, Odessa), poet, playwright, translator. Graduated from App. dep. per. Faculty of the 1st Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (1955). Hands. creative seminar per. Hispanic lit-r in Lit. in-those. Author of cycles of poems "Simple variegation" (1986–87), "Transforms" (1992). G. own the libretto in the poem "The Star and Death of Joaquin Murieta" - based on the dramas. cantatas by P. Neruda; "The Monarch, the Harlot and the Monk" based on the novel by T. Mann "Fiorentz" and others. per. with Spanish in Russian (Luis de Gongora-y-Argote, J.R. Jimenez, F.G. Lorca, R. Alberti, etc.), from English. (Thomas, R.P. Warren, Auden, R. Wilber et al.).

grushlauke
has abstract: GRUSHLAUKE, a village in the Kretinga district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Grushlawki Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. 19th century in G. lived several. Jewish families.

grushlavki
has abstract: PEARS, see Grushlauke.

gruvman motl iosifovich
has abstract: GRUVMAN Motl Iosifovich (1916, Nemirov, Bratslavsky u. Podolsk province. - 1990, Novgorod), poet. After graduation. school went to Kharkov, entered to study in Hebrew. branch journalist, technical school. By that time are the first. G.'s publications in gas. "Zay Great", "Junge Guard". He wrote in Yiddish. In the end. 30s was drafted into the army, participated in the battles on Khalkhin Gol, the entire 2nd world. the war was in action. army, demobilized with the rank of colonel. G.'s poems were published in periodicals. print, included in collection, alm. From the beginning. exit railway "Sovetish Gameland" published poems, poems, essays in it. In 1983, the Sov. writer "released Sat. verse. G. "Jorn fun gewiter" ("The Thunderous Years"), which included Ch. arr. poems about the war.

gruzberg semen borisovich
has abstract: GRUZBERG Semyon Borisovich (1918, Kamenets-Podolsky - 2000, Lvov), painter, graphic artist. He studied at the Kiev art. technical school and Kharkov art. in-those at Acad. V. Kasiyan, prof. S. Besedina and others. 2nd world. war, author izv. ser. “On the roads led. Otech. war ". G.'s first appeal to Heb. the topic refers to the end. 1930s (drew the actors of the Jewish t-ditch of Kiev and Kharkov for the gas. "Red Banner" in Kharkov), then made out joint. with F. Nirod the performances "The Witch" and "Hershele Ostropoler". In the midst of anti-Semitic. campaigns to "fight homeless. cosmopolitans "G. created. “Portrait of Hon. active cult. Ukraine MI Goldblat in the role of Girsh "Glik" (the hero of the play by P. Markish "Uprising in the Ghetto"). Created a number of portraits of activists. Heb. culture, among which poet L. Pervomaisky (I.Sh. Gurevich), P. Markish, Sholem Aleichem and others. The personality and work of Sholem Aleichem is a special theme in the production. G., to-ry created many. portrait of the writer, stored, for example, in the National. museum in New York. Prod. G. publ. in f. "Sovetish gameland", he participated in pl. exhibitions. G.'s works are kept in museums on the territory. ex. USSR, as well as abroad.

gruzdi
has abstract: LOAD, see Gruzdzhyay.

gruzdzhyay
has abstract: GRUZDZHIAI, a town in the Siauliai region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Gruzdi Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940-91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 432 Jews (37.2%) lived in Georgia, in 1923 - 142 (10%), in 1939 - 75 Jews (6%) . Jews lived in Georgia from the end. 18th century In 1861–85, Moishe Shapiro (? —1885) was the rabbi in Georgia, in 1885–88 — Israel Levin, from 1889 — A. Valkin, and from 1905 — Itskhok-Aizik Fridman (1874—?). In the 1920s and 30s. in Georgia, there was a branch of the Jewish People's Bank and a Jewish school. The rabbi was Zisl Levin. 5 Aug. 1941 Lithuanian police shot 50 Jews in G. The rest were shot at the beginning. Sep 1941.

gruzenberg oskar osipovich
has abstract: GRUZENBERG Oskar Osipovich (Oscar-Israel Iosifovich) (1866, Ekaterinoslav - 1940, Nice, France), lawyer, societies, activist. Brother of Samuel G. Graduated from law. Faculty of Kiev University (1889), rejected the offer to stay at the department to prepare for a professorship because of the demands to accept Christ. He settled in St. Petersburg, soon became one of the most famous. metropolitan lawyers, but as a Jew only in 1905 received the title of attorney at law. Along with criminal cases, G. often acted as a defender at the trials of prominent writers and societies, figures (M. Gorky, K. I. Chukovsky, P. N. Milyukov, V. G. Korolenko, etc.) and in political cases (the case member of the St. Petersburg Council of Workers' Deputies, the case of the signing of the deputy of the 1st State Duma of the so-called "Vyborg Appeal", etc.) ... courts often rescued defendants from the gallows. Particular popularity brought G. participation in a specifically Hebrew. processes. In the case on charges of D. Blondes with attempted ritual murder (1900–02), G. achieved cassation of the first (accused) verdict and final acquittal of the defendant, Vseros. fame received G.'s speeches at the trials on the Hebrew. pogroms in Chisinau and Minsk, in the case of the attempt on the life of P. Dashevsky on the Black Hundred publicist P. Krushevan (1903). The pinnacle of G.'s career as a lawyer is participation in the case of M.-M. Beilis, a cut he likened the court. reprisals during the Inquisition. Since the fall of 1905, G. - member. party of the Cadets, in 1907 ran from the party in the 2nd State. Duma from Vilna province, but was not elected. In the same year he was assisted by a lawyer. advice gr. dep.-Jews of the 3rd State. thoughts. Since 1912, member. watered, bureau for assistance to dep.-Jews of the 4th State. thoughts. In 1917 he became close to the Zionists, was elected on a single Heb. list in dep. Vseros. Will establish. meetings. During civil. war in 1918-19 was headed by H…

gruzenberg samuil osipovich
has abstract: GRUZENBERG Samuil Osipovich (1854, Kherson province - 1909, St. Petersburg), doctor, publicist, societies, activist. Oscar's brother G. Received trad. Heb. education. Graduated from the Military-med. acad. in Petersburg (1885). From the beginning. 1880s was published in petersburg. periodic. ed. In 1889, publ. in Heb. review "Art. "About physical. condition of the Jews, "fasting soon became. sotr. g. "Voskhod" and "Voskhod Books" (lit. ps: S. Dniprov, S. Osipov and others), published art. on anthropology, statistics and issues of Heb. life. From the end. 1890s often replaced ed. A.E. Landau. At the same time. worked in the Society for the dissemination of education among Jews in Russia, in 1892-96 members. They advise. bureau at Heb. colonization society, the author of the note “On certain needs of Heb. population in Russia "(1896). In 1900–04 he published gas in St. Petersburg. "Future" ("Independent body of Russian Jews"), as well as its annual. lit.-scientific. collection. Forced by finance. difficulties to stop publishing, G. departed from literary activity and last. years he was engaged exclusively in honey. practice.

gruzenberg semen-solomon osipovich
has abstract: GRUZENBERG Semyon-Solomon Osipovich (1875-1938), historian of philosophy, societies. activist. He studied law. and ist.-philol. f-takh Petersburg. un-that, at the end, rejected the offer to stay at un-those to prepare for a professorship, tk. this required the adoption of Orthodoxy. In the end. 1890s - early. 1900s listened to lectures on philosophy in Germany, in 1904 gave a course of lectures on new philosophy at the Higher. Russian school of societies, sciences in Paris. Upon his return to Russia, he entered the Moscow Bar, but was engaged in Ch. arr. lit.-scientific. activities; read publ. lectures on philosophy in St. Petersburg and other cities, taught in private St. Petersburg. gymnasiums and Psycho-neurological. Institute for the Department of the History of New Philosophy, Chl. About Nar. un-tov, Rus. about-va normal and pathological. psychology at Voen.-med. acad. and others Philos. tr. G. are devoted to the interpretation of the teachings of A. Schopenhauer. Works: Arthur Schopenhauer, St. Petersburg, 1912; Sketches of modern. philosophy, SPb., 1911.

gruziya
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ГРУЗИЯ, государство в центр. и зап. части Закавказья, на западе омывается Черным морем. Столица — Тбилиси (до 1936 — Тифлис). В 8—6 вв. до н. э. на терр. совр. Зап. Г. существовало Колхидское царство, в 4—3 вв. до н. э. на востоке Г. — гос-во Иберия. В 6 — нач. 10 в. терр. Г. находилась под властью перс. гос-ва Сасанидов, Византии и Арабского халифата. В 8 — нач. 9 в. сложились кн-ва Кахети, Эрети, Тао-Кларджетское, а также Абхазское царство. В 11—13 вв. — объедин. Груз. царство. В 13—14 вв. терр. Г. подвергалась нашествиям монголо-татар, Тамерлана, в 16 — нач. 18 в. — персов и турок. В 15 — нач. 19 в. на этой терр. существовали царства и кн-ва Картли, Кахети, Имеретия, Самцхе-Саатабаго, Мегрелия, Гурия и Абхазия. В 1783 Вост. Г. перешла под протекторат России. В 1801 Вост. Г., в 1803—64 Зап. Г. вошли в состав Рос. империи (позднее составили Тифлисскую и Кутаисскую губ.). В 1918 терр. Г. была оккупирована тур.-герм., затем брит. войсками. В мае 1918 образована Грузинская Демократическая Республика. В 1921 на терр. Г. вошли части Кр. Армии, в февр. 1921 образована ГССР (с марта 1922 — в составе ЗСФСР, с дек. 1922 — в составе СССР). В 1991 Г. стала независимым гос-вом.По бытующей среди грузинских евреев легенде, они являются потомками одного из десяти колен израилевых, расселение к-рых началось в 8 в. до н. э. По др. версии, евреи стали селиться в Г. после разорения Иерусалима вавилонским царем Навуходоносором II в 586 до н. э. Ряд исследователей связывает упом. пророком Овадией Сапарад (самое отдаленное место поселения евреев) с землей древнегруз. племени сасперов (Спер, Испир).Согласно древнегруз. ист. традиции переселение евреев в Г. проходило и в последующие века (в т. ч. во 2 в. до н. э. и 1 в. н. э.). В древнегруз. трактате «Обращение Грузии» (4—9 вв.) отмечено бытовавшее среди грузинских евреев предание об их происхождении из колена Бениамина. По данным древнегруз. источников, еврейская община Г. поддерживала связи с Э.-И. и др.…

gruzman shulim
has abstract: GRUZMAN Shulim (Shmoil) Aizikovich (party ps. Alexander) (| - 1919, Yekaterinoslav), participant in the fight for the Sov. power in Ukraine, chl. Communist. party since 1912. During the 1st world. wars in exile in Siberia. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 at school desks, work in Donbass. Since March 1917, member. Gorlovsky committee of the RSDLP (b). From the end. Apr - secret. Gorlovsko-Shcherbinovsky RK RSDLP (b). Affairs. 1st All-Russia. Congress of Soviets (elected member. VTsP K), participated in the work of the 2nd All-Russia. Congress of Soviets with a consultant. voice (October 1917). After Oct. coup one of the organizers and hands. Bureau of military-rev. to-tos of Donbass (since January 1918 - Central Military Revolutionary Committee of Donbass) and Center. headquarters of Kr. Guards, formed and armed its detachments, participated in the suppression of weapons. performances at hand. ataman A.M. Kaledin. Since May 1918 in Moscow, member. Moscow region Bureau of the RCP (b), then worked in the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the party. At the 1st (July 1918) and 2nd (October 1918) congresses of the CP (b) U in Moscow, a member was elected. its Central Committee, after the 2nd Congress of the CP (b) U, was a member of Execute, the Bureau of the Central Committee of the CP (b) U, a cut which led the underground organizations in the occupied territory. Ukraine. From the end. oct. 1918 members Overseas. Bureau of the Central Committee of the CP (b) U, worked underground in Kharkov, then in Yekaterinoslav. Killed in battle during the defense of Yekaterinoslav.

gryada
has abstract: GRYADA, a village in Zhitkovichi district, Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Ridges of Mozyr u. Minsk province. In May 1925 approx. G. was organized by Jewish agriculture. artel named after Maurice Vinchevsky.

gryady
has abstract: RIDES, see Ridge.

gryazi
has abstract: GRYAZI, city (since 1938), a regional center in the Lipetsk region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in the 2nd floor. 19th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Lipetsk u. Tambov Gubernia. In 1926, 26 Jews (0.3%) lived in Georgia, and in 1939 - 33 Jews.

gryazovets
has abstract: GRYAZOVETS, a city (since 1780), a regional center in the Vologda region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1538. At 19 - early. 20th century In 1910 there were 9 Jews living in Georgia, in 1926 - 5, in 1939 - 7 Jews.

grychinovichi
has abstract: GRYCHINOVICHI, a village in the Zhitkovichi district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Grichinovichi, Mozyr u. Minsk province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1921, 35 Jews lived in Georgia. In 1942, Jews of Georgia were shot.

gryuenshteyn natan
has abstract: GRUENSTEIN Nathan (1877, Lithuania - 1932), it. organic chemist. Comp. in chem. company in Frankfurt-am-Main, developed a method for the conversion of acetylene into acetaldehyde using mercury salts as a catalyst and with the subsequent production of acetic acid, acetic anhydride, acetone, etc. Technol. the process proposed by G. was first used in the industry in 1916 and up to the middle. 60s, Ch. method of obtaining these chem. drugs. An active member of the Zionist movement.

grzhebin zinoviy isaevich
has abstract: GRZHEBIN Zinovy ​​Isaevich (1877, Chuguev, Kharkov Gubernia - 1929, Paris), publisher. In 1899 he graduated from the Kharkov art. uch-shche. In 1899-1905 he studied painting in Munich and Paris. In 1905-06 ed. satirical. g. "Bogey". In 1906-17, he was co-owner of the Rosevnik publishing house. In 1907-12 the fact. hands. publishing house "Pantheon". In 1914-15 ed. Ed. weekly illustr. g. "Fatherland". In 1916-17 sotr. founded by M. Gorky publishing house "Parus". In 1918-19 he participated in the creation. one of the first owls. publishing house "World Literature". In 1919 he founded a private publishing house in Petrograd with branches in Berlin and Moscow. In 1920, in agreement with Gosizdat, he established a publishing house in Berlin. book for Russia (published works of classics of Russian literature, book for children, scientific and scientific-popular literature). In 1923, due to the ban on the import of the book. in the USSR, the publishing house of Georgia from abroad collapsed. From 1923 he lived in France. One of G.'s daughters, Leah (b. 1906), is the heroine of KI Chukovsky's fairy tale "Crocodile" ("Lyalya's girl").

gubeljman moisey izrailevich
has abstract: GUBELMAN Moisey Izrailevich (1884, Chita - 1968, Moscow), part. activist. Brother of Yem. Yaroslavsky. Member Communist. parties since 1902. Graduated from the district school in Chita. In 1902–03 he worked in the Chita organization of the RSDLP, in 1905–07 he was a member. Party members in Chita and Verkhneudinsk were arrested several times. In 1907 he was drafted into the military. service, led the roar. propaganda among the soldiers, in June 1907 he fled from arrest. In 1907 - 10 members. Vladivostok to-that RSDLP. In 1910 he was arrested, the Irkutsk military-env. sentenced to 8 years of hard labor by the court (he served in hard labor prisons in Gorny Zerentui, Kadai, Kutomar and in the Ushakovsky mines). After Feb. the roar led the roar. work in Siberia and the Far East. From Sept. 1917 members Dalnevost. regional bureau RSDLP (b) and Pres. Executive Committee of the Vladivostok Council. In 1918, members. Dalnevost. regional executive committee and DalsNK, in May-July - Commissar of the 1st Far East. socialist detachment, a representative of the DalSNK and Dalkraikom RCP (b) in the Transbaikal fr. From the end. 1918 one of the hands. Bolshevik. underground in D.Vostok, in 1919 a member. Dalnevost. regional committee of the RCP (b) and military-rev. headquarters for the preparation of weapons. rev. in Primorye. From nov. 1920 pre. Primorsky Regional Committee of the RCP (b), from April. 1921 members Dalburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), organizer of partisans. traffic in Primorye. June 1921 - Jan. 1922 members Military. council Nar.-rev. Army Far East. rep. Further to the co-op., Part. and prof. work. Member Vses. about-va former. political prisoners and exiled settlers (since 1922).

guber rivka
has abstract: GUBER Rivka (1902, Novo-Vitebsk, Kherson district and province. - 1981, Israel), societies. activist. In E.-I. from 1925. Lost two sons during the Revolutionary War. Dedicated to facilitating the absorption of returnees, ch. arr. in the district of Lakhish. State pr. Israel in (1976) for the state. and societies. activity.

gubergrits maks moiseevich
has abstract: GUBERGRITS Max Moiseevich (1886, Romny, Poltava province - 1951, Kiev), therapist, professor, acad. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1948). Graduated from honey. faculty of Kiev un-that (1911), worked in a therapeutic. clinic V.P. Obraztsov (1911-1914). In 1915 he was sent to the lab. I.P. Pavlova, where he conducted the experiment. issl., to-rye formed the basis of their joint. the work "Reflex of Freedom" (1915). Since 1920 head. department of private pathology and therapy, from 1928 until the end of life - department of propaedeutics, internal. diseases of Kiev honey. in-that. At the same time. headed the clinic. dep. Ying-that nutrition (1930-41) and Ying-that endocrinology (1932-34) in Kiev. Honored. Scientist of the Ukrainian SSR (1935). tr. G. dedicated ch. arr. physiology and pathology of blood circulation, digestion, as well as the problem of pain. A number of works are devoted to improving diagnostic methods, incl. auscultation of heart sounds, proposed original research methods. function of the pancreas, described a number of chronic symptoms. pancreatitis and appendicitis. I paid a lot of attention to questions to lay down. nutrition, the study of the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer and cardiovascular diseases (including angina pectoris), endocrine disorders (including diabetes mellitus, Graves' disease), etc. In 1941-45, in evacuation hospitals in Tomsk and Chelyabinsk, he worked on the creation ... effective treatments for penetrating chest wounds. Deputy prev. reign of Vses. and Ukr. therapeutic. Societies: Clinical Diagnostics, Kiev, 1939; Kiev-Kharkov, 1947; Selected Works, Kiev, 1959.

guberman ayzik shmulevich
has abstract: GUBERMAN Aizik Shmulevich (1906, Felshtin, Podolsk province. - 1966, Moscow), poet, playwright. Graduated from Odessa ped. technical College. Worked as a teacher. He began to publish in 1928 in Zh. Odesar Arbeter. Published poetry and poems to the center. g. "Soviet Literature", "Soviet", "Stern" and others. In 1934, the first was published. book - the poem "Podolia - mine game" ("Podolia - my homeland"), in 1939 the poem "Ashtibl bam taih" ("House by the river") - about Heb. young people reaching out to big cities. In the end. 30s acts as a playwright. With great success in Heb. t-t-rah were his plays "Dos maidl fun Moscow" ("Girl from Moscow"), "A gast fun yener velt" ("Guest from the other world"), and after the war the comedy "Glichlikhe bagenishn" ("Happy meeting") , "Kedai tsu lebn af der velt" ("It is worth living in the world"), "Di erd izkayleh-dik" ("The earth is round"). 1949–56 in custody.

guberman bronislav
has abstract: HUBERMAN Bronislav (1882, Czestochowa - 1947, Corsier sur Vevey, Switzerland), violinist. He studied violin from early childhood, gave concerts from 11 years old. Performed under I. Lotto in Warsaw and J. Joachim in Berlin. G. was the first to be honored to play the violin of N. Paganini in Genoa (1909). Until 1933 he lived in Berlin, after the Nazis came to power he emigrated. He taught the violin class at the School of Masters at the Academy of Music in Vienna (1934–36). Lived in E.-I .; founded in Tel Aviv symph. orc. In 1936 he published "An Open Letter to the German Intelligentsia", condemned the anti-humanist. essence of fascism. The repertoire includes violin concerts in Russian, German. classics, as well as waltzes and mazurkas by F. Chopin in his own. transcriptions. He became famous as a master of violin miniature. He has toured in the cities of Russia (since 1900) and the USSR (1926, 1928, 1929).

guberman igorj mironovich
has abstract: GUBERMAN Igor Mironovich (b. 1936, Moscow), poet, prose writer. Graduated from Moscow. in-t engineer transport. The first publication was in 1962 (in the journal Knowledge is Power). In the 1960s and 70s. worked in the genre of popular science, document. prose: "The Third Triumvirate" (on biological. Cybernetics, Moscow, 1965), "Miracles and tragedies of the black box" (on the study of the brain, Moscow, 1968), "Defeated Time" (story about N. Morozov; published under the name of M. Popovsky, M., 1975), “Bekhterev. Pages of Life "(M., 1976). G. also published a number of scripts for television and film (documentary). He owns a number of Art. and essays in pl. periodic. ed. He became known as the author of poems full of sarcasm and irony in relation to the existing regime, the poems were not published, but were widely known - sometimes even without the author's name, they were distributed in lists. Participated in the ed. illegal train "Jews in the USSR". 1979–84 in imprisonment and exile. Since 1988 - in Israel, where he continues to lit. activity. For the first time in the USSR, G.'s poems were published in 1990 in gas. "Mosk. Komsomolets ", then poetic. selections and other gas. and f. In 1992, a 2-volume edition "Gariki for Every Day" was published in Moscow, in 1994 - "The Second Jerusalem Diary". G. calls his poems-miniatures “Garikami” - as a rule, quatrains, b.ch. to-rykh - in the genre of poetry. satire, ironic. verse. They reflect the contradictions characteristic of owls. and grew. about-va 1980–90-ies, decomp. spheres of life. Poems G. are distinguished by the richness and naturalness of intonations, the depth and sharpness of thin. image, aphorism. G. writes and prose writer. manuf. - in 1994 in Moscow ed. pov. "Walking Around the Barracks", rum. "Strokes for a portrait" - about NA Bruni. Prod. G. were published in Russian. lang. abroad (including in the railway "Continent" in Paris), per. to foreign lang.

gubnitskiy aleksandr matveevich
has abstract: GUBNITSKY Alexander Matveyevich (1912, Lipovetsky Monastery near Kiev province - 1974, Moscow), prose writer. Rod. in the cooper's family. In the end. 20s came with his parents to Birobidzhan, where he worked as a driver. From ser. 30s in Moscow. He worked at the construction site of the subway. He made his debut with stories and essays in periodicals. ed. Der Emes, Der Stern, and others. Participant in the 1941-45 war. First. his book. "Chauffeurs" went to the lane. in Russian lang. He actively published in "Sovetish Gameland". He wrote stories and essays from life after. m., about working youth coming from Hebrews. m. for large construction sites in industrial, cities. The author of the book. stories "My. Pedigree" (1973).

guchko
has abstract: GUCHKO, now part of the city of Dobromil (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. Between 1919 and 1939 it was in the Lvov Voivodeship, a part of Poland, and in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 202 Jews lived in Georgia. The Jewish population of Georgia was exterminated in the end. summer 1942.

gudauta
has abstract: GUDAUTA, a city (since 1926), a regional center in Abkhazia (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Kutaisi province. In 1921-91 it was a part of the Georgian SSR. In 1926 31 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1939 - 44, in 1959 - 136, in 1970 - 87, in 1979 - 48 Jews (including 43 Ashkenazi). in Georgia since the 1910s.

gudele
has abstract: GUDELE, see Buzz.

gudermes
has abstract: GUDERMES, a city (since 1941), a regional center in the Chechen Republic (Russian Federation). Main all R. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Grozny env. Tersk Region In 1939, 36 Jews lived in Georgia.

gudinishkes
has abstract: GUDINISKES, a village in the Alytus region (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Seinsky u. In Suwalki Gubernia, the gravestones of the Jewish cemetery are partially preserved in Georgia.

gudkovich zalman markovich
has abstract: GUDKOVICH Zalman Markovich (b. 1925, Vitebsk), oceanologist, polar explorer. Graduated from Leningrad. Higher. arctic. pestilence. uch-shche them. adm. S.O. Makarova. Participated in the first duration. year-round drift n.-i. Art. "North. Pole-2 "under the direction of MM Somov (1950-51). Later I spent another wintering st. "North. pole ", participated in air ice reconnaissance flights, in the sea. exp. all in. Arctic approx., Incl. - on the first owl. n.-i. icebreaker "Otto Schmidt". Dr. Geogr. sciences. Specialist in the region. pestilence. currents and drift arctic. ice. Author tr. on oceanology.

gudman pol
has abstract: GUDMAN Paul (1875, Derpt, Livland province - 1949), Zionist. and societies. activist. In 1891 G. came to England. In tech. pl. years was a secret. Heb. Spanish. and portug. communities. G. became an active Zionist after he heard the address of Theodor Herzl at his first meeting in London (1896). Occupied dec. posts in the Zionist movement in London, was almost. sec. polit. to-that (appointed by H. Weizmann and N. Sokolov before the publication of the Balfour Declaration). Together with Arthur Lewis ed. book Zionism: Problems and Views (1916), was ed. "Zionist Review" (1920–26, 1934–38), participated in the dec. Heb. encyclopedias and the Zionist, periodicals. Among his works: "Synagogue and Church" (1908); History of the Jews (1911); Moses Montefiori (1925); Zionism in England (1930); “Heb. nat. house "(1943).

gudyalyay
has abstract: GUDYALIAI, a town in the Marijampole region (Republic of Lithuania). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - v. Gudele Mariampolskogo u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1901, 13 Jews (3.0%) lived in Georgia, in 1923 - 193 Jews. In 1931 Jews owned 2 mills, 2 sawmills, a tavern, a factory for the production of oil and a workshop for the manufacture of felt. Jews of Georgia were shot on June 23, 1941.

gudzenko lev iosifovich
has abstract: GUDZENKO Lev Iosifovich (1927, Kiev - 1978, Moscow), theoretical physicist, Doctor of Phys.-Math. sciences. In 1944 he passed the exams for Wed. school, then finished three courses of Moscow. energetic in-that (study was interrupted due to heart disease). In 1954 he graduated from Moscow in absentia. un-t. From 1950 until the end of his life he worked at Phys. in-those of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. interests - low-temperature plasma, radiophysics, theory of atomic collisions, astrophysics, quantum. electronics, biology and honey. diagnostics. Developed the theory of fluctuations in self-oscillation. systems of a general type (he established the dependence of the statistical properties of fluctuation motions in a system on its dynamic properties and formulated a general correlation approach to the solution of inverse problems in the statistical theory of oscillations). Offered origin. cyclical model solar activity. Developed a method for diagnosing cardiac activity based on correlation processing of cardiograms. Discovered a kind of auto-stabilization of the phase of the relaxation generator with internal. fluctuations. Joint. with sotr. made creatures, contributed to the problem created. plasma lasers (analysis of population inversion mechanisms in supercooled plasma, lasers in scattering molecules, X-ray lasers and reactor-lasers). Ch. scientific. schools. Author approx. 150 scientific. works. Cit .: In search of the nature of sunspots, M., 1972; Plasma Lasers, Moscow, 1978 (with S.I. Yakovenko).

gudzenko semen petrovich
has abstract: GUDZENKO Semyon Petrovich (1922, Kiev - 1953, Moscow), poet. Studied at MIFLI. In 1941, he volunteered for the French, was seriously wounded. From the very first publications and the book. G. is a military poet. generation, in his poems the "trench" truth about the war sounds. In the first post-war. For years, semi-official criticism accused the book: "Fellow soldiers" (1944), "Poems and Ballads" (1945), "After the March" (1947), G.'s verses in "naturalism" and "pessimism." Naib. Izv. poems: "Before the Attack", "Ballad of Friendship", "My Generation", etc. As a journalist he traveled a lot around the country. As a result of these trips, essays and poems about Tuva, Transcarpathia, Wed. Asia, a poem about the post-war. army "Distant garrison", cycle, lyric. poetry. After G.'s death they published: “Favorites. Poems and Poems "(1957); Army Notebooks (1962); Testament of Courage (1971).

gudzhyunay
has abstract: GUJUNAI, a town in the Kedain region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Gudzyany Kovensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40, it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91, the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 103 Jews lived in Georgia. Aug 1941 Jews of G. were taken to Krakes and shot there on 2 Sept. 1941.

gudzyany
has abstract: GUDZYANS, see Gujunai.

gufeljd eduard efimovich
has abstract: Eduard Efimovich GUFELD (b. 1936, Kiev), chess player; int. grandmaster (1967). Honored. trainer of the USSR (1981), trainer of the world champion (1978–1990) M.G. Chiburdanidze. Coach of the USSR women's national team at the Olympics (1982 and 1984). Prev FIDE Chess Aesthetics Commission. Shahm. theorist and writer. Member of eight USSR championships. Winner pl. int. tournaments, incl. Tbilisi (1980), Barcelona (1979), Havana (1985). Combination style chess player. He made a valuable contribution to the theory of the Sicilian and King's Indian Defense. Works: L. Stein. M., 1980 (et al.); Seventeen Springs of Maya. M., 1980 (et al.); Sicilian Defense. Dragon variant. M., 1982; Brief Encyclopedia of Chess. debuts. Kiev, 1986; G. Kasparov. Tbilisi, 1987.

gugelj yakov semenovich
has abstract: GUGEL Yakov Semenovich (1895, Gorki, Mogilev province - 1937, Kiev), state. activist, organizer of industry in the USSR. Member of the 1st world. and citizen wars. He graduated from two courses Kharkov, technol. in-that. Since 1921, in leading positions in the metallurgical. industry (in Taganrog, Donetsk, Konstantinovka). Since 1926, dir. Mariupol metallurgist w-yes to them. Ilyich. Supervised the reconstruction of the plant and the construction of a new pipe shop. The initiator of the construction of the Azov-Steel plant in Mariupol, the first beginning. "Azovstalstroy". From 1931 to the beginning. building of Magnitogorsk metallurgical combine, then deputy. early Main Directorate of Metallurgical industry of the USSR. In 1933, the beginning was again appointed. "Azovstalstroy". In 1937 he was arrested on false charges and shot. Ord. Lenin (1935).

gukhman mirra moiseevna
has abstract: GUKHMAN Mirra Moiseevna (1904, Baku - 1989, Moscow), linguist, Doctor of Philology. Sciences (1955). R. in the family of a doctor. Graduated from History-Philology. f-t Azerb. state un-that (1925). She worked in V. Ivanov's seminar. Cand. dis. defended in 1936. Prof. (since 1940). From 1936 she worked in Moscow. state ped. in-those foreign. lang. Upon returning from evacuation, she worked in Voyen. in-those foreign. lang. Author pl. tr. in the region. general and germ. language knowledge, grammar theory, ist. typology and theory lit. lang. Cit .: From lang. German nationalities to him. nat. lang. Part 1–2. - M., 1955-1959; Gothic language. - M., 1958; East typology and problem of diachronic constants. - M., 1981.

gukovo
has abstract: GUKOVO, city (since 1955) in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1802. At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Gukovsky Verkhnedneprovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. In 1942, 9 Jews were killed in Georgia.

gukovskiy
has abstract: GUKOVSKY, see Gukovo.

gukovskiy grigoriy aleksandrovich
has abstract: GUKOVSKY Grigory Alexandrovich (1902, Petersburg - 1950, Moscow), literary critic, critic, Doctor of Philology. Sciences, prof. Graduated from the Faculty of Societies. Sciences Petrograd. un-that (1923). He taught at school and a number of universities in Leningrad, from 1935 until the end of his life - at un-those, was a professor, then head. department Russian lit-ry. At the same time. worked in Ying-those rus. literature, since 1938 head. department Institute for the improvement of teachers and sects. Leningrad Region Academy ped. sciences. In the years of the 2nd world. war taught at Saratov un-those, was the vice-rector for studies. work. Sci. worked since 1925. Ed. first systematic. course on ist. Russian lit-ry 18th century He took part in textual studies. and scientific. preparation of the meeting. op. A.N.Radishchev, D.I.Fonvizin, I.A.Krylova, G.R.Derzhavin, A.P. Sumarokov and others. about N.V. Gogol came out, unfinished. A brilliant lecturer, G., like some other outstanding philologists, was declared a cosmopolitan and antipatriot. In 1949 he was arrested. He died in the Lefortovo prison. Works: Russian poetry of the 18th century, L., 1927; Essays on ist. Russian literature and societies. thoughts of the 18th century, L., 1938; Rus. literature of the XVIII century, M., 1939; Pushkin and Russian. romance, Saratov, 1946, 2nd ed. M., 1965; Pushkin and samples. realistic style, M.-L., 1957; Realism of Gogol, M.-L., 1959; Study of lit. manuf. at school, M.-L., 1966.

gukovskiy isidor emmanuilovich
has abstract: GUKOVSKY Isidor Emmanuilovich (1871, Petersburg - 1921), polit. activist. Rod. to the merchant. family. He began his career as an assistant. pharmacist. Systematic received no education. Into the roar. movement since 1898, ch. group "Working banner". For belonging to the RSDLP he was sentenced to exile for 5 years in the Yenisei province. Returned from exile in 1904. Conducted party, work in Baku, Odessa. Was repeatedly arrested., Lived in exile. In October 1917 - People's Commissar of Finance of the RSFSR in the first composition of the Sov. gov. In 1920–21 - for a diploma. work: Plenipotentiary of the RSFSR in Estonia. He died of pneumonia.

gukovskiy matvey aleksandrovich
has abstract: GUKOVSKY Matvey Alexandrovich (1898, Petersburg - 1971, ibid.), Historian, Dr. Sciences (1939). Brother of G.A. Gukovsky. Graduated from Petrograd. un-t (1923), where he taught since 1934, (since 1937 prof., since 1953 - head of the department of history of the Middle Ages). In 1946–49 he was also a director. scientific. libraries of the State. The Hermitage. In 1949 he was arrested as a "cosmopolitan" (released in 1956). Author of works on Italian history. Renaissance. Member Int. Institute of Leonardo da Vinci (Amboise, France). Works: Mechanics of Leonardo da Vinci, L., 1947; Ital. Revival, v. 1–2, L., 1947 60, Leonardo da Vinci, 2nd ed., Moscow, 1967.

gulak asher
has abstract: GULAK Asher (1881, borough of Dakir, Livland province - 1940, Jerusalem), Talmudic historian. rights. He studied at the yeshiva, received the title of rabbi. In 1911 he graduated from law. Faculty of Yuryevsky University. In 1919-24 he studied jurisprudence and studied the history of law in Berlin. From 1925 - in E.-I. Since 1926 - lecturer, since 1936 - prof. Heb. rights of Heb. un-that in Jerusalem. Main Tr .: "Fundamentals of Heb. rights "(vols. 1-4, 1922), which are the first systematic experience. Talmudic presentation. citizen rights; "To the study. history of Heb. rights in the Talmud period "(1929), dedicated. development of Heb. land law, publication and reconstruction of Heb. jurid. acts dotalmudich. time with comments; Art. on the history of Heb. culture and nat. problems.

gulbene
has abstract: GULBENE, city (since 1928), regional center (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from 1224.Since 1721 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Schwanenburg Valksky u. Livonia lips. In 1918-40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1925 26 Jews (1.02%) lived in Georgia, in 1930 - 65 (1.8%), in 1935 - 84 Jews (2 , 2%) The Jewish community of Georgia was formed after the 1st World. war. Main the occupation of the Jewish population was trade (Jews owned 7 shops). In July 1941, Germany was occupied. troops. Sep 30 1941 all Jews of Georgia and surrounding villages and townships were destroyed by the Latvian police.

gulistan
has abstract: GULISTAN (until 1922 - Hungry Steppe, until 1961 - Mirzachul), city, center of Syrdarya region. (The Republic of Uzbekistan). Vozn. at the end. 19th century in Jizzakh u. Samarkand Province. In 1970, 58 Jews (0.2%) lived in Georgia, in 1979 - 38 Jews (0.1%).

guljboaka
has abstract: GULBOACA, see Hulboaca.

guljkevichi
has abstract: GULKEVICHI, city (since 1961), a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1875 as a village in the Labinsky department. Kuban Region In 1939, 2 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1999 - approx. 250 Jews.

guljko boris frantsevich
has abstract: GULKO Boris Frantsevich (born 1947, Erfurt), chess player, mezhunar. grandmaster (1976). Graduated from Moscow State University, psychologist. Member of eight USSR championships; champion of the USSR (1977). Participant of the world championship competitions (since 1975); Since 1986 - in the USA. Contender for the world championship (since 1993). Winner of a number of kr. int. tournaments, incl. Vilnius (1975), Niksic (1978), Biel (1987).

guljripsh
has abstract: GULRIPSH, an urban-type settlement (since 1975), a regional center in Abkhazia (Georgia). Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Kutaisi province. From 1921 to 1991 it was part of the Georgian SSR. In 1926 26 Jews lived in Georgia, and in 1970 - 5 Jews. Jews have lived in Georgia since the 1910s.

gulyaevka
has abstract: Gulyaevka, a village in the Berezovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Odessa u. Kherson province. On March 13, 1942, 650 Jews from Odessa were shot in Georgia.

gulyanka
has abstract: GULYANKA, a village in the Krasnooknyanskiy district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Partying (other name. Grigorio-Pavlovka) Tiraspol u. Kherson province. 1941 in Georgia, several were shot. dozens of Jews.

gulyanki
has abstract: GULYANKA, see Party.

gulyay-pole
has abstract: GULIAI-FIELD, see Zlatopol.

gulyaypole
has abstract: GULIAIPOLE, city (since 1938), a regional center in the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Vozn. in 1785. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Aleksandrovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. 1173 Jews (12.35%) lived in Georgia in 1897, 3252 (20.8%) in 1910, and 556 Jews in 1939. In 1866, the merchant Samuel of Constantinople was elected head of the community. In 1903, restrictions on the settlement of Jews in Georgia were lifted. In 1909–10 there were 2 synagogues, a Jewish husband. societies. uch-shche, there was a Jewish cemetery. Since 1916, the rabbi of G. was Mark Abramovich Yulchevsky. In 1917, a private mixed 8-class Morokhovsky gymnasium operated in Georgia; gymnasium; there was a group of Jewish people. party, a Jewish library-reading room worked. In the summer of 1917, the Organization of the Association of Jewish Youth issued two weeks in Georgia. "Jewish youth". During the Civil. war G. - the "capital" of the Makhnovist movement, in which individual Jews (VM Volin, LN Zadov-Zinkovsky, and others) occupied the hands of. posts. In 1919, the regional congress of Soviets held in Georgia adopted a resolution "Against robberies, violence, and Jewish pogroms ..." prompted by the anti-Semitic sentiments of ordinary Makhnovists. In the 1920s. in G. there was a Jewish hut-reading room. In 1928 in the Gulyaypole Jewish nat. there were 14 village councils (3,651 households, 20 thousand inhabitants, of which 70% were Jews). 1943 in Georgia, apprx. 500 Jews in G. V.A.Natanson, L.A. Yukhvid, lived and worked N.Lurie.

gulyga aleksandra isaevna
has abstract: GULYGA Alexandra Isaevna (1921, Yekaterinoslav - 1996), translator, literary critic. Ps. A. Isaeva. Father, a military doctor, was shot in 1939. In 1944 she graduated from Rom.-German. dep. philol. Faculty of Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov. Lit. has been working since 1956. The author of the lane. poetry and prose from Western Europe. lang. (G. Lessing, I. V. Goethe, J. J. Rousseau, A. Dumas, T. Mann, B. Brecht, I. Bachmann and others). G. also belong to Art. about him., Scand., French. liter for children, problem. Art. about poetics and images of modern lit. fairy tales.

gupalovka
has abstract: GUPALOVKA, does not exist now. Main in 1847 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Veselaya in Aleksandrovsky u. Ekaterinoslavskaya lips. In the 1930s. - as part of the Novo-Zlatopol Jewish nat. district. In the 1950s and 60s. - the village of Gulyaypolsky District, Zaporozhye Region. 455 people lived in Georgia in 1866, 436 people in 1897, 160 people in 1924, 169 people in 1938, and 275 people in 1941. In 1897, rye and wheat were sown in Georgia barley, other cereals and tech. crops 889 dess., the inhabitants had 157 horses, 122 cows. In 1909 the Jewish beginning was opened. school. In 1929, a collective farm was formed (in 1938 it united 39 farms). troops in Georgia shot 63 Jews. After 1945, 72 Jews lived in Georgia. In 1968, in the course of a campaign to liquidate "unpromising villages", all the inhabitants of Georgia were resettled to other us. items, and G. ceased to exist. I. M. Shaikin

gur-arje
has abstract: GUR-ARIE (Ungerleib) Israel (b.1925), state. activist and diplomat. 1959–67 consul of the State of Israel in New York. In 1962–63 hands. department in the Ministry of Defense. 1970–74 - Attaché of the Israeli Embassy in Argentina. 1974–80 - deputy. gene. dir. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1981–83 - Ambassador to Mexico, from 1987 - Ambassador to Canada.

gur ieguda
has abstract: GUR Yehuda (real fam. Grizovsky) (1862, Pogost - 1950), teacher and lexicographer. He studied at the yeshiva in Volozhin. From 1887 in E.-I. At first I sat down. households working and night watchman in Rishbn Le-Zion, then clerk in Jaffa. Later became a secretary. about-va Bnei Moshe, participated in editing its ed. "Ha-Mikhtavim mi Eretz Yisrael", taught. Together with D. Idelovich he founded the first Histadrut ha-Morim ha-Ivrim (Heb. Association of teachers) in E.-I. He was one of the pioneers of the "Hebrew Be-Hebrew" method, when Hebrew is taught without the use of K.-L. other languages for an explanation. I wrote several. manuals for the study of Hebrew, Heb. history, nature. sciences, geography E.-I. Per. in Hebrew some tales by G.H. Andersen, "Robinson Crusoe" by D. Defoe and works. M. Twain, C. Dickens and J. Verne. In 1893, together with E. Ben-Yehuda and D. Idelovich, he edited the gas. for children "Olam Caton". In 1906-29 he worked for the Anglo-Palestinian Company, acquiring land for yeshivas in Tel Aviv and Haifa. During the 1st world. war with his family was exiled to Damascus. Naib. Izv. his works on Heb. lexicography. In 1903 he prepared, together with Klausner, a pocket dictionary, and later several. other small dictionaries. In 1920, G. and D. Elin published illustrations. Hebrew dictionary. Since 1937 he has been compiling the "Dictionary of the Hebrew Language", publ. in extension version in 1947. In 1939 he prepared the Dictionary of Foreign. words ".

gura-kamencha
has abstract: GURA-KAMENCHA, see Gura-Kamenchiy.

gura-kamenchiy
has abstract: GURA-KAMENCHIY, a village in the Floreshti region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Gura-Kamencha, Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - province. In July 1941, rum. soldiers killed in G.-K. several dozens of Jews.

gura-kaynar
has abstract: GURA-KAYNAR, see Gura-Kainarului.

gura-keynaruluy
has abstract: GURA-KEYNARULUI, a village in the Floreshti district (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Gura-Kainar Soroksky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - province. In July 1941, rum. soldiers killed in G.-K. a large group of Jews.

gura galbena
has abstract: GURA GALBENA, a village in the Cimislia region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Bendersky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918-40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940-91 it was the MSSR. In 1930, 111 Jews lived in Georgia. In July 1941, a large group of Jews was buried alive on the mountain behind GG.

gura kaljvariya
has abstract: GURA KALVARIA, a city (since 1670) in the Warsaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from 1252. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - in Groetsky u. Warsaw province. In 1808 60 Jews (11.2%) lived in Georgia, in 1827 - 500 (40.7%), in 1857 - 1298 (71.1%), in 1897 - 2019, in 1921 - 2961 (53.9%), in 1939 - approx. 3,500 Jews. Jews lived in G.K. from the end. 18th century In 1847 a Jewish hospital was opened, in 1850 - a state hospital. Jewish school, in the 1860s. - Faculty of production of thales. In 1859, Yitzhok-Meir Alter (1789-1866), the founder of the Gur Hasidic dynasty, settled in GK. GK became the center of Hasidism in [[Kingdom of Poland. In 1877 the place of I.-M. Alter was taken by his grandson - Yehuda-Arie-Leib (1847-1905), the author of the book. "Sfas emes" ("The Language of Truth"), which became the basis of Gurian Hasidism. Since 1906, the dynasty was headed by Rabbi Avrom-Mordhe (1872-1948, Jerusalem). Under him, the number of Gur Hasidim reached 100 thousand people. Up to 15 thousand Hasidim gathered on Rosh Ha Shana and Yom Kippur in GK. A.-M. Alter was one of the founders of "Agudas Israel". In 1909, a synagogue with 3,000 seats was built in GK. In 1916 refugees from Pinsk in GK founded the Kadima Zionist organization. In the 1920s. in GK a kosher kitchen was opened for the Jewish soldiers of the local garrison. In the 1920s and 30s. in G.K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 8 Sept. 1939 parts of germ. armies occupied G.K. 15 January. 1940 the Judenrat was created, in February. 1940 - Jewish police, then - ghetto. On Feb. 1941 2949 Jews of GK were deported to the Warsaw ghetto. After 1945, 20 Jews returned to GK, who soon left Poland. A monument to those who perished during the Holocaust was erected at the old Jewish cemetery of G.K. Since 1940 the center of Gur Hasidism has moved to Jerusalem. In 1948-77 the movement was headed by Art. so…

guraljnik uran abramovich
has abstract: GURALNIK Uran Abramovich (1921, Vinnitsa, Podolsk province - 1989, Moscow), critic, literary critic. Dr. philological sciences. He graduated from Heb. high school. He made his debut in Yiddish verse, in Kharkov, Heb. children gas. "Zite Great". Graduated from Moscow. ped. Institute (1941). He took part in the 1941-45 war. He worked at IMLI. He was engaged in research. works of F. Dostoevsky, N. Chernyshevsky, N. Dobrolyubov. Published in periodicals. ed. He actively collaborated with Zh. "Sovetish gameland". One of Ch. so G. was the interaction and contacts between the Hebrews. and other liters. In 1973 he published a pov. "Nechtn, gaynt, morgn" ("Yesterday, today, tomorrow"). Author of the book: “Laughter is the weapon of the strong. Sov. satirical. and humorous. literature today ”(Moscow, 1961),“ Sov. literature and cinema "(M., 1968)," Films Born by the Book "(M., 1973), etc.

gurariy shmariyagu
has abstract: GURARIY Shmariyahu (Samaria Mendelevich) (1898, Kremenchug, Poltava province. - 1989, New York), rabbi. He studied at the "Tomkhey Tmimim" yeshiva (Lubavichi). Son-in-law of I.I.Shneerson. Left Russia in 1927.Since 1940 - to the USA. For more than half a century, he headed everything. the system of Lubavitch yeshivas.

gurdzhaani
has abstract: GURJAANI, city (since 1934), regional center (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Telavsky u. Tiflis province. In 1918-21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921-91 it was the Georgian SSR. Jews lived in Georgia from the beginning. 19th century 64 Jews lived in Georgia in 1904, 23 in 1926, 40 in 1934, 5 in 1959, 18 in 1970, and 14 in 1979.

gurevich
has abstract: GUREVICH (Ber, Ber) Boris Naumovich (1888-1939), polit. activist. In the S.-D. the movement entered the years of the Revolution of 1905-07, a Menshevik. During the reaction period (1907-10), the "liquidator". During the 1st world. wars - centrist, then internationalist. After Feb. Revolution of 1917, supporter of Yu.O. Martov, Menshevik-internationalist, affairs. 1st All-Russia. Congress of Soviets (June, elected member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee) and All-Russia. will unite. Congress of the RSDLP (Aug.) from the Kharkov Menshevik. org-tion. Member of the All-Russian. democratic conference (Sept.), spoke out against the coalition with the bourgeoisie; entered Time. Council Ros. Res. (Pre-parliament); member faction of the Menshevik internationalists. Oct he resolutely condemned the revolution. Dec. 1917 nominated from the RSDLP candidate. to the deputies of Ukr. will establish, meetings (elections did not take place due to the occupation of Ukraine by Soviet troops). On Chrezvych. Congress of the RSDLP (Nov.-Dec.), was a member of the editor. a commission to draft a resolution on the current situation; elected to the Central Committee of the RSDLP. On Vseukr. conf. RSDLP (autumn 1918) elected to Ch. Committee of the RSDLP in Ukraine (member of the Committee until 1921). Member of the All-Russian. patr. conferences of the Mensheviks (4-14 April 1920), where he demanded to "soften the tone" of the struggle against Bolshevism, to dissociate himself from the Second International. He was repeatedly arrested by the Sov. authorities. In nov. 1920 together with 16 like-minded people he was exiled to Georgia. Upon his return he continued his semi-legal work as a meninevist. org-chi-yakh. In the summer of 1921, he approached the position of F.M. Dan, a supporter of the Democratic. reforming the Sov. authorities. During the trial in Moscow over the Central Committee of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (1922), he offered the Mensheviks to politically isolate…

gurevich aleksandr iosifovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Alexander Iosifovich (1896, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1937), deputy. People's Commissar of Heavy Industry of the USSR, one of the organizers and hands. metallurgical prom-sti. Member RSDLP since 1916. He graduated from the Bialystok private government in 1914, did not enter Moscow. un-t (did not pass the percentage rate for Jews). From 1915 he studied at Moscow. commercial in-those, actively participated in the revolution. movement (led the circle of political education, was the secretary of the district committee of the RSDLP). In 1918–27, members. Pres. Central Committee of the Union of Metalworkers. In 1927 he graduated from the Institute of Nar. x-va. In 1927 - 30 members. Pres. CCC RCI. In 1930–37 early. Ch. management of metallurgy. prom-sti of the People's Commissariat of the heavy industry of the USSR and deputy. Commissar. Introduced means. contribution to the creation of metallurgical. industry in the country. Repressed. Vol .: V. I. Lenin and trade unions. 2nd ed. M., 1925; Theory and policy of wages. M., 1930; Party victory: Ferrous metallurgy for the VII Congress of Soviets of the USSR. M., 1935.

gurevich aleksandr viktorovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Alexander Viktorovich (b. 1930). Theoretical physicist, Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1984). Graduated from Moscow State University (1952). Since 1952 - at the Lebedev Physical Institute. P.I. Lebedev. Tr. on the kinetics of rarefied plasma, nonlinear theory of radio wave propagation in the ionosphere. Etc. them. L.D. Landau (1980). Etc. Eilton (Korolev, United Kingdom).

gurevich anatoliy markovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Anatoly Markovich (1913, Kharkov - 2009, Petersburg), intelligence officer. Participated in civil. war in Spain (1937 38) as per. Since 1939 - officer of the GRU Red Army. He worked in Europe under the name Kent (1939–42); member gr. The Red Chapel. At the end of 1942 he was arrested by the Gestapo. In 1945 he returned to Moscow, was accused of treason and arrested; released in 1955. Arrested again in 1958, released in 1960.

gurevich aron yakovlevich
has abstract: GUREVICH Aron Yakovlevich (1924, Moscow - 2006, ibid.), Historian, Dr. Sciences (1963). From a family of employees. Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1946). In 1947-50 - a post-graduate student of the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1950-66 he taught at the Kalinin ped. in-those (since 1956 - associate professor). Since 1966 - in Moscow, art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Philosophy, since 1969 - Institute of General History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1986 - leading researcher). At the same time. - prof. Moscow State University. Member Amer. academy for the study of the Middle Ages, eng. Korolyov. ist. about-va, Korolev. Norwegian scientist. about-va. Member Bureau Scientific. world history council. culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences, editorial boards of a number of fatherland, and foreign scientific. editions. Author of works on social and economic. history of Scandinavia and England in cf. century, on the history of culture and social. psychology, theoretical. problems ist. Sciences. Mn. works translated into foreign. lang .: Viking Campaigns. M., 1966; Free peasantry in feudal Norway. M., 1967; Problems of the genesis of feudalism in Zap. Europe. M., 1970; History and saga. M., 1972; Middle-century problems. bunk bed culture, M., 1981; Wed-century. peace. The culture of the silent majority. M., 1990; Problem ist. synthesis and the school "Annals". M., 1990, etc.

gurevich boris lazarevich
has abstract: GUREVICH Boris Lazarevich (1909, Kiev - 1980, ibid.), Geologist, Ph.D. geological and mineralogical. Sciences (1961). In 1928-30 he studied at Moscow. state un-those, in 1936 he graduated from Moscow. geological exploration. in-t. In 1932–40 he worked in geological exploration. parties (engineer, head of the party) in the North. Caucasus, in the Baikal region. In 1941–44 he headed the Srednevolzhskoe department. State specialized geophysis. trust, in 1944-50 - Ukr. dep., then worked ch. engineer Ukr. geophysis. offices. Since 1961 founded. activities related to research. oil and gas potential of the territory. in the districts of the Baikal region and Ukraine. Participated in the discovery of the Arghedinskoye oil and gas field (1949). Developed geophysics. intelligence methods in Ukrainian science and technology. geological exploration. in-those. Since 1965 he headed a number of thematic. exp., holding the position of early. Kiev exp. Author of 48 scientific. printed works, a number of geological and structural maps of oil and gas regions and tectonic. maps of Ukraine and Moldova. Became. pr. (1949). In the 70s, due to the departure of his son and daughter to Israel, he was stripped of his titles, suspended from work.

gurevich boris maksovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Boris Maksovich (b. 1931, Moscow - 1995, Moscow), athlete (classical wrestling, flyweight). Z.m.s. USSR (1952). Champion Olympus. games (1952, 1st Olympic gold medal of Soviet wrestlers), peace (1953, 1958) and the USSR (1950, 1955).

gurevich boris mikhaylovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Boris Mikhailovich (b. 1937, Kiev), athlete (freestyle wrestling, average weight). Z.m.s. USSR (1967). Lecturer, graduated from the Kiev state. in-t physical culture (1969). Champion Olympus. games (1968), the world (1967 and 1969), Europe (1967 and 1970) and the USSR (1957, 1958, 1961, 1965–67). Was a model for E.V. Vuchetich when creating the sculpture "We Will Beat Swords into Plowshares", which was installed in front of the UN building in New York.

gurevich boris pavlovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Boris Pavlovich (1919, Kharkov), historian, orientalist. Dr. East Sciences (1971). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1942). Sci. sotr. Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan (1943-45). Teacher Kazakh. state ped. Institute (Alma-Ata, 1945–47), sotr. g. New Times (1947–57); from 1957 in the Institute of Sinology in Moscow, from 1961 - in the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The author of St. 100 scientific. tr. on the recent history of the PRC, its external. politics. One of the main. authors of "Essays on the history of China in modern times" (Moscow, 1959). Resp. ed. collection. monographs, among them “Mezhdunar. relations to the Center. Asia in the XVII-XVIII centuries: documents and materials ”(Moscow, 1989).

gurevich dmitriy borisovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Dmitry Borisovich (b. 1956, Moscow), chess player; int. grandmaster (1983). Since 1980 - in the USA. Winner pl. int. tournaments, incl. New York (1981 and 1983), Jerusalem (1986).

gurevich dora efimovna
has abstract: GUREVICH Dora Efimovna (1904, Kharkov - 1993, Moscow), painter, artist t-ra. In 1921-22 she studied at the sculpture department of the Kharkov art. technical school at E. Bloch, teachers O. Roden, in 1922 - in the private studio of M. Tkachenko, in 1925-26 - a practitioner of the Museum of art. culture of K. Malevich. In 1927 she moved to Moscow, studied at the studio of J. Apter with V. Favorsky. Since 1919 he has been participating in art. exhibitions. In Ashgabat, during the evacuation (1941–43) G.'s theatrical activity began. She worked in the Turkmen Drama Theater and the Turkmen Philharmonic Society, at the Center. studio thin. f. in Alma-Ata. After returning to Moscow (1944) he worked in it. studio at the Moscow Cons., since 1959 he has been arranging graduation performances at the Shchukin, in 1963–72 he worked for Muz. t-re them. Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko. works: curtain for the play "Makhtum-Kuli", costumes for the play "Yusup Akhmet", scenery for the movie "Ivan the Terrible", costumes for "The Tsar's Bride" (1957), costumes for op. "Carmen" (1964), landscapes, series "Portraits of flowers" (1980s). Works are in the Museum of Art in Georgia, Hood. Museum of Sochi, East-artistic. Museum in N. Jerusalem, State. museum of arts in Karakalpakstan, in Elista.

gurevich elena mikhaylovna
has abstract: GUREVICH Elena Mikhailovna (1906, Moscow - 1988, ibid.), Graphic artist, sculptor, applied artist. In 1926-30 she studied at VKHUTEIN in the class of V. Favorsky. She began to study sculpture in 1934, ceramics in 1946. In 1951–62 he was a sculptor at a faience factory in Konakovo. Participant pl. thin exhibitions. works: a series of woodcuts for children (1933-35), book design. "White and Rose", fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm in Detgiz (1935), small plastic - pencil case "Sparrows" (1951), "Dog and Hedgehog", "Lev Chandr and Dog Tobik" (1950s), "Chinese Nightingale" ( 1957, silver medal of the Brussels exhibition), "Don Quixote and Sancho" (1957, silver medal of the Brussels exhibition).

gurevich emmanuil ljvovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Emmanuil Lvovich (1866-1952), polit. activist. Into the roar. movement from 1883, Narodnoye, later - Social-Democratic Living in Paris, he was close to the supporters of J. Guesde (Guedists). In 1900 before. Russian delegation to the Intern. socialist the congress of the 2nd International in Paris; Together with D.B. Ryazanov and Yu.M. Steklov, he advocated the unification of the Iskra and Rabocheye Delo organizations, one of the founders of the anti-Iskra Social-Democrats. gr. "Wrestling". After the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903) a Menshevik. Member ed. Center, the organ of the Mensheviks "Beginning" (1905), a participant in the conference of the Mensheviks in St. Petersburg (November 1905), a representative of the Mensheviks. faction at the Bolshevik conference in Tammerfors (Dec. 1905). During the years of reaction - "liquidator", collaborated (1907–09) in the Lieber. gas. "Comrade", one of the creators and leading comp. liquidationist railway Our Dawn. He took part in the work of the Social-Democrats. faction of the 3rd State. thought, which was the reason for the arrest (1911) and expulsion from St. Petersburg. In the years of the 1st world. wars are "defensive". In 1917-18 ed. gas. the right wing of the cooperators "Power of the People". Subsequently, he moved away from watered activities. In 1920 he managed the archive of the former. Min-va foreign affairs, from 1921 he worked at the Institute of Marx and Engels.

gurevich ezekielj bentsionovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Ezekiel Bentsionovich (1861 - |), doctor, society. activist. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Yuryevsky University. He served as a physician at the Jacobstadt mountains. uch-shche. Member party of cadets. In 1912, dep. 4th State. thoughts from the Courland lips.

gurevich grigoriy
has abstract: GUREVICH Grigory (German) Evseevich (1852, Mogilev - |), member of the roar. movements of the 1870s-80s. From a rich merchant. families. He graduated in Germany, Heb. commercial uch-shche, at the beginning. 1870s auditor jurid. Faculty of Kiev University, close friend of P.B. Axelrod and member of his mug. In 1873 he emigrated because of the threat of arrest. In 1874, members. Heb. socialist mug A.Sh. Lieberman in Berlin, together with A.I. Zundelevich arranged the delivery of illegal. literature to Russia. In 1878 the Germans were arrested. authorities and after several. month prison exiled in 1879 to Great Britain. Soon he moved to Paris, joined the Narodnaya Volya, but in 1881 broke with them due to disagreements over Hebrews. question. Supporter of the movement for the resettlement of Jews in E.-I. In the beginning. 1880s studied medicine in Paris and Zurich, collaborated in Heb. legal "Sunrise" (pseudo Gershon Badanes). In 1883 he illegally arrived in Moscow, was soon arrested, but after 16 months. released for lack of evidence, legalized in Russia, engaged in journalism. Until 1918 he held the post of dates. consul in Kiev, after the victory of the Bolsheviks emigrated, in the 1920s. lived in Paris, was engaged in Jewish affairs. emigration. Cit .: The first trial of "nihilists" in Berlin, "Byloe", 19C7, No. 10; Process Heb. socialists in Berlin, “Heb. antiquity ", 1918, no. 10.

gurevich iljya
has abstract: GUREVICH Ilya (b. 1972, Kiev), chess player, international. grandmaster (1993). From the end. 1980s - in USA. World Youth Champion (1990). Winner and medalist of a number of international tournaments, incl. New York (1993, 2-7th places) and Hastings (1991/92, 2-5th places).

gurevich iosif
has abstract: GUREVICH Iosif (1905 - 1966, Moscow), translator. Lit. activity as per. manuf. Heb. literature in rus. lang. started in the second floor. 50s after the rehabilitation of the dead and the return from exile and prisons of the surviving Jews. poets and prose writers. G. per. poetry of L. Kvitko, S. Galkin, A. Kushnirov, O. Shvartsman, then poetry and prose of A. Gontar, S. Gordon, I. Rabin, M. Lev, M. Teif, I. Drucker, Z. Telesin, I. . Sternberg and many others. other writers, Vol. to-rykh were released mosk. publishing house "Sov. writer". Peru G. also belongs to the lane. in Russian lang. "Little Man" by Mendel Moicher-Sforim, "Mother" by Sholom Asch, dep. manuf. Sholem Aleichem.

gurevich iosif semenovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Iosif Semenovich (1890, Vitebsk - 1956, Moscow), architect, urban planner. In 1921 he graduated from architect. Faculty MVTU. There was ch. arch. Trust Gorstroyproekt Narkomtyazhprom. Main works: the project of planning and building of the city of Prokopyevsk (1934), the general plan of Stalinsk (now Novokuznetsk, 1935).

gurevich isay izrailevich
has abstract: GUREVICH Isai Izrailevich (b. 1912, Riga - 1992, Moscow), physicist, Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1968). Graduated from Leningrad. un-t (1934). 1934–45 worked in Leningrad. radium in-those of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1945 - in the Kurchatov Institute. Main tr. on nuclear physics, theory of nuclear reactors, physics of elementary particles. With MI Pevzner, he established the effect of repulsion of nuclear levels. He put forward a hypothesis of phase transitions of nuclear matter. Discovered the phenomenon of the two-frequency profession of muonium in magn. field. Became. pr. USSR (1949). Evil Medal of I.V. Kurchatov (1980) Vol .: On the possibility of nuclear fission by neutrons with the emission of three heavy particles. M., 1934; Theory of resonant absorption in heterogeneous systems. M., 1955 (co-authored with I. Ya. Pomeranchuk). Research superconductors by the muon method. M., 1980.

gurevich isidor yakovlevich
has abstract: GUREVICH Isidor Yakovlevich (1882, Moscow - after 1931, Leningrad), satirist writer. Father is the headman of the synagogue, the author of tr. on Kabbalism and Bibliography. Gymnasium. the course took place at home. In 1905–07 he attended lectures at the Higher. ist.-philol. and legal. courses in St. Petersburg. Was a gas reporter. "Birzhevye Vedomosti", "Voice of the North". From 1905 publ. sa-tirich. sketches and stories in f. World Panorama, Sun of Russia, New Magazine for Everyone, Tops, Magic Lantern, Blue Magazine, Satyricon, New Satyricon, Beach. Released Sat. stories "Velvet Claws" (St. Petersburg, 1910, 1912), "Thorns of Love" (St. Petersburg, 1914), "Signal Rockets" (P., 1915). He wrote miniatures and plays, naib, the play "In a quiet intelligent family" (1912) was popular.

gurevich khaim iosifovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Chaim Iosifovich (b. 1916, Starobin, Minsk province), poet, prose writer. Graduated from honey. technical school, after which he was drafted into the army. Member of the 1941–45 war. He made his debut verse, in 1934 in Minsk. gas. "October", then published in other Heb. period, ed. In the 50s. lived and worked in Birobidzhan, then moved to Novosibirsk, was on a household. work. In 1940 ed. together with I. Borukhovich, S. Lelchuk and P. Plotkin pr. "Leader Zamlung" ("Collected Poems") - poet cycle. pictures of the native land. In the 60s and 80s. was regularly published in f. "Sovetish gameland". As an attachment to the train. was in 1960 ed. Sat. essays "Af der sibirer erd" ("On the Siberian land"). In 1990 in the publishing house "Sov. writer "came out Sat. verse. "Noente vaytn" ("Close to the Distance"). Since 1992 in Israel.

gurevich konstantin markovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Konstantin Markovich (b. 1906, Samara - 2007, Moscow), psychologist, doctor of psychology. Sciences (1971), prof. From 1926 he worked at the Center, Institute of Labor (Moscow). In 1931 he graduated from psychotechnical. dep. ped. f-that LGPI them. A.I. Herzen. After graduating from graduate school Moscow. state Institute of Psychology (1940) defended by Cand. dis. on problems of will. Since 1949 he worked at the Research Institute of General and Ped. Psychology APN, in 1968-83 head. lab. psychophysiol. foundations prof. activity, in 1983-85 head. lab. psychodiagnostics. Center, place in the scientific. research G. is occupied with the problem of individual psychology. differences, manifested, in particular, in prof. activities. His book. “Prof. suitability and basic Properties of the Nervous System ”in 1971 was awarded the first project of the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences. Based on critical analyzing the world. practice of psychol. testing formulated an original approach to the diagnosis of the development of intelligence and personality, implemented, in particular, in the development of a school test of skills. development) Cit .: Psychol. diagnostics, M., 1981, ed. et al.

gurevich leonid abramovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Leonid Abramovich (b. 1932, Voronezh), film critic, screenwriter, director. In 1954 he graduated from Voronezh University. He was an engineer, journalist. In cinema since 1958. Worked for the Center. TV, on k / st "Kirgizfilm", in experimental. to / st "Mosfilm". Scripted more than 30 docs. and scientific-popul. f., incl. "Hurry to do good" (1975), "Experiment on yourself" (1978), "Heart" (1979), "Mraval-zhamier" (1981). Fast. television f. "In the land of discoveries" (1975, jointly with R. Islamov, in Uzbekistan), play f. "The Most Obedient" (1966, jointly with B. Abdyldaev, in Kyrgyzstan).

gurevich leonid borisovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Leonid Borisovich (b. 1946), deputy of the RF Armed Forces. Rod. in the family of a serviceman. Graduated from Dnepropetrovsk forge. in-t. Journalist. Supporter of radical economics, reforms. In the RF Armed Forces - Member. faction "Consent for Progress".

gurevich lev emmanuilovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Lev Emmanuilovich (1904, Paris - 1990, Leningrad), theoretical physicist. Son of E.L. Gurevich. In 1930 he graduated from electrical engineering. Faculty of Leningrad polytechnic in-ta (LPI). He worked at LPI, Leningrad. state un-those, Ped. in-those, in-those ing. railroad transport, Horn. in-those. Since 1955 in Physics and Technology. Institute (Physicotechnical Institute) (1956-71 - head of the sector of the theory of solids; 1972-78 - senior research assistant since 1978 - professor-consultant). Created the theory of electron enhancement by photons (photonic wind); this effect determines a number of kinetic. effects in metals and semiconductors. Intense experimentation research confirmed his theory. Studied the problems of instability in TV. bodies and discovered new types of waves propagating in them (thermomagnet. and other waves). From ser. 40s paid great attention to the problems of astrophysics and cosmology. Somv. with AI Lebedinsky carried out important work on the theory of the formation of the solar system. Later he generalized them in relation to the condensation of stars from a gas and dust medium. Predicted the possibility of recurring thermonuclear explosions in the ext. layers of stars. Participated in the research. general laws of the evolution of stellar systems (in particular, energy release processes occurring in quasars). Work on the beginning. the state of the universe (in the development of the traditions laid by the foundation, the works of A.A. Fridman), incl. by the so-called. inflationary cosmology. Mn. G. paid attention to philosophy. Problems of Physics and Astronomy, Vol. kinetics. L., 1940; Introduction to Cosmology. M., 1978 (et al.); The origin of galaxies and stars. M., 1983 (in co-authorship). Son of G. - VL Gurevich, prof., Doctor of Physics and Mathematics. sciences, head. sector of the FTI them. A.F. Ioffe of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

gurevich lyubovj yakovlevna
has abstract: GUREVICH Lyubov Yakovlevna (1866, Petersburg - 1940, Moscow), lit. and theater, critic, prose writer, translator, societies, activist. Daughter of the teacher Ya.G. Gurevich. Graduated from History-Philology. Department of Higher. wives (Bestuzhev's) courses (1888). In 1887 she met the critic and publicist A.L. Volynsky Volynsky, trans. under his arms. B. Spinoza's "Correspondence" (published in 1891). In 1891 she acquired the publishing rights. g. "North. messenger ", united many around him. prominent Russian writers. Led in the train. dep. provincial press, published a number of her stories and rum. "Highlands" (1897). After the closure of the railway. (1898) was engaged in the lane. In the beginning. 20th century participated in the liber. movement (member of the Union of Liberation). The author of the brochure “January 9th. According to the "Questionnaire Commission", in 1906 it was confiscated by the censorship. In 1907–09 sotr. g. "Union of Women", compiler of collection of books on the history of wives. movement in Russia. From the 2nd floor. 1900s was engaged in Ch. arr. theater, criticism, became close to the actors of Moscow. thin t-ra and his hands. K.S. Stanislavsky. In 1911-16 post, reviewer and head. theater, dep. gas. Rech, 1912 - 14 hands. belletris. dep. g. "Rus. think". After Feb. Revolution of 1917 participated in the editing of the Protocols. investigations. Commission Time, pr-va. After Oct. 1917 worked in the theater. institutions of Petrograd, from 1920 - Moscow, studied the history of Russian. t-ra. Works: Sedok and other stories, St. Petersburg, 1904; Why it is necessary to give women all rights and freedom, St. Petersburg, 1906; Liter and aesthetics, M., 1912; K.S. Stapislavsky, M., 1929; History of Rus. theater, everyday life, vol. 1, M.-L., 1939.

gurevich maksim isidorovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Maxim Isidorovich (1909, Moscow - 1975, ibid.), Scientist in the region. hydrodynamics. Graduated from Moscow. state un-t (1931). Until 1951 he worked at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute. in-those (TsAGI), in 1951 switched to scientific-ped. work - prof. and head. department mathematics in Moscow. technological in-t fish industry and households; in 1960–71 prof. and (until 1966) head. department theoretical mechanics Mosk. in-that engineer. railroad transport. Since 1971 - Consultant in Applied Mechanics and Hydrodynamics at Vses. n.-i. in-t of fish farming and oceanography (VNIIRO). Main scientific. research associated with the development of theoretical. and experiment. gliding problems and theoretical. issues of impact on a liquid, the theory of spaces, supersonic flows, the theory of inviscid jets and cavitation flows, as well as the application of the laws of hydrodynamics in dec. region technology. The author of the first work in the USSR on the nonlinear theory of gliding (1933). Etc. Of the USSR Academy of Sciences S.A. Chaplygin (1964). Works: Theory of jets of an ideal fluid, 2nd ed. M., 1979.

gurevich matvey borisovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Matvey Borisovich (1878, Poltava province. - 1967, Moscow), economist, statistician, Doctor of Economics. Sciences, prof. (1927). From 1896 he worked in Poltava., Kostroma., Pskov., Penza. zemstvo statisticians the Bureau. After 1917, Yaroslav, lips. statistical the Bureau; organized by S.-kh. statistics in Ukraine in 1922–33: head. dep. village statistics. x-va, chl. Collegiums of the CSO and Pres. State Planning Committee of the Ukrainian SSR. In the years of the 2nd world. war deputy. early Statistical. ex. Kyrgyz SSR. One of the initiators and organizers of the higher. statistical education in Ukraine, with his participation in 1926 was created statistic. Faculty of Kharkov. in-that nar. x-va. Head Department of Statistics in a number of Kharkov universities: Planov and Fin.-Econ. in-takh, Ying-those owls. trade, Kharkov. state un-those. Ed. “Bulletin World. households ”(issue 1–15), 1924–1925 (Moscow, 1925). The author of a number of scientific. tr., textbooks and uch. textbooks on the theory of statistics, mat. statistics, works: Historical and Statistical. collection by Yaroslav. edge. Yarosl., 1922; Questions sovr. cross, x-va of Ukraine. Kharkov, 1927; Essays on the theory of statistics: (Econ. Research based on the works of V. I. Lenin). - Kharkov, 1959.

gurevich mikhail borisovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Mikhail Borisovich (1925, Oryol). Architect, specialist in the design of public buildings and structures. Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1950 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Mn. years worked in the institutes "Mosproekt" and "Aeroproject". Participant and laureate of 10 arch. competitions, incl. on the monuments of the 300th anniversary of the founding of Kronstadt (1963, III pr.), Ing. troops that participated in the defense of Sevastopol (1969, II pr.). works: the project of a high-rise building in Zaryadye (1961), the international air terminal "Sheremetyevo" (1969, with G. Yelkin and others), mansions of foreign embassies (1966–70), Institute of Petrochem. and gas. prom-sti them. I.M. Gubkin (1991).

gurevich mikhail iosifovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Mikhail Iosifovich (1893, village Rubanshchina, Kursk province - 1976, Leningrad), aircraft designer, Hero of Socialist. Labor (1957), Dr. Sciences (1964). In 1910 he graduated with a silver medal. medal to the state in Akhtyrka and entered the Kharkov University in physics and mathematics. f-t, from where he was soon expelled for participating in the student. excitement and sent out of the lips. In 1912 he went to France to continue his education, where he entered un-t in Montpellier. In the beginning. 1st world. war (1914) returned to Russia, where he worked as a draftsman, artist, private teacher. In 1918 he entered the aircraft building industry. Faculty of Kharkov Technol. Institute, to-ry graduated in 1925. Since 1925 he worked as an engineer-constructor. in the Kharkov department. about-va "Heat and power". Since 1929 in construction. bureau at the plant "Decade of October". Since 1932 in the Central Design Bureau of the plant named after I. V.R. Menzhinsky. In 1936–37 as part of the Sov. Aviation The delegation was sent to the USA at the Douglas plant. In 1937–39 he headed the sketch design team at the V.N. Polikarpov Design Bureau. In 1939–57 - deputy. ch. designer AI Mikoyan, in 1957-64 - Ch. designer. 1940 joint venture. with Mikoyan, he designed and built the MiG-1 fighter (abbreviation for Mikoyan and Gurevich), designed to conduct air. combat at high altitudes. After improvements, the MiG-3 fighter was widely used on the fronts of the 1941–45 war. After the war, G., together with Mikoyan, designed the first high-speed reactor in the USSR. fighters of the MiG-MiG-9 (1945), MiG-15 (1947), MiG-17 (1949) series, as well as supersonic. fighters MiG-19 (1955), MiG-21 (1958) and many others. other combat aircraft. Linen. pr. (1962). Became. pr. (1941, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1953).

gurevich mikhail ljvovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Mikhail Lvovich (1904, Smolensk - 1943, Tarasovo, Smolensk region), painter, graphic artist, Hero of the Soviet Union (1944). Studied at VKHUTEIN in Moscow (1925–30) under DP Shterenberg. Participant of exhibitions OST. During one polar year he was a member of the Kara Exp. on the icebreaker "Lenin" and the campaigns "Perseus" (1933) on Greenland. the sea and to Franz Josef Land. All impressions are reflected in the paintings "Port Igarka" (1933), "Spitsbergen" (1934), etc. One of the center. places in the work of G. is occupied by the painting "Spring" (1939), with a cut beginning. the development of the theme is great. canvas "Pushkin Square", which was for G. a generalization of the creative. reflected. From 1937 he worked in lithography and uch. in exhibitions of the etching workshop. I.I. Nivinsky. In the Red Army since 1942. Kom. platoon ml. leith. G. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for courage and heroism displayed in repelling the enemy's counterattack.

gurevich mikhail naumovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Mikhail Naumovich (b. 1959, Kharkov), chess player; int. grandmaster (1986). One of the coaches of G.K. Kasparov in the world championship match (1990). Champion of Ukraine (1984). Member of a number of USSR championships. USSR Champion (1985). Winner pl. int. tournaments, incl. Tbilisi (1985), Eger (1987), Stockholm (1987/88). From the end. 1980s - in Belgium.

gurevich mikhail osipovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Mikhail Osipovich (1878, settlement Sosnitsa, Chernigov province - 1953, Moscow), psychiatrist, acad. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1944). After graduating in 1902, honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that worked there as a resident psychiatrist. clinics at hand. V.P. Serbsky. In 1904–06 he improved in Germany, in Munich. As a military doctor, he participated in the Russian-Japanese war. Since 1907 at the Department of Psychiatry in the Military Medical. Academy in St. Petersburg, where in 1908 he defended his doctorate. dis. under the hands. V.M. Bekhterev. In 1908-12 he worked as a psychiatrist. hospitals in Tver and Saratov provinces, in 1913 - as a dissector in Moscow. psychiatrist. hospital them. N.A. Alekseeva. During World War I he served as a doctor in the army. In 1918 at the Department of Psychiatry Moscow. un-that, led by P.B. Gannushkin, since 1923 prof. Medico-pediatric. in-that; head Departments of Psychiatry 2nd Moscow. honey. Institute (1930–36) and 1st Moscow. honey. Institute (since 1937). G. was elected before. Moscow and deputy. prev. Vses. about-in neuropathologists and psychiatrists. In 1950–51, during a campaign to "fight cosmopolitanism," he was sharply criticized for "methodological errors" and "idealistic positions borrowed from the foreign." scientists ”, was forced to leave the institute. Osn. scientific. tr. G. dedicated questions of general psychopathology, clin. psychiatry, children. psychoneurology, forensic psychiatry. G. - one of the organizers of the child psychiatrist. aid in the country. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1940). Cit .: Psychopathology of childhood, M., 1927; Textbook of psychiatry, M.-L., 1928, M., 1946 (jointly with M.Ya. Sereisky); Psychiatry, M., 1949.

gurevich natan ljvovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Natan Lvovich (1896, Kakhovka, Dnepropetrovsk u. Tavricheskaya province - 1958, Moscow), architect-artist, specialist in the design of bridges and embankments. In 1919 he graduated from architect. Faculty of Odessa art. school, in 1927 - Odessa architect. in-t. Worked and built in Moscow et al. with I.A. Frantsuzom. works: project of the descent at Savvinskaya emb. (1935), project of water st. for boats and motor boats (1934), a project for the location of bridges and marinas on the Moskva River (1935), a project for the construction of Smolenskaya emb. (1934).

gurevich nikolay iljich
has abstract: GUREVICH Nikolay Ilyich (1871, Mogilev - 1960, Moscow), surgeon. Doctor of Medicine (1898). In 1894 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Kiev University. From 1894 to 1902, an external surgeon of the female Obukhov hospital (Petersburg). In 1902-08 - head. surgeon dep. Petrozavodsk province. b-tsy. In 1903 he founded the Society of Doctors of the Olonets Province. In 1904–05 he took part as a military doctor in the Russian-Japanese war. In 1908-14 - head. surgeon dep. Smolensk lips. b-tsy. During the First World War, Art. resident of the field hospital in Lublin, ch. the doctor of the hospital for the wounded in Minsk, and then Ch. doctor of the Church of the Intercession Community (Moscow). In 1918-22 Ch. doctor b-tsy them. Berezkina (Moscow), from 1922-30, consultant surgeon of the railway. b-tsy in Orenburg, in 1930–31 - scientific. consultant of the United Dispensary (Moscow). In 1930–35 - scientific. hands. Blagushenskaya b-tsy (Moscow). In 1935-41 - prof. hospital surgeon clinics III Moscow. honey. in-that. During the war years 1941–45 - Ch. surgeon of the hospital for disabled veterans. From 1952 until the end of his life - Ch. surgeon Mosk. b-tsy them. N.E.Bauman. G. was elected deputy. prev. and post. member Moscow surgeon about-va. G.'s interests were focused on solving the problems of the surgeon. treatment of diseases of the abdominal organs. Back in the beginning. XX century he was a supporter of early surgical treatment of acute appendicitis. Developed an original method of bowel resection in strangulated hernia. He was one of the first in the country and the first in Moscow to perform a gastric resection for an ulcer. Vol .: On the viability of the descending colon when it is separated from the mesentery. - SPb., 1900. Acute surgical diseases of the abdominal cavity (3rd ed. 1949, 1951, 1959).

gurevich petr aronovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Petr Aronovich (1937, Kiev), organic chemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1985), prof. Graduated in 1960 from Kazan Chemical-Technol. in-t. Osn. scientific. tr. in the region. chemistry of phosphorus-containing nitrogenous heterocyclic. connections, incl. indoles, pyrroles, pyrromidines, pyrrobidines. One of the organizers and scientific. head of the All-Russia. school of young chemists "Orbital". Honored. teacher of the Republic of Tatarstan. Vice President scientific. associations prof. Tatarstan. Author of over 160 printed scientific. works and inventions.

gurevich semen
has abstract: GUREVICH Semyon (Zalman) Maksimovich (1905, Lodz, Petrokov province - 1968, Moscow), economist, statistician, publicist. Graduated from Moscow. in-t Nar. khoz-va and in 1930 was sent to work in the Uzbek SSR: deputy. early statistical ex. rep., since 1932 deputy. authorized TSUNKHU USSR in Wed. Asia. Since 1934, he was in managerial work at TsUNKhU, Central Statistical Administration of the USSR, from where he volunteered for French; participant in the war. After demobilization in the state. statistics. In 1952-68 deputy. ch. ed. zhurn. "Bulletin of statistics", where he repeatedly spoke with articles, reviews, reviews. Author of scientific. tr., problematic speeches in periodic. press: “Statistical. groupings "(M., 1956)," What is statistics | " (M., 1954, 1965), “On the question of the subject of statistical. Science "," Bulletin of statistics "1953, No. 1. Cit .: Statistics - powers. economic tool analysis, "Questions of Economics", M., 1955, no. 5; Ilenin and Socialist Statistics. state-va, M., 1963; Extended reproduction of owls. Economics, "Bulletin of statistics", 1967, No. 10; New rise of the bunk. x-va of the USSR in the post-war. five-year plan, M., 1949. Execution builds. programs of the first post-war. five-year plans, M., 1967.

gurevich semen sholomovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Semyon Sholomovich (1915, Hegumen of Minsk Province - 1982, Minsk), Hero of the Sov. Union (1943). In Kr. Army since 1936. Member of the Polish campaign (1939). In fr. from July 1941. Com. communications platoon leith. G. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for battles when crossing the Dnieper.

gurevich simkha berkovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Simha Berkovich (b. 1920, Oryol), specialist in the region. television technology, optoelectronics and holography, Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1964), prof. since 1968. Graduated in 1945 nat. Faculty of Leningrad state un-that. Since 1950 in Vses. n.-i. in-those TV, with I960 works in physical and technical. in-those them. A.F. Ioffe of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation, since 1968 - head. lab. non-broadcast TV systems (later lab. optoelectronics and holography). Since 1993 he has been an adviser to the Institute. Main scientific. work related to research. physical processes in the transmitting TV. tubes, information and energy. characteristics of TV and other light information. systems, with the creation of methods for image processing, holography and volumetric TV, with issues of information storage, as well as with the creation of non-broadcast TV systems and their application in scientific. research, incl. for transmission of holographic. images on space. stations "Salyut-6" and "Salyut-7", on which a series of experiments were carried out in 1981–85. Author of over 250 scientific. printed works, incl. 7 monographs.

gurevich solomon grigorjevich
has abstract: GUREVICH Solomon Grigorievich (1869, metro Ulla Lepelsky u. Vitebsk province. - |), journalist. Graduated from Zurich University. Since 1893 sotr. gas. "Dnieper region", since 1898 - gas. "Smolensk Vestnik" (since 1900 - actual ed.). In 1907 for the publication of Art. radical direction expelled from Smolensk, was ed. gas. "North-West. voice "(Vilna), where he placed many numbers. Art. about Heb. life. In 1909 and from 1911 it was revised again. "Smolensk Bulletin". Also published in f. "North. Bulletin "," New Word "," Rus. wealth ", etc., had a reputation as one of the Naib. talented provinces. journalists and expert in rural affairs. From the end. 1890s actively participated in the life of the Hebrews. community of Smolensk, elected as a delegate to the so-called. "Coven Meeting".

gurevich viktor natanovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Victor Natanovich (1925, Volkhov Center-Chernoz. Region), architect, urban planner. Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1955 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Hands. design workshop in-that Giprogor. Participant pl. arch. competitions, was awarded the medal of the Exhibition of Economic Achievements of the USSR (1976). Main works: Reception House of the Chamber of Commerce in Moscow (1965), project of the agro-town Trinity, now the Tver region. (1977, prospect SM USSR), in Gelendzhik - a boarding house "Lazurny", a boarding house of the Navy (1980s), a residential area Vspol'e in Suzdal (1992).

gurevich vitoljd
has abstract: GUREVICH Witold (1904, Lodz - 1957, USA), mathematician. Graduated from un-t in Lodz. In 1926 he received his doctorate in Vienna. In 1927-28 he worked in Amsterdam, then at the University of Sev. Carolina (USA), since 1945 - at the Massachusetts Technol. in-those. made an important contribution to the theory of dimensions, founded the homological theory of groups, extended D.Birkgoda's ergodic theorem to spaces without an invariant measure.

gurevich vladimir abramovich
has abstract: GUREVICH Vladimir Abramovich (b. 1947, Leningrad) musicologist. The son of the musicologist S.M. Khentova. Studied playing php. from the age of five. In 1954–65 he was engaged in secondary special. muses. school at Leningrad. horse, class fp. M.L.Averbukh and M.I.Mekler. In 1965–71 he was a student of theoretical comp. f-the same horse; graduated with honors in musicology at hand. prof. Yu.N. Tyulina. Since 1964 he published Art. in leningr. press. In 1969–76 he worked in Turkmenistan; taught in muses. school in Ashgabat. Since 1972 Art. teacher, head. Department of the Ashgabat Institute of Arts. In 1972 he defended Cand. dis. “Orchestral editions of M. Mussorgsky's opera“ Khovanshchina ”. Since 1976 he has been working in Leningrad. Art. Lecturer, then Assistant Professor, Department of Choral Art in Vyssh. prof. school of culture; since 1986 - at the department of history and theory of culture (since 1990 prof.). After defending the doctoral dissertation. (1990) and the reorganization of prof. schools (Humanitarian University prof.) since 1992 - head. Department of Lawsuits. Osn. direction of research. work rus. music and muses. modern culture Turkmenistan. From the beginning. 1980s also dealt with the history of it. music in Russia. Author of over 300 publications, incl. - monographs about the work of the comp. N.A. Goleshchanova (L., 1979), V. Mukhatova (M., 1980), A.G. Shaposhnikova (M., 1985).

gurevich yakov grigorjevich
has abstract: GUREVICH Yakov Grigorievich (1843 - 1906, Petersburg), teacher. Graduated from History-Philology. Faculty of Petersburg University, taught history in the city of Novgorod, then in St. Petersburg. teacher's institute, etc. cf. uch. institutions of the capital, at the same time. - privat-assoc. Department of General History of St. Petersburg. un-that. Since the 1880s. read a course in general history at the Higher. wives (Bestuzhev's) courses. In 1893 he opened in St. Petersburg a private state institution (in the literature known as "Mrs. Gurevich") and a real school with her, attracted the best teachers to teach them, the author of history books (in 1880-1900 - several editions survived), the compiler of the "Reader in Russian. history "(v. 1-3) and" East. anthologies on modern history ”. Founder (1890) and ed. g. "Rus. school ”(the best pedagogue in Russia at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries), in which he placed a number of articles. on pedagogy and methods of teaching history in cf. school. G. author of the book. “The origin of the war for Spanish. inheritance "(1885)," On the question of reform cf. education (1906), "History of Greece and Rome" (10th ed., 1911) and others. pl. years G. was the treasurer “Lit. fund ". Daughter - L.Ya. Gurevich. Son G. - Yakov Yakovlevich (1869 - |) teacher and writer. Graduated from Phys.-Math. Faculty of Petersburg un-that, taught in private petersburg. g-ziyah. After the death of his father - Deer. "G-zii Gurevich", ed. g. "Rus. school ”, where he published a number of his articles. on the problems of pedagogy. Under ps. Ya.Krukovsky publ. in f. "North. herald "a number of stories and other productions, the author of the drama" On the High Road "(1913), which was on the stages of St. Petersburg. t-ditch. Died in besieged Leningrad. The grandchildren of G. - the children of Catherine's daughter - writer and literary critic I.L. Andronikov and physicist, member of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, E…

gurevich zinoviy bonich
has abstract: GUREVICH Zinovy ​​Bonich (1913, Kazan - 2005), ballet dancer, teacher-director. Since 1928 in the circus. In 1933–37 he performed in a group under the hands of. AG Rotbert, then created the number "Equilibrist with perches and ladders." In the issue, prepared in 1947, except for the most difficult balancing act. tricks introduced elements of acrobatics and muses. eccentrics. Since 1959 - teacher at GUTSEI. Issued many. new numbers, developed account. a program on the genre of balancing act. The author of the book. “On the genres of owls. circus "(1977)," Equilibrium "(1982). Honored. cultural worker of the RSFSR (1976).

gurfinkelj viktor semenovich
has abstract: GURFINKEL Victor Semenovich (b. 1922), physiologist, ac. RAS (1994). Graduated from Kirg. state honey. Institute (1944). Military doctor, participant of the 2nd world. war. 1949–67 worked at Ying-those prosthetics, Ying-those experiment. biology and medicine SB AS, Ying-those biophysics AS USSR. Since 1967 - at the Institute of Information Transmission Problems of the Academy of Sciences. Research in the region. biomechanics and mechanisms of regulation of human movements, hemodynamics, fiziol. basics of prosthetics. Tr. on aviation space. medicine. State pr. USSR (1970). Etc. R. Doe in the region. Neurosciences (USA). Cit .: System of tactile sensation of the manipulator and recognition of the shape of objects. M., 1974. Do not count the professions of a robot (ed.) M., 1987.

guri
has abstract: GURI (Gurielashvili) Efraim (b. 1955, Kulashi, Georgia), polit. and societies. activist. Since 1972 - in Israel. In 1975 he was elected chairman. Associations of immigrants from the USSR in Ashdod. In 1983 he became deputy. Mayor of Ashdod. Since 1988 dep. Knesset (1988–91 - from the Maarah party, since 1991 - from the Likud bloc).

gurjev
has abstract: GURIEV, see Atyrau.

gurkov abram bentsionovich
has abstract: GURKOV Abram Bentsionovich (1919, Lubny, Poltava province), architect, specialist in the design of public buildings and structures, residential complexes. In 1941 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Member of the 1941–45 war. work: Sov. pavilion at the exhibition in Pyongyang (1959), residential complexes in Darkhan and Ulan Bator, both in Mongolia (1970s), owls. embassy in Ulan Bator (1970), reconstruction of the Paveletsky railway station in Moscow (1987, as part of a team), reconstruction of the Metropol hotel in Moscow (1991, as part of a team).

gurlyand iljya
has abstract: GURLYAND Ilya (Ilia-Maximilian) Yakovlevich (ps. Arseny) (1868, Berdichev, Kiev province - not earlier than 1921), publicist, statesman. Rod. in the family of a notary (in the past - half a rabbi), who then received the title of hon. citizen. He studied in the cities of Kharkov and Odessa. Graduated from the Yaroslavl Demidov Lyceum (1891, gold medal for a Candidate of Sciences dissertation on Roman law). Was left to lecture on bargaining. and adm. law (privat-doc., since 1901 - prof.). In 1900 at Kiev University, he defended his dis. for the title of master, in 1902 to St. Petersburg. unte - dr. dis. "Order of the great sovereign of secret affairs." He began to publish as a schoolboy in 1884–85 in satirical poetry. ed. "Bee", "Alarm Clock", decomp. Odessa gas. He performed with the theater, and lit. reviews in "News of the day", "Odessa news", "Peterburgskaya gazeta", in f. "T-r and art" and other Comedy G., publ. under the patronage of A.P. Chekhov, walked in the Small Theater. Pov .: "Caprice", "Career", "Special World", "On the Threshold". G.'s journalism left a cursory but witty picture of the mores of intelligent Moscow. Book. "Characteristic features of K.R.'s poetry" dedicated poetry led. Prince G. made a brilliant bureaucratic career, taking advantage of the patronage of Yaroslav. Governor B.V. Shtürmer, for whom, according to the testimony of the present, "thought and wrote." His book was published in Yaroslavl. "The idea of ​​patronage as an idea of ​​internal management" (1898). He converted to Orthodoxy. From 1904 - an official for special assignments at the Ministry of Internal Affairs. cases. Member Council min. int. cases. From Apr. 1906 - one of the closest comp. P.A. Stolypin. In 1906–07, by an unspoken order of the Prospect Island under ps. NP Vasiliev wrote brochures, pamphlets, of the nature "The Truth About the Cadets", "What are Trudoviks |", "Second Duma". Supervised ed. "Russia", having received in this capacity the reputation of the represe…

gurlyand khaim iona
has abstract: GURLAND Chaim Iona (1843, Kletsk of Slutsk district of Minsk province - 1890, Odessa), rabbi. Graduated from vilensk. rav-vinsk. school (1860), studied in St. Petersburg. un-those Semitic languages. In 1863 he received a master's degree for his work "On the influence of the philosophy of the Muslim religion on the philosophy of Moses Maimonides." He also published 4 works under the general title “Heb. archives in St. Petersburg "(1865–67). Since 1873 inspector Zhitomirsk. Heb. teaches. in-that. In 1883 (together with Kh.I. Gokhman) he founded a city in Odessa, where he taught a course in Hebrew. stories and literature. Since 1888, the rabbi of Odessa. Prepared 7 issues. ed. “On the History of the Persecution of Jews” (1887–92), including materials on the history of the Jews of Ukraine in the 17–18 century.

gurovich iljya matveevich
has abstract: GUROVICH Ilya Matveevich (1915, Lugansk, Yekaterinoslavskaya province. - 1991, Moscow), military leader, major general engineer-technical. service (1967). In 1937 he graduated from Moscow. industrial inst. He worked as a foreman at a construction site. In Kr. Army from 1940. In 1941–45 - com. sappers and builds. subdivisions and parts. In 1945-55 - for decomp. military engineer positions. In 1955 he was among the first builders of the Baikonur cosmodrome. Beginning productions. dep., ch. Ing. 1966–75 - early. page-va. Since 1975 - retired. Load 7th order.

gurovich markus solomonovich
has abstract: GUROVICH Markus Solomonovich (| - 1889, Odessa), teacher and society. activist. All R. 19th century opened the first Hebrew in Russia. wives boarding house in Odessa, on behalf of the trustee of the Odessa school. District N.I. Pirogov was the first head of the Odessa Talmud Torah. In 1852, he was appointed a Jewish scientist under the Governor-General of Novorossiysk and Bessarabia, and conducted a survey of the mountains inhabited by Jews. south. lips. Russia, presented to the Governor-General detailed reports on the internal. life of Heb. communities, notes on the state of Heb. agriculturalist. colonies in Novoros. region, about in-those Heb. religious court, about the program of the first Russian-Heb. periodic. ed. "Dawn", etc.

gurovich mikhail ivanovich
has abstract: GUROVICH Mikhail Ivanovich (real name and surname - Moisey Davidovich Gurevich) (1861 - 1915, Yalta), sotr. Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In the beginning. 1880s studied at the Kharkov vet. in-those, then to Moscow. un-those, participated in the Narodnaya Volya. circles, led a roar. propaganda among the workers of Poltava, chl. sinks. roar. org-tion "Obschestudench. union "and a circle of" militarists ". In 1888 he was exiled to adm. order to Surgut (Tobolsk Gubernia), from where "for an unbearable impudent character" he was transferred to Yakutia with an increase in the term of exile by 2 years. In 1889 he was summoned to Yakutsk to serve his military service, in the same year he was involved in the case of compiling gr. polit, exiled addresses “Citizens Franz. rep. " in honor of the 100th anniversary of Vel. Franz. rev-tion. In the beginning. 1890s He struck up relations with the Police Department (in business he was nicknamed "Kharkovets"), soon returned to Europe. part of Russia and converted to Orthodoxy in 1894. The roar "illuminated" the work. circles in Minsk, then - petersburg. Social-Democrats, participated in the activities of many. societies. org-tions (Petersburg literacy committee, Writers' Union, etc.), was actually. ed. Marxist, legal "Beginning" (official ed. - his wife A.A. Voeikova). From the beginning. 1901, rumors began to spread about G.'s provocation; for their investigation in 1902, he was created abroad. a special commission of representatives of the roar. emigration, edges established the fact of provocation G. and made it public. In the same year, G. officially entered the service in the Police Department, in 1903–04 he was in charge of agents in Romania and Galicia, in 1904 - inspector of St. Petersburg. security department, in 1905-06 beginning. office of the assistant governor in the Caucasus for polit. Since 1906, retired in the rank of acting. state councilor.

gurovich yakov efimovich
has abstract: GUROVICH Yakov Efimovich (1858 - |), member of the revolt. movement of the 1870s, son of a merchant. He graduated from the Ekaterinoslavskaya g-ziya, studied in St. Petersburg. medical-surgeon academy. Was close to roar. org-tion "Land and Freedom". For participation in the demonstration on December 6, 1876 at Kazanskaya Square. arrested, 25.1.1877 sentenced to exile in Zap. Siberia. Settled in Berezovka, Tobolsk Gubernia, from where he can “blame. behavior ”and the intention to escape was transferred to Yakutsk. In the beginning. 1880s filed a petition for clemency with an offer of "services" to pr-wu (left without consequences). In 1884 he returned to Europe. Russia.

gurshteyn aleksandr aronovich
has abstract: GURSHTEIN Alexander Aronovich (b. 1937, Moscow), astronomer, Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1981). The son of A.Sh. Gurstein. He was a schoolboy in asters, in Moscow circles. planetarium. In 1959 he graduated from Moscow. in-t engineer geodesy, aerial photography and cartography. In 1960–65 in the State. asters, in-those them. Sternberg Mosk. un-that. From 1965 to a designer. bureau S.P. Korolev and Ying-those kosmich. research Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Since 1981 in Ying-those history of natural science and technology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Cand. dis. (1966) on instrumental problems of high-precision astrometrics. measurements. Participated in the implementation of St. cosm. research programs Moon and planets. One of the creatures. lunar astrometry (has several author's certificates on methods for determining selenodetic coordinates). Author of works on astrometric. aspects of flight operations automatic. cosm. devices to the moon. Developed by scientific. Moon study programs, hands. a number of topics under the Intercosmos program. Together with K.P. Florensky, the founder of the laboratory will compare. planetology (now the Vernadsky Geochemical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences). Author of works on archaeoastronomy, problems of the genesis of science, scientific. revolutions, social. stories of owls. astronomy. The author of the concept of dating the origin of the zodiacal constellations. Deals with the problems of teaching astronomy and the popularization of asters, knowledge. Resp. ed. yearbook "On the frontiers of the knowledge of the Universe." The author of the book. "The eternal secrets of the sky" (withstood three editions: 1973, 1984, 1991) and asters, an atlas for students "Man and the Universe" (1992). Member Int. asters union, vice-president. Europe. about-va of astronomy in culture.

gurshteyn aron sheftelevich
has abstract: GURSHTEIN Aron Sheftelevich (1895, Krolevets, Chernigov province - 1941), literary critic. In 1913 he graduated in Vilna Heb. g-ziyu. In 1916 he studied ancient Hebrew. lit-ru to the east. f-those Petrograd. un-that. In May 1920 he volunteered for the Kr. Army. After demobilization, he worked in the People's Commissariat for Nationalities Affairs, and was published in its "Life of Nationalities" organ. In the 1930s, G. was a recognized theorist in the region. Heb. and Russian. lit. criticism. He lectured in Heb. branches Mosk., Kievsk., Odessa. ped. in-tov, edited by scientific. ed. on the theory and history of literature. In 1926 he published the work "The current state of the biography of I.-L. Peretz", in 1928 - "Results of research. life and work of Mendele Moicher-Sforima ”. These publications found a wide response in Heb. lit-world. In 1928, G.'s works were published: "Young Mendele in the context of the 60s." and New Direction in Mendele Research. He also published a number of works on the history of Hebrews. t-ra. In the summer of 1941 G. left for Moscow. militia and died at the end of 1941.

gurshteyn toviy vladimirovich
has abstract: GURSHTEIN Toviy Vladimirovich (1877, Tiflis - 1950, Moscow), neurologist. With 15 years in the roar. movement, in 1905 takes an active part in the armed uprising., for which he was sentenced to life imprisonment, which he served until February 1917. In 1918, G. entered the honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that, in 1920 - mobilized in the Cheka. Graduated from Moscow State University in 1923, then worked as a neuropathologist in hospitals in Moscow, Ufa, Samarkand. From 1933 until the end of his life he worked at the Central Neurosurgical Institute (now - Institute named after N.N.Burdenko). Sci. activity of G. dedicated. in the main. the study of parasitic diseases of the central nervous system. In 1948 for the monograph "Cysticercosis of the brain", in a cut achievements in surgery of parasitic lesions of the brain were generalized and analyzed, G. was awarded ave. Burdenko of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences.

gurvich
has abstract: GURVICH (on the father's side - Bukharina) Svetlana Nikolaevna (b. 1924, Moscow), historian, Dr. Sciences (1989). Father is a prominent desk. and state. leader NI Bukharin (1888-1938). In 1937, amid terror, she took her mother's surname. She studied at the East. Faculty of Moscow State University, excluded in 1946. Graduated from East. Faculty of Gorky State un-that (1954). In 1949 she was arrested and sentenced to 5 years of exile (she was serving in the village of Pikhtovka, Novosibirsk Oblast). Released under the 1953 amnesty after Stalin's death. In 1956-60 she studied at the graduate school of the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1960 she worked there (since 1969 - Institute of General History). Author of works on polit. history and history of the labor movement in France in the 20th century, as well as about the socio-polit. views of Bukharin. Cit .: Labor movement and the "left bloc" in France 1921-1926. M., 1966; The radical socialists and the labor movement in France at the beginning. XX century M., 1976. Osn. problems of modern culture. Dokl. "New and Contemporary History" 1988, no. 5; Dokl. NI Bukharin in Paris as his watered, testament, in the book: Bukharin: man, politician, scientist. M, 1990; Refutation, a cut was unnecessary ... "Kommunist", 1991, no.

gurvich abram solomonovich
has abstract: GURVICH Abram Solomonovich (1897, Lutsk, Volyn province. - 1962, Moscow), literary critic, theater critic. Published since 1925, actively responding to Naib. significant theatrical events. After eating t-ru and dramaturgy, his book: “Three playwrights. Pogodin, Olesha, Kirshon "(M., 1936)," In search of a hero "(M.-L., 1938), which included the articles written by G. in the 30s. about the work of Yu.K. Olesha, N.F. Pogodin, I.G. Erenburg, about the plays of V.M. Gusev, A.N. Afinogenov, stories by A.P. Platonov. In the postwar years. wrote about the manuf. N.A.Ostrovsky, A.A.Fadeev, M.A.Sholokhov, D.A. Granin, G.E. Nikolaeva, V.N.Azhaev and others. In 1949, together with gr. lit. and theater critics were accused of cosmopolitanism. With the devastating art. they were addressed by many. gas. and f. After a long break, books appear. M.G .: “The features of a contemporary. Lit.-critical Art. " (M., 1958), "Literary-critical. Art. " (M., 1973). G. - the author of the theoretical. works in the field of chess: "Chess poetry" (in the book: "Etudes", M., 1961).

gurvich aleksandr
has abstract: GURVICH Alexander (Sheftel) Iosifovich (1898, Riga - 1938), military man. engineer, brigade engineer. Graduated from electrical engineering. school in Riga, worked as a mechanic at the factory "Erickson". Since 1918 in Kr. Army. Graduated from military-engineer. technical school of the command staff of the Red Army and the Higher. military. school of communication. In 1923–24 pom. communications inspector of the Red Army. Since 1926 - in Ch. reconnaissance. management (GRU), from 1935 beginning. Research Institute for Communication Engineering GRU. Arrested in 1937. Shot.

gurvich aleksandr gavrilovich
has abstract: GURVICH Alexander Gavrilovich (1874, Poltava - 1954, Moscow), biologist and histologist, brother of L.G. Gurvich. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Munich University (1897). He worked there as an assistant (1897–98), then at the department. Anatomy of Strasbourg (1899-1901) and Bernese (1901-05) un-com. Assistant to the laboratory of PF Lesgaft in St. Petersburg (1906-1907); prof. Higher wives. courses (1907-18), Tavrich. un-that in Simferopol (1918–24), head. department histology and embryology of Moscow State University (1924–29). Organized and headed the laboratory experiment, biology in Vses. in-those experiment, medicine (VIEM) (1930–45), dir. Ying experiment. biology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1945–48). Sci. tr. G. are devoted to the problems of cytology, histophysiology, embryology, biophysics, and theoretical. biology. He studied the nature of the cytoplasm and the mechanism of cell division. Discovered (1923) ultra-weak ultraviolet radiation of living tissues, which stimulates cell division, and called it mitogenetic radiation. Introduced the concept of biol. (morphogenetic) field (1912), created (1944) the theory of biol. field, explaining the direction and orderliness of the development and functioning of organisms, as well as "physiology, the theory of protoplasm". Became. etc. (1941). Cit .: Mitogenetic radiation. M., 1932; Fav. tr. (theoretical and experiment, research). M, 1977; Principles of Analytical Biology and Cell Field Theory. M., 1991.

gurvich aleksandr matveevich
has abstract: GURVICH Alexander Matveyevich (Moiseevich) (1909, Simferopol, Tavricheskaya province - 1963, Leningrad), specialist in the region. heat engineering, boiler engineering, Dr. Tech. Sciences (1940), prof. from 1945. Graduated from Leningrad in 1930. polytechnic in-t. He worked in the Central Scientific and Research Institute. design and engineering institute them. II Polzunov, in 1934-63 head. lab. radiant heat transfer. Simultaneously from 1934 he taught at Leningrad. polytechnic in-those, where in 1946 - organized the department of theoretical. basics of heat engineering and until 1956 was head. department. Main the work is connected with the creation of boiler and furnace equipment, the calculation of heat transfer in the furnace chambers, research. layered furnaces and combustion devices. He supervised the development of a normative method for thermal calculations, the creation and implementation of fundamentally new designs of boilers, a gapless chain grate, participated in the development of standards for thermal calculation of boiler installations. Works: Chain mechanical furnaces. Theory, calculation and design. L.-M., 1934; Heat exchange in the furnaces of steam boilers. Theory and calculation. L.-M., 1950; Thermal calculation of boilers, units. (Normative calculation). M.-L., 1957.

gurvich aron evseevich
has abstract: GURVICH Aron Evseevich (1918, Pavlograd, Yekaterinoslav province - 1987, Moscow), one of the founders of the Sov. immunochemistry. Dr. Biol. Sciences (1962). From the family of prof. Bolshevik revolutionaries. In the 20s. his father ed. gas. "Baku Worker". He graduated from Moscow State University (1941), specializing in human and animal physiology and the dynamics of the body's development. In the fall of 1941 he volunteered for the fr. In parts of bunks. militia took part in the battles near Moscow, was wounded. As part of the regular troops, he fought near Kharkov, Stalingrad, and liberated Auschwitz. He graduated from the war in Prague with the rank of sergeant. Since 1945 in Ying-those biol. and honey. Chemistry of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. In 1953, in the midst of a campaign related to the "Doctors' Plot," several months. was out of work. Since 1961, at the invitation of L.A. Zilber, he worked at the Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology. N.F. Gamalei of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, where he organized and headed the lab. chemistry and biosynthesis of antibodies. research devoted to the synthesis of antibodies and their accompanying nonspecific formation. immunoglobulins. In search of new approaches for determining the rate of antibody synthesis, he developed a number of methods based on the incorporation of radioactively labeled amino acids into antibodies. Work on the isolation of antibodies on immobilized antigens led to the creation. cellulose-based immunosorbents. He proved that the synthesis of antibodies occurs de novo, and not from protein precursors. In the 1960s-80s. G. actively contributed to the dissident movement. In 1968 he signed a "letter to 122 scientists", participated in fundraising to help families of political prisoners, and provided support to "refuseniks".

gurvich boris iljich
has abstract: GURVICH Boris Ilyich (1890 - 1977, Gorky), pediatrician. In 1917 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Yuryevsky University, later worked as a military doctor, deputy. honey-san. dep. on the evacuation of prisoners and refugees at the Nizhny Novgorod Provincial Executive Committee. In 1920-27 - Ch. doctor children. hospitals in Nizhny Novgorod. In 1927 G. - assistant of the department of children. diseases of the Nizhny Novgorod University. In 1942 he defended his doctorate. dis. "Glucose-insulinosulfidine therapy of toxic dyspepsia" and was elected prof., Head. Department of Faculty Therapy and Propedeutics, children. diseases of Gorky honey. in-that. In 1953–68 - head. department of hospital pediatrics, in 1968-75 - consultant of the same department. Science. tr. G. dedicated early pathology and art. children age. G. was Ch. Gorky's pediatrician, deputy. prev. Gorky about-va children. Doctors. Vol .: Clinic, prevention and treatment of dystrophy in early childhood. aged, Gorky, 1944; Rheumatism in children, Gorky, 1960.

gurvich boris isaakovich
has abstract: GURVICH Boris Isaakovich (1905, Petersburg - 1985, ibid.), Painter, graphic artist, theater designer. From 1919 he studied at the Hud.-prom. technical school, in 1921-26 - at the VKHUTEIN with MV Dobuzhinsky, KS Petrov-Vodkin, AE Karev. For some time he studied with K.S. Malevich, but the classes (1923-26) and subsequent collaboration with P.N. Filonov in the collective “Masters of Analytical Art” (1926-31), where he participated in the design of the House of Press (panel "Labor", 1926-27). Since 1932, leaving gr. Filonov, G. was engaged in painting in line with analytic. lawsuit. Participated in the design of owls. pavilion at the World. exhibition in Paris (1937), from 1938 he began to work as an artist t-ra in Moscow, Leningrad, Kiev, Vilnius. Practically not exhibited, first look. the exhibition took place in 1990 in the halls of Leningrad. CX Osn. works: painting - "Head 1", "Head 2" (both 1932), compositions "Abstract", "Airship in a cage", "Spring", "Trays" (1960–70s); design for performances - "Youth of Taras" (1938, Kiev Youth Theater), "Women of Niskavuori", "Cornelius" (both 1940, Leningrad BDT), "City at Dawn" (1957, Leningrad Theater named after Leningrad Komsomol) , "Shadow" (1958), and "Twelve Chairs" (1960, both in the Moscow Theater of Satire).

gurvich georgiy davydovich
has abstract: GURVICH Georgy Davydovich (Georges) (1894, Novorossiysk, Kuban Region - 1965, Paris), sociologist. Studied at Petersburg. un-those, as well as at the Sorbonne (Paris). Prof. Tomsk and Petrograd. high fur boots (1915–21). He was a supporter of Menshevism, but in polit. did not participate in the fight; Oct the Revolution did not accept, in 1921 he emigrated. In the end. 20 - early. 30s taught at Prague University, Harvard University (USA). Since 1935 prof. Strasbourg University (France). In the years of the 2nd world. During the war he lived in the USA, after the end of the war he returned to France. Since 1948 he headed the Department of Sociology at the Sorbonne. Founder of Intern. associations of sociologists of French-speaking countries (1946), Franz. nat. n.-i. center (1948), Sociol. Institute (prez. in 1953-56). Tr. dedicated problems of the history of philosophy and sociology, general theory and methodology of sociology. knowledge, sociology of morality, law, knowledge. G.'s views were formed as a result of critical. analysis and striving for integration decomp. directions of philos.-sociology. thoughts: theories mute. classic philosophy, K. Marx, A. Bergson, E. Durkheim, M. Weber and others. According to G., sociology together with ist. science is called upon to carry out the integration of various. human sciences. The subject of sociology was characterized as "holistic social phenomena" studied at all levels. The distinction he introduced between macro- and microsociology is widely recognized in scientific research. circles, although his claim that their methods were different was met with criticism. From the standpoint of pluralism, G. opposed both materialism and idealism. Relations between societies. classes considered radically irreconcilable and argued the inevitability of social antagonisms. The alternative to capitalism and technical bureaucracy considered “pluralistic. collectivism ”based on self-government of the people. G.'s ideas had a noticeable …

gurvich iosif mikhaylovich
has abstract: GURVICH Iosif Mikhailovich (1907, Kishinev - 1992, Moscow), painter, graphic artist, muralist. In 1921–25 he was engaged first in the art. R. Reingbald's school, then at the courses of isoisk under Yu. R. Bershadsky in Odessa, in 1925-30 he studied at the Odessa art. in-those at T.B. Fraerman. Since 1929 he was a member of the Association of Revolutionaries. claims of Ukraine (ARMU). He worked at Yug-ROST in Odessa (1919), taught at the Odessa Art. in-those (1930–32). After moving to Moscow (1932) he devoted himself to creative work, taught at the studio of disabled artists of the Second World War and at the Children's Art. school (1946–67), traveled a lot around the country and abroad. Member of the second world. wars (1942–45). I took part in pl. thin exhibitions, persons. exhibition at the House of Artists in Moscow in 1976. Honored. thin RSFSR (1974). works: "Rest of workers" (1929, oil on canvas), series "Girls of the Metro", "On the construction of the metro" (1932–38, oil on canvas), "Moldavian carpet weavers" (1939, oil on canvas .), “Moscow. 1941 "(1941, oil on canvas)," Barricades on Bashilovka "(1942, oil on canvas)," Liberation of Donbass "(1965–69)," Portrait of Angelica "(1982), etc. Works are in museums in Moscow, Kiev, Kaunas, Baku, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, etc.,

gurvich isaak
has abstract: GURVICH Isaak (Itskhok-Aizik) Aharonovich (Adolfovich) (1860, Vilna - 1924, USA), polit. activist, economist, publicist. In the end. 1870s studied at Petersburg. un-those, was close to roar. populists. In 1879 he was arrested and deported to Minsk. In 1880 he was arrested again and exiled to the adm. order for 4 years to Siberia. While in exile, he studied migrants. cases (the results of the research. later published in the book. "Resettlement of peasants in Siberia", M., 1888). In 1885 he settled in Minsk, led the roar. propaganda among the workers, created the first in the city of Heb. working circle. In 1887 he passed the exam for the course of Demidov's law as an external student. lyceum in Yaroslavl. In 1889 he left Russia, in 1891 he settled in the United States. In 1891–93 ed. Russian gas. Progress (New York, then Chicago). In 1893 he passed the exam for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of Science thesis. translated into Russian. lang. ("The economic position of the Russian village", Moscow, 1896 - one of the first studies on the agrarian question in Russia, written from a Marxist standpoint). In 1893–94 G. - privat-doc. University of Chicago in the Department of Statistics, due to leftist beliefs, he was forced to leave teaching. In 1894-1900 he was engaged in legal practice, from 1900 to the state. service. In the 1890s. G. - an active participant in the populist movement, one of the founders of Amer. s.-d. party, the leader of the left wing prof. movement. In 1905 he came to Russia, was elected an elector of the State. thought, but the results of the elections were annulled by the authorities, after which G. returned to the United States. From the end. 1890s G. collaborated in the Amer. socialist Heb. periodic. press, in 1912 published in English. lang. book "Emigration and Labor". Cit .: First Heb. workers' circles, "Byloe", 1907, No. 6.

gurvich khaim khaykilj
has abstract: GURVICH Chaim Khaikil (c. 1750 - 1822, Uman, Kiev province), Jewish activist. education. In the beginning. 19th century per. in Yiddish and ed. in Berdichev book. Kampa "Discovery of America", edges enjoyed great popularity among growing up. Jews. Later per. and ed. this work in OE. In tech. pl. For years he maintained friendly relations with the Karaite scholar Isaac, provided him with moral support during the period of persecutions that fell upon him from the side of religions. orthodox. G. himself was also repeatedly persecuted for "freethinking", after his death created. the legend that his sinful soul wanders around the world, finding no rest.

gurvich lazarj-lipman
has abstract: GURVICH Lazar-Lipman (1815 - 1852, Vilna), teacher, writer. Headed the Vilna rabbinical school, in 1841–44 ed. scientific-literary collection "Pirhe Tsafon" (jointly with S. Finn). The author of the work but the history of ancient Hebrews. poetry and research. about the book. Job.

gurvich lev gavrilovich
has abstract: GURVICH Lev Gavrilovich (1871, Poltava - 1926, Moscow), petrochemist. Doctor of Philosophy (1896), prof. (1920). Brother of A.G. Gurvich. Graduated in 1892 from Kiev and in 1896 from Basel un-you. Until 1897 he worked at Freiburg un-those, in the lab. chem. s-yes in Tann (Alsace). From 1899 - in St. Petersburg, where until 1904 published. g. "Chemist". From 1904 he worked at the "Dembo" refinery in Baku. In 1905–09 the head. chem. lab. Nobel plant in Baku, from 1909 in St. Petersburg. In 1920 he organized and headed the Center. chem. lab. trust "Azneft" in Baku. At the same time. taught at Azerb. un-those and Azerb. Polytechnic. in-those. Since 1924 hand. oil lab. in Moscow. teplotekhn. in-those. Osn. research belong to petrochemistry and catalytic. chemistry. Explained (1908) physical. the essence of the process of distillation of oil with water vapor. He proved that olefins are polymerized on natural aluminosilicate. He was the first to systematize experimental data on the chemistry and physical chemistry of oil. In 1911–12 he put forward a hypothesis about the existence of physicochem. the force of attraction, which is intermediate between chem. bond and molecular attraction. The results of this study. formed the basis for the development of industrial methods. purification of petroleum products and were used in works on heterogeneous catalysis (1916). Author of scientific. printed works, fundamental tr. "Sci. fundamentals of oil refining "(1913), which has not lost its scientific. and practical. values.With: Main. phenomena, laws and theories of inorganic. chemistry. L., 1926; Practical guide classes on oil technology. Baku-M., 1932.

gurvich moisey
has abstract: GURVICH Moses (after the adoption of Orthodoxy - Nikolai Petrovich Guriev) (| - 1870, St. Petersburg), teacher and publicist. Taught in Russian. lang. in state Hebrews. uch-schhah, sotr. into gas. "Home Conversation", "The Day", "Voice" and others (author of the article on the Hebrew question and problems of school education). Under the influence of J. Brafman in 1865 publ. into gas. "Vilensky Vestnik" a number of Art. against the Jews (under ps. S. Pravdin), on the initiative of the trustee of the Vilna uch. district involved in the work of the so-called. "Vilnius Commission". The author of the textbook is Russian. grammar, withstood several. published by Son G. - Alexander (1864 - |), lawyer, publicist, graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that, served in the Ministry of Finance (scientific secretary, then a member of the Scientific Committee), sotr. gas. "New time", "St. Petersburg. Vedomosti "," Russia "and others. The author of works" To the reform of the State. Bank "(1893)," Drinking Monopoly "(1893)," Towards the Reform of the Cross, Bank "(1894)," Reform of the den. treatment (1896), "Prom. syndicates "(1898-99)," Den. circulation in Russia in the XIX century. " (1903), "Credit institutions in Russia in the XIX century." (1903) and others.

gurvich osip yakovlevich
has abstract: GURVICH Osip Yakovlevich (1842, estate Kamenny Lug, Vilna province - |), teacher, publicist. He graduated from the Vilna rabbinical school, from 1860 a teacher of Russian. lang. in Minsk Heb. uch-shche, then - the caretaker of Heb. school in the city of Vileyka, was engaged in skylight, activities among local Hasidim, published in f. "Gakarmel", "Vilensky Vestnik". Later he was a rabbi in Grodno. From 1881 - a learned Jew under the governor of Minsk and a teacher of the law in state schools. institutions. In the 1880s. under ps. Ben - Jacob was published in f. "Dawn" and "Rus. Jew". The author of the book: “Heb. Prayer Book "(2nd ed., 1870)," Heb. Faith "(1879)," History of the Jews in the Biblical Period "(1871, jointly with A. Vol)," Living morality, or the treasury of the Talmud. ethics "(1901) and others.

gurvich saul
has abstract: GURVICH Saul (1860, Uvarovichi, Mogilev province - 1922, Berlin), writer. Started lit. activity in 1881 with cooperation in Heb. period, ed. "Ha-Melitz" and "Dawn", promoting Palestinian ideas. In 1884, the lane. manuf. Moses Hess "Rome and Jerusalem" in Hebrew for f. "Ha-Magid" and wrote rep. about Nachman Krokhmal. G. also belongs to Prince. "The Jewess and Judaism" - on the position of Heb. women in the family and society according to the laws of the Bible and Talmud. His essay "On the question of the existence of Judaism" appeared in 1904 and caused a storm in Heb. press. In Art. "Two Ways" (1907) offered Judaism words. alternative: Zionism or assimilation. In the essay "On the Expansion of the Boundaries", containing a polemic with Ahad Ha-Am, he rejected the dogmatization of Judaism. Dedicated the collection published by him. "Ha-Atid" ("The Future", vols. 1–5, 1908–14; vol. 6, Berlin, 1926) discussions about scientific-theoretical. basis of Judaism. Naib. means. his essays on Judas Halevi, Hasidism, Gascal were collected in the book. "Where and where |" (Berlin, 1914). G. was one of the founders. and hands. Histadrut Hebrew, an organization dedicated to the struggle for the revival of Hebrew and Hebrew. culture. After the 1st world. war G. lived in Berlin, where he wrote about the medieval. and modern Heb. lit-re.

gurvich semen isaakovich
has abstract: GURVICH Semyon Isaakovich (1923, Rostov-on-Don - 2004, ibid.), Hero of Owls. Union (1944). In Kr. Army since 1940. Graduated from the pilot school (1942). In fr. from March 1943. He fought in the assault aviation. Graduated from the Military Air. acad. (1955). Since 1966, the colonel is in reserve. Shooting trainer. Awarded 10th order. Daughter of G. - Larisa, doctor, world champion among women in clay pigeon shooting (Munich, 1975).

gurvits khaim-dov
has abstract: GURVITZ Chaim-Dov (1865, Gorki, Mogilev province - 1927, Moscow), publicist. Rod. in the teacher's family. In 1881-87 he studied at the local real agronomist. uch-shche, then studied philosophy at the Vienna high fur boots. In 1900 he went to Berlin, where he studied social sciences, ch. arr. political economy. For the dis. "Development of human needs and social differentiation of society" received the title of Dr. In 1901-03 he collaborated in periodicals. in Yiddish, Hebrew and Russian. lang., printed stories, scientific-popul. Art. After graduating from un-that came to Warsaw, became a journalist. After the foundation in St. Petersburg of the first daily. gas. in Yiddish "Der Fraind" G. became her collaborator, published a publicist, Art. in the heading “From Heb. economical life ". Later, one of the theorists of Heb. cooperative movement, publ. a number of works on this issue. In the train. "Di Yiddish Welt" was ed. economical dep., and in 1913-14 ed. g. "Di Yiddish Cooperation". After the revolution he lived in Minsk, Vilna, Warsaw, where he continued his publicist and activity. Returning to Russia, he settled in Moscow, worked in economics. and farms. org-tions, released the book. (together with I. Novakovsky) “Cooperation and Heb. shtetl ", printed inn. into gas. "Der emes".

gurvits shmuelj
has abstract: GURVITZ Shmuel (1901, m. Malyaty Vilensky district and province - 1999), agronomist. Studied at the Moscow Higher Technical School. Since 1924 - in E.-I. In 1925–32 he studied agronomy in Berlin (since 1932 - Doctor of Agronomy). In 1932–54 the agronomist N.-I. s.-kh. Art. in Rehovot. From 1942 he taught at Heb. un-those in Jerusalem (prof. from 1953, honored prof. from 1970). pr. Israel (agronomy and rural. kh-vo) in 1957 for his contribution to the development of Israeli agronomy.

guryan sorana
has abstract: GURYAN Sorana (real family. Gurfinkel) (1914, Comrat of Bendersky u. Bessarabian province. - 1956, Paris), writer and journalist. After studying at un-those, she spent three years in France, then on the eve of the 2nd world. war returned to Bucharest and joined the anti-fasc. underground. After the war, she became a journalist, but in 1947 her article, which called for free expression of thoughts, led to a ban on work. In the beginning. 1949 fled Romania and settled in Paris. With the exception of two years (1949-51), spent in Israel, she lived in France. She worked in gas. and on the radio. Her first. rum. "These Days Will Never Return" (1946), written in room. lang. and which brought her fame, contained an autobiographical. a story about the life of an intelligent family in a Bessarabian town. "Events between dawn and night" (1946) - Sat. stories about obsessive sexual phobias of a single woman. First book. in French lang. The Cells of the Net (1950), a diary from 1947–49 based on real facts, was an important politician. doc-tom. In 1952 G. trans. his first rum. in French lang. and wrote its sequel "Ruthless Love" (1953), dedicated. politician life of Romania on the eve of the 2nd world. war. I ate it. book A Tale of the Struggle (1956) also bears an autobiographer. character and describes a desperate search for a cure for cancer, from which G.

gurzuf
has abstract: GURZUF, an urban-type settlement (since 1929) in the Yalta region of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Yalta u. Tavricheskaya Gubernia. In 1926 30 Jews (1.1%) lived in Georgia, in 1939 - 89 Jews. Jews lived in Georgia in the 2-3 centuries. In Jewish medieval monuments G. mention. as a city where Jews lived.

gusakov
has abstract: GUSAKOV, a village in the Mostis district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1880, 564 Jews (42.2%) lived in Georgia, in 1900 - 629 (41.9%), in 1921 - 249 Jews (25, 6%) Jews lived in Georgia from the beginning. 17th century In the 17th and 18th centuries. main The occupation of the Jews of Georgia was trade; in the 19th and 20th centuries, in addition to trade, there were crafts and carriage. From the 1st floor. 18th century there was a community in Georgia. Rabbi G. in the 18th century. (until 1775) was Rabbi Meir, father of Levi-Itskhok from Berdichev. All R. 19th century the rabbi was Efroim-Dovid Lengnoir, from the 1880s. - his son Yosef-Eliyahu. Since the 1910s. Zionist organizations operated in Georgia. In the 1930s. The rabbis in Georgia were Efroim-Dovid Titelboim and Meir Titelboim. On the day of the occupation by Wehrmacht units on June 22, 1941, a pogrom was staged in Georgia. Several dozens of Jews were killed and the synagogue burned. In nov. 1942 Jews of Georgia were deported to the ghettos of nearby towns.

gusev sergey ivanovich
has abstract: GUSEV Sergei Ivanovich (real name and name Drabkin Yakov Davidovich) (1873, Sapozhok of Ryazan province - 1933, Moscow), polit. activist. He graduated from a real school in Rostov-on-Don, in 1896 he entered Petersburg. polytechnic Institute, where he studied for one year. Member RSDLP since 1896, member. "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class". In 1900–03 - one of the hands. s.-d. org-tion in Rostov-on-Don, from 1904 - secretary. Petersburg. Committee of the RSDLP (b), since 1906 member. Moscow Committee of the Bolshevik Party. He was arrested several times, was in exile, fled, lived in exile (in Geneva). In 1917 sec. Petrogr. Voenrevkoma. In years. citizen war - part. RVS of a number of fronts and armies (5th, 2nd) and members. RVS of the Republic. From March 1921 the beginning. Political administration of the Kr. Army, member. RVSR. In 1923-25 ​​he was a member. Collegium of the NK RFKI USSR, member. and secret. Central Control Commission of the RCP (b). Since 1925 the head. press department of the Central Committee of the party. In 1926 he headed Istpart, from 1929 he worked in the Comintern, member. Of the Presidium of the ECCI. Elected member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Cand. in part. Central Committee of the RCP (b) (1920–23), member. Pres. and secret. Central Control Commission of the Party (1923-27). The urn with the ashes is buried in the Kremlin wall. Works: Citizens' Lessons. war. M., 1921; Our disagreements in the military. business. M., 1925; Civil war and Kr. Army. M., 1958, etc.

gusevka
has abstract: GUSEVKA, see Novosibirsk.

gushanskiy semen khanaanovich
has abstract: GUSHANSKY Semyon Kanaanovich (1904, Sosnitsa, Chernigov Gubernia - 1981, Moscow), actor, director, teacher. From 1922, after graduating from the theater, studio in Kiev, he worked in the Experimental-Heroic. under the arms. B.A. Ferdinandov. In 1926-30 - actor of the First State. ped. t-ra, under the arms. G.L. Roshal. The first is the role of Herod (“Rifle No. 492116” by A.A. Kron). In 1930, joint. with ZA Sazhin, I. Doronin, A.Z. Okunchikov, he organized the T-r of working children of the Bauman district (since 1938 - the Moscow T-r for children); was an actor, director, thin. hands. Tr first post. plays by MA Svetlov "Fairy Tale" (1938), "Twenty Years Later" (1941). By this time, the roles belong: Izya ("Tokmakov Lane" by VV Smirnova, 1931), Rubinchik ("Street of Joy" by NA Zarkhi, 1932), Kuzovkin ("Freeloader" by IS Turgenev, 1935) and Dr. G. sovm. with Okunchikov post. "Distant Land" by E.L. Schwartz (1944). From 1946 he worked in Moscow. t-re them. M.N. Ermolova; naib. means. works here: Belov ("Sputniki" after V.F. "N. Khikmeta, 1956), Vosmibratov (" Forest "by A.N. Ostrovsky, 1964) and others. Since 1944 hands. the first studio at the Center. children's theater, since 1946 - teacher of GITIS (actor and director f-you), dep. dir. muses. t-ra and art. muses. comedy in the Chechen-Ingush. studios. He left his memoirs (not published). Honored. art. RSFSR (1959).

gusino
has abstract: GUSINO, a station in the Krasninsky district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Orshansky u. Mogilev province. 480 Jews (73%) lived in Georgia in 1924, 427 (60.5%) in 1926, and St. 600 Jews. In 1903, Georgia was opened for the settlement of Jews, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. In the 1920s. the Jewish beginning worked in G. a school that was transformed into a Russian school in 1938. In 1933, the Jewish collective farm Zarya (16th century) operated in Georgia. The Jewish population of Georgia was destroyed during the Holocaust. After 1945, a memorial was created in Georgia with the names and ages of the victims engraved on the memorial plate.

gusj-khrustaljnyy
has abstract: GUS-KHRUSTALNY, city (since 1931), a regional center in the Vladimir region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - a settlement at the crystal plant of A.V. Maltsev in the Vladimir province. In 1910 in G.-Kh. 6 Jews lived, in 1926 - 14 (0.08%), in 1939 - 43 Jews.

gusman izrailj borisovich
has abstract: GUSMAN Israel Borisovich (1917, Nizhny Novgorod - 2003, ibid.), Conductor. The son of a famous muses. activist, etc. critic Boris Evseevich G. Studied in music. technical school them. Gnesins, at the same time. (in 1933-41) worked in symphony. orc. Moscow Philharmonic, played drums and oboe. During World War II, he led the front-line brass orcs. 4th Ukrainian Front and the Carpathian Military District. In 1944 he graduated from the military conductor faculty of Moscow. cons. in the class of M.M. Bagrinovsky (he also studied under L.M. Ginzburg). In 1946 he won the 4th Ave at Vses. review of military conductors. In 1946-57, Ch. conductor symph. orc. Kharkiv Philharmonic. From 1957 ch. conductor, symph. orc. Gorky Philharmonic. In the 1963–64 season, he conducted the performances The Queen of Spades by PI Tchaikovsky and Boris Godunov by MP Mussorgsky at the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow. Honored. artist of the RSFSR (1965). Nar. artist of the RSFSR (1978). G.'s extensive repertoire consists of works. different styles and classics. op. western european and Russian. composers, manuf. modern app. composers of the 20th century ("Marine Interludes" by B. Britten, suite from the opera "Peter Grimes", oratorio "Joan of Arc" by A. Onegger, symphonic poem "Death and Enlightenment" by R. Strauss, ballets "The Rite of Spring", "The Firebird "IF Stravinsky, as well as works by Soviet composers (symphony by D. D. Shostakovich, oratorios by G. V. Sviridov, symph. Productions by K. A. Karaev; php., Violin and cello concerts by A. Khachaturian, T.N. Khrennikova and others). G. - one of the first performers of the 13th symphony of Shostakovich, op. A.G. Schnittke. With his assistance and direct participation in the 1960s, the Philharmonic organized annual festivals "Contemporary Music" with the participation of prominent musicians, at which there were premieres of many new works by foreign and Soviet composers, which G. promoted.

gusman yuliy solomonovich
has abstract: GUSMAN Yuliy Solomonovich (b. 1943, Baku), director. In 1966 he graduated from Baku honey. in-t. He worked as an instructor of the Central Committee of the Komsomol of Azerbaijan. In 1970 he graduated from the postgraduate course of the Baku University of Advanced Training for Doctors. In 1976, after graduating from the Higher. courses for scriptwriters and dir. at the USSR State Committee for Cinematography, was dir. k / st "Azerbaijanfilm". Dir. no. satirical. to / w "Mozalan", author and dir. mass theatrical performances, one of the founders and "captains" of the television game "Club of the cheerful and resourceful." Director Center. Houses of cinematographers in Moscow. He took off f. “One Fine Day” 1976, film), “Country house for one family (1978),“ Don't be afraid, I'm with you ”(1981),“ Ice floe in the warm sea ”(1983). He has staged performances on stages in the United States. Since 1993 dep. State Duma of Russia.

gusyatin
has abstract: GUSYATIN, a village in the Chemerovets district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Formed in 1793 after joining Ros. empire of the left-bank part of Gusyatin. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kamenetsky u. Podolsk province. 229 Jews lived in Georgia in 1847, 332 in 1863, 41.5% in 1887, 1,153 (40.7%) in 1897, and 546 Jews in 1923. 19th century there were 3 synagogues in Georgia. Rabbi in Georgia since the 1890s. was Itskhok Shafran (1869 -?). Born in G. I.I.Gintsburg.

gusyatinskiy anatoliy
has abstract: GUSYATINSKY Anatoly (Toviy) Markovich (1900, Kharkov - 1940, Moscow), graphic artist, painter, theater artist. Beginning study in Poltava with his son iz. Itinerant E.G. Myasoedov, but managed to break with the tradition of late itinerant movement, which became an officer. line of owls. lawsuit. From ser. 1920s, after a year of study at VKHUTEMAS under V.A. Favorsky, st. an active supporter of the school of spatial composition. visions. Like a dram. space decorated. scene in the play "The Wailing Wall" (1935), staged. in GOSET, and fig. to the book. S.M. Stepnyak-Kravchinsky "Underground Russia". The flowering of G.'s creativity falls on the 1930s. He takes part in all major. exhibitions of the country, lecturer. fig. in Moscow. in-those fig. lawsuit in Moscow. thin in-those, etc. Proizv. G. are in the Pushkin Museum. A.S. Pushkin and the State Russian Museum.

gut
has abstract: GUT (real fam. Gutman) Veniamin Grigorievich (Girshevich) (1894, Beshenkovichi of Lepelsky u. Vitebsk province. - 1949, Moscow), variety artist. Brother of D.G. Gutman. From ser. 1910s studied in honey. in-those Nancy (France). In 1917 he returned to Russia and first appeared on the stage in Vyatka. In 1922 he moved to Moscow and created a joint committee. with art. NS Oreshkov "Tver Theater". From 1929 he performed in concerts as an entertainer, from 1936 he worked as an actor of the original genre in Moscow. conc. association (later VGKO) - performer of comedy and parody numbers in the "theater of tantamoresok". In 1939–40 he prepared the original issue "A New Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish, or Puppet Jazz" and played the role of hands. orchestra. During the war years he prepared the issue "Open Windows of TASS", in which, using the tantamoresok technique, he sharply depicted Ribbentrop, Mannerheim, Hitler's "astrologer" and others. He performed in hospitals, in French. In 1943–49, thin. hands. circus workshop VGKO, staged pop numbers for the eccentric artist IL Baida, illusionist DI Chitashvili, br. Maslyukov and others. In 1940 he starred in f. The Little Humpbacked Horse as Tsar Afron.

guta
has abstract: GUTA, see Uta.

guta marjyanovka
has abstract: GUTA MARIANOVKA, see Maryanovka.

gutenmakher lev izrailevich
has abstract: Gutenmakher Lev Izrailevich (1908, Tarutino - 1981, Odessa), mathematician. A specialist in computing, technology. Graduated from Novocherkassk, Polytechnic. Institute (1931), graduate student in the same place (1934). Dr. Tech. Sciences (1940), prof. (1943). Worked in Novocherkassk, Polytechnic. in-those (1931–38), Energetic. in-those of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1938–48), in the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1937–62), in the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computing, Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1948–56), in the All-Union. in-those scientific. and technical information of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1957–62), from 1962 - in the All-Union. Research Institute of Natural Gases. Main results in the field of approximate and numerical. methods, will calculate. technology. Became. etc. (1948). Cit .: Electric model. M.-L., 1949.

guterman isay
has abstract: Guterman Isay (Isaak) Grigorievich (1911, Pochep of Bryansk u.Orel province. - 1981, Moscow), aeroclimatologist. Dr. Geogr. Sciences (1938), prof. from 1968. He graduated in 1937 Moscow. hydrometeorological in-t. From 1926 he worked as an observer of the weather station in Pochep. In 1929–35, an aerologist at the polar stations, a participant in the Arctic. exp. On Franz Josef Land for the first time in the polar night, he organized a systematic. no. radiosondes into the atmosphere. In 1934 he took part in the exp. to rescue the steamer "Chelyuskin", in 1935 - in the first high-latitude exp. on the icebreaker "Sadko". At the Research Institute of Aeroclimatology, he headed the aeroclimatology sector. In 1941–44 in Kr. Army. From 1944 to the beginning. Observation Department Center. aerological observatory. Since 1955 at the Research Institute of Aeroclimatology in Moscow. work related to research. high layers of the atmosphere over the polar regions, with aerological. observations and methods of their processing, with the study of the wind regime of the free atmosphere, the issues of improving and introducing new means of aerological. research, incl. radar. All R. 50s took part in the development of a method for obtaining wind characteristics for counting and analytical. cars for the first aeroclimatic. reference book of the USSR. Cit .: Features of the structure of the atmosphere over the polar regions. L., 1938; Wind distribution over North. hemisphere. L., 1965.

gutman anatoliy grigorjevich
has abstract: GUTMAN Anatoly Grigorievich (1922, Rostov-on-Don - 1972, Borisov, Minsk region), Hero of the Sov. Union (1944). Since Aug. 1941 in Cr. Army, from July 1942 to fr. Com. shooter. platoon, lieutenant. G. was awarded the title of Hero of the Owls. Union for courage and heroism, showed. in battle when crossing the Dnieper.

gutman david grigorjevich
has abstract: GUTMAN David Grigorievich (1884, Vyatka - 1946, Moscow), director. Graduated from the Polytechnic Institute in Dresden. In 1903 he became an assistant director, then director. in t-re Nizhny Novgorod. In his early youth he worked in drama. t-rah, t-rah miniatures, music halls, pl. cities of Russia, in operetta, was dir. on the stage, in the circus. G. - one of the initiators of the creation of t-ditch miniatures. In the 1909 season - 10 hands. t-rum miniatures in Kharkov, then in Kiev, Rostov-on-Don. From 1915 he worked in Moscow at the P.P. Struisky Museum of Miniatures, in 1917 - at the Petrovsky Museum of Miniatures. The author of the Pierrot mask for A.N. Vertinsky. In 1917–19 he headed the Free Department of the Voronezh GUV ONO, in 1920–22 - Ch. dir. Moscow t-ra revolution. satyrs (Terevsat); author (with A.M. Argo and N.A. Aduev) of one of the Naib. means. political outlooks of the 1920s. "Bulbus's Journey 17-21". In 1923–24 hands. Free Satiragit in Baku (Baku workers' t-r). In 1924-26 - one of the founders and Ch. dir. Moscow., In 1926-28 - Leningrad. t-moat of satire. One of the best dir. so called small forms, he is a post, (and was co-author) several. reviews, incl. "Moscow from the point of view ..." V.Z.Mass, V.Ya.Tipot, N.R. Erdman and G. (1924), "Seven years without reciprocity" Tipot, G., Argo, Aduev (1925) , "Bear, twirl!" G., Tipota (1926) and others. In 1928-29 - dir. Moscow music hall. Author (with Tipot) and dir. revue "Miracles of the XXX century" (1928). In 1930-37 - in Leningrad. music hall and at the same time. in the T-re of satire and comedy (post. "Alien child" by VV Shkvarkin, "A glass of water" by E. Scribe). In 1941–42 he worked in the Estr. t-re "Yastrebok", where he prepared 6 programs. In the last years of his life, G. continued to write works. for stage, staged conc. rooms and programs in the Hermitage garden. Filmed in f. "Children of Captain Grant" (Glenarvan), "Peter I" (English Admiral).

gutman khaim
has abstract: GUTMAN Chaim (1887, Petrikov Mozyrsky u. Mogilev Gubernia - 1961, Miami, USA), Jewish humorist, satirist and theater critic. Known under the pseudonym "Der Lebediker" ("Merry"). He lived in Minsk province, in 1905 he emigrated to the USA. Changed many professions, opened the book. score. He wrote poetry, but is better known as the author of epigrams and humorous sketches. g. Der Kibetzer. Edited humorous. weekly "Der Kundes", led the sections of humor of New York Hebrews. gas. He enjoyed a rich, lively spoken language. a Jew from Amer. East Side, using typically English. words to enhance the local flavor. The sketches "Aza hot geret Pompadour" ("So Spoke Pompadour", 1918) were followed by seven humorous ones. collection of books. The author of the two-act comedy "Meshiyeh oif East Broadway" ("The Messiah from East Broadway"), which was occasionally staged in t-t. G.'s sketches enriched the repertoire of Hebrews. comedy actors.

gutman lev
has abstract: GUTMAN Lev (b. 1945, Riga), chess player; int. grandmaster (1986). Since 1980 - in Israel. As part of the Israeli team, he participated in a number of Olympics (since 1982). Winner of the FIDE zonal tournament in Beersheba (1985). Participant of the interzonal tournament in Biel (1985). Winner pl. int. tournaments, incl. London (1982), Baden (1985), Lugano (1986), Biel (1987).

gutman moishe
has abstract: GUTMAN Moishe (Kamenshtein Moisey Lvovich) (1883, Veper of Vilkomirsky u.Kovno province - 1938), publicist. As a young man, he came to Vilna, passed as an external student for the course of the guild, then graduated from the school of pharmacists. In the beginning. 20th century and in the years of the 1st Russian. Revolution actively participated in the labor movement, was arrested 15 times, was tried three times. After his arrest in 1910 he lived in Lodz and Warsaw, was the initiator of the Heb. school education, participated in the work of prof. Heb. teachers. He sat in prisons, then lived in Pinsk, Gomel, Minsk. In the years of the 1st world. war worked in the aid organizations of Heb. refugees. In 1917 he was a member of the Fareinikte party at the 3rd All-Russian Federation on the organization of the workers' council in Odessa. conf. in Petrograd. In the same year he was elected to Kerensky's Pre-Parliament, was a member of the Ukrainian. Centre. We are glad. From Dec. 1918 to early. 1925 lived in Warsaw, there was an act. activist in prof. movement and in cultural work, before, the commission for reforming the Hebrews. spelling. In the end. 1926 moved to Moscow. In 1927 he moved to Kharkov, was before. "Gezkulta", and since 1932 - watered. ed. Ukrnatsmenizdata. All these years he was engaged in literary-publicist. activities, released the book. and brochures on Sov. pages, printed art. in the period, print. In 1935 G. returned to Moscow, was a member. editorial board "Teacher's newspaper". Repressed.

gutman nakhum
has abstract: GUTMAN Nakhum (1898, Teleneshty Bessarab. Gubernia - 1980, Tel Aviv), painter, theater designer, graphic artist. The son of the writer S. Ben-Zion. In E.-I. - from 1905. From 1913 he studied at the Bezalel School of Arts and Crafts. In the end. 1st world. war entered Heb. legion in the English. army. After the war, he studied art. art-woo in Vienna, and then thin technique. press in Berlin, where he met with Heb. poet H.-N. Bialik, man. to-rogo ill. In 1926 he returned to E.-I. He painted sharply individual landscapes, portraits, street scenes (in oil, watercolors, in various printing techniques), theater, scenery, illus. manuf. decomp. writers, incl. my father. In Tel Aviv he created mosaics in Ch. rabbinate, gymnasium "Herzliya", high-rise building "Shalom". The author of children's books. with pictures, of which naib. popular "In the country of Lobengulu king Zulu" (1940). These books. marked by the State. Israel Ave (1978).

gutman nataljya grigorjevna
has abstract: GUTMAN Natalya Grigorievna (Gutman is the surname of the repressed mother's parents), (b. 1942, Kazan), cellist. In 1964 she graduated from Moscow. cons. in the cello class with G.S. Kozolupova, in 1968 - graduate school at Leningrad State University. cons. (directed by M.L. Rostropovich). Since 1964 she has been a soloist of the Moscow Concert, since 1976 - Moscow. Philharmonic. Tours since 1962. In 1967–77 she taught at Moscow. cons. Laureate of the 7th World Festival of Youth and Students (1st Ave., 1959, Vienna), Vses. competition of musicians-performers in (2nd avenue, 1961, Moscow), Intern. Cello Competition Dvořák (1st Ave., 1961, Prague), Intern. competition them. P.I. Tchaikovsky (shared 3rd avenue with M.E. Khomitser, 1962, Moscow), Mezhdunar. chamber ensembles competition (1st ave. jointly with A.A. Nasedkin, 1967, Munich). Honored. artist of the RSFSR (1984). G. - a constant participant in the "December Evenings" in the Museum will depict. lawsuit in them. A.S. Pushkin in Moscow.

gutman teodor davidovich
has abstract: GUTMAN Teodor Davidovich (b. 1905, Kiev), pianist and teacher. Studied at the Kiev horse, then graduated from Moscow. cons. (1930) in the class of G.G. Neuhaus. Since 1928 the soloist of Moscow. Philharmonic. In 1930–43 he taught special. php. in Moscow. cons. (since 1962 prof.). Since 1944 prof. Muz.-ped. in-ta them. Gnesins, head. department of special php. Among the students - VM Tropp and others. Laureate of the International. competition them. Chopin, Warsaw, 1932, 3rd Ave. at the All-Union Competition of Music Performers, Moscow, 1933 G.'s son - Julian (b. 1938), pianist, honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1991). Laureate int. contests.

gutner lev mikhaylovich
has abstract: GUTNER Lev Mikhailovich (b. 1927, Leningrad), specialist in the region. Philos. physics. Graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1952) and Phys.-Math. Faculty of LGPI them. A.I. Herzen (1963). In tech. for a number of years he combined teaching philosophy and physics. Since 1981 prof. Department of Philosophy North-West. polytechnic in-that. In research. G. is subjected to philos.-methodological. analysis of the integrative role of metrology in relation to modern. scientific. knowledge) Cit .: Methodological. measurement problems, L., 1972; Philos. measurement problems in modern physics, L., 1978; Measurement in structure theoretical relations, L., 1985.

gutnik khaim
has abstract: GUTNIK Chaim (1921, Zolotonosha, Poltava province - 2003), rabbi. Rod. in the family of the Lubavitch Hasid, received the traditional Heb. religious education. In 1923-28 - in E.-I .; 1928–36 in England; 1937–40 studied at the yeshiva in Telshi (Lithuania). Since 1941 - in Australia. In 1946, 57 was the rabbi of the Mizrahi synagogue in Sydney. Since 1961 - military rabbi; in 1965-68 - Ch. rabbi of the Australian army. Since 1988 - President of the Melbourne Rabbis' Association. Son - Yosef Yitzhak (b. 1953, Sydney), entrepreneur. Studied at the Lubavitch Yeshiva in Melbourne and New York. Owner of gold mines in Australia. From ser. 1980s - one of the world's largest Hebrews. philanthropists. Financed the center for spiritual absorption of immigrants from Russia "Merkaz Gutnik" in Jerusalem. One of the founders of the Seitek technology company, created to absorb scientists from Russia. On behalf of the Lubavitch Rebbe M.M. Schneerson, he repeatedly came to Israel in order to prevent territorial concessions during negotiations with the Arabs.

gutnik sergey mikhaylovich
has abstract: GUTNIK Sergey Mikhailovich (| - |), entrepreneur, financier, polit. activist. In the 1910s. prev. Odessa Exchange Committee, member. party of cadets. At the regional congress of the party (Kiev, May 8-11, 1918), he was elected to its Ch. to-that. Participated in the creation. Association Protophis (Union of representatives of industry, trade and rural economy of Ukraine). In May-Oct. 1918 minutes trade and industry in the pr-ve of Hetman P.P. Skoropadsky. After the fall of the hetman regime, he emigrated.

gutnikov boris ljvovich
has abstract: GUTNIKOV Boris Lvovich (1931, Vitebsk - 1986, Leningrad), violinist and teacher. In 1954 he graduated from Leningrad. cons. in 1957 - graduate school with her, in the class of Yu.I. Eidlin. Since 1959 he taught at Leningrad. cons. (since 1973 prof., since 1978 head of the department of violin and viola). Honored. art. RSFSR (1962). Nar. art. RSFSR (1979). He toured a lot in different countries. 1st ave. To Mezhdunar. contests - them. J. Slavik and Ondřicek (Prague, 1956), them. M. Long and J. Thibault (Paris, 1957), them. P.I. Tchaikovsky (Moscow, 1962).

gutnova evgeniya vladimirovna
has abstract: GUTNOVA Evgeniya Vladimirovna (1914, Petersburg - 1992, Moscow), historian, Dr. Sciences (1957), prof. (1958) From the family of prof. revolutionaries. Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1939). In 1939–41 she studied at the graduate school of the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1941–42 - in evacuation in Omsk, worked as a history teacher at school, then taught at Tomsk University at the department of Wed. centuries ist. f-that. In 1944–47 - in doctoral studies at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1947–71 she worked at the Department of History Wed. centuries ist. Faculty of Moscow State University, simultaneously. in 1951–89 - scientific. sotr., then leading scientific. sotr. Institute of General History of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1990-92 - the leading scientist. fellow-consultant in the same place. Member scientific. councils: “The regularity of the development of the history of society. formations and the transition from one to another ”,“ History ist. Science "at the Department of East. Science Pres. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Member Board of the USSR Society - Great Britain, member. editorial board of collections: “Wed. century "," History and historians "(since 1971). Author of works on the history of Zap. Europe on Wed. century. Author and ed. history textbooks cf. centuries (M., 1952), ch. in the book: "World History", "History of Europe" (v.2, M., 1993) and others. Works: The emergence of English. Parliament: (From the history of the English society and state of the XIII century, M., 1960; Historiography of the Wed centuries), M., 1974; The relationship of social. relations in ideology in the middle century. Europe, M., 1983; Class struggle and societies. the consciousness of the peasantry in the middle century. Zap. Europe (XI-XV centuries), M., 1984.

guty
has abstract: GUTY, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in Bogodukhovsky district of Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main all R. 17th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Bogodukhovsky u. Kharkov province. In 1939, 20 Jews lived in Georgia.

gutyanskiy venjyamin
has abstract: GUTYANSKY Venyamin (1903, Glubochok Baltsky u. Podolsk province. - 1956, Kostanay), poet, playwright. Even in his youth, showing muses. ability, leaves for Odessa. He studied violin with prof. P. Stolyarsky in Odessa. In the beginning. 1920s arrives in Kiev. ped. technical school, and after graduation - on mat. faculty Kiev. un-that. Worked as a teacher. First. Sat. verse. For children released in 1936. In pre-war. years managed to release several more. book: "Geklibene Mesholim" ("Selected Fables"), "Azelkhe un azoine" ("Such-and-so"), "Farsheidene zahn" ("Various things"), etc., as well as the one-act comedy "Article 2". In 1944 his collection was published. antiwar. fables "Zalts in di oign" ("Salt in the eyes." In the mid-1930s G. wrote a play for children of younger age "Leiser der beizer" ("Leiser of the angry"). The humor and poetic beauty of this play attracted attention to it, it was staged in Ukrainian, and then in a specially created Jewish puppet theater in Kiev.Before the war and in the first years after it, many Hebrew schoolchildren of younger age studied according to the textbook “Book for reading ”G., who survived several editions, was repressed in 1949.

guzhelj anatoliy moiseevich
has abstract: GUZHEL Anatoly Moiseevich (b. 1922, Iasi, Romania), poet, publicist. The child was brought by his mother to Chisinau. He graduated from the city and in 1941 entered Chisinau, ped. in-t; together with the institute he was evacuated during the war to the city of Buguruslan, where he continued his studies. After graduating from the Institute in 1945 he worked in gas. "Tinerima Moldovei", "Moldova Sochialiste", in f. "Moldova". First Sat poems "My Generation" came out in 1951. The author of numerous. collection of poetry., publ. in Kishinev, “Our change” (1952), “Window with three geraniums” (1956), “When silence speaks” (1964), “Magic lantern” (1975), and others. G. belong to the book. essays and sketches: "String, pearls" (1979), "Sincerity" (1982), etc. He also writes for children: "Green Islands" (1960), "I, Anikutsa and Radu" (1963), etc. Heb. the theme is raised in the ballad "The Ballad of Unuy Minutes", trans. in Russian lang. under the name "The agony of one minute." Honored. cultural worker of the MSSR (1971).

guzik anna yakovlevna
has abstract: GUZIK Anna Yakovlevna (b. 1909, Kharkov - 1994, Tel Aviv), actress. From 1924 she performed on stage in the troupe of her father Y.S. Guzik, who played in Yiddish. She played in comedies by A. Goldfaden, in dramatized productions. Sholem Aleichem. In 1932-35 she worked in t-ts muses. comedies of Leningrad, Kiev, Kharkov. However, the artist was more attracted by the stage, which made it possible to reveal her diverse stage performance. talents. From ser. 30s worked in pop-concert orga-tions, toured the country accompanied by pop music. Heb. ans. G. sang, danced, read feuilletons, performed estr. and Heb. bunk bed songs, acted as a drama, an actress of a wide creator. range. G. paid much attention to the external drawing of the role. She skillfully mastered the art of reincarnation, playing several. roles in one performance, for example, in "The Witch" by A. Goldfaden, "Wandering Stars" by Sholem Aleichem, in comp. "At the festive table" by Dorman, op-those "You are beautiful for me." She performed excerpts from music. performances "Schmendrick" (the role of Schmendrick), "The Sixth Wife" (Dvoire), "You are beautiful for me" (Sheindele and Rivkel) "Beilke" (The Waitress), etc. Since 1973 in Israel. She toured to North. and South. America, successfully performed plural. large stage venues, in the press she was called "Chaplin in a skirt." Laureate of Vses. competition art. stage (1939).

guzikov evgeniy
has abstract: Guzikov Evgeny (Ehezkel) Mikhailovich (1887, Kharkov - 1972, Moscow), violinist, teacher. He studied violin under S.I.Dochevsky, a student of I.V. Grzhimali. In 1907-13 he studied at Moscow. cons. in the class of Grzhimali (graduated with a large silver medal). In 1913–14 he trained with L. Kape in Paris. In 1915-18 he taught at the Tiflis muses. uch-shche. At the same time. participated in the quartet (1st violin) of the local department. Rus. muses. about-va. He performed in a duet with G.G. Neuhaus (he also taught at that time at the school), performing, in particular, the violin cycle. L. Beethoven's sonatas. Returning to Moscow, he gave concerts in Russian cities, as well as in Berlin and Leipzig. In 1923–60 (with a short break due to the evacuation in 1941–1943) he led to Moscow. Conservatory class of a quartet (since 1927 prof.). Honored. activist lawsuit-in cargo. SSR (1952). In his class, highly professional ensembles were formed: one of the best in the country, the Vydvizhentsev Quartet (since 1935 - the Komitas Quartet), the Solikamsk Quartet (later - the Glinka Quartet), Taneev (Moscow), them. Spendiarova, Shanidze Brothers Quartet, State quartet of Georgia, etc. Concert-performing and music-enlightenment. the activities of these groups played a great role in the development of muses. culture of the country.

guzikov mikhaelj iosef
has abstract: GUZIKOV Michael Iosef (Mikhail Iosifovich; according to other data Echiel Michael; 1806, Shklov Mogilev, lips. - 1837, Aachen), xylophonist-virtuoso. Rod. in the family of a klezmer clarinet player. Together with his father and brothers, he played in a klezmer ensemble that performed at weddings and village holidays. In Moscow, the game of 14-year-old G. delighted the audience. In 1831, having fallen ill with tuberculosis, he left the flute. I improvised, made processing of bunk beds. songs. And he began to play on the bunk. Belarusian instr-those, the so-called. "Straw harmonica", which consisted of a set of trees, plates, pentatonic scale. G. improved its design; the sound was produced by striking two sticks. This is how the prototype of the present day was created. xylophone. From 1833 he gave concerts. G. also played in an ensemble with 2 violinists and a double bass player. Here he was heard and highly appreciated by the famous Polish violinist K. Lipiński. He toured with triumph in Kiev and Odessa (1833), in the cities of Bukovina and Galicia (1834), in Krakow and Lvov (1835), then in Vienna (a special brochure "Joseph Guzikov and his wooden-straw instrument" was published there) , in the cities of Germany (1835–37), where F. Mendelssohn-Bartholdi enthusiastically spoke of him as "an exceptional musician, standing no lower than any great virtuoso ... Guzikov is truly a genius." After concerts in Paris, F. List wrote in a letter to Georges Sand about G. as "a miracle, which is now applauded by the whole of Paris." Then he performed in the cities of Belgium. He died, according to legend, during a concert without letting go of the instrument. G. was one of the first instrumentalists of Russia who toured in Western countries. Europe. G.'s repertoire included. arrangements of pieces by N. Paganini, K.-M. Weber, arias by G. Rossini, a medley of opera melodies, improvisation, arrangements of Russian, Belarusian, Heb. bunk bed songs and dances.

guzman yakov naumovich
has abstract: GUZMAN Yakov Naumovich (1925, Odessa - 1990, Moscow), architect, specialist in the design of public buildings. In 1949 he graduated from architect. the Odessa branch is building. in-that. Participated in arch. competitions, incl. for the project of the blood transfusion building of the Botkin Hospital in Moscow (1977, USSR SM Ave.). Main works: House of Party Veterans near Moscow (1950s), Palace of Science and Culture in Warsaw (1950s, co-author).

gvardeyskoe
has abstract: GUARDEISKY (until 1947 - Felshtin), a village in the Khmelnytsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1586. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Proskurovsky u. Podolsk province. In 1765, 469 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1847 - 1369, in 1889 - 1345 (61.4%), in 1897 - 1885 (95%), in 1903 - 1744, in 1923 - 1003 (55.7 %), in 1939 - 1125 Jews (27.8%). in the 1st floor. 18th century Main occupations of the Jewish population - small trade, crafts, rent, contracts, agricultural trade. products. In 1889 there were 4 synagogues, heders. In the end. 19th century Israel's Rabbi was Kutiver (? —1904), and from 1904 his son Mordechai Kutiver (1874—?). Until 1919, the rabbi in Georgia was Dovid-Shloyme Novoseller (1877-1966). In 1911 a Zionist circle operated in Georgia (in the same year, his leader M. Zilberman was arrested). In 1913, Jews owned 21 factories; There were 5 synagogues, mikvahs and heders. the war the town was devastated. 16 Feb 1919 troops of the Directory staged a massacre in Georgia, during which a third of the Jewish population (686 people, including about 200 children) perished. This event went down in history as the "Felshtinsky tragedy". In the 1920s. a cell of Evkomol (18 people), a Jewish pioneer detachment (70 teenagers), a hut-reading room served 50 Jewish readers, a Jewish club and a Jewish school (closed in the late 1930s), a Jewish village council functioned. In the 1930s. St. 350 Jews were members of the collective farm, 224 artisans worked in the martels. On July 7, 1941, Germany was occupied. troops. In 1941-42 almost all Jews were killed by Ukrainian. by the police. On Feb. 1942 approx. 300 Jews were sent to the village. Matskovtsy on the building. (all died). Of the Jews who remained in Georgia, 4 people survived. After his release, several returned to G. surviving Jewish families. 1970-80-ies. all Jews of G. left for Israel. The syna…

gvozdets
has abstract: GVOZDETS, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in Gorodenkovsky district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - a place in the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 541 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1880 - 1263 (66.4%), in 1900 - 1663 (69.2%), in 1921 - 1234 Jews (61.7%). about Jews in Georgia dates back to 1635. In 1640 a wooden synagogue was built. Until 1772, Yitzhok Shor (? —1772) was the rabbi of Georgia. In 1891-1934 the rabbi in Georgia was Yosef Fridman (? -1934), in 1891-1901 - Yisroel-Matatiyahu Auerbach (? -1901), and from 1901 - his son Nachman-Zeev. In 1892, a school was opened in Georgia, funded by Baron Hirsch (in 1907, 171 students). Main occupation of the Jews of Georgia in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and trade. A Hebrew school was opened in 1908. among the Jews of G. there were 2 doctors and 3 lawyers. In the suburb of G. 6 Jewish families (41 people) were engaged in the village. x-vom. In the 1920s and 30s. in G. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. On 2 July 1941, Hungarian troops occupied the city. army. In the fall of 1941, they were replaced by Wehrmacht units. In the winter of 1941/42, a ghetto was created, liquidated in April. 1942.13 Apr. 1942 in G. was killed in a nearby forest and burned in the houses of St. 700 Jews, Apr 22. from G. to Kolomyya deported approx. 700 Jews. 10 Sep 1942 all Jews remaining in Georgia were taken to Belzec.

gvozdovka
has abstract: GVOZDOVKA, a village in the Nikolaev district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Baltsky u. Podolsk province. In the fall of 1941 there was a Jewish transit camp in Georgia, where apprx. 2 thousand people, mostly from Bessarabia.

gyalvonay
has abstract: GYALVONAI, a town in the Shirvint region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from 1385.Since 1744 - a city. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Gelvany Vilensky u. and lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 374 Jews (71.5%) lived in Georgia, in 1923 - 473, in 1939 - 450 Jews (66%). G. from the 17th century. Main lesson in the 19th century - trade in Vilna (present-day Vilnius) of agricultural products. There was a synagogue in 1863. In the beginning. 20th century Shloyme-Zalman-Pinhos Kaplan (1854—?) was the rabbi in Georgia. In May 1915, 8 Jews (including Rabbi Z. Kaplan) were taken hostage and sent to the Vilna police department. On June 25, 1915, the hostages were released. Since 1918, a Hebrew school has been operating in Georgia. In the 1920s and 30s. in G. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1930, a branch of the Jewish National Bank was opened. Rabbi G. in the 1930s. was Daniel Einstein. After Lithuania annexed the USSR in 1940, Yiddish became the language of instruction at schools in Georgia. In 1941, before Germany joined Georgia. troops, the Lithuanians staged a pogrom, desecrating the synagogue. Jews G. were shot on 5 Sept. 1941.

gyandzha
has abstract: GYANJA (in 1804-1918 - Elizavetpol, 1935-89 - Kirovabad), a city (Republic of Azerbaijan). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire. Since 1846 - the district town of Tiflis province, since 1868 - the center of the Elizavetpol province. In 1918-20 it was a part of the Azerbaijan Republic, in 1920-91 - the AzSSR. In 1897 129 Jews lived in Georgia (0.7%), in 1904 - 1986 (1765 of them permanently lived Jews, temporarily lived - 221), in 1910 - 187 (0.3%), in 1926 - 379 (of which 101 are Mountain Jews), in 1939 - 742, in 1959 - 597 (0.5%), in 1970 - 617 Jews (from of them 119 Mountain Jews, 1 Krymchak) and 1 Karaite. 1897, in view of the streamlining of the registration of the Jews of the Transcaucasus, the Ministry of Internal Affairs. affairs subordinated the Jewish societies of the Elizavetpol province, which did not have their own rabbis, to the rabbi of Dzhugutlyar. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in Georgia. Zvi-Hirsch Tsayman (1880 -?) Was the rabbi and shokhet in Georgia from 1902. In the spring of 1917, Jews serving in units stationed in Georgia created the "Jewish Union of Culture and Education." In the 2nd floor. 1920s anti-Semitic sentiments were noted in Georgia, manifested in the refusal to register Jews at the labor exchange and sell them goods through the state. cooperatives. In 1927 a club for Mountain Jews was opened in Georgia.

gyrtop-mare
has abstract: GYRTOP-MARE, see Hyrtop.

gyrtopul-mare
has abstract: GYRTOPUL-MARE, see [[Hirtopul Mare.

gyumri
has abstract: GYUMRI (until 1840 - Kumayri, in 1840-1924 - Alexandropol, in 1924-91 - Leninakan), a city (Republic of Armenia). Izv. from the 5th century. BC e. Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1849 - in the Erivan province. In 1918–20 it was part of the Republic of Armenia, in 1920–91 it was the Armenian SSR. In 1869, 35 Jews lived in Georgia, in 1939 - 68, in 1970 - 121 Jews (0.1%). The Jewish population of Georgia was mainly ... immigrants from Turkey, North. Persia, South. Azerbaijan.

gzhatsk
has abstract: GZHATSK, see Gagarin.

ichki
has abstract: ICHKI, see Soviet.

ichnya
has abstract: ICHNYa, city (since 1957), regional center in the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 14th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Borznensky u. Chernigov Gubernia. In 1910 there were 575 Jews living in I., in 1926 - 250 (2.1%), in 1939 - 148 Jews. In 1903 I. was opened for free settlement of Jews, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. Since 1907, Chaim-Alexander-Sender Belinka (1873—?) Was the rabbi in India. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in India. On Feb. 1919, a pogrom broke out in India, organized by parts of the Directory. N.E. Nosovsky.

ideljson
has abstract: IDELSON (Bar-Yehudi) Israel (1895, Konotop, Chernigov province. - 1965, Yagur, Israel), state. activist, one of the hands. Israeli labor movement, mining engineer. Member of the Zionist movement "Tseirei Zion" in Russia, since 1921 sec. his left faction. For the Zionist. activity was exiled by the owls. authorities to the north of Russia. After his release from 1923 - in Berlin. Together with B. Locker, he acted as secretary. World Union Zionist. workers' parties "Poalei Zion". Since 1926 - in E.-I. There was a secret. workers council of Petah-Tikva, was arrested by English. the authorities. In 1930 he joined kibbutz Yagur and became one of the leaders of the Ha-Kibbutz ha-Meuhad movement and the Social-Democrats. Party Mapai; as its representative participated in the work of the governing bodies of the General Federation of Hebrews. workers (Histadrut), Heb. self-government and a Zionist. movement. After the split of the party, Mapai (1944) became one of the leaders of the Akhdut ha-avoda party and represented it in the Knesset. There was a min. int. cases (1955–59) and transport (1962–65).

ideljson abrakham tsvi
has abstract: IDELSON Abraham Zvi (1882, Filzburg, Kurland Province - 1938, Johannesburg, South Africa), musicologist, composer, cantor (baritone). Studied in Libau the art of the cantor, then at the cons. Koenigsberg, Berlin, Leipzig. Among the teachers - S. Jadasson, Sht.Krel, G. Kretschmar, K.F. Zellner. He was cantor in the synagogues of Regensburg (1903–05), in 1905 - in Johannesburg, in 1906–21 he lived in Jerusalem. Made an important contribution to the music. culture E.-I. He founded the Institute of Hebrews there. music (1910) and the first muses. school (1919). In 1921 he traveled to Berlin, Leipzig, London. Since 1922 - in the USA. In 1924-30 prof. Heb. College in Cincinnati (Ohio), where he founded the Center for Heb. musicology. Publ. book in Heb. cult music. From 1937 until the end of his life he worked in Johannesburg. I. - one of the founders of the Hebrews. musicology. He enriched Europe. traditions in the understanding of the most ancient layers of spiritual chants, establishing the similarity of folklore chants of individual Hebrews. communities, including those living in Yemen, Persia, and others, with Gregorian chants or Byzantine and Indian tunes. I. promulgated ancient chants from Yemen, Persia, Afghanistan, Turkey, Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, compared them, analyzed the sounds, issled. lang., poetics, dialectal forms, applying the knowledge of tools. techniques, including these tunes in the context of the Arab-Persian culture, using the knowledge of ethnography and the history of the development of individual societies. Innovative research. the origins of early Christian chants, features of the development of the Gregorian chant, it. minnesang. I. - one of the first ethnomusicologists, publ. phonographic records (over 1000) of cult and other melodies in the "Treasury of Hebrew-Eastern Melodies" (1914–32; published in English, German, and Hebrew). He publ. The Book of Songs (vols. 1–2, 1913–22), the first in E.-I. Sat-to songs, book. "Songs and singer…

ideljson avraam
has abstract: IDELSON Abraham (1865, Vekshni of Shavelsky u. Kovno province - 1921, Berlin), publicist. Having received the traditional Heb. education, at the age of 15 he became interested in secular sciences. In 1886–90 he studied at Moscow. un-those. OK. 1886 joined the Zionist. the Hovevey Zion movement. In 1889–93 he was a member. about-va "Bnei-Moshe". After the 1st Zionist. Congr. (1897) joined the polit. Zionism, in 1901 was a member. democratic faction World. the Zionist organization. In 1905-19 he lived in St. Petersburg, where he edited the Zionist periodicals. ed. ("Hebrew Life", "Chronicle", "Dawn"). He was one of the first figures who tried to combine watered, the struggle for the rights of Jews in the diaspora with the creation. Heb. nat. c. in E.-I. In 1919, when the Sov. the authorities began to fight the Zionist movement, I. went abroad as a representative of the growing up. Zionists in the leadership of the World. the Zionist organization. Participated in the work of the Heb. delegations to the Versailles Peace Conference. In 1919–20 he edited the center, a Zionist, and a weekly organ. "Ga-Olam", published in London. In 1921 he worked in Berlin. As a theorist of Zionism, I. believed that the nat. movement is a way of universal expression. aspirations that nat. conflicts do not depend on the social. that the normalization of Heb. existence will be achieved only when the Jews will live in their own. country that Heb. socialism can achieve its goal only in Heb. state-ve.

ideljson dzherri
has abstract: IDELSON Jerry (1893, Libava Grobinsky u. Kurland Gubernia - 1974, Johannesburg), violist, composer. Studied at the School of Music in Libau (1906–10). In South Africa since 1912. Studied at the University of the Witwatersrand (1920–21), Muz. College in Cape Town (1922–23). There was a muses. dir. (United Progressive Hebrew Congr., Johannesburg, since 1933), founder and 1st Secretary for Organizational Affairs (1933), was a violist in the mountains. symph. orc. Cape Town (1916–17 and 1922–23), 1st violist at the South African Radio Broadcasting. corporation (1932–46, won her prize, 1942). Founder and 1st Secretary of the Society of South African Comp. (1944–52), his pre. (1952–54). Author of over 200 songs, incl. in Hebrew, English, Afrikaans, German lang. and Bantu choral works, instru. and orc. cit., some recorded by the South African Radio Broadcasting. corporation.

ideljson lev iosifovich
has abstract: IDELSON Lev Iosifovich (b. 1930, Baku), hematologist, student of I.A.Kassirsky. Dr. med. sciences. Graduated from Azerb. honey. Institute (1953), worked as a doctor in Krasnovodsk (1953–56). In 1956 he entered graduate school at the Department of Therapy Center. in-that improvement of doctors; in 1960-71 he worked as a junior, then st. scientific. sotr. Department of Hematology and Intensive Care Center. Institute of advanced training for doctors (since 1987 prof.). Since 1990 in Israel. tr. I. dedicated. decomp. problems of hematology, incl. hematopoiesis and porphyrin formation in health and disease (doct. dis.); hypochromic anemias (showed that this is a group of anemias arising from a decrease in hemoglobin synthesis); iron-deficiency anemia, conditioned. blood loss and impaired intestinal absorption of iron; porphyrias - Ch. arr. inheritance, diseases associated with impaired porphyrin metabolism (described, independently of L. Heilmeyer, one of the forms - erythro-poetic cropporphyria, 1968). Described pathological. a kind of hemoglobin, edges is the cause of one of the forms of anemia. He proposed a classification of hemolytic. anemia (1975). State ave. USSR. Cit .: Violation of porphyrin metabolism in the clinic, L., 1968; Hemolytic anemias, M., 1975; Hypochromic anemia, M, 1981.

ideljson naum iljich
has abstract: IDELSON Naum Ilyich (1885, Petersburg - 1951, ibid.), Physicist. Graduated from law. and physicomat. f-you Petersburg. University (1909), prof. (1933), Doctor of Physics and Mathematics. Sciences (1936). Theoretical specialist astronomy. He began his career as an assistant. attorney at law, but from 1918 he completely switched to astronomy and began to work in Astr. Institute of the Academy of Sciences, as well as at the Pulkovo Observatory. At the same time. led by teach. activities in the Military Topographic. uch-shche (1918-26), in Leningrad. un-those (since 1926), where he read not only asters, courses, but also sections of mechanics, aerohydrodynamics and geophysics, as well as in Leningrad. Institute of Precision Mechanics and Optics (1930-37). In December 1941 he was evacuated to Kazan, having returned, he resumed work in Leningrad. un-those (since 1944) and at the Pulkovo Observatory (since 1946). Main scientific. work dedicated. compute, astronomy and astrometry. He also published the courses "Method of Least Squares" (2nd ed., 1932), "Potential theory with applications to the theory of the Earth's figure and geophysics" (2nd ed., 1936). I. paid great attention to the history of astronomy. Part of it is historical and scientific. essays were later collected in the book. "Studies in the history of celestial mechanics" (1975).

ideshti
has abstract: IDESHTI, see Izhevtsy.

idlis grigoriy moiseevich
has abstract: IDLIS Grigory Moiseevich (b. 1928, Penza), astrophysicist. Dr. physico-math. Sciences (1964). In 1946, without exams, he entered the physical. Faculty of Leningrad State University. After the first year I moved to Alma-Ata and switched to physics and mathematics. faculty Kazakh, state un-that. Graduated with honors nat. and mat. branches of this faculty in two specialties (theoretical physics and mathematics), but was assigned by a physics teacher in cf. school (1951). In the same year, Acad. VG Fesenkov to full-time postgraduate studies at Astrophys. Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR. After graduating from it, from 1954 he worked at this institute, from 1961 deputy. dir. and hands. Department of Stellar Dynamics, in 1964–72 - Dir. Since 1969 - prof. department of theoretical. physics Kazakh. state un-that. Since 1972 - at the Institute of the History of Natural Science and Technology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Main works are devoted to the dynamics of stellar systems, astrophysics, cosmogony and cosmology, philosophy. questions of natural science and its history. Introduced in modern. cosmology of the so-called anthropic principle (1957) and the concept of macro-microsymmetry (1964). Axiomatized math. the beginning of the science of science (1970, 1987). Revealed the same type in their symmetry and deductively determined by mat. induction of a system of fundamental structural elements of matter at all four possible sequential basic levels of its natures. self-organization - phys., chem., biol. and psychological, or mental (1985–91). Author approx. 150 scientific. Art. and monographs: “Cosm. matter "(1957)," Structure and dynamics of stellar systems "(1961)," Mat. theory of NOT and the optimal structure of scientific research institutes "(1970)," Revolutions in astronomy, physics and cosmology "(1985) and others. scientist of the Kazakh SSR (1971).

idritsa
has abstract: IDRITSA, urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Sebezh district of the Pskov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway Sebezhsky station Vitebsk Gubernia. In 1939, 89 Jews lived in I.

idroytsy
has abstract: IDROYTS, see Zakhozhevo.

ieguda
has abstract: JEHUDA (Salzman) Zvi (1888 - 1964, Israel), polit. activist. In the beginning. 20th century one of the leaders of the Tseirei Zion movement in Russia. Since 1906 in E.-I., an activist and one of the leaders of the "Ha-Poel ha-Tsair" party, its representative in Vost. Europe. Member of a number of World. Zionist. Congr. One of the founders of the "Ha-Poel ha-Tsair - Tseirey Zion" party in the USA, one of the leaders of the Histadrut, dir. "Moshavny Fund". After creating. State of Israel (1948) - dep. Knesset of the 1st convocation from the Mapai party.

ieguda zhoze
has abstract: JEHUDA José (1892–1966), writer, journalist. Rod. in Russia. I. lived in Switzerland, where he founded the "Revue juive de Geneve". He viewed the revival of Israel as an event of universal significance, and was concerned about the disagreements between Orthodox and secular Jews, as well as between Israel and the Diaspora. The author of the novel: "From Father to Son" (1927), "Miriam" (1928), "Kingdom of Justice" (1933), book. essays: "The Calling of Israel" (1947), "Zionism and Messianism" (1954).

ierusalimskiy moyshe-nokhum ben veniamin
has abstract: JERUSALEM Moishe-Nohum ben Benjamin (1855, Bershad Olgopolsky u. Podolsk province. - 1916, Khorol, Poltava province.), Rabbi. Received a traditional Heb. education, by the age of 20 he was a recognized expert on the Talmud and rabbinical literature. Since 1880, a rabbi in Kamenka, Kiev province, a supporter of Palestinophilism. From 1892 the rabbi was in Ostrolenka, from 1902 in Kielce. During the 1st world. war, fleeing from the Germans, occupation, fled to Khorol. Corresponded with many others. authorities in the region. Jewish religion, was a member of the Rabbinical Commission at the Dep. spiritual affairs of foreign confessions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, participated in all congresses of rabbis that took place in Warsaw. The author of responses from all four parts of the ritual code, collection of responses and decisions of ancient scholars in relation to the slaughter of cattle. In Russian. lang. publ. I.'s sermon in Kielce for the health of the reigning house (St. Petersburg, 1913).

ietsava
has abstract: IETSAVA, a village in the Bauska region (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Bauska u. Kurland province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, and in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. 46 Jews (0.6%) lived in India in 1935. There was no synagogue in India; on Saturdays and holidays, Jews prayed in a private apartment. In the 1920s and 30s. Zionist activities were active in India. June 1941 India was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In July 1941 all Jews of India were killed in a nearby forest.

igarka
has abstract: IGARKA, a city (since 1931) in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Igarskoe Yenisei Okr. In 1939 109 Jews lived in I.

igarskoe
has abstract: IGARIAN, see Igarka.

igene
has abstract: IGENE, a settlement in Talsensky district (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Talsenskiy district Kurland province. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 - the Latvian SSR. 1910s in I. lived apprx. 40 Jewish families. During the 1st world. All Jews left I.

igin
has abstract: IGIN (real family member Ginzburg) Joseph Ilyich (1910, Propoisk, Mogilev province - 1975, Moscow), graphic artist. Studied at Leningrad State University. thin technical school (1927-30) at MAGrigoriev and in the MPI (1931-35) at DS Moor and VA Favorsky. In the 30s and 40s. lived in Leningrad, worked in the railway station. "Change", "Art and Life", etc. In the 40-70s. - in sinks. ed. "Crocodile", "Art and cinema", "Lit. newspaper". In the 50s and 70s. ill. and designed the book. for the publishing house "Sov. writer ”,“ Pravda ”,“ Young Guard ”. I. is a master of satirical drawings, caricatures and friendly cartoons on cultural figures from poems. by the signatures of the poets A.I. Bezymensky, S.A. Vasiliev, M.A. Svetlov.

iglino
has abstract: IGLINO, urban-type settlement (since 1963), a regional center in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Arkhangelskoe, Orenburg province, since 1865 - Ufa district. In 1939, 7 Jews lived in I. Jews, mostly. retired soldiers, lived in I. from the end. 19th century In the beginning. 20th century in India there was a Jewish religion. community.

iglovka
has abstract: NEEDLE, see Iglyauk.

iglyauka
has abstract: IGLIAUKA, a village in Marijampole region (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Iglovka, Mariampolskogo u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. in I. lived apprx. 50 Jews. In 1931, Jews owned a mill, an oil mill, and a water pump in India. troops in 1941 all Jews were killed.

ignatov
has abstract: IGNATOV (real name Ignatovsky) David (1885, Brusilov of Radomysl district, Kiev province - 1954, New York), prose writer. R. in Hasid, family. In 1903 he moved to Kiev, member. RSDLP, joined the gr. Iskra-ists. Since 1906 in the USA. He worked at factories in Chicago, St. Louis, New York. First. manuf. started writing in Russian. lang., but soon switched to Yiddish. He made his debut with a story on Saturday. "Jugend" in 1907. In 1910 he began to publish the collection "Font", to-rye become lit. tribune of a new galaxy of young Hebrews. writers in America. First. book "Zvey kreftn" ("Two forces") released in 1908, the second - "Berl Proger" - in 1916, the third - "Zwishn tsvei zunen" ("Among the two suns") - in 1918. He wrote stories, children. fairy tales, rum. I. - author of the trilogy "Oif vaite vegn" ("On the distant roads"), 1932; the tragedy Far a Naer Velt (For a New World), 1939, and others. For a long time I. was the center, a figure in the Amer. Heb. literature, her skillful organizer, educator of young talents.

ignatovka
has abstract: IGNATOVKA, does not exist now. Main in 1838 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Lutsk u. Volyn province. In 1919–39, it was in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, and from 1939 as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1897, 567 Jews (100%) lived in I., in 1898 - 461, in 1931 - approx. 900 Jews. 19th century Jews owned 269 dess. land. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings institution in Israel. t-in. 8 Aug. In 1942, several were shot in I. hundreds of Jews.

ignatpolj
has abstract: IGNATPOL, a village in the Ovruch district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1694 as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - in Russia. empire, the village of Ovruch u. Volyn province. In 1897, 51 Jews (10%) lived in I. occupation of the Jewish population in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts and petty trade. Aug 1941 several were shot in I. Jews. In 1942–43, partisans operated in the I. region. arm connection. A.N.Saburov, in the composition of which 122 Jews fought.

igrenj
has abstract: IGREN, now part of the city of Dnepropetrovsk (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novomoskovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. 301 Jews (15.7%) lived in India in 1897, and 81 Jews (7.3%) in 1926. In 1905 a pogrom took place in Indonesia. In 1916, there was a Jewish consumer society in the town of Igren, and in 1942 Jews of Israel were shot.

igrovitsa
has abstract: PLAYER, a village in the Ternopil region of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Main in 1785. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 20th century in I. lived apprx. 240 Jews (12%) During the 1st world. During the war, the size of the Jewish population of India decreased. In 1916, 36 Jews from I. were evicted to Ternopil. During the Holocaust, Jews from I. were deported to [[Velyki Borki and were shot there.

igumen
has abstract: IGUMEN, see Cherven.

ikaznj
has abstract: IKAZN, a village in the Braslav district of the Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Disnensky u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1897, 78 Jews (11.6%) lived in India.

ikor
has abstract: ICOR, see Dairy.

ikor-sotsgorodok
has abstract: IKOR-SOTSGORODOK, see Ikor D. Vostok.

ikshkile
has abstract: IKSHKILE, a city (since 1992) in the Ogre region (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Livonian province. In 1918-40 - a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 - the Latvian SSR. In the 1920s-30s. in I. lived 2 Jewish families, which belonged to several. cottages 18 Sep 1941 both Jewish families were shot by Latvian policemen (only one girl was saved).

ilakyay
has abstract: ILAKIAI, a town in the Skuodas region (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Illoki Telshevsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 775 Jews (57%) lived in Indonesia, and in 1913, approx. 800, in 1923 - 409 Jews (41%). occupation of Jews I. in 19 - early. 20th century - trade, s. h-in, carriage. Jews owned 2 mills. In the beginning. 20th century Zionist activities were active in India. At the same time. one of the first branches in Lithuania “Agudas Yisroel” operated. In the 1920s and 30s. the school of the Yavne network operated. There was a Talmud-Torah, a library, a mutual aid fund. Departments of decomp. Acted. Jewish parties and organizations. Rabbis I. in the late. 19 - 20 c. there were Yehoshua Leibovich, Shmuel-Yakov Rabinovich (? -1930), Meir-Mordkhe Zilberman, Nakhman Girshkovich (son-in-law of Sh.-Ya. Rabinovich), Meir Pakalnishki (? -1941). In July - Aug. 1941 Jews of Israel were shot by Lithuanian policemen at the Jewish cemetery.

ilanskiy
has abstract: ILANSKY, city (since 1939), regional center in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1733. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kansky u. Yenisei Gubernia. In 1939 there were 64 Jews living in I. In 1915 there was a synagogue in I..

ilek
has abstract: ILEK, a village, a regional center in the Orenburg region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Ufa district. Ufa province. In 1939, 13 Jews lived in I.

iletsk
has abstract: Iletsk, see Sol-Iletsk.

iletskaya zashchita
has abstract: Iletsk PROTECTION, see Sol-Iletsk.

ilimsk
has abstract: ILIMSK, does not exist since 1975. Main. in 1631. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Irkutsk province. In the 1960s and 70s. - in the Nizhneilimsk district of the Irkutsk region. In 1910, 97 Jews (10.4%) lived in India.

iliya
has abstract: Elijah, see Ilya.

ilizarov gavriil abramovich
has abstract: ILIZAROV Gavriil Abramovich (1921, Qusary, Azerbaijan - 1992, Kurgan), surgeon. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1987). Hero of Soc. Labor (1981). After graduating from the Crimean honey. Institute (1944) worked in hospitals in Kurgan and Kurgan region. In 1965-69 hands. scientific problems. lab. Sverdlovsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics. In 1969-71, the director. branch of Leningrad. Research Institute of Traumatology in Kurgan. Since 1971 he headed the Kurgan Research Institute of Experimental. and clinics. Orthopedics and Traumatology (prof. since 1976). He was the first to introduce into practice bloodless treatment of fractures of tubular bones using a device designed by him; created apparatus (1951), which made it possible to develop a new method of compression-distraction osteosynthesis - replacement of defects of tubular bones by lengthening one of the fragments (1967). Thanks to this method, it is possible to restore the missing parts of the limbs, including the foot, fingers, and also to lengthen the limb. In a number of countries (Italy, Spain, France) created. associations for the study and application of the method I. Len. etc. (1978), Hon. inventor of the USSR (1985). Nar. dep. USSR (1989–91), dep. VS RSFSR (1985–89). Vol .: Blood supply of the spine and the influence on its form of changes in trophism and load, Chelyabinsk, 1981 (with A.M. Markhashov).

iljf iljya
has abstract: Ilf Ilya (real name and surname Ilya Arnoldovich Fainzilberg) (1897, Odessa - 1937, Moscow), satirist writer. R. in the family of an accountant. Graduated from Odessa Heb. crafts. uch-shche (1913), changed a number of professions. In 1918 he took up literary work. labor. In 1920-23 he was a comp. YugROSTA, gas. "Sailor", ed. humorous. g. "Syndeticon". In 1923–25 he worked as a lit. a pruner in car washes. gas. "Beep" typed into the sink. gas. and f. humorous. stories and feuilletons. From 1926 he wrote in et al. with E. Petrov. Peace. fame brought them satir. rum. "Twelve Chairs" (1928) and "The Golden Calf" (1931) - a dilogy about the "great strategist" Ostap Bender, which has become a true encyclopedia of owls. everyday life. In rum. Hebrews were present. motives and characters (Panikovsky and others). I. and Petrov also published the article. "Light Personality" (1928), a cycle of satirical. short stories "1001 days, or New Scheherazade" (1929), short stories-feuilletons in the railway station. "Eccentric", "Crocodile", "Ogonyok" and others. In 1933 they were from c. writers went to the White Sea Canal, but refused to participate in lit. collection, praising the "reforging" of prisoners at this construction site. In 1936, the book was published. "One-story America", created. after a trip to the USA, negatively received by Sov. criticism. In 1939, see. published notes, miniatures and aphorisms of I. ("Notebooks"). During the "struggle against cosmopolitanism" in 1949 I. and Petrov were subjected to sharp criticism, and their rum. banned from publication (until 1956).

iljin
has abstract: Ilyin (real name Broidman) Ilya Moiseevich (1893, Ananiev, Kherson province - 1973, Kishinev), part. activist. Since the 1910s. participated in the roar. movement, fought on civilian fronts. war. In 1922-29, the household. and desks. work in Ukraine, Sverdlovsk, Moscow. In 1929-32 the 1st secretary. Moldavian regional committee of the CP (b) of Ukraine.

iljin m.
has abstract: M. Ilyin (real name and surname. Ilya Yakovlevich Marshak) (1895/6, Bakhmut, Yekaterinoslav province - 1953, Moscow), writer. Brother of S.Ya. Marshak and E.Ilyina. In 1925 he graduated from Leningrad. technological in-t. He worked as an engineer-technologist at the Nevsky stearin plant. In 1924 he began to cooperate in children. g. "New Robinson". The author is widely known. scientific-popul. book for children and youth, among them - "One hundred thousand why" (1929), "How the car learned to walk" (1930), "Stories about things" (1936), "Journey to the atom" (1948), etc. I. played prominent role in the formation of owls. scientific-popul. literature for youth and development of documentary-thin. prose of the 30s.

iljina elena
has abstract: ILYINA Elena (real name and surname Liya Yakovlevna Preis) (1901, Ostrogozhsk, Voronezh province - 1964, Moscow), writer. Sister M. Ilyin and S. Y. Marshak. Graduated from Lenigr. Institute of Art History (1926). She made her debut in 1925. Heroic and patriotic became widely known. pov. The Fourth Height (1945). In 1955 publ. pov. "This is my school", and in 1964 - a document. pov. for children "Tireless Traveler" - about the childhood and youth of K. Marx. I. also belong to numerous. poems and verse. fairy tales for children, stories, essays, trans. She was repressed and was imprisoned for many years.

iljinka
has abstract: ILYINKA, a village in Krasnoperekopskiy district of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in 1912 in Tauride Gubernia. In 1912, approx. 30 Jewish families, in the 1920s. - OK. 50 families. In 1938-40, Jews left I.

iljino
has abstract: ILYINO, a village in the Zapadnodvinsky district of the Tver region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Velizhsky u. Vitebsk Gubernia. In 1847 there were 21 Jews in India, in 1897 - 1105 (78.1%), in 1923 - 455, in 1926 - 378 (48.7%), in 1939 - 221 Jews. there was a synagogue. In the 1894-1910s. Yohonon Rudelson (1864—?) was the rabbi in India. In 1921, a branch of the Evsection was created in I. In 1926 there was a Jewish club, library, reading room, and in 1931, the Jewish collective farm "New Life" (7 x-c). In the fall of 1941, approx. 80 Jews. In I. genus: N.G. Peisakhovsky; Sergei Borisovich Verkhovsky (1909-1963, Leningrad), Rear Admiral (1944), in 1941-45 com. submarine brigades.

iljinskaya
has abstract: Ilyinsky, see Ilyinsky.

iljinskiy
has abstract: ILYINSKY, urban-type settlement (since 1975) in the Ramensky district of the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway Art. Ilyinskaya Bronnitsky u. Moscow Gubernia. In 1939, 200 Jews (3%) lived in India.

iljintsy
has abstract: ILYINTSY, a village in Snyatyn district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1942, 25 Jews of India were deported to Kolomyia and subsequently exterminated.

iljnik
has abstract: ILNIK, a village in the Turkovsky district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In the 1920s-30s. in I. lived apprx. 40 Jewish families. Jews I. were engaged with. x-th, petty trade, carriage. Parts of the Wehrmacht occupied I. in the beginning. July 1941. In the summer of 1942 the Jews of India were deported to Turku.

iljnitsa
has abstract: ILNITSA, urban-type settlement (since 1971) in the Irshava district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in 1450. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, approx. 200 Jews (5.3%), in 1938 - approx. 700 Jews (12.2 percent) In 1770 the Jewish population of India grew at the expense of Jews who had migrated from Galicia. In 1823 Jews owned 2 (out of 4) water mills. In 1938 there were two synagogues in India. The Jewish population of India was exterminated during the Holocaust.

iljpenj
has abstract: ILPEN, a village in the Zdolbunovsky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1629. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1910 there were 5 Jews living in India.

iljya
has abstract: ILYA, a village in the Vileika district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Iliya Vileysky u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vilna province. In 1920–39, it was in the Vilnius Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the BSSR. In 1847, 894 Jews lived in I., in 1897 - 829 (57.9%), in 1931 - approx. 1,200 Jews were rabbis in India in the 19th century. there were Menashe Ilier (? -1831) and Reuven Halevi (1818-1887). 2 oct. 1915 in I. there was a pogrom, staged by the retreating Cossack units of the Russian. army and local peasants; Jewish shops and houses were plundered, several. Jews killed. After occupation, a ghetto was created in India. In the winter of 1941/42, approx. 700 Jews, in the summer of 1942 the ghetto was liquidated, the Jews of India and surrounding villages who were in the ghetto (about 1,500 people) were shot. I. Dardas.

illazarov isay illazarovich
has abstract: ILLAZAROV Isai Illazarovich (1920, Nalchik, Nalchik okrug. Terek region. - 1944), Hero of the Sov. Union (1945). In Kr. Army from 1941. When breaking through the enemy defense com. calculation of anti-tank. guns st. Sergeant I. replaced the out-of-order com. companies. Killed in battle during the liberation of Latvia.

illoki
has abstract: ILLOKI, see Ilakiai.

ilov
has abstract: ILOV, a city in the Plock Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Sochachevsky u. Warsaw Gubernia. In 1897, 320 Jews (54.4%) lived in India; in 1921, approx. 450 Jews. 25 Nov. 1914 200 Jews were arrested in I., Nov. 26. 170 Jews were released, 30 were taken hostage. 27 nov. In 1914 the hostages were released, and all the Jews were evicted from I. In the 1920s and 1930s, various divisions operated in I. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of India was destroyed during the Holocaust.

ilovaysk
has abstract: ILOVAYSK, a city (since 1938) of Khartsyzsk City Council in Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Vozn. in the 1860s. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Ilovaiskaya, Taganrog env. Regions of the Don Army. In 1939 93 Jews lived in I. In the liberation of I. on September 4. 1943 the 96th Guards took part. shooter. division under com. regiment. S.S. Levina.

ilovayskaya
has abstract: ILOVAYSKAYA, see Ilovaisk.

ilovskiy vladimir semenovich
has abstract: ILOVSKY Vladimir Semenovich (b. 1954), dep. RF Armed Forces. Graduated from the Ivanovo state. un-t, teacher cf. schools in Ivanovo. In the Armed Forces - Member. faction "Consent for Progress", proclaimed. reformism is the basis of polit. activities.

ilukst
has abstract: Ilukste, see Ilukste.

ilukste
has abstract: ILUKSTE, a city (since 1892) in the Daugavpils region (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from the 16th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the county town of Ilukst, Kurland province. In 1918-40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940-91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1897, 842 Jews (23%) lived in India, in 1910 - 1016 (28.6%), in 1920 - 4 (0.8% ), in 1925 - 30 (3%), in 1930 - 58 (5%), in 1935 - 71 Jews (5%). Jews were forbidden to settle in I. The first two Jewish tailors settled in I. in the end. 18th century In 1832 the first shohet was invited to India, and in 1845 a synagogue and a mikvah were built. In 1847-55 the rabbi in India was Moishe-Avrom from Brisk, in 1856-63 - Baikish (a follower of Hasidism), in 1866-74 - Benjamin Fuberman from Vilna, then until 1884 - Mordkhe Margolis, from 1880 - Avrom Schlosberg (a descendant of the first Jews to settle in I.). In 1865 the organization "Bikur Hoylim" was created, in 1867 the second synagogue was built, in 1880 - the third one, there were Jewish mutual aid funds, 2 Jewish doctors worked. In the end. 19th century there were the Talmud-Torah, Malbish Arumim, and Gmilus Hesed societies. In 1910 there were 4 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. During the 1st world. Jews left the war in I. In the 1920s. the community was revived, the Jews owned 8 out of 71 enterprises. June 1941 I. was occupied by the Germans. troops. In July 1941, 507 Jews were shot in India, including 330 from Lithuania.

iluv
has abstract: ILUV, a city (since 1506) in the Warsaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - in Sochachevsky u. In 1808, 128 Jews (57%) lived in I., in 1827 - 162 (56%), in 1857 - 258 (70%), in 1921 - 374 Jews (49%). Jews were allowed to settle in I. . in the beginning. 16th century Main occupations - small trade and crafts. The community has existed since mid. 19th century In 1860 there was a wooden synagogue in India. In the 1920s and 30s. Cells of Zionist parties and Agudas Yisroel worked in India. The rabbi was Dovid Chernochapka (? -1926), then - L. Lavi. Sep 1939 a large number of refugees arrived in India. After the occupation of I. Germ. by troops, Jews were transferred to the ghetto kr. cities, and from there in Feb. 1941 sent to the Warsaw ghetto.

ilzha
has abstract: ILZHA, a city in the Radom Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - posad, center of the Ilzhetsky district. Radom Gubernia. In 1856 531 Jews lived in India, in 1897 - 2069, in 1921 - approx. 1900 Jews. 1870-90s. The rabbi in India was Pinchas Zucker; in the 1910s. - Chaim Unger. In 1907 there were 16 synagogues in the county. In 1911, the Linat ha-Tzedek society operated in India. In the 1920s and 30s. in I. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1941 a ghetto was created in India, liquidated on October 22. 1942, when c. 2 thousand Jews were sent to the Treblinka extermination camp.

imamkulukend
has abstract: IMAMKULUKEND, a village in the Qusar region (Azerbaijan Republic). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Imankulikent Kubinsky In the province of Baku. 58 Jews lived in Israel in 1856, and 88 Jews in 1867. Jews lived in Israel from the beginning. 1850s in dep. quarter. In the 1860s and 70s. there were anti-Jewish demonstrations by the local population. In 1875 there was a synagogue in India. Rabbi Akiva was Rabbi I. since 1885. In the end. 19th century Jews left I.

iman
has abstract: IMAN, see Dalnerechensk.

imankulikent
has abstract: IMANCULIKENT, see Imamkulukand.

imbrados
has abstract: IMBRADOS, a village in the Zarasai district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - the estate of Imbrody Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923, 50 Jews lived in Indonesia. After the occupation of Indonesia by the Germans. troops in June 1941 all Jews were shot.

imbrody
has abstract: IMBRODS, see Imbrados.

imertsaki
has abstract: IMERTSAKI, see Chernigovka.

imyanitov iljya moiseevich
has abstract: IMYANITOV Ilya Moiseevich (1918, Torzhok, Tver province. - 1987, Leningrad), geophysicist, writer. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1966). In 1940 he graduated from Leningrad. polytechnic in-t. In the summer of 1941 he volunteered for the front. After being seriously wounded, he was demobilized and began working in Ch. geophysis. observatory in Leningrad, in a cut he studied until the end of his life. in the area of ​​atm. electricity in a free atmosphere. Author pl. methods and devices for studying electric. fields in the atmosphere (And inventions). The first proposed methods of active influence on the atmosphere. electricity. Author of novellas, short stories and poems (16 literary publications), DOS. theme to-rykh - the thorny path of scientists in science. Publ. 140 scientific. works. Vol .: Instruments and methods for studying the electricity of the atmosphere, Moscow, 1957; Electrification of aircraft in clouds and precipitation, L., 1970; Path in the atmosphere, L., 1982; Evenings in bad weather, L., 1991.

inber vera mikhaylovna
has abstract: INBER Vera Mikhailovna (1890, Odessa - 1972, Moscow), writer. The father was the owner of the printing house and scientific. publishing house "Matezis", mother taught Russian. lang. Father I.'s cousin, L.D. Trotsky, was brought up in their house. I. studied at the Higher. wives courses in Odessa. From 1910 it was published in localities. gas., published the first. poetic. Sat. ("Sad Wine", 1914; "Bitter Delight", 1917, "Swearing Words", 1922). In the 20-30s. published a poem. Sat. "The Purpose and the Way" (1925 *), "To the Son Who Does Not ..." (1927), p. "A Place in the Sun" (1928), poems "Travel Diary" (1938), "Ovid" (1941), essays, stories for children. Some stories dedicated. Heb. life ("The Nightingale and the Rose", "The Liver of Chaim Yegudovich", 1924; "There Is an Exception", 1925, "Equation with One Unknown", 1926, etc.). During the 1941 war, 45 was in besieged Leningrad, where she published antifash. manuf. - Sat. verse. "The Soul of Leningrad" (1942), the poem "Pulkovo Meridian" (1943; Stal. Pr., 1946), the blockade diary "Almost three years" (1946). For the preparing Heb. antifash. to-volume "Black Book" I. wrote the essay "Odessa". She translated poems by R. Baumvol and others from Yiddish.

indenbom vladimir ljvovich
has abstract: INDENBOM Vladimir Lvovich (b. 1924, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1965), prof. (1966). After graduating from school (1941), he went to the front. Graduated from Smolensk art. uch-shche, in 1950 Moscow. un-t. In 1950–55 he worked at the Institute of Electrovacuum Glass. Since 1955 at the Institute of Crystallography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1966 head of the theoretical department). scientific. interests - internal theory. stress, dislocation theory of strength and plasticity, crystal growth, phase transformations. Constructed a theory of phase transformations between crystalline. classes and proposed a new method for describing magn. structures using representation theory. Proved DOS. theorems of the theory of dislocations in anisotropic media. The author of works that have received practical. application: theory of glass hardening; obtaining dislocation-free large-sized silicon crystals (ruby and sapphire); control of the dislocation structure of crystals when growing from solution or melt. The author of St. 250 scientific. works, including 6 monographs and 8 inventions. Member Int. to-that on physical. foundations of crystalline strength materials.

indra
has abstract: INDRA, a village in Daugavpils region (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Bolbinovo, Dinaburgsky, from 1893 - Dvinsky u. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1935, 46 Jews (16%) lived in India. July 1941 Jews of I. were deported to the Daugavpils ghetto and after a few. days destroyed in the Pogolyansk forest during the so-called. provincial action.

indura
has abstract: INDURA, a village in the Grodno region of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the beginning. 16th century, was part of the Vel. principality of Lithuania, from 1569 - part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Grodno u. and lips. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. In 1865, 1,100 Jews lived in India, in 1897 - 2,194 (82.1%), in 1921 - 1709 Jews. about Jews I. belongs to the 2nd quarter. 16th century In the 18th century. there was a Jewish community. From the end. 1900s Reuben Katz (1880 -?) was the rabbi in I. In November. 1942 all Jews of India (approx. 2 thousand people) were taken to the Kelbasin camp approx. Grodno and from there deported to Poland.

inger ayzik gennadjevich
has abstract: INGER Aizik Gennadievich (b. 1925, Yekaterinopol, Zvenigorodsky district, Kiev province), literary critic, historian of English. lit-ry. Cand. philol. Sciences (1963). Graduated from the Kharkov theater. Institute (1951). From 1951 to 1964 - taught at the Chita ped. in-those. Since 1965 - in Kolomenskoye ped. in-those. Assistant professor. Prepared for ed. all R. "Lit. Monuments "collection of works. O. Goldsmith (1974) and J. Swift (1981) (with V.B. Mikushevich).

inger grigoriy bentsianovich
has abstract: INGER Grigory Bentsianovich (1910, Sarny of Rivne u. Volyn province - 1995, Moscow), graphic artist. R. is in the family of melamed, studied at the cheder. In 1926 he moved to Kiev and entered the Hebrew. prom.-thin. school, where he studied in 1926-29 with prof. M. Epstein. Since 1929 in Moscow. He studied at the faculty of advanced training of the Moscow Art Institute (1936 40) under P.V. Miturich, K.F.Yuon, A.I. Kravchenko. Created a number of portraits of Hebrew leaders. culture: D.N. Gofshtein, P.D. Markish and others, characterize. expressive manner and the desire to express the essence of a person. Many ill. (“At the Dnieper” by Ts. Bergelson, “Crazy Battle” by I. Peretz, “Lame Chip” by M. Moikher-Sforim, etc.). Already in 1926 the beginning. ill. Sholem Aleichem and received. pr. for his first Menachem-Mendel. Among his works for the production. Sholem Aleichem "Tevye the Milkman", "Boy Motl" and others. In 1941-45, in evacuation in Chuvashia, I. created a ser. "Children of War" and "War", and in 1978-80 he supplemented this theme with the triptych "The Face of Fascism". One of the most important. sides of the life and work of I. - music (middle, dedicated to Beethoven, 1956-77, Paganini, 1956-78, and others). In the end. 1970s created a cycle based on his childhood, imbued with longing for the past. A number of graphic. sheets (1960–70) I. dedicated to Ch. Chaplin. In the 1980s. created ser. compositions based on "Don Quixote" by M. Servantes. Since 1934 participates in pl. exhibitions.

ingulets
has abstract: INGULETS, a village in the Shirokovsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1809 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Kherson u. and lips. In 1923-30 - in the Shirokovsky district of the Krivoy Rog okr., In 1932-41 - in the Stalindorf Jewish nat. env. Dnipropetrovsk region (since 1928 - the center of the Jewish national village council) In 1810 573 Jews (91 families) lived in India, in 1837 - 839, in 1859 - 1396 people, in 1887 - 2134, in 1897 - 2696 Jews (96.9 %), in 1916 - 2942 people, in 1924 - 3647, in 1931 - 2496 people. (about 70% Jews). immigrants from the West. regions of Russia. To the end. 19th century was considered the most numerous. Jewish agriculturalist. colony of the empire. In 1898-99, 367 families of farmers (2262 people) worked 3426 dess. land (an average of 9.3 dess. per family). There were 2645 dessiatines under crops, including 47.4% under wheat; rye, barley, oats, millet and other crops were also sown. In the farm there were 685 horses and 523 cows. In India there were 4 synagogues, a school, a bathhouse, 17 shops, and an inn. 189 inhabitants were engaged in crafts. In the 1890s. Shneur-Zalman Novakovsky was the rabbi in I. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings bank. m-in. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in India by units of the Volunteer Army. In the 1920s. the community needed funds to heat the mikvah. In 1921, demonstration trials of heders took place in India, synagogues were closed, and Torah scrolls were burned. In 1929–30, collective farms were established in India; Jewish schools, clubs, libraries, and children operated until 1938. gardens and nursery. 12 July 1942 approx. 1,400 Jews were shot in a stone quarry near I. A granite monument was subsequently erected at the site of the tragedy.

ingulka
has abstract: INGULKA (in 1948-60 - Bogdanovka), a village in the Bashtansky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Kherson u. Kherson Gubernia. In 1822–57 Jews from Podolsk and Kiev Gubernia settled in I. In 1886, Jews from I. kr. the landowner was Kranufeld.

inovlodzj
has abstract: INOVLODZ, see Inovluds.

inovludz
has abstract: INOVLUDZ, a village in the Piotrkow Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). From 1795 - as part of Prussia, from 1807 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Inovlodz Ravsky u. Petrokovskaya Gubernia. In 1764, 22 Jews lived in I., in 1793 - 59, in 1808 - 80 (21%), in 1857 - 277 (30%), in 1897 - 324 (27.6%), in 1921 - 408 (31%), in 1927 - 229 (30%), in 1939 - 518 Jews. The first information about Jews in India dates back to 1537. Jews earned their living by small trade, crafts, servicing summer residents, and maintaining taverns. In the 1820s. a community was created, a stone synagogue was built. Since 1860 Nokhum Rosenblum was the rabbi in India. In 1828–62, there were restrictions on the free settlement of Jews in India. In 1908–10, Yitzhok-Meer Canal was rabbi of I., and in 1910–20, Ihezkiel Galstak. In the 1930s. Rabbi I. was A.-I. Gingold. In August. 1942 Jews of I. were deported to the ghetto in Tomaszów-Matsovecki.

insar
has abstract: INSAR, city (since 1958), regional center in the Republic of Mordovia (Russian Federation). Izv. from ser. 17th century From 1780 - the district town of Penza, from 1797 - Simbirsk governorship, from 1801 - Penza province. From 1926 it was a rural settlement. In 1910 there were 2 Jews living in India, in 1926 - 3, in 1939 - 8 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in India.

instenburg
has abstract: INSTENBURG, see Chernyakhovsk, Kaliningrad Region.

inturke
has abstract: INTURKE, a place in the Utena region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 14th century, was part of the Vel. Prince of Lithuania, from 1569 - part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire, the town of Inturki Vilensky u. and lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1913 250 Jews lived in Indonesia, and in 1940 there were 80 Jews. A Jewish community was formed in Indonesia at the beginning. 18th century Main occupations of the Jewish population - small trade, fishing. In 1884, at the expense of the community and with the support of the owner of the town, Count Tyszkiewicz, the dilapidated synagogue was restored; several Yeshiva operated in I. for years. Since 1884 the rabbis in India have been Mordkhe Zaks, Shloymo Fainzilber, Yosef Tron, Dovid Gordon, Zalman-Tuvia Markovich (until 1925), and Note Tankel. During the 1st world. During the war, some of the Jews left India, and those who remained after the end of the war received assistance from EKOPO. In the 1920s and 30s. Zionist activities were carried out, pl. Jews left for the USA, South. Africa and E.-I. In Aug. 1941 all Jews of I. were sent to Utena and shot there.

inturki
has abstract: INTURKI, see Inturke.

inza
has abstract: INZA, a city (since 1946), a regional center in the Ulyanovsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1897. At the end. 19 - early. 20th century - railway station in Korsunsky u. Simbirsk Gubernia. In 1926, 9 Jews lived in India, and in 1939, 30 Jews.

iody
has abstract: IODES, a village in Sharkovshchinsky district, Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Disnensky u. Minsk, from 1842 - Vitebsk province. In 1920-39 - in the Vilnius Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939-91 - as part of the BSSR. In 1921, 238 Jews lived in India. In 1903, Israel was opened for free settlement of Jews, as an exemption from the Provisional Regulations of 1882. .In Dec. 1941 Jews of India were shot.

iofan boris mikhaylovich
has abstract: Iofan Boris Mikhailovich (1891, Odessa - 1976, Moscow), architect, theorist. Brother of D.M. Iofan. In 1911 he graduated from the Odessa art. uch-shche. In 1914 he went to Paris, then to Italy, studied at the Higher. in-those of graceful claims and Vyssh. Ing. school in Rome (1914-19), worked as an assistant. arch. Brasini. In 1924 he returned to Russia, in 1931–33 he participated in architect. USSR competition - for the Palace of Soviets (Higher Ave., project accepted for execution), other competitions. Cr. specialist in the design of public buildings and residential complexes. Main works: residential buildings in Monte Verde and the Ambrogi chapel in the cemetery of San Lorenzo in Rome (1916–22), residential buildings on Rusakovskaya street. in Moscow (1925), a residential building complex on the street. Serafimovich in Moscow (1928–31, with DM Iofan), pavilions of the USSR at int. exhibitions in Paris (1937) and New York (1939), the general plan of the reconstruction and the project of the central building. Novorossiysk (1944–45), Petrochemical Institute im. IM Gubkin in Moscow (1949–56), Institute of Physical Culture in Moscow (1962–75). D.ch. WAA. Became. pr. (1941). Nar. arch. USSR (1970).

iofan dmitriy mikhaylovich
has abstract: Iofan Dmitry Mikhailovich (1885, Odessa - 1961, Moscow), architect, designer. Brother of B.M. Iofan. Graduated from the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. He worked with ml. brother over pl. projects. Interior design specialist. Main works: The main treasury on the Fontanka, residential buildings in Leningrad (1930s), a residential building complex on the street. Serafimovich in Moscow (1928–31, with BM Iofan), the interiors of the Palace of Soviets (1931–33, with him), the Dynamo stadium in Moscow (1940).

iofan lev dmitrievich
has abstract: Iofan Lev Dmitrievich (b. 1925, Moscow), architect. The son of arch. D.M. Iofan. Specialist in the design of public buildings. Main works: Novokirovsky ave. in Moscow (1973, with P. Shteller and others), the monument "50 years of Soviet power" in Penza (1967), a hospital for 400 beds of the 4th department of the Central Committee of the CPSU in Moscow (1975), the project of the monument "50 years of Soviet power »In Moscow (1957, not implemented).

iofe viktor kivovich
has abstract: IOFE Viktor Kivovich (b. 1907, Chernigov), radio engineer, specialist in the region. electroacoustics. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1970). He graduated from Leningrad in 1930. electrical engineering in-t. Since 1930, laboratory assistant of the department. acoustics Center. Radio lab. (since 1936 NIIRPA - Research Institute of Broadcasting Reception and Acoustics named after A.S. Popov), then engineer, head. lab. aeroacoustics. In 1946-73 the beginning. dep. acoustics NIIRPA (1967 - chief designer of the sound system of the Red Square in Moscow), since 1973 scientific. consultant. At the same time. from 1930 he taught at Leningrad. universities - electrical engineering. in-those communications, in-those kininzh., Military. Academy of Communications. scientific. research connected with the issues of aircraft direction finding by sound (1930), with the development of the theory of the reception range and the determination of the optimum. frequency range of direction finding; with questions of theory and calculation of electroacoustic. equipment, sounding of open spaces and premises, acoustic. measurements of speech intelligibility (since 1936). Completed theoretical. and practical. work, to-rye formed the basis. creation of the country's first loudspeakers. Since the 1980s. is engaged in research, calculation and design of acoustic. systems. In each of these directions, a number of origins were proposed. calculation and measurement techniques. Author of 80 scientific. printed works, 45 inventions. In tech. a number of years was before. owls. working group of the Committee No. 29V (electroacoustics) Mezhdunar. electrical engineering commission (IEC).

ioffe abram fedorovich
has abstract: IOFFE Abram Fedorovich (1880, Romny, Poltava province. - 1960, Leningrad), physicist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1920) ch. pl. Academy of Sciences and Sci. about-in the world. Hero of Soc. Labor (1955). Graduated from Petersburg. technol. Institute (1902). One of the creators of owls. physical schools, pioneer issl. semiconductors. Organizer and first director. (1923–51) Physics and Technology. Institute in Leningrad (now bears his name), Institute of Semiconductors of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1955) and Physico-agronomical. Institute (since 1932). Vice President Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1942–45). The initiator of the creation of physical and technical. in-tov in Kharkov, Dnepropetrovsk, Sverdlovsk, Tomsk. Tr. by strength, plasticity, electric conductivity tv. body. Linen. pr. (1961, see), Steel. pr. (1942). Cit .: Physics of Crystals, Moscow-Leningrad, 1929; Sat. tr. by tech. physics (ed.), M.-L., 1948; Semiconductors in modern Physics, M.-L., 1964.

ioffe aleksandr evseevich
has abstract: IOFFE Alexander Evseevich (1918, Moscow - 1976, ibid.), Historian. Dr. East Sciences (1967). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State University (1941), taught at a school in Ryazan. In 1941–43 he worked in gas. Altayskaya Pravda, lectured on history at the Moscow branch. textile institute in Barnaul. In 1943-45 he served in the Kr. Army. In 1948 he graduated from the graduate school of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, then worked at this Institute (since 1968 - Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences of the USSR). Author of works on the history of the Intern. relations in Europe, ext. policy of the USSR and internat. cultural ties Sov. Russia and the USSR in the 1920s and 30s, Works: Rus.-French. relations in 1917 (February-October), M., 1958; Ext. the policy of the Sov. Union. 1928-1932, M., 1968; Cultural ties between Sov. Russia and the Scandinavian states (1917–1924), M., 1971; Int. communication owls. science, technology and culture. 1917-1932, M., 1975.

ioffe boris lazarevich
has abstract: IOFFE Boris Lazarevich (b. 1926, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1990). Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1949). Since 1950 he has been working at Ying-those theoretical. and experiment. Physics (since 1977 head of laboratory). research - physics of elementary particles, theory and calculation of nuclear reactors. Developed the theory of fuel burnout in nuclear reactors (1956). Carried out calculations of the first nuclear power plant in Czechoslovakia (launched in 1973) and researched. heavy water reactors in the USSR, China and Yugoslavia. Showed (1956) that parity breaking should be accompanied by symmetry breaking. He predicted that the discovery of the experimentally odd correlations of the spins and momenta of particles means the violation of the charge symmetry (author of the discovery, 1986). Showed (1967) that the theory of weak interactions is inapplicable at energies of the order of several. GeV. This result preceded the emergence of the hypothesis of a unified electroweak interaction. He found that in the processes of deep inelastic lepton-hadron scattering, the interaction region is concentrated near the light cone, and its longitudinal dimensions increase linearly with energy (author of the discovery, 1989). He proved that in quantum, chromodynamics, the occurrence of masses and anomalous magn. moments of baryons is due to the breaking of chiral symmetry. Calculated masses and magn. moments of the proton, hyperons, etc. (1981-88). The author of St. 200 scientific. works. Vol .: Hard process, vol. 1, Amsterdam, 1984 (with V.A. Hose and L.N. Lipatov); Deeply inelastic processes, M., 1983.

ioffe dina
has abstract: IOFFE Dina (real name Nadezhda) (|, Vilna - 1943, Treblinka), publicist, literary critic, historian. She graduated from lit. Faculty of Vilnius University. She specialized in the history of the Jews of Lithuania and Poland. In 1937 she published the work "Pogrom in Dolginov in 1886", research. “The fight over the will of the Vilna Heb. philanthropist of the early 19th century. " and "Baptism of minors at the beginning of the 18th century." Author pl. ist. issled., to-rye publ. in different Heb. ed. The archives of the IVO in New York contain a manuscript of her work “First Hebrews. women in the fight for ped. vocation". During it. occupation I. worked on sorting book. and archival materials collected by the Nazis in the building of the Vilna IVO. At the request of the Gestapo, together with Izv. linguists Z. Kalmanovich and G. Gordon translated the grammar of the Sov. the linguist E. Falkovich, as well as other works with Yiddish in it. language. She died in a concentration camp.

ioffe eliezer lipa
has abstract: IOFFE Eliezer Lipa (1882, Khotinsky u. Bessarabian province. - 1942, Nagalal), activist of the movement for the Hebrew. settlement and development of E.-I. The young men were organized in their native place by a Zionist. circle. In 1902 publ. into gas. "Ha-Melitz" call to Heb. young people to move to E.-I. In 1904 he went to the United States to study modern. methods of villages. x-va to apply them in E.-I. In 1905 created. in Heb. s.-kh. school in pcs. New Jersey Youth Organization ("Young Farmer"), Chl. a swarm were preparing to move to E.-I. In 1910, together with several. as enthusiasts he moved to E.-I., where he soon founded an experiment. farm. In 1913, headed by I. gr. immigrants created. collective farm, processed by own. forces (later kibbutz Kinneret). Discussion of the forms of organization of labor in this settlement led I. to the idea of ​​creating. a new type of settlement, combining the beginnings of private and cooperative. x-in. Main the principles of his idea outlined in the brochure “Created. settlements of workers "(1918). In 1921 he was one of the founders of the first settlement of this type (moshav). In 1928 he participated in the creation. cooperative for the sale of agricultural products of "Tnuva", which became the largest in the country, and was his director. before 1937. During the 1st world. war entered Heb. legion, which was part of the Brit. army. He was one of the founders of the Union of agriculturalists. workers. Publ. a number of books. on s.-kh. questions, was the first ed. s.-kh. g. "Ha-Sade".

ioffe genrikh zinovjevich
has abstract: IOFFE Genrikh Zinovievich (b. 1928, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1979). Graduated from East. Faculty of Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V.I. Lenin (1950). In 1950–56 he taught history at ped. school and schools of Kologriv, Kostroma region. and Moscow. In 1956–64 he worked at the State. b-ke of the USSR them. VI Lenin, in 1964-68 - in the publishing house "Science". Since May 1968 - at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1980 sec. Int. Commission on history grew. rev-tion at MKIN. Member Bureau Scientific. Council of the Russian Academy of Sciences "History of revolutions in Russia". Author of works on the history and historiography of the revolutions of 1917 and civil. wars in Russia. One of the founders of the study of the problem grew up. counterrev-tion, Works: Feb. the revolution of 1917 in the Anglo-Amer. historiography, M., 1970; The collapse grew. monarchic. counterrev-tion, M., 1977; Kolchak's adventure and its collapse, M., 1983; Conducted. October and the epilogue of tsarism, M., 1987; "White matter". Gene. Kornilov, M. 1989; Revolution and fate of the Romanovs, M., 1992.

ioffe gilelj
has abstract: IOFFE Hillel (1864, Bristovka, Ekaterinoslavskaya province. - 1936, Haifa), doctor. He studied at the city of Berdyansk. In 1888 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Geneva University. From 1891 - in E.-I., where he worked as a doctor. In 1895-1905 he was authorized to perform. to-that Zionist. org-tion "Hovevey Zion" (the so-called "Odessa complex") in E.-I. In 1907 he created in the village. Zichron Yaakov Hospital and Med. c. Author of a number of popular scientific works on prophylactic. medicine. Introduced means. contribution to the creation. modern honey. terminology in Hebrew. Memories, letters and diaries of I. are collected for the book. Pages of Memories (1935) and A Generation of the Daring (1939). Moshav in Verkh are named after I. Galilee and the hospital in Heder.

ioffe ieremiya isaevich
has abstract: IOFFE Jeremiah Isaevich (1891, Nezhin, Chernigov province - 1947, Bulduri, Latvian SSR), art critic. Doctor of Lawsuit (1940). In 1922 he graduated from philology. dep. Ped. in-ta them. AI Herzen in Petrograd; taught there (1923–38), and later at Leningrad. un-those (since 1942 prof.). In 1935–41 scientific. sotr. Leningrad. in-ta t-ra and music. Author of works on muses. art of the 16-18th centuries, as well as about the music of owls. cinema. A significant place in the tr. I. is concerned with the problems of connecting music with other types of art. Dis. "Synthetic history of art" (L., 1939). Among the works - "From everyday comedy to historical tragedy" (in the book: "The Buffon War and the Struggle for Realism in French Music of the 18th Century", L., 1933); "Mystery and Opera" (in collection: "German Art of the XVI-XVIII centuries", L., 1937); “Music of owls. cinema. Basics of muses. drama "(L., 1938).

ioffe iosif
has abstract: IOFFE Joseph (1853, Mogilev Gubernia - 1915, New York), publicist, translator. In 1870 he went to Germany to get an education. After returning, he settled in Odessa, where he began lit. activities in the gas. In the 80s. lived in Paris, worked as a painter, was one of the pioneers of the anarchist. movement among Jews. Was sred. London anarchist, gas. "Arbeiterfreind". In the beginning. 1889 New York anarchist was invited. gr. edit her organ "Di Vargate", collaborated in other Heb. ed. I. was also engaged in the lane. publicistic. op. with German, Russian, French and English. lang. in Yiddish. In 1888 he published the book. "Der vikueh" ("Dispute"), biographies izv. revolutionaries P.A. Kropotkin and P.L. Lavrov, as well as rum. about Napoleon. In the last. years of his life he was engaged in trade.

ioffe irina ljvovna
has abstract: IOFFE Irina Lvovna (ps. Il'vova) (1915, Ekaterinoslav - 1989, Moscow), translator, critic, literary critic. In 1944 she graduated from Moscow. Institute of Oriental Studies, Cand. philol. sciences. Lit. began to engage in labor in 1938. Per. manuf. japanese. writers: "Silent Mountains" by S. Tokunaga, "From the Depths of the Future Sea" by I. Hott, short stories by I. Saikaku, R. Akutagawa, dramas by Chikamatsu, T. Kobayashi, etc. The last great work of I. - per. the epic "The Story of the House of Taira" (13th century) - published in the publishing house "Hood. liter "with its foreword. and comments. Participated in the international. forums dedicated. problems of Japanese studies. In 1988 she was awarded an order. "Noble Treasure", governments, the award of Japan for merit in the region. studying and promoting Japanese. literature in the USSR, the first of the Sov. translators, noted. och. award of Japan.

ioffe isaak solomonovich
has abstract: IOFFE Isaak Solomonovich (1900, Grodno - 1973, Leningrad), organic chemist. Dr. chem. Sciences (1935), prof. from 1937. He graduated in 1925 chem. Faculty of Leningrad technol. in-that, in 1925-30 assistant in-that, at the same time. taught at Leningrad. state un-those, in 1931-37 assistant prof., in 1937-41 prof. Leningrad. chemical-technol. in-that. From 1941 he worked early. Department of organic chemistry Voen.-mor. honey. academy. In 1938–42 the head. Department of organic chemistry 1st Leningrad. honey. in-ta.Osn. scientific. activities related to the study of the effects of new chemical therapy. drugs. In 1941–45 he contributed to the introduction of honey. the practice of sulfa drugs used for treatment in Chernomor hospitals. and the Baltic fleets. The author is numerous. textbooks on organic. chemistry and printing works on pharmaceutical. chemistry for doctors. Cit .: Chemistry organic. in-in, L. 1941; Chemistry in the fight against infectious diseases, L., 1944; Essays on the development and research of therapeutic. substances, L., 1948; Organic chemistry, 2nd ed., L., 1956.

ioffe khiena
has abstract: IOFFE Hiena (1900, Shchuchin, Vilna province - 1958), publicist. At the age of ten she came to the USA with her parents. Received a tradition. Heb. and general education. Lit. the activity began with stories in Hebrew, but soon switched to Yiddish. The first publicist. op. published in 1916. Gradually gained fame as one of America's leading journalists. Before the 2nd world. war I. visited Vost. Europe, wrote from there reports on the life of Jews. In 1945 I. visited the former it. concentration camps, in which there were still rescued prisoners. During the crossing of Yemeni Jews to Israel, I. accompanied them from Aden and described her trip in the middle. reportages. I. traveled a lot around the world, describing in her essays naib. interesting places diff. continents. She penned interviews with famous people, theater, rec., Critical. Art. I. died during a sea voyage on a ship on the way from Hong Kong to India.

ioffe leyb
has abstract: IOFFE Leib (1876, Grodno - 1948, Jerusalem), poet, publicist, translator. He studied philosophy and literature in high fur boots in Germany. From a young age he joined the Zionist. movement, promoted his ideas among students. youth, participated in all the Zionists. congresses. In 1904 he made a trip to E.-I. Lit. activity began in 1882 with verse. in Russian lang. in Russian-Heb. g. "Sunrise". In 1902 he released the first. Sat. "The Coming". Translated into Russian. lang. poems by Kh.N. Bialik, Sh.Chernikhovsky and other Heb. poets. I. published poetry in Yiddish in many. periodic. ed. under ps L. Borisov. Engaged in publishing. and ed. work, founded Rus-Heb. publishing house "Sofrut" and together with the poet VF Khodasevich released "Anthology of Hebrew poetry", an anthology of Russian poetry in Heb. themes "On the rivers of Babylon". In 1908 I. published a collection of works. verse. in Yiddish "The Leader of Farn Folk" ("Songs for the People"). During the 1st world. During the war, he worked in a group of assistance to refugees. He lived in Moscow and Vilna. From 1918 in E.-I. In 1924 ed. Sat. Geymatss-Klangen (Sounds of the Motherland). During the 2nd world. the war spent three years in New York. After the war he returned to Jerusalem, continued intensive lit. and polit. activity. Killed in the explosion of the Heb. agency in Jerusalem.

ioffe mikhail fadeevich
has abstract: IOFFE Mikhail Fadeevich (1907, Priluki, Poltava province - 1985, Moscow), military leader. General-leith. Ing. troops (1963). Graduated from Military Electrical Engineering. academy (1937), Military. Academy of Gen. headquarters (1955). In the army since 1931. In 1942-45 - com. guards assault engineer brigades. In 1951–53 - early. Ing. troops of the East-Siberian. IN. In 1955–62 - early. Department of Military-Ing. academy. In 1962-70 - before. scientific and technical to-that engineer troops of the SA. From 1970 - retired. Specialist in electronic barriers. He was awarded the 6th order.

ioffe mordkhe
has abstract: IOFFE Mordkhe (1899, Dusyaty Novoaleksandrovsky u. Kovno province - 1961, New York), poet, prose writer, translator. Graduated from the real city. Since 1917 in Odessa, he worked in the department of assistance to refugees, gave lectures on Hebrew. lit-re, collaborated in periodicals. After returning to Lithuania, he was one of the founders and secretaries of the Union of Hebrews. writers and artists in Kaunas. In 1927 he emigrated to Canada, in 1937 he moved to the United States, was a staff member. gas. "Morgen-Journal". In 1953 he settled in Israel, and in 1958 he returned to New York. Author of the book: "Forgangen" ("Curtains", Odessa, 1920), "On a Zayt" ("Aside", Kaunas, 1927), "Ringen in der Keith" ("Rings in a chain", New York, 1939). For the compilation of an anthology of Hebrew poetry in Yiddish (1952) he was awarded the pr. World Heb. Congr. In 1961 he published the anthology "Eretz Yisrael in Hebrew. lit-re "(Tel Aviv).

ioffe vladimir iljich
has abstract: IOFFE Vladimir Ilyich (1898, Mglin, Chernigov province. - 1979, Leningrad), microbiologist and immunologist. Acad. Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1969). Graduated from honey. Faculty of Kazan University (1921). Since 1923 in Ying-those experiment. Medicine of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (since 1948 - Head of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology). At the same time. in 1933-50 scientific. hands. Leningrad. Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 1941–46 - flagship epidemiologist of the Baltic Fleet. Osn. tr. on microbiology, immunology, epidemiology. Gave a serologist. characteristics of hemolytic. streptococci. Research serological the variability of microbes of the intestinal group, proposed the differentiation of typhoid and dysentery pathogens by enzymatic characteristics. In 1941–45 publ. a number of works on the so-called. blockade dysentery. Dealing with the problems of childhood infections, he developed a method to compare. assessing the size of the microbial focus, the dynamics of its development and extinction, studied the microbiology and immunology of whooping cough and proposed a method for early diagnosis of this disease. Auth. monographs: "Scarlet fever" (1948), "Experience in the fight against diphtheria in Leningrad" (1962), "Immunology of rheumatism" (1962, pr. of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences named after ND Strazhesko in 1965). Works: Koklyush, M. , 1964 (et al.); Clinical and epidemiological immunology, L., 1968.

ioffe yuda
has abstract: IOFFE Yuda (1873, Bakhmut, Yekaterinoslav province - 1966, New York), philologist. He graduated from the classic. g-ziyu in Yekaterinoslav. After the pogroms of the 80s. family I. left Russia, lived in Paris, but soon returned to Bakhmut. Since 1891 in the USA. He studied at Columbia University, studied general philology, Indo-European. lang. Taught Latin, Russian. lang., mathematics in different. uch. institutions. He worked on the compilation of dictionaries, encyclopedias, on the lane. with other languages., wrote research. on literature and music. In 1909 he published the first. linguistic. the work “Sounds of Yiddish and Hebrews. ABC". Studied the Old Idish from ancient texts, collected a unique library in this region. He published a number of works on etymology, morphology, syntax, phonetics, dialectology and grammar of Yiddish. Sci. Controversy was caused by I.'s work "The Slavic Element in the Yiddish Language." I. belong to isl. by origin lang. and dep. its elements, about the work of Elijah Bakhur and his place in the history of Hebrews. lit-ry. I. made a great contribution to the ed. “Universal Heb. encyclopedia "in Yiddish, Big Heb. dictionary. In 1960 I. handed over his unique collection (over 1000 kn.) In Old Hebrew. lit. Heb. theological. workshop in New York.

ioffe yudl
has abstract: IOFFE Yudl (1882, Borzna, Chernigov province - 1941, Moscow), prose writer. Left an orphan early, he was brought up by his sister in Nizhyn, Chernigov province, worked as an apprentice for a tailor, and joined the roar. movement and as an agitator drove around Heb. m. of Ukraine and Bessarabia. In 1903 he published an essay in illegal. ed. in Chisinau. After the revolution of 1905 in Russia, he became close to the anarchists. Lit. activity began in 1915 with the publication of the pov. "Dos eideml" ("Zyatek") in the railway station "Di Yiddish Velt". Published essays and poems in different. Heb. periodic. ed. In 1921 he moved to Moscow. Collaborated in Heb. gas., in. "Di dig Velt", "Stern", in the alm. "Sovetish". Author of the book: "Fun amol" ("Long ago"), 1928; "In keslgrub" ("In the boiler room"), 1929; “A dire” (“Apartment”), 1929; In kamph (In the Struggle), 1932; "Fun trep tsu trep" (From Steps to Steps), 1933, etc. Translated into Yiddish manuscript. Russian classics. Also known are the sculptural works of I.

ioffe zelik aronovich
has abstract: IOFFE Zelik Aronovich (1903, Dashkovka Bykhovsky u. Mogilev province. - 1980, Moscow), engineer, lieutenant general (1946). R. in the family of a trackman. In 1917 he graduated from the secondary city school. He worked as an employee. In Kr. Army since 1920. Member of civil. war. He served as a minder, aircraft mechanic. He graduated from the military. aviation technical school, and in 1936 - the Air Force Academy. Member of the war in Spain (1936–37). Military advisor in China (1939). In 1939–41 and 1947–49 - Ch. Ing. VVS. In 1941-45 on the fronts - Ch. Ing. and deputy. Commander of the Air Army. Major General Aviation Engineer service (1943). Since 1949 - Deputy. early Higher Engineering Aviation School, from 1957 - beginning. computing center of the Air Force. From 1960 to 1969 - early. Research Institute of Space Technology. Awarded 10th order.

iofis naum abramovich
has abstract: IOFIS Naum Abramovich (b. 1913, Lyutsin, Vitebsk province), mechanical engineer, specialist in the region. technologies of new materials. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1974), prof. from 1978. He graduated in 1936 Moscow. Institute of mechanization and electrification of villages. x-va, in 1967 - Moscow. Institute of Electronic Machining (in absentia). He worked from 1929, in 1936–37 engineer. at the Central Institute of Labor, until 1944 in engineering and design work, then Ch. Ing. plant of elements of electrovacuum devices "Emitron". He took part in the creation and research. new class synthetic. single crystals based on oxides of zirconium and hafnium - ion exchangers, first obtained in 1972. State. etc. (1967). Linen. etc. (1980).

ioganishkeli
has abstract: IOGANISHKELI, see Ioniskelis.

iokheles aleksandr ljvovich
has abstract: IOHELES Alexander Lvovich (1912, Moscow - 1978, ibid.), Pianist. In 1932 he graduated from Moscow. cons, in the class of K.N. Igumnov, also studied in the class of the chamber ensemble with A.F. Gedike. In 1935 he graduated from the School of Higher Skills (graduate school) with Igumnov. International Diploma competition them. Chopin (1932, Warsaw). Laureate of the 1st All-Union Union competition of musicians-performers (2nd avenue, 1933, Moscow). Since 1934 the soloist of Moscow. Philharmonic. In 1943–58, a participant in the fp. trio (with violinist M.L. Zatulovsky and cellist G.D. Tsomyk). Since 1931 assistant, in 1935-42 associate professor of the department ANS. and special php. in Moscow. cons. In 1946-52 prof. department of special php. Tbilisi cons. Since 1952 prof. Muz.-ped. in-ta them. Gnesins (in 1965–73 head of the department). - the first performer of pl. op. owls. composers - concerts for fp. with orc. O. V. Taktakishvili, O. M. Gordeli, A. P. Dolukhanyan, K.D. Makarova-Rakitin. For the first time in the USSR he performed the 3rd concert of P.I. Tchaikovsky, as well as a number of productions. for php. with orc. - Fantasy by C. Debussy, symph. poem by M. de Falla, concertino by A. Onegger, "Negro Rhapsody" by F. Poulenc for voice with instru. ans., in which I. performed fp. party. The performance of I. was distinguished by high culture, a pronounced intellectual beginning.

iokheles evgeniy ljvovich
has abstract: IOCHELES Evgeny Lvovich (1908, Moscow - 1989, ibid.), Architect, urban planner. In 1930 he graduated from VKHUTEIN. In 1930 he was a member of the Association of Urban Architects (ARU). Main works: reconstruction project Trubnaya sq. in Moscow (1931, under the direction of N.A. Ladovsky), a residential house for polar explorers on Suvorovsky Blvd. in Moscow (1937), the House of Veterans of the MOPR in Zvenigorod, a school in the village. Sokol in Moscow, planning and development of the Korean settlement in Vladivostok (1960s), development of the Rostovskaya embankment in Moscow (1950s – 1960s), general plan of Togliatti (1967–68, leaders B.R. Rubanenko and V. A. Shkvarikov).

iokheljson
has abstract: IOHELSON (ps. Goldovsky) Vladimir (Veniamin) Ilyich (1855, Vilna - 1937, New York, USA), orientalist, ethnographer and linguist, researcher of the culture of the peoples of the northeast of Asian Russia; revolutionary populist. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education, had a good command of several. European lang. From ser. 70s joint with A.I. Zundelevich and A.Sh. Lieberman in Heb. roar. circles of Vilna, delivered by the propagandist. literature from abroad. In 1879–80 he was a member of the Narodnaya Volya. organization in St. Petersburg, was in charge of the production of forged passports and other documents, together with GM Gelfman kept a conspirator. apartment. In 1880 he left Russia and under the fam. Goldovsky was an agent of the Executive Committee “Nar. will "; in 1883-85 he was in charge of the Narodnaya Volya. printing house in Geneva. In 1885 he legally returned to Russia, was arrested and in 1888 exiled for 10 years to Yakutia, where he studied the life and culture of local peoples independently, as well as as part of an exp. (1908-11). Took part in Feb. rev-tion. Arrested in 1921; released at the request of M. Gorky. Since 1922 - in the USA, where he continued ethnogr. research and the publication of their results (in English). The author of several. tens of books. and Art. in Russian and English. Cit .: Materials for the study of the Yukaghir language. and folklore, St. Petersburg, 1900; A short catalog of the collections collected by V.I. Iokhelson in Kamchatka and the Aleutian Islands in exp. 1908-11, M., 1914; Gesya Gelfman. Biogr. sketch, Pg., 1918, 1922; Materials for the study of the Aleut. lang. and folklore, vol. 1. Pg., 1923.

iollos grigoriy borisovich
has abstract: IOLLOS Grigory Borisovich (1859, Odessa - 1907, Moscow), publicist and societies. activist. From merchants. families. He graduated from the Odessa city, attended lectures in Kiev and Strasbourg high fur boots, graduated from Heidelberg University. Withstood the state. legal exam f-tu Petero. un-that and in 1886 settled in Moscow. At the invitation of M.Ya. Herzenigtein sotr. gas. "Rus. statements "and. "Legal. messenger ". Sec. Moscow jurid. about-va at Mosk. un-those. In 1886 he defended his master's thesis. on watered, economy. From 1890 he settled in Berlin, from where he regularly sent correspondence and Art. in "Rus. statements "and. "Rus. wealth "," Bulletin of Europe "," Rus. thought ", etc. In 1905 he returned to Russia - entered the editorship of. gas. "Rus. Vedomosti ”(since 1906 the head of her publishing house). In 1906, dep. 1st State thoughts from the Poltava lips. (nominated by the Cadet Party and the Union to achieve full rights for Jews in Russia). In the Duma, he took part in the development of the Duma order (regulations). He worked in the commissions: budgetary, on the work issue, on the preparation of the law on the press. After the dissolution of the Duma, he signed the Vyborg Appeal calling for disobedience to the authorities. At the congress of the Union to achieve the full rights of the Jews (1906) he opposed the creation of a special Hebrew. groups in the State. Duma, argued with both the Zionists and the nationalists. 03/14/1907 killed by Black Hundred terrorists. I.'s funeral resulted in polit. a demonstration, in which the delegation of the dep. 2nd State Duma, Cit .: Letters from Berlin, Moscow, 1904.

iolotanj
has abstract: IOLOTAN, a city (since 1939) in Mary velayat (Turkmenistan). At 19 - early. 20th century - a settlement in the Transcaspian region. In 1939, 86 Jews lived in I. In the 1920s. A small group of Jews lived in India - the descendants of immigrants from Mashhad (Persia) who fled after their forced conversion to Islam in 1839.

ionava
has abstract: IONAVA, city (since 1864), regional center (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 18th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire, the town of Yanovo Kovensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847, 813 Jews lived in Indonesia, and in 1880, c. 2500 (83%), in 1897 - 3975 (80%), in 1923 - 2701 (66%), in 1932 - 2710, in 1940 - approx. 3000 (60%), in 1959 - 10 (0.2%), in 1970 - 14, in 1979 - 12, in 1989 - 10 Jews. Jews lived in India from the second half of the year. 18th century In the beginning. 1880s a Talmud-Torah was opened with teaching in Hebrew, dozens of cheders functioned, a school for girls with teaching in Russian. lang., there were decomp. org-tion for the provision of social assistance. In 1898 Aguda Tzionis and Bnos Tsion were founded in India. 1900s the Bund organization operated. 19th century Rabbi I. was Joshua-Geshel Eliashzon (1799-1871), in 1874-92 - Moishe-Arie Levi, in 1892-1914 - Chaim Segal (? -1914), from 1915 - I.S. Rosenfeld. In 1908 in I . worked about-in benefits to poor Jews, in 1915 - wives. 2-class private Jewish school with a preparatory class. In July 1915 Jews of I. were exiled to the internal districts of Russia. After 1917, most of them returned to India. In 1918 a school of the Tarbut network was opened, later a school of the Yavne network and a school with Yiddish teaching. Children worked. garden with teaching in Hebrew, since 1939 - with teaching in Yiddish. In 1920, a branch of the Jewish National Bank was opened. In 1931, 103 out of 116 workshops and production facilities belonged to Jews. In the 1920s and 1930s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. There were more than 10 synagogues, including the Lubavitch Hasidim. In 1918–30, the rabbi of I. was Chaim-Itskhok Silman (? -1930), in 1930–41 - Nokhum-Boruch Ginzburg (? -1941), who headed the association of Lithuanian rabbis. Decomp. Functioned. organ…

ionishkelis
has abstract: IONISHKELIS, a city (since 1950) in the Pasval region (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the beginning. 18th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire, the town of Ioganishkeli Ponevezhsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 136 Jews (22%) lived in Indonesia, in 1923 - 162 (28%), in 1940 - 210 Jews (21%). Jews settled in I. at the beginning. 18th century In the 19th century. pl. the Jews of India were engaged in the fruit trade. In India, a wooden synagogue was built with an exceptional performance "aron kodesh". From 1905 Shraga-Faivush Turits (1872—?) Was the rabbi in India. Diff. community organizations. Most of the houses on ch. street I. belonged to Jews. Jewish homes were b. including stone, with tiled roofs. In the end. 19th century some Jews left for the USA, South. Africa and in E.-I. In May 1915, Jews were evicted from I. to the int. districts of Russia. A large group settled in Penza. After 1918, part of the Jews returned to I. In the 1920s. in I. was opened early. school network "Yavne". In the 1920s and 30s. Jews were engaged in the trade in grain, flax and eggs. In 1931, Jews owned 3 grocery stores, a grocery store, a haberdashery shop, and a sawmill. In 1937 there were 17 Jewish artisans in India, including 6 tailors, 2 tanners, a shoemaker, a knitter, a tinsmith, a dyer, and others. Since 1937, Yehuda-Leib Siderer was the rabbi of I. on June 27, 1941. troops occupied I. Jews were gathered in several. houses. 26 Aug 1941 all Jews of India were shot in the forest together with the Jews of neighboring villages. 3 people were saved, to-rykh to the end. the occupation was hid by Lithuanian peasants. 1990s on the site of the Jewish cemetery of I., a monument with inscriptions in Yiddish and lit. language.

ionishkis
has abstract: IONISHKIS, city (since 1657), regional center (Republic of Lithuania). Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire, the town of Yanishka Shavelsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was in the Lithuanian SSR. In 1847 1,042 Jews lived in Indonesia, in 1897 - 2,272 (48%), in 1923 - 978 (24%), in 1940 - approx. 600 Jews (approx. 10%) Jews lived in India from the beginning. 18th century Main occupation - trade with.-kh. products. There were 3 synagogues, heder. Shoil Rabinovich was rabbi I. in 1808-47, Avrom Geler in 1860-77, and Ichil-Mikhl Wolfson (? -1900) in 1888-1900. In 1878 a volunteer fire brigade was created, which consisted of approx. 100 Jews. In the 1880s. a Palestinophil circle was active in India, and in 1898 the Aguda Zionis was founded. In the 1880-1910s. pl. Jews of I. left for Yuzh. Africa. In the 1900-10s. there were branches of "Agudas Yisroel" and Bund. In 1908, a society of benefits for poor Jews and a private husband worked in India. 1-class Jewish school. In 1920, a branch of the Jewish People's Bank, a Hebrew-taught school, and children were opened in India. garden and library. Departments of decomp. Acted. Jewish parties and organizations, including the "Union of Jews - Participants in the War of Independence of Lithuania." Rabbi I. in 1900-41 was Nokhum-Bezalel Dzimitrovsky (? -1941). June 24, 1941 German. troops occupied I. On July 19, 1941, the Lithuanian police shot approx. 150 Jews, 27 Aug. 1941 - 355 Jews. 1 Sep 1941 150 Jews were sent to the agare ghetto. After 1945, a memorial sign with an inscription in lit. was installed at the place of execution. language In I. genus: M. Kottler; Eliezer Gendler-Knaani (1896-1979), one of the founders of the Ge-Halutz movement in Lithuania, one of the organizers of the Tel Yosef kibbutz; Ben-Zion Gersh (1885-1935, Johannesburg), one of the founders of the Zionist Federation of South. Africa; Chaim-Yisroel Zachs (1867-1934, Tel Aviv)…

ionov
has abstract: IONOV (real family member Bernstein) Ilya Ion (1887, Odessa - 1942), publ. worker, poet. ZI Bernstein As a boy he worked in a printing house. In 1900–05 he studied art. uch-shche (excluded for participation in the revolutionary movement). Member RSDLP since 1904. He was repeatedly arrested and exiled. From 1905 he wrote poetry, published them illegally. and the legal workers' press (including in the newspaper Pravda). From 1912 he worked as a legal Bolshevik. publishing house "Priboy" (Petersburg). In 1918 he headed the board of the Petrosovet publishing house (later - Lenigr. Department of State Publishing House - Lengiz). In 1018 he released Sat. poems "Scarlet Field", in 1921 - Sat. "Kolos" was also printed in gas. "Truth", "Sold. truth "," Kr. newspaper "and others. In 1920, ed. g. "Flame", in 1921, members. editorial board "Book and Revolution". In the beginning. 1920s sent abroad as part of the Sov. mission to raise funds for the hungry, in 1922 - the organizer of the Sov. department for Intern. book exhibition in Florence. In 1928-29 the head. publishing house "Zemlya and Factory", in 1931–32 worked in the publishing house "Academia", from 1932 before. acc. about-va "Mezhdunar. book".

iordanesti
has abstract: JORDANESTI, see Yordanesti.

iosilovich isaak borisovich
has abstract: IOSILOVICH Isaak Borisovich (1909 - 1972, Moscow), mechanical engineer, aircraft designer, Hero of Socialist. Labor (1972). He graduated in 1934 Moscow. Aviation Institute (evening department). From 1932 to engineer. work. In 1940 he was appointed head. engineer, then deer. Aviation W-yes. Since 1961 deputy. General Designer of the Design Bureau A.N. Tupolev. Participated in the creation of the mass high-speed aircraft TU-134, tested in 1963, and its modifications. When designing the aircraft, he proposed to use a new layout, the location of the engines on pylons in the rear of the fuselage, and horizontal tail on top of the keel. Participated in the development of the pass. supersonic aircraft TU-144 and economical three-engine. jet pass. aircraft TU-154, the first will be tested. flights to-rogo took place in 1968. State. pr. USSR (1972).

ipatovo
has abstract: IPATOVO, city (since 1979), regional center in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1860 as c. Chemrek, later - Novogrigorievsky Winery, from 1900 - Blagodarnensky u. Stavropol province. From 1935 - p. Ipatovo. In 1939, eight Jews lived in I. - Sept. 1942 in I. 54 evacuated Jews were shot, in Oct.-Nov. 1942 - 86 Jews captured in the area.

ippo boris mikhaylovich
has abstract: IOPS Boris Mikhailovich (1898, Tikhvin, Novgorod province - 1937, Moscow), political worker Kr. Army, army commissar of the 2nd rank, member. Communist. parties since 1904. In civil. war as a military commissar of a number of units and formations, beginning. Political administration Chernomor, fleet. In 1923–25 pom. early political department Balt. fleet, military commissar of units of the Headquarters of the Red Army and Ch. management of the Red Army. In 1925-28 the deputy. early Political Administration of the Turkestan French, member. RVS and early. Political administration Central Asia. IN. In 1929–32 members. RVS and early. Political Administration Kavk. Cr. Army. In 1932–37 the beginning. Military-polit. academy. In apr. 1937 reappointed to his former position in Central Asia. VO, was soon arrested and shot. Ord. Work. Cr. Banner.

irbit
has abstract: IRBIT, city, regional center in the Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1631.From 1775 - a city of Tobolsk province, from 1781 - a district town of the Perm governorate, then - a province. In 1897, 254 Jews (1.3%) lived in I., in 1910 - 62, in 1939 - 31 Jews. about Jews, 1835 granted Jews merchants of the 1st guild the right to reside in India during fairs, to wholesale and purchase, but did not allow foreign trade. goods. In 1851, this benefit was extended to Jews [[Kingdom of Poland. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in India. There was E. Meshuris in Irbit motorcycle plant. S.Z.Katsnelson.

irena
has abstract: IRENA, a village in the Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1837 - Posad Irena (other name. Vorstadt) of the New Alexandrian u. Lublin province. In 1897 there were 2,711 Jews living in India (79.6%), in 1921 - approx. 2,700 Jews in the 1900s. Shmul Klingeberg was the rabbi in India. 28 Sep In 1914 all Jews were evicted from India. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and organizations. During the Holocaust, the Jewish population of India was destroyed.

iretskiy
has abstract: IRETSKY (real fam. Glikman) Viktor Yakovleva (1882, Kharkov - 1936, Berlin), prose writer, critic, journalist. He graduated from the real school in Bialystok (1901). In 1901–05 he studied agronomics. dep. Kiev Polytechnic. Institute (expelled for participation in student riots, then entered again, did not finish the course). In 1906-08 he was a volunteer lawyer. Faculty of St. Petersburg University, in 1911-15 attended lectures in St. Petersburg. archaeological. in-those. From the beginning. 1900s published in provincial. press, from 1906 - in gas. "Speech" and its adj. “Ill. week ”, soon became one of its leading lit. critics (wrote chap. about Western-European literature, reviewed Russian translations of works by F. Nietzsche, A. Strindberg, A. France, E. Renan and others). The author is numerous. stories marked Gogolevskaya pr. (1910) at the competition of the Society of Amateurs grew. literature. Published in f. "Vestnik Evropy", "Sparks", "Waves", "The Sun of Russia", in 1915 published the collection. stories "Vanity". After Feb. Revolution of 1917, the first of the journalists interviewed the leader. book Nikolai Mikhailovich and published in the newspaper. "Speech" is his letter by them. Nicholas II with a warning of an impending catastrophe. According to the materials of the archive of the Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, wrote doc brochures "Okhranka (Page of Russian history)", "Romanovs (How much did they cost us)" (both - 1917). Oct did not accept the roar. In the beginning. 1920s member Committee of the House of Writers (in charge of the library), was published in Zh. "Chronicle of the House of Writers" and "Bulletin of the Literature", decomp. collection, in 1921 published collection of works. "Engravings" (stories written during the Civil War). In the fall of 1922 he was expelled from the RSFSR, lived in Berlin, sotr. in Russian periodic. publications in Berlin, Riga, New York, was friends with Yu.I. Eichenwald, VV Nabokov and oth…

irger iosif markovich
has abstract: IRGER Iosif Markovich (1910, Minsk - 1982, Moscow), neurosurgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1955), brother of Yu.M. Irger. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Belarusian University (1931). He worked as an assistant at the Department of Normal Anatomy there, then served as a military doctor. From 1933 in Moscow, where he first worked as a faculty surgeon. clinic of the 1st honey. in-that under the hands. N.N.Burdenko, and then in Ying-those neurosurgery. In 1941–45, the chief of neurosurgeon. hospital departments and a leading surgeon in the army. After the war, he again worked at the Institute of Neurosurgery named after N.N.Burdenko, however, due to the campaign to "fight cosmopolitanism" was forced to leave (1953). Organized and headed by a neurosurgeon. dep. in the hospital. S.P. Botkin. From 1962 to the end of his life, he headed the neurosurgery clinic he created in the 1st Moscow. honey. in-those (prof.). tr. I. poev, traumatic brain injury, brain tumors, pathology of the spinal cord. Developed a number of new surgeons. techniques; proposed (1948, jointly with others) to register electric. cerebellar activity using needle electrodes injected into the periosteum of the occipital bone. Described a special type of ataxia in the defeat of the lobules of the middle cerebellar vermis. Author of the first textbook on neurosurgery in the USSR (Neurosurgery, M., 1971; 2nd ed., 1982).

irger yuliy markovich
has abstract: IRGER Julius Markovich (1897, Minsk - 1941, ibid.), Surgeon. Dr. med. Sciences (1928), prof. (1934). Brother of I.M. Irger. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1922). In 1922-30 he worked at the Belarusian University. In 1934-37 the head. Department of Operative Surgery and Topographic. Anatomy, in 1937–41 head. Department of Hospital Surgery, Minsk med. in-that. Sci. hands. Research Institute of Blood Transfusion of the People's Commissariat for Health of the BSSR (1932–41). Tr. on general, clinic. and operative surgery, urology, anatomy, blood transfusion. He proposed (1928) an operative method for the treatment of hydrocephalus, as well as a modification of bone grafting. shin amputation. Honored. scientist of the BSSR (1939). Works: Postoperative and postpartum urinary retention, Minsk., 1932 (Belarusian, lang.).

irgiz
has abstract: IRGIZ, village, regional center in Aktobe region. (The Republic of Kazakhstan). At 19 - early. 20th century - a district town of the Turgai Region. 10 Jews lived in India in 1897, and 2 Jews in 1910. The regulation on the structure of government in the region prohibited Jews from being counted among the merchants and petty bourgeoisie of India, including those who had the right to reside in the area of.

irkleev
has abstract: IRKLEEV, see Irkliev.

irkliev
has abstract: IRKLIEV, a village in the Chernobaevsky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main in 1601. From 1667 - a part of Russia. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Irkleev, Zolotonosha u. Poltava province. In the 1920s and 30s. - a regional center. In 1859, approx. 130 Jews, in 1926 in the Irkliev district - 48, in 1939 in I. - 12, in the district - 68 Jews. 19th century main the occupation of the Jews of India is trade. In 1910 Jews owned 6 trade shops, a tavern, and a wine cellar. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in I. Makhno's detachments and local peasants; Jewish houses and shops were plundered. In 1942 several were shot in Israel. Jews.

irkutsk
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ИРКУТСК, город (с 1686), центр Иркутской обл. (Российская Федерация). Осн. в 1661 как Иркутский острог. В 1764—1926 — центр Иркутской губ., с 1803 — резиденция сиб. ген.- губернатора, с 1822 — ген.-губернатора Вост. Сибири. В 1930—36 — центр Вост.-Сиб. края, с 1937 — Иркутской обл.В 1860 в И. проживало 342 еврея (1,7%), в 1863 — 283 (1%), в 1870 — 399 (1,3%), в 1873 — 561 (1,8%), в 1875 — 1008 (3,1%), в 1879 — 1401 (4,2%), в 1889 — 1320 (2,8%), в 1897 — 3642 (7,1%), в 1905 — 4836 (6,1%), в 1910 — 5072 (6,7%), в 1923 — 7896 (8,9%), в 1926 — 7164 (7,3%), в 1939 — 7100, в 1970 — 5243 (1,2%), в 1979 — 4462 еврея (0,8%).Евреи стали селиться в И. во 2-й пол. 18 в. В 1827 семья Давыдовых получила право в теч. 3 лет заниматься винокурением на местных винокуренных з-дах (с них взята подписка не склонять никого в иудейскую веру). В дальнейшем еврейская община И. пополнялась преимущественно за счет ссыльных и каторжан, а также переселенцев (купцы 1-й гильдии, ремесленники, лица с высшим образованием и др.), отставных николаевских солдат, участников рус.-япон. войны 1904—05, во время 1-й мир. войны — за счет беженцев. В 19 — нач. 20 в. евреи занимались финанс. и торг. деятельностью, добычей золота и др. ископаемых, а также ремеслами; среди евреев И. имелись представители «свободных профессий». В нач. 20 в. евреи составляли до 50% гильдейского купечества, контролировали 1/4 торг. оборота, владели 16% гор. недвижимости (среди наиб. видных евреев- предпринимателей — Я.С.Домбровский, Р.С. и С.С.Кольшееры, Л.О. и Л.С.Лейбовичи, Я.Г., Б.Г. и Л.Г.Патушинские, И.М.Файнберг, Я.Д.Фризер и др.). Евреи активно участвовали в деятельности разл. благотворит. и культурно-просветит. об-в, сотрудничали с Вост.-Сиб. отд-нием Рус. геогр. об-ва.Еврейская община в И. сформировалась в 1860-х гг. [св. 20 лет ее старостой был купец 1-й гильдии Яков Савельевич Домбровский (1794—1884)]. В 1877 завершено стр-во каменной синагоги (единственной в регионе); св. 15 лет казенны…

irkutskiy ostrog
has abstract: IRKUTSK OSTROG, see Irkutsk.

irmino
has abstract: IRMINO, a member (since 1962) of Stakhanov (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway station of Bakhmutskiy u. Yekaterinoslav province. In 1939, 74 Jews lived in I.

irpenj
has abstract: IRPEN, city (since 1956) in the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Vozn. in 1902 as a settlement. Irpen Dachi at the railway I. passing on the territory. Kievsky u. In 1926, 45 Jews (1.8%) lived in I., in 1939 - 247 (4%), in 1989 - 454 Jews. Jews have settled in I. since its inception. In 1909 a two-class Jewish school was opened in India. During the Civil. As a result of pogroms, the Jewish population of India fell sharply. 24 Aug. 1941 India was occupied by Germans. troops. Before the occupation, most of the Jews of India left for Kiev. 28 Aug 1941 in India, one Jewish woman with two children was shot. In the village, the Komsomol underground operated, a cut was headed by V.M. Kaminskaya (she died during a combat mission in August 1943). 1992 conference was held in I. representatives of the Zionist movement in the states that were formerly part of the USSR. In 1999, approx. 110 Jews S. Ya. Elisabeth

irpenskie dachi
has abstract: IRPEN COTTAGES, see Irpen.

irshava
has abstract: Irshava, city (since 1982), regional center in the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1816 69 Jews (10.6%) lived in I., in 1881, 112 (11.5%), 1930 - 7078 Jews. 19th century Jews owned several in I. shops, shops, a mill, a sawmill. 1944 I. Jews were concentrated in a camp in Mukachevo and a month later deported to Auschwitz, where most of them were exterminated.

irtenjev igorj moiseevich
has abstract: IRTENIEV Igor Moiseevich (b. 1947, Moscow), poet. Graduated from Lenigr. Institute of Film Engineers (1972), Higher. theater. courses (1989). Published in the USSR and abroad since 1979. One of the most prominent representatives of the so-called. ironic poetry that took shape in its own right. lit. current at the turn of the 80-90s. Using the tradition. set thin funds rus. ironic poets, in the best works. returns to this tradition the problematic breadth and existential depth lost after Sasha Cherny. Author of the book: "Agenda" (Paris, 1989), "Attempt to Text" (Moscow, 1989), "Vertical Cut" (Moscow, 1990), "Christmas Tree in the Kremlin" (Moscow, 1991), " Empire of Good "(M., 1994).

irzhavets
has abstract: IRZHAVETS, a village in the Ichnya district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1724. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Rzhavets of Priluksky u. Poltava province. In the 1st half. 19th century in I. settled apprx. 25 Jewish families. Main lesson - p. x-in; several Jews were engaged in trade.

isaakovka guta
has abstract: ISAAKOVKA GUTA, see Isakovka.

isaevo
has abstract: ISAEVO, a village in the Nikolaev district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Ananievsky u. Kherson province. Oct. 1941 four Jews were killed in India.

isakova
has abstract: ISAKOVA (until 1991 - Isakovo), a village in the Orhei region (Republic of Moldova). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Orhei district. Bessarabian Region, from 1873 to the province of 15 July 1941, 34 Jews were killed in India.

isakovich garoljd grigorjevich
has abstract: ISAKOVICH Harold Grigorievich (b. 1931, Moscow), architect. In 1956 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Specialist in the design of public buildings. Main works: development of residential areas in the cities of Balashikha, Voskresensk, Dzerzhinsk, etc. (1956–59), lab. buildings of the Moscow and Kazan chemical. z-dov (1958–59), reconstruction of the ZIL plant in Moscow (1960s), development project center. squares in Tula (since 1970), the Lenin Memorial in Ulyanovsk (1970, under the direction of B. Mezentsev), the Ho Chi Minh mausoleum in Hanoi (1975). Linen. pr. (1972), Hero of Labor SRV (1975), honored. architect of the RSFSR (1984).

isakovich mikhail aleksandrovich
has abstract: ISAKOVICH Mikhail Aleksandrovich (1911, Odessa - 1982, Moscow), theoretical physicist, specialist in the region. acoustics. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1953), professor. Graduated in 1932 from Odessa Institute of Ing. water. transport, in 1938 graduate school at Moscow. state un-those. Until 1941 he taught at Moscow. and Orlovsky ped. in-takh. 1941–45 - at the aviation school. Since 1945 sotr. acoustic lab. Phys. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences P.M. Lebedev, in 1954–82 at Akustich. in-those. At the same time. in 1957–82 he taught at Moscow. physical and technical Institute of Science. the work carried out in the 30s is related to the problem of viscoelasticity, associated with the research. scattering of waves by rough and inhomogeneous surfaces. In the 40s. worked on the issues of sound propagation in micro-inhomogeneous media. He developed the theory of sound and vibration-insulating action of a system of identically tuned, closely spaced resonators placed in waveguides on vibrating plates, rods, and other structures. He proposed a method of sound insulation known in practice, DOS. to create on the walls of the waveguide periodic. irregularities. In the 60s. completed a series of works on vibrations and waves in rods of complex configurations, the results of which were applied when creating. new ultrasound surgeons. instr-tov. Author of 73 scientific. printed works. Since 1979, member. editorial board and author of theoretical. Art. in the small encyclopedia "Ultrasound". Works: Theory of flight, M., 1947; General acoustics, M., 1973.

isakovka
has abstract: ISAKOVKA, a village in Volodarsk-Volynsky district of Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Isaakovka Guta Zhitomirsky u. Volyn province. In 1941, 10 Jews were shot in I.

isakovo
has abstract: ISAKOVO, see Isakov.

isayki
has abstract: ISAIKI, a village in Boguslavsky district of Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1579. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Kanevsky district Kiev province, 1830s There were 28 Jews living in I. In 1919 there was a pogrom in I. by units of the Volunteer Army, as a result of which Jewish houses were destroyed. Most of the Jews of India moved to Boguslav.

isbakh aleksandr
has abstract: ISBAKH Alexander (real name and family name Isaak Abramovich Bakhrakh) (1904, Dvinsk, Vitebsk province - 1977, Moscow), writer. In 1924 he graduated from lit. dep. Moscow un-that, in 1928 - the Institute of red professors. From 1920 he worked in gas. and GROWTH. He made his debut in 1924 with the poem "Andrey Pakhomov". Participant of the International Aviation and Aviation Industry Association and VAAP. Organizer lit. associations "Working Spring" and "October". Member of the editorial board. a number of thin g. Prof. Lit. in-ta them. M. Gorky. In his first stories, images of Jewish Red Army men appear, and in his autobiographical. Sat. "Years of life" (M., 1949) depicts Heb. Dvinsk early. century. He spoke with Art. about owls. and nick. lit-re. In 1949 he was accused of "cosmopolitanism" and "Heb. bourgeois. nationalism "and sentenced to 10 years of imprisonment (the formal reason for the collection of stories" Years of Life ", 1948, in which, along with negative coverage of the life of Hebrew m., cited the texts of prayer. Details of the Hebrew religious ritual). Released in 1954. Author of the book: "Stories and stories", M., 1957; “Face the fire. Lit. portraits ", M., 1958; “On lit. barricades ", M., 1964; "My youth, my Komsomol", M., 1974, etc.

iserlis yuliy davydovich
has abstract: ISERLIS Julius Davydovich (1888, Chisinau - 1968, London), pianist. Moose. was educated first in Kiev by V.V. Pukhalsky; in 1900–05 he studied under VI Safonov in Moscow. cons., after the end of the cut he perfected himself in Paris with R. Pyuno. In 1911 he taught at the Odessa muses. uch-shche, in 1913-18 - in the Music-dramatic. uch-shche Mosk. philharmonic. about-va. In 1922 he settled in London, where he studied ped. activities, and also toured a lot. Conc. I. programs consisted of the main. from Op. Russian comp. He was a brilliant performer of productions. A.N. Skryabin, from whom he took consultations in Paris in 1907, S.V. Rachmaninov, N.K. Metner, early op. S.S. Prokofieva. Especially brightly I. showed himself in the interpretation of romantic. music, not only Russian, but Western European. - R. Schumann, FLista, French. impressionists. I. - the author of piano pieces in romantic. spirit.

ish-shalom
has abstract: ISH-SHALOM (Fridman) Mordechai (1902, Vilna - 1991), society. and polit. activist. Got a religion. education, graduated externally. He was engaged in active Zionist activities in Russia and Germany. Since 1923 - in E.-I. In 1935–55 - prof. activist. In 1955–59 and in 1967–69 - Deputy Mayor of Jerusalem, in 1960–66 - Mayor. In 1969–86 - before. council dir. Bank of Jerusalem. An active worker in the workers' party. Founder and previous council dir. pl. societies, org-tions, among them: Museum Sh.Y. Agnon, muses. academy, archives and museum of Jerusalem t-ra, etc.

ishim
has abstract: ISHIM, a city (since 1782), a regional center in the Tyumen region. (Russian Federation). Izv. since 1670 as the village of Korkina. From 1st Thursday. 18th century - Korkina Sloboda, since 1782 - the district town of the Tobolsk governorship, then - the provinces. In 1865, 62 Jews lived in I., in 1910 - 111, in 1939 - 86 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in I.. B.M. Hessin.

ishimbaeva
has abstract: ISHIMBAYEVA, see Ishimbay.

ishimbay
has abstract: ISHIMBAY, city (since 1940), regional center in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Ishimbaev Sterlitamaksky u. Ufa province. In 1939, 26 Jews lived in I.

isiljkulj
has abstract: ISILKUL, city (since 1945), regional center in the Omsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1895 as a station settlement in Omsk u. Akmola region In 1939, 23 Jews lived in I.

iskorostj
has abstract: SPEED, see Korosten.

islam-terek
has abstract: ISLAM-TEREK, see Kirovskoe.

ispas
has abstract: ISPAS, a village in the Vyzhnytskyi district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Vyzhnytsya headman of the Bukovina province as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1784 there were 5 Jewish families living in I., in 1910 - c. 300 Jews, in 1930 - 143 Jews. the occupation of the Jews of India in the 19th century. - trade. In the beginning. 20th century Among the Jews there were 20 merchants and 5 artisans. In July 1941, all Jews of India were deported to Transnistria.

isserson georgiy samoylovich
has abstract: ISSERSON Georgy Samoilovich (1898, Petersburg - 1976, Moscow), military theorist, division commander. R. in the family of a doctor. Graduated from 3 courses Petrograd. un-that and the school of ensigns. Since 1918 in Kr. Army. In 1918–20 the commissar of the regiment, then brigades to the North. and Zap. fr. At the end of the War. academy named after M.V. Frunze (1924) early. operational department headquarters of Leningrad. VO, then General Staff, com. divisions, early. corps headquarters. Since 1929 the teacher is Military. academy named after M.V. Frunze, from 1931 to the beginning. her operational department. From 1936 to the beginning. Department of Operational Arts Military. Academy of the General Staff. During the Sov.-Finl. war 1939–40 early. army headquarters. I. - one of the authors of the theory of deep operations (1933), which assumed the attack at the same time. strikes to the entire operational depth of the enemy's defense by aviation, artillery, large masses of tanks and airborne troops. During the 2nd world. During the war, this theory was used by all the warring parties. In 1940, I. predicted the character and course of the German-fasc. aggression against the USSR. In 1940 he was demoted to colonel and actually removed from work. In July 1941 he was arrested for criticizing the mistakes made by the General Staff in preparation for war. He spent 10 years in camps and 4 years in exile. In 1955 in Moscow, he returned to the military-theoretical. work. Cit .: Cannes world. war, M., 1926; Lectures on deep tactics, M., 1932; Evolution of the operational claim, M., 1932; Military. lawsuit of the era nat. wars 2nd half. 19th century, M., 1933; On new ways of development of our operational art, M., 1934; New forms of struggle, M., 1940.

issyk-kulj
has abstract: ISSYK-KUL (in 1909–89 - Rybachye), a city (since 1954), the center of the Issyk-Kul region. (Republic of Kyrgyzstan). Main in 1884 as s. Bachino. In 1939, I.-K. 9 Jews lived.

istra
has abstract: ISTRA (up to 1589 - Safatovo, up to 1781 - Voskresenskoye, up to 1930 - Voskresensk), a city, a regional center in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). Main in the 16th century. From 1781 - a district town of Moscow province, from 1791 - a provincial town, from 1796 - in Zvenigorod u. Moscow province. In the 1920s. In 1910, 17 Jews lived in I., in 1926 - 49, in 1939 - 54 (0.7%), in 1970 - 101 (0.6%), in 1989 - 98 Jews (0, 3%) In 1929 in Voskresensky district. the Jewish youth commune "Zangen" was created. The commune had a canteen, a laundry, a club, and a reading room. Ya.A. Kozlovsky.

isuv iosif grigorjevich
has abstract: ISUV Joseph Grigorievich (Andreevich) (1878, Vitebsk - 1920, Moscow), polit. activist. Graduated from Vilensky Teachers' Institute, worked as a teacher in Hebrew. school in Shavly; led a roar. propaganda in the local Bund organization. In 1900 he was arrested and exiled to Vitebsk. Since 1902, members RSDLP, Menshevik from 1903, led the Revolution. work in Yekaterinoslav and Kiev, from 1904 in Moscow. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07; at the end. 1905 - member. United. federate. to-that, in charge of Dec. armed uprising in Moscow. Dec. 1905 arrested, exiled in 1906, soon fled. At the 5th Congress of the RSDLP (1907), he was elected in absentia as Cand. in part. Central Committee, in the autumn of the same year was introduced to the Central Committee. During the years of reaction, the "liquidator", from 1910 - a member. Menshevik-liquidationist faction. Center, participated in the work of the Social-Democrats. fractions in the 3rd and 4th State. thoughts. In 1910-12 - one of the leaders of the Mensheviks, organizer of St. Petersburg. "Initiative group". In 1912 he was expelled from St. Petersburg and settled in Pskov, in 1913 he entered Organizats. to-t (OK) RSDLP. In the years of the 1st world. wars are "defensive". After Feb. Revolution of 1917 - one of the leaders of Moscow. Mensheviks, since March - member. to-that their mosk. org-tion, from Apr. - member Executive Committee of Moscow. Council and Moscow. region Bureau of Soviets. In the beginning. May - cases. Vseros. conf. Menshevik. and combined. org-tions of the RSDLP; elected member OK. In June - cases. 1st All-Russia. Congress of Soviets, one of the hands. his Menshevik. factions and org. section of the congress. In aug. cases. Unite. Congress of the RSDLP; elected member Central Committee of the RSDLP from the defense majority of the congress. On Sept. participant Democratic meetings in Oct. - member Pre-parliament. During the days of Oct. armed the uprising in Moscow acted as a mediator between the Mil…

itat
has abstract: ITAT, see Itatsky.

itatskiy
has abstract: ITATSKY (until 1958 - Itat), an urban-type settlement (since 1958) in the Tyazhinsky district of the Kemerovo region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Itatskoe Maryinsky okr. Tomsk province. In 1893 there was a synagogue in I.

itatskoe
has abstract: ITATIC, see Itati.

iteljson lev borisovich
has abstract: ITELSON Lev Borisovich (1926, Baku - 1974, Vladimir), psychologist. Dr. psychol. Sciences (1965), prof. Graduated from oil mechanic. f-t Azerb. industrial in-ta, f-t foreign. lang. Azerb. extramural ped. Institute (1945), jurid. f-t Azerb. un-that (1946). Ped. he began his career as a school teacher in 1946. sotr. Azerb. Research Institute of Pedagogy, since 1958 taught at Azerb. state ped. in-those them. M.F.Akhundova. From 1965 he worked in the Vladimir ped. in-those them. PI Lebedev-Polyansky, where he headed the creation. on his initiative, the Department of Psychology, as well as the lab. experimental psychology. Auth. 14 kn. and St. 100 scientific. Art. by decomp. problems of general and ped. psychology, labor psychology, Ing. psychology. His book. "Lectures on modern. problems of educational psychology "(1972) - the first systematic. presentation of ped. psychology. Auth. original developments in mat. modeling the learning process. Under the arm. I. carried out a large-scale experiment. research the viewer, perception, which made it possible to reveal certain mechanisms of color vision. The presentation of his concept of cognitive processes was devoted to "Lectures on General Psychology" (vols. 1-2, 1970-72) - a fundamental work that remained unfinished. Works: Fundamentals of the methodology of prof. teaching schoolchildren, M., 1963; Mat. and cybernetic. methods in pedagogy, M., 1964.

itenberg boris samuilovich
has abstract: Itenberg Boris Samuilovich (b. 1921, Klintsy of the Surazh district of the Gomel province), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1966), prof. (1991). R. in the family of employees. Graduated from East. Faculty of Chkalovsky ped. Institute (1942). Since 1942 in Kr. Army, graduated from the Chkalov anti-aircraft art. uch-shche, in 1943–45 at the front. Since 1945 teacher of history, since 1946 director. schools for working youth in Perovo Mosk. region Since 1957 in the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (now the Institute of Russian History of the RAS). From the beginning. 1960s headed by gr. on the history of societies. movement in post-reform Russia. Author of works on the history of societies, movements and societies. thoughts of Russia 2nd floor. 19th century, Russian-West-European societies. connections. Participated in the preparation of generalizing ist. tr. "Paris Commune" (vol. 2, Moscow, 1961); "First International" (part 2, Moscow, 1965); "Essays on the history of ist. science in the USSR "(v. 5, Moscow, 1985), part. of the editorial boards of the collective monographs “Russia in the rev. the situation at the turn of the 1870s-1880s ”(Moscow, 1983),“ The Emancipation of Labor Group ”and socio-polit. wrestling in Russia "(M., 1984), doc. the publication “Rev. populism of the 70s. XIX century. " (vol. 1–2, M.-L., 1964–65) and other works: Yuzhnoros. workers' union - the first proletarian organization in Russia, Moscow, 1954 (2nd ed., revised and supplemented - M., 1974); First International and the roar. Russia, M., 1964; Movement roar. populism, M., 1965; Russia and the Paris Commune, M., 1971; Lavrov, M., 1981 (with A.I. Volodin); Russia and Vel. French rev-tion, M., 1988; P.L. Lavrov in Russian. roar. movement, M., 1988.

itin lev iosifovich
has abstract: ITIN Lev Iosifovich (1909 - 1978, Moscow), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1959), prof. (1959). Graduated from Moscow. technol. in-t (engineer-economical f-t, 1931), from that time on scientific-ped. work, since 1955 head. Department of Economics Socialist. prom-sti State. econom. in-that, then Ying-that nar. x-va them. G.V. Plekhanov. directions of scientific. works: efficiency of production, specialization and concentration of industry, cost accounting and ration. use of production facilities, facilities. Author and responsible ed. pl. programs, textbooks and uch. benefits for the economics of light industry, incl. “Economy of leather and footwear. industry ", L.-M., 1940 (co-author.)," Economics of light industry ", M., 1957 (co-author.)," Economics of socialist. prom-sti ", 6th ed., 1980 (co-author). Works: Ways to improve the use of production. capacities prom. pr-tiy, M., 1956; Economics of textile machinery, M., 1969 (co-author); Optimal planning. the size of the company, M., 1976 (et al.).

itin vivian azarjevich
has abstract: ITIN Vivian Azarevich (1893, Ufa - 1939), writer, poet, journalist. R. in the family of a lawyer. He studied law. f-those Petersburg. un-that. From 1919 in Siberia, in 1921-22 on desks, and owls. work in Krasnoyarsk and Kansk. From 1922 post. sotr., in 1928-29 responsible. secretary, in 1933–35 ch. ed. g. "Sib. the lights". In the 1920s. participated in the Kara Exp. and one of the flights of the icebreaker "Krasin" in Sev. pestilence. paths. The author is fantastic. the story "The Country of Gonguri" (1922), collection of verses. "Sun of the Heart" (1923), book. prose "High Way" (1927), essays "Access to the Sea" (1930), and other cases. 1st Congress of Sov. writers (1934). In 1937 he was repressed.

itkis moisey abramovich
has abstract: ITKIS Moisey Abramovich (b. 1929, Torgovitsa), sportsman (shooting sport). Z.m.s. USSR, Cand. ped. sciences. Multiple champion of the world, Europe and the USSR (in the 1950s-1960s). He set 19 world records and 75 USSR records.

itkovich moyshe
has abstract: ITKOVICH Moishe (1902, Minsk - 1986, Moscow), translator, publicist. He lost his hearing as a child. I was engaged in self-education. He was a laborer at a tobacco factory in Kremenchug. In 1918 he returned to Minsk, where in 1922 he worked as a editor. Heb. gas. "October". In 1925 he moved to Moscow. Works in the center. Heb. b-ke, then in Heb. section of Tsentrogosizdat. Since 1931 - editor, proofreader and translator in Moscow. publishing house "Der emes". Published in Heb. gas. Art. on the problems of language and literature. He owns the lane. in Yiddish textbook for the school "History of the Middle Ages" E. Kosminsky, a number of other scholar-popul. ed. From 1961 until he ate, he worked for days. in f. "Soviet gameland".

itsa
has abstract: ICA, a village in the Ambrolaur region (Georgia). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Imeretian kingdom. Since 1810 - as part of Ros. empire, in the Imereti region, in 1840-46 - in the Kutaisi district. Georgian-Imereti gubernia, from 1846 - in Rachinsky district. Kutaisi province. 1870s. a resident of I. was the Jew Joseph Buziashvili, who owned a vineyard.

itsikson miron iljich
has abstract: ITZIKSON Miron Ilyich (1911–1985), geologist. In the 40s. conducted research. subsoil in the Khabarovsk Territory and the Amur Region. Participated in the work of a geological exploration exp., Who discovered primary deposits of tin ores - Malokhingan tin ore district, which was created. preconditions for the development of the tin ore industry in the Far East and allowed to deploy the construction of the complex "Khinganolovo". In 1950 he compiled the first metallotektonich. the map of D.Vostok.

itskhoki yakov semenovich
has abstract: ITSHOKI Yakov Semenovich (1906, Disna, Vilna province - 1984, Moscow), engineer, specialist in the region. radar and pulse technology. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1950), professor. He graduated from Leningrad in 1935. polytechnic in-t, then graduate school. Since 1941 in Kr. Army, in 1944 transferred to the Military Vozd. Ing. Academy named after N.E. Zhukovsky, where he worked until 1984 (until 1969 head of the department, then professor of the department). works related to radar and radar technology, with impulse technology. Developed the theory and methods of calculating pulse generators for radars. technology, as well as pulse transformers (1950). In the 60s. performed work on digital signal processing in the radar. Art. side view. Author of a number of printed scientific. works, monographs, textbooks. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR. Works: Impulse generators, Moscow, 1944; Impulse technique, M., 1949; Nonlinear radio engineering, M., 1955; Pulse transformers: Theory, calculation, design and testing, M., 1950; Impulse devices, M., 1959; Pulse and digital devices, M., 1972.

itskin maks semenovich
has abstract: ITSKIN Max Semenovich (1902, Slutsk, Minsk province. - 1965, Leningrad), military doctor, major general honey. service (1943). In 1919–22 in Kr. Army, citizen war. Graduated from honey. Faculty of Belarus. un-that (1928). In 1928 - 33 ml., Then Art. doctor, regiment, in 1933–37 a divisional doctor. In 1937–40 the beginning. medical department and deputy. early dignity dep. Belarusian. Special VO. In 1940 the deputy. early dignity dep. Privolzhsky VO, in 1941 deputy. early dignity management of the North-West, in 1941–42 - the Bryansk fr. In 1943 the beginning. dignity management of the 2nd Baltic, fr., in 1946 - Lvov VO, in 1947–52 -Vost.-Sib. VO, in 1952 Far East. IN. Retired from 1961. In 1962-65 deputy. early n.-i. dep. VMM of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Load 7th order.

itskovich zeljman iljich
has abstract: ITSKOVICH Zelman Ilyich (Isaakovich) (1902, Lubny, Poltava province. - 1965, Moscow), aircraft designer. Since 1919, without completing the mission, he worked in the red. gas. Izvestia Krasnogorsk Revolutionary Committee in Poltava region. In 1923 he began his studies at the Kharkov Technol. in-those. In 1922-27 he worked in the Poltava department of the food industry union (with a break in 1923, when he was sent to study at the Kharkov Polytechnic Institute, but after the first year he was forced to combine study with work). Diploma of engineer received in 1930. In 1927–33 he worked in the experimental design bureau of the Kharkov Aviation. s-yes, having gone from timekeeper, draftsman-designer to the head. lab. testing of structures. Participated in static. and flight tests of a number of prototypes. In 1933 he went to work in the Kazan Aviation. in-t head. Department of Aircraft Structures and Design, as well as Ch. constructor. For 6 years of work at this institute, he designed, built and conducted flight tests of a five-seat pass. KAI-1 aircraft with two M-11 engines and its modifications - uch. a UBP bomber for crew training, as well as an UTI-3 trainer fighter with a 200 hp engine. In 1934–40, Ch. technologist at aviation. s-de. In 1940–43 - deputy. ch. designer V.F. Bolkhovitinov, participated in the creation of the first owls. fighter with a liquid jet engine. Since 1943 - in the Research Institute of Technology and Organization of Production (NIAT) of the Ministry of Aviation. prom-sti, where he led the team for the introduction of flow methods of production. At the same time. in 1945–48 he taught at Moscow. aviation technology in-those. Research plastic. deformation of metals Ch. ed. ser. "Aircraft" of express information in VINITI (1956–58). Vol .: Fundamentals of theory and technology. calculations of riveting in aircraft construction, M., 1948.

iudino
has abstract: IUDINO, see Bondarevo.

ivana franko
has abstract: IVANA FRANKO (until 1951 - Naguevichi), a village in the Drohobych district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1424. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 - a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19th century 76 Jews lived in I.F., in 1940 - 15 Jewish families. occupation of Jews in the 19th century - trade; Jews owned 2 shops and 2 restaurants. There was a synagogue. In 1914, there was a pogrom in I.F. In 1941, 72 Jews were killed in I.F. In 1942, 7 Jews from Borislav, who were hiding with the help of local residents, were shot in IF.

ivangorod
has abstract: IVANGOROD, see Demblin.

ivaniki
has abstract: IVANIKI, a village in the Pinsk district of the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1851 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony in Pinsk u. Minsk province. In 1920–39, it was in the Polesie Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, in the BSSR. In 1898, in India, by 243 dess. 240 people lived in the land, in 1921 - 235 Jews. 1870s There was a synagogue in India. During the occupation of India by the Germans. troops in the summer of 1941 all Jews of I. (about 250 people) were deported to Pinsk.

ivaniska
has abstract: IVANISKA, a city in the Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - Posad Opatovsky u. Radom Gubernia. 594 Jews (82.9%) lived in India in 1856, in 1897 - 1996 (83%), in 1921 - approx. 1900 Jews. 1870-90s. The rabbi in Indonesia was Gil-Yokhel Ferleger, from 1899 - Itskhok-Dovid Shapira (1872 -?). On June 1, 1942, a ghetto was created in India, which contained apprx. 1600 people With the liquidation of the ghetto in October. 1942 Jews from India were deported to Treblinka.

ivanitsa
has abstract: IVANITSA, a village in the Ichnya district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Priluksky u. Poltava Gubernia. In 1930, 6 Jews lived in I., in 1939 - 11 Jews. 1917 pogrom took place in India.

ivanje
has abstract: IVANIE, a village in the Dubensky district of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Main in 1386. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1910 11 Jews lived in I.. 20th century Jews were engaged in petty trade, bringing goods from Dubno.

ivanjka
has abstract: IVANKA, see Ivanka.

ivanjki
has abstract: IVANKI, a village in Mankovsky district of Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ivanka Umansky u. In Kiev province, 704 Jews (27.2 percent) lived in India in 1897, and 206 Jews in 1923, and a pogrom took place in India in May 1919.

ivankov
has abstract: IVANKOV, urban-type settlement (since 1940), a regional center in the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1589. In 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Radomysl u. Kiev province. Since 1923 it was the regional center of the Kiev environs, then the region. In 1847 642 Jews (27.2%) lived in I., in 1881 - 721, in 1897 - 1577 (51.9%), in 1923 - 206, in 1939 - 430 Jews. 19th century the Jews of India owned 2 trade shops and a mill. In 1865 there was a synagogue in India. In the 2nd floor. 19th century rabbi in I. in tech. Mordkhe-Doiv Levitsky was 35 years old, from 1899 - Froim Kovalenko (1875—?), From 1906 - the son of M.D. Levitsky Yankel Levitsky (1884—?). In 1912 there was a Jewish loan and savings institution in Israel. m-in. Pogroms took place in I. on 4 and 12 November. 1917. In May 1919, a pogrom took place in I., organized by the gang of the ataman Shakilo. Sep 1919 - a pogrom organized by units of the Volunteer Army in December. 1919 - by the gang of Ataman Struk. 19 Sept. 1941, 166 Jews were shot in India. 1941 - 29 Jews. Total in Sept. - Oct. 1941 was shot ca. 500 Jews from India and surrounding places. H. Shmaenok.

ivankovtsy
has abstract: IVANKOVTSY, a village in the Kitsmansky district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Bukovina as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1904, 268 Jews lived in India, and in 1940 there were 273 Jews. 18th century In the end. 18th century the first synagogue was built, at the end. 19th century - the second. In the 19th century. Hasidism spread among the Jews of India. In the beginning. 20th century There was a Zionist organization in India, and during the Holocaust almost all Jews in India were exterminated.

ivano-frankovo
has abstract: IVANO-FRANKOVO, urban-type settlement (since 1940) in Yavoriv district of Lviv region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - city (from 1611) Janov in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919-39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939-91 - the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 in I.-F. 177 Jews lived, in 1880 - 968 (53.2%), in 1890 - 865 (33.8%), in 1900 - 749 (28.1%), in 1910 - 1117 (43%), in 1921 - 490 Jews (27.1%) The first information about Jews in I.-F. refer to 1614. Jews I.-F. suffered during the raids of the detachments of B.M. Khmelnitsky. From the end. 18th century in I.-F. there was an independent community. Since 1876, Rabbi I.-F. was Yosef Yitzchok Katz, from 1910 - Menachem Margulius. Most of the Jews I.-F. were Belse's Hasidim. In 1901 the Zionist organization “Agavas Israel” was created. Parts of the Wehrmacht occupied I.-F. June 28, 1941. At the end. July 1941 the Judenrat was created, in the summer of 1942 - the ghetto, liquidated in November. 1942.

ivano-frankovsk
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=ИВАНО-ФРАНКОВСК (до 1962 — Станислав), город, областной центр (Украина). Осн. в 1662. В 17—18 вв. — в составе Речи Посполитой. В 19 — нач. 20 в. — в провинции Галиция в составе Австро-Венгрии. В 1919—39 — в составе Польши, в 1939—91 — УССР.В 1732 в И.-Ф. проживало 1470 евреев, в 1765 — 925, в 1792 — 2237 (41,2%), в 1811 — 3392, в 1857 — 6920 (59,2%), в 1869 — ок. 8000 (ок. 47%), в 1880 — 10 028 (53,8%), в 1890 — 12 144 (54,2%), в 1900 — 14 106 (46,4%), в 1910 — 15 253 (45,8%), в 1921 — 15 860 (56,2%), в 1931 — 24 823 еврея (34,3%).Евреи жили в И.-Ф. с момента основания города. Осн. занятия — торговля и ремесла. В 1662 было заложено еврейское кладбище, в 1672 была построена первая синагога, в 1692 создана хевра кадиша. В 1777 была построена вторая синагога. В 1740—50 раввином в И.-Ф. был Арье-Лейб Ойербах (1710—1750), в 1764—84 — раби Иегуда, в 1784—1844 — Арье-Лейб Горовиц (1758—1844), в 1845—81 — сын Арье-Лейба Мешулам-Иссахар (1804—1887), в 1887—1904 — сын Мешулам-Иссахара Ицхок. В 1906 в И.-Ф. была создана иешива «Ор хаим».С сер. 19 в. И.-Ф. — один из центров галицийского хасидизма. В городе жил цадик Ицхок Лейфер, затем его сын — Хаим, погибший в период Катастрофы. В нач. 20 в. в И.-Ф. жил цадик Яков-Йосеф (?—1931). Один из хасидских дворов возглавлял Хаим Хагер (1863—1932), затем его сын Исроэль-Шойлом-Йосеф (?—1944). В 1884 хасидский двор в И.-Ф. основал Ошер-Аншел Ашкенази (?—1896), в 1896 династию продолжил его сын Цви (1870—1942). В 1874 хасидский двор в И.-Ф. основал Нохум Брандвейн (1847—1915), в 1918 династию возглавил его сын Элиэзер (1869—1943).В 1837 Йоэль Гальперн основал еврейскую больницу. Сын Йоэля Авром, возглавлявший общину И.-Ф., в 1848 был избран в парламент Австрии. В 1860—80-х гг. действовала реформистская синагога. В 1871 был открыт еврейский дет. дом, в 1872 — еврейская школа с преподаванием на польск. яз. В 1897—1919 мэром И.-Ф. был Артур Нимхейн. В 1903 была открыта школа с преподаванием на иврите «Сафа б…

ivano-voronovka
has abstract: IVANO-VORONOVKA, (since 1964) s. Zhovten in the Shiryaevsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Ivanovka-Wulfov of Tiraspol district Kherson province. 1941 in I.-V. 7 Jews were killed.

ivanopolj
has abstract: IVANOPOL (until 1946 - Yanushpol), an urban-type settlement (from 1924) in the Chudnovsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). Main in the 17th century. as Janushpol of the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, the town of Zhitomir u. Volyn province. From the end. 1930s until 1954 it was a district center. In 1847 605 Jews lived in India, in 1897 - 1251 (24.6%), in 1923 - 1236, in 1926 - 1369 (19.2%), in 1939 - 721 Jews. in I. there were 2 synagogues, in the late. 19th century - synagogue and talmud-Torah. Main occupation of the Jewish population - trade (including bread and cattle). On March 25-29, 1919, a pogrom broke out in India by the troops of the Directory. July 1941 India was occupied by the Germans. troops; On May 20, 1942, 680 Jews were shot, in total on the territory. 1,171 Jews were exterminated in the district. In 1989, 5 Jews lived in I. (0.1%). E. Brodsky, S. Y. Elisavetsky

ivanov
has abstract: IVANOV, a village in Kalinovskiy district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of Bratslav Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Yanov, Vinnitsa Podolsk lips. In the 1930s. - Yanovskiy Jewish nat. In 1765, 765 Jews lived in I. and surrounding villages, in 1887 in I. - 44%, in 1897 - 2,088 Jews (37.7%), in 1923 - 1,569 Jews. In 1889 in I. there were 3 synagogues. In the end. 19th century main the occupation of the Jewish population is craft; from I. exported embroidered shirts for 3 thousand rubles. in year. On July 11-15, 1919, a pogrom took place in India; OK. 300 Jews were killed. On May 30, 1942, 814 Jews were shot in India, and in June 1942 - 194 Jews. After 1944 Jews, immigrants from India, put in order the burial place of those executed. R.Ya.Lerner, I.M. Maergoiz.Yu.N. Grigorieva

ivanovitse
has abstract: IVANOVICE, a city in the Kalisz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Kaliszsky posad. 68 Jews (10.2%) lived in India in 1897, and approx. 300 Jews. The Jewish population of India was destroyed during the Holocaust.

ivanovka
has abstract: IVANOVKA, see Yanoshi.

ivanovka-vuljfova
has abstract: IVANOVKA-VULFOVA, see Ivano-Voronovka.

ivanovo
has abstract: IVANOVO (in 1871-1932 - Ivanovo-Voznesensk), city, center of the Ivanovo region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in 1871 from the village. Ivanovo and Voznesensky Posad as the city of Ivanovo-Voznesensk Shuisky u. Vladimirskaya lips. Since 1918, it was the center of Ivanovo-Voznesensk Gubernia, then the region. In 1926, 603 Jews (0.3%) lived in I., in 1939 - 1585, in 1970 - 1363 (0.3%), in 1979 - 1236 ( 0.3%), in 1989 - 1215 Jews. 19th century there was an officially authorized synagogue in India. In 1905 the Jewish population of India suffered from a pogrom. In 1915 there was a Jewish cemetery in India. In the end. 1915 arrived in India approx. 100 Jewish refugees from the West. provinces. On Feb. 1927 in gas. "Komsomolskaya Pravda" was published Art. "Zhidenok", dedicated. "The Beirakh case". The article described the fact of the abuse of an underage Jewish student by artisan electricians of one of the factories, who was almost beaten to death during the 2nd world. During the war, the Jewish population of India grew due to the evacuees. In 1993, a region was created. about-in Jewish culture, a cut was headed by Klara Davydovna Zatulovskaya, since 1996 - Rudolf Iosifovich Markinson. In the 1990s. a Jewish youth club and library were opened in I., a circle for the study of Hebrew and a lecture hall on Jewish studies were organized; there is a Jewish cemetery. In 1999 a religious community was established in I. In 2000, approx. 1200 Jews in I. M. S. Neiman, N. Sarrott; lived and worked A.M. Koltun, M.L. Kurskiy.Yu.N. Grigorieva

ivanovo-voznesensk
has abstract: IVANOVO-VOSNESENSK, see Ivanovo, Ivanovo Region.

ivanovskaya
has abstract: IVANOVSKAYA, see Asha.

ivanovtsy
has abstract: IVANOVTSY (until 1946 - Yanovtsy), a village in the Kelmenets district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1659. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Yanoutsi Khotynsky u. Bessarabian region, since 1873 - lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1930, 267 Jews lived in India. In July 1941, all Jews in India were deported to Transnistria.

ivanteevka
has abstract: IVANTEEVKA, city (since 1938) in the Moscow region. (Russian Federation). First mentioned. in 1586 as the village of Vanteevo. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Moscow district Moscow province. Since 1928 it has been a workers' settlement. In 1926 there were 7 Jews (0.2%) in India, in 1939 - 149 (0.7%), in 1970 - 155 (0.4%), in 1989 - 163 Jews (0 , 3%).

ivanter benjyamin abramovich
has abstract: IVANTER Benjamin Abramovich (1904, Vilna - 1942), writer. Children. and spent his youth in Kharkov. In 1920 he volunteered for the Kr. Army. In 1921 he entered the State. dir. workshops directed by V.E. Meyerhold. At the same time. worked in ROSTA, then as a reporter in gas. "Work". In 1923–25 he wrote a propaganda campaign. plays for youth clubs, school t-moats ("The Christmas of Sergei's priest", "Prayer for Sergei's priest", "The Earth Has Lit Up", "Against the Red Tie"). I. first of all children. writer: pov. "The Merry Link", play "Mamai" (both 1930), autobiographical. pov. "Shot" (1938), essay "Country of winners" (1935), book. How We Live, composed of letters from children (1940). From 1925 in the train. "Pioneer", in 1933-38 his ch. ed. (united around the railway the most talented writers, artists, popularizers of science). Book. I. for adults: "My friend" (1941), "Boys" (1941). Since Aug. 1941 worked in front-line gas. "The enemy - with a bayonet", wrote Art., Essays; died at a combat post. In the train. "Banner" (1945, No. 12) publ. I.'s letters to his wife and daughter are a vivid document of that time. In 1956 in Moscow, reissued. book "Four comrades" and "Shot".

ivashkov
has abstract: IVASHKOV, a village in the Kodymsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 18th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Baltsky district Podolsk province. In 1800, 6 Jews (2.4%) lived in India, in 1897 - 3 Jews.

ivashkovtsy
has abstract: IVASHKOVTSY, a village in Shargorod district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Mogilev district. Podolsk province. In 1942–44 a ghetto was created in India for Jews from Bessarabia and Bukovina. On 1 Sept. 1943 there were 232 Jews in the ghetto.

ivatsevichi
has abstract: IVATSEVICHI, city (since 1966), regional center in the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Slonim district. Grodno province. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1941 a ghetto was created in India, and in March 620 Jews were shot.

ivenets
has abstract: IVENETS, an urban-type settlement (since 1940) in the Volozhin district of the Minsk region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Minsky u. and lips. In 1920–39, it was in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 in the BSSR. In 1847, 2,342 Jews lived in I., in 1897 - 1,343 (50.3%), in 1931 - approx. 1200 Jews. 19th century the rabbis in India were Reuven Halevi (1818-1887), Joshua Lang (1837—?), in the second half. 19th century - Noach-Chaim Levin, from 1909 - Iekhizkil-Simkha Rabinovich (1866—?). In the beginning. 20th century main occupation of the Jewish population - crafts, mainly. pottery and tile production. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan-savings institution in Israel. m-in, society of consumers in the town of Ivenets. 3 Sept. 1941 in I. 50 Jews were shot. I. genus: I. Golev; Bezalel-Yehuda Eliasberg (1800-1847, Minsk), popularizer of honey. knowledge in ancient Hebrew.

ivenitskiy avrom
has abstract: IVENITSKY Avrom (1892, Zhitkovichi Mozyr district. Minsk province - 1943, Warsaw), publicist, translator. He studied at the cheder and in Russian. school. In 1910 he was a private teacher in Slonim, in 1911 - a proofreader in Russian. publishing house in Warsaw. In 1914 he was drafted into the army, was at the front, then in the Austr. captivity. In the end. 1918 returned to his homeland. In 1921 he moved to Vilno, was a sotr. Heb. gas. and at the same time. studied to be a dentist. In 1923 his first was published. book "Ven di vegn kreutzn zih iber" ("When the roads cross") - a diary of Heb. a prisoner of war, which also described the life of the Jews of Croatia. In the 1920s and 30s. printed in Warsaw Hebrews. ed. novellas, rec. on the book., Chronicle, worked as an agent of Heb. publishing house I. was known as a brilliant translator into Yiddish (C. Dickens, K. Hamsun).

ivje
has abstract: IVIE, an urban-type settlement (since 1940), a regional center in the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Oshmyansky u. Vilna lips. In 1920–39, it was in the Novogrudok Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 as a part of the BSSR. In 1847, 804 Jews lived in India, in 1897 - 573 (15.7%), in 1931 - 2076 Jews. I. had 2 synagogues. In the 19th century. a yeshiva was opened in I. Since 1887 Sh.-Ya. Rabinovich was the rabbi in India, and from 1904-16 - Itskhok Kosovsky (1878-1951). In 1912 a Jewish loan-savings institution was established in India. m-in. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. 2 Aug. 1941, 220 Jews were shot in India. On Feb. 1942 ghetto is created. In May 1942, Jews from the Ivyevsky and Yuraishtsky districts were concentrated in I., of which 2304 were on May 12, 1942. was shot, approx. 1400 imprisoned in the ghetto. In Jan. 1943 the ghetto was liquidated: 195 Jews were shot, approx. 1200 transferred to Lida, from where in Sept. 1943 taken to the Majdanek concentration camp. In 1944 the buildings of two synagogues in India were transferred to Zagotzern. H.-O. Grodzensky, L. Robins, S. Epstein.

ivnitsa
has abstract: IVNITSA, a village in the Andrushevsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Zhitomir u. Volyn Gubernia. 1,060 Jews lived in India in 1847, and 607 Jews (16.6%) in 1897. In 1865 there was a synagogue in India. In 1879–95, Mordechai Averbukh (1859–?) Was the rabbi in India.

ivot
has abstract: IVOT, an urban-type settlement (since 1929) in the Dyatkovo district of the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Bryansk u. Oryol Gubernia. In 1926 there were 5 Jews living in I., in 1939 - 4 Jews.

iza
has abstract: IZA, a village in the Khust district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1772, 36 Jews lived in Indonesia, and in 1827 it was c. 40, in 1880 - 129, in 1921 - 112, in 1930 - 383 Jews (12%). 19th century there was a synagogue in I. Main occupation of the Jews - trade (mainly baskets, which were made by local peasants, as well as salt). Jews exported goods to Khust and other cities. In the summer of 1941 several. dozens of Jews (who did not have Hungarian citizenship) were deported to the regions of Poland occupied by Germany and died there. After the occupation of I. Germ. troops in April. In 1944, a ghetto was created, in which Jews from the surrounding villages were concentrated. In May 1944 the Jews of India were deported to Auschwitz.

izabelin
has abstract: ISABELIN, a village in the Volkovysk district of the Grodno region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Volkovyskogo u. Grodno province. In 1920–39, it was in the Bialystok Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, in the BSSR. In 1897, 454 Jews lived in India, and in 1921, 1709 Jews. 19th century I.-E.Spektor was the rabbi in India, Mordechai Rabinovich (1856–?) in 1881–85, and Yakov-Meir Kravchinsky (1869–?) from 1896. 1942 a ghetto was created in India, liquidated in November. 1942; Jews were taken to a camp in Volkovysk and from there deported to Auschwitz.

izak grigoriy davydovich
has abstract: ISAK Grigory Davydovich (b. 1934, Leningrad), engineer, specialist in the region. acoustics. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1989). He graduated from a technical school and served in the army, worked in shipbuilding. KB in Leningrad. In 1963 he graduated from the North-West. correspondence polytechnic. in-t. Since 1964 in the present. acoustic lab. Leningrad. in-that water. transport. Since 1971 head. lab., later headed the lab. productions, acoustics in JSC "Engineering Center of River Shipbuilding". works are devoted to the design of technical. means of noise reduction, research. on the propagation of structure-borne noise from sources is limited. sizes. He proposed vibration-insulating fastenings for ship premises, which made it possible in 1965 for the first time in the practice of shipbuilding to install a ship's superstructure on vibration insulators, and since 1988 to use a vibration insulator. fastening the articulated body to the ser. ships built in the USSR, which had no analogues in the world. practice of shipbuilding. Completed a series of works that made it possible to create methods for calculating the expected levels of noise in rooms decomp. objects, incl. on ships and inhabited space. Art. Author of over 90 scientific. printed works, incl. 6 monographs. Vice President noise abatement associations. Poch. and a valid member. St. Petersburg. union of scientific. and Ing. ob-v. Cit .: Noise on ships and methods of its reduction, M., 1987.

izakson aleksandr mikhaylovich
has abstract: ISAKSON Alexander Mikhailovich (Israel Movshevich) (1899, Mogilev - 1981, Moscow), one of the founders of the Fatherland. helicopter construction. After graduating from a real school in Chelyabinsk, he studied (1917-21) as a mechanic. f-those of Tomsk technol. Institute, and then at the Moscow Higher Technical School (graduated in 1926). Performed by N.-I. work in the region. rotorcraft under the arm. prof. BN Yuriev to the Center. aerohydrodynamic in-those (TsAGI). In 1928-30 he took part in the creation of the first Sov. experimental helicopter TsAGI-1 - EA (single-rotor helicopter), in particular, performed aerodynamics. calculations associated with the choice of basic. parameters and determination of the flight characteristics of the helicopter, and also supervised the experiment. research Author of works on the history of helicopter engineering. In 1931–37 he headed the department. special designs, where the vast majority of pre-war designs of helicopters and gyroplanes were created. In 1941–45 he was engaged in the problems of aircraft construction. In the postwar period, he worked at the Mil Design Bureau, conducted research on aerodynamics. Works: Helikopters, 2nd ed., Moscow, 1947; Sov. helicopter engineering, 2nd ed., M., 1981.

izban
has abstract: IZBAN (real name Izbitsky) Shmuel (b. 1905, Gostynin), prose writer. He studied at the cheder and in Heb. gymnasium. In 1921 he left with his parents for E.-I. He made his debut in 1925 with a story from Arab life. Often published in different. Heb. periodic. ed., depicted the old Palestinian way of life, created vivid images of the Sephardim. Since 1937 in the USA. He worked as a editor. Heb. gas. and f. In 1947 he made a trip to E.-I. with illegal. emigrants, as a result of a cut there was a book. reports "Umlegale go trolleys of yamens" ("Illegal Jews cross the seas"). The author of the book: "Masn" ("The Masses", 1929) - rom. about rus. revolution of 1905–07; "Quer" ("In Cut", 1936) - rum. o 1st world. war and others. Stories about Palestinian life are collected in the collections "Oif rishtovanies" ("On the scaffolding", 1936) and "Tsvishn gundert toern" ("Among a hundred gates", 1942).

izberbash
has abstract: IZBERBASH, a city (since 1949) in the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). Main In 1932, 7 Jews lived in India in 1939.

izbitsa
has abstract: Izbica, see Izbica-Kujawska.

izbitsa-kuyavska
has abstract: IZBICA-KUJAWSKA, city (since 1394) in the Wloclaw Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - Posad Izbitsa of the Kola district. Kalisz province. In 1764 in I.-K. 215 Jews lived, in 1808 - 296 (37%), in 1827 - 681 (48%), in 1857 - 970 (46%), in 1897 - 1250 (50.2%), in 1909 - 1542 (58%) , in 1921 - 1378 (46%), in 1939 - approx. 1600 Jews. Jews lived in I.-K. from the 17th century; engaged in trade and crafts (mainly shoemakers and bakers). In the 19th century. Jews belonged to several. small-scale production (weaving, vinegar production, etc.). Jewish traders maintained close economies. relations with I.-K. Germans. In the 19th century. there were several. synagogues, including Hasidic ones, there was a yeshiva. In the 1920s and 30s. OK. 70% of Jews were engaged in craft. The Jews owned a mill and grain barns. In the 1920s. a mutual assistance fund was created, a branch of the Cooperative Bank was opened. At the same time, a trade union of artisans was created; Jewish parties and org-tions. Rabbi I.-K. in the 1920s and 30s. was Dovid-Ber Kogan, after the death of D.-B. Kogan his son Moishe-Borukh became a rabbi. The yeshiva continued to work, and the Beis Ya'akov school operated. In 1917, a library was opened (about 5 thousand books in Yiddish, Hebrew, German and Polish), and a self-employed person worked under the library. parts of the Wehrmacht entered the I.-K. all R. Sep 1939; the Judenrat was created (formerly Eliyahu Izvitsky, formerly of the community). At the same time, a ghetto was organized, where in the beginning. 1940 Jews were gathered from the surrounding townships. In May 1940 most of the men were sent to a labor camp in Mogilno. All R. jan. 1942 the ghetto was liquidated, all Jews (about 1,000 people) were sent to the extermination camp in Chelmno. After 1945 in I.-K. returned several. Jews. Later, due to anti-Semitic demonstrations of local res…

izdeshkovo
has abstract: IZDESHKOVO, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Safonovsky district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). 102 Jews (14.4%) lived in India in 1926, and 31 Jews in 1939.

izgoev
has abstract: IZGOEV (real name. Lande) Alexander (Aron) Solomonovich (1872, Vilna - 1935, Haapsalu, Estonia), polit. activist, publicist. The son of the teacher of the Vilna rabbinical school. He graduated from the Minsk city, in 1889–94 he studied at the honey. f-those of Tomsk high fur boots. In 1893 he began to study Marxism; participated in student. movement. In 1894 he went abroad. From 1896 - in Odessa, where in 1900 he graduated from law. f-t Novoros. un-that. From 1897 he collaborated in the publications of "legal Marxists", one of PB Struve's associates; at the same time. kept in touch with the Social-Democrats. In 1903 publ. in f. "Education" article "Twenty-century tradition", dedicated. Heb. question. All R. 1904 broke with the Socialist-Democrats, participated in the creation of the Union of Liberation (a member of it in 1904-05), in the fall of 1905 - in the creation of the Odessa organization of the Cadet Party. In 1906 he moved to St. Petersburg, collaborated in a number of Struve publications. From 1906 to 1818 he was a member of the Central Committee of the Cadet Party, and joined its right wing. In 1907-18 - member. editorial board "Rus. thought ", post. author gas. "Speech". One of the authors of the collection "Vekhi" (1909), the first biographer of PA Stolypin. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 opposed the coalition with the socialists, supported foreign policy. the course of P.N. Milyukov. At the 8th Congress of the Cadet Party, he was re-elected to the Central Committee. After Oct. 1917 together with A.V. Tyrkova organized gas production. "Struggle", which called for arms. speeches against the Sov. authorities. In 1918-22 he was repeatedly arrested, spent in prison for a total of over 2 years, in November. 1922, together with a group of writers, publicists, scientists, was exiled to Germany. Since the mid-20s. actively collaborated in the emigrant press ("Rul", "Today"). He spent the last years of his life in Estonia. Works: Community law, St. Petersburg, 190…

izhevsk
has abstract: IZHEVSK (in 1985-87 - Ustinov), city (since 1918), capital of the Udmurt Republic (Russian Federation). In the beginning. 20th century - pos. Izhevsk Plant in Vyatka province. Since 1921 it has been the center of the Votkinsk Autonomous Region, since 1932 it has been the Udmurt Region, since 1934 it has been the capital of the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1910 there were 147 Jews living in India, in 1970 - 1407 (0.3%), in 1979 - 1375 Jews (0.3%). In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in India. In 1946, Jews of India petitioned to open a synagogue, which they were denied. There is an Society for Jewish Culture in I. (headed by M.E. Gol'din). B.O.Korman and S.M.Semkov lived and worked in I.

izhevskiy zavod
has abstract: IZHEVSK FACTORY, see Izhevsk.

izhevtsy
has abstract: IZHEVTSY, a village in the Storozhinets district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Ideshti in the Storozhinets eldership of the Bukovina province in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1918–40, it was part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In July 1941, Jews of India were sent to the village. Chudey (present-day Mezhirechye) were killed there too.

izki
has abstract: IZKI, a village in the Svalyava district of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1830, 32 Jews (5%) lived in India, in 1880 - 123, in 1930 - 275 Jews (23.7 %). 1944 Jews of India were sent to the Khust ghetto, then to Auschwitz.

izluchistaya
has abstract: RADIANT, see Radiant.

izluchistoe
has abstract: RADIANT, a village in the Sofievsky district of the Dnepropetrovsk region. (Ukraine). Main in 1824 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Radiant (other names. Krivoye Pleso, Krivoples, Krivoplesovka) in Kherson u. Kherson lips. immigrants from the Mogilev and Vitebsk provinces. In 1923-30 - in the Sofievsky district of the Krivoy Rog okr., In 1932-41 - in the Stalindorf Jewish nat. The region of Dnepropetrovsk Region. In 1837–39, 543 people lived in I. (71 families), in 1859 - 575, in 1887 - 739 (69 households, including 7 - German colonists), in 1897 - 739 Jews (87%), in 1916 - 495 people, in 1924 - 725, in 1928 - 897 people. In 1898-99 125 families (604 people) were engaged in agriculture, having 1148 dess. allotment land (61.3% of the land was occupied by wheat, rye, barley, oats, and other crops were also sown), 301 horses and 174 cows. There was a synagogue, a school, a bathhouse and 2 shops. Between 1922 and 1924 the collective farms Pakhar, Progress, Yanov, and Trudovik were organized in India. Since 1928, I. has been the center of the Jewish nat. village council; 157 farm owned 2123 dess. land. Until 1938, a Jewish school, club, library operated. Jews I. were shot on May 30, 1942. I. M. Shaikin

izmail
has abstract: IZMAIL, city, regional center in the Odessa region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 12th century like a Genoese fortress. From the 16th century. - under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. In 1812-56 - as part of the Ros. empire. From 1878 - again as part of Ros. empire, the district town of the Bessarabian province. In 1918–40 - as part of Romania. In aug. - Dec. 1940 - as part of the Akkerman region. Ukrainian SSR. In 1940-54 - the center of the Izmail region. In 1827, there were 549 Jews (6.1%) in India, 1105 in 1847, 2780 (12%) in 1897, 4348 (12%) in 1910, and 1326 (6.5%) in 1930. , in 1959 - 1500 (3.2%), in 1970 - approx. 1400 (2%), in 1979 - approx. 1,100 Jews (1.3%) Jews have lived in India since the end. 18th century The first synagogue was built in 1825. From 1830 to 1847, the Savran Hasid Yosef-Yakov-Itskhok Spivak was rabbi in India, Avrom-Yoel Rabinovich from 1847 to 1864, and Yom-Tov-Lipa Landa from 1864 to 1872. In 1836 Jews expelled from Nikolaev and Sevastopol were settled in India. In 1866 an attempt was made in India to create a Jewish secular school. A Jewish hospital was opened in 1869, and a Talmud-Torah for children from poor families in 1872, which was closed by the authorities in 1888. In 1872 a pogrom took place in India. In 1900 there were 2 private Jewish schools in India - women. and husband. under the hands. Moishe Vizina (since 1893 - state rabbi I.). In the end. 19th century means. part of the Jewish population was engaged in crafts and trade. From 1872 to 1889, Dovid Yitzchok Reicher was the rabbi in India, from 1889 to 1909, his son Reuven, and from 1909 to 19042, Reuven's son Ishayahu. In oct. 1905 there was a pogrom, during which ca. 50 people In 1910 there were 3 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. In the 1920s and 30s. there were Jewish children. kindergartens, a school of the Tarbut network, a nursing home, a hospital. In the end. 1920 - 30s in I. there were divisions of various. Zionist parties and organizations. In 1928 a pogrom took place…

izmaylov
has abstract: IZMAILOV (nas. Family. Polyak) Lion Moiseevich (b. 1940, Moscow), writer. In 1967 he graduated from Moscow. Aviation in-t, in 1976 - Higher. script. courses at the USSR State Committee for Cinematography. He began to write for the stage in 1968. The beginning of the creative work belongs to 1969. commonwealth I. with izv. pop performer G.V. Khazanov, for whom he wrote a number of feuilletons. Prod. I. are also included in the repertoire of other pop performers. In 1989 I. created the Plus theater of humor. He also works on television. The author of the programs "Artloto", "Our neighbors". I. wrote a number of miniatures for "Zucchini 13 chairs". Author of the book: "Good mood" (M., 1984), "A student of the culinary college, etc." (M., 1991), "Detour along the curve" (M., 1992). Winner of the Golden Calf Prize (1973, 1976, 1979). In 1989 he received the Gold Medal for the International. humorous. the Aleko competition (Bulgaria).

izmaylovka
has abstract: IZMAILOVKA, a village in the Alexandria district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 19th century in Alexandria y. Kherson province. In 1897 six Jews lived in I.

izobiljnoe
has abstract: ABUNDANT, see Abundant.

izobiljnyy
has abstract: IZOBILNY, city (since 1965), regional center in the Stavropol Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Izobilnoe Labinsky dep. Kuban Region In 1939, 15 Jews lived in I. Aug. 18. 1942 In India, 14 evacuated Jews were shot.

izraeljson yakov izraylevich
has abstract: ISRAELSON Yakov Izrailevich (1856, Mitava, Kurland Province - 1924, Liepaja), publicist. In 1875 he graduated from the city of Libau, entered the Faculty of East. lang. Petersburg. un-ta, studied the Semitic. lang. In 1880 he received a candidate's degree, and in 1883 - a master's degree. Lit. activity began in the railway station. “Heb. review ". In 1903-04 - sotr. g. "Sunrise". Under his editorship. g. published in Russian. per. "The Jewish War" by Josephus Flavius. I. wrote the introduction and translated part of the op. I. Flavius ​​"Against Apion". The author of a number of Art. in Heb. and muslim. stories and literature for "Encyclopedic. dictionary "Brockhaus-Efron. He published according to the manuscripts of St. Petersburg. publ. b-ki comments by Shmuel ben Hofni to the book. "Genesis" and the commentary of Yehuda ibn-Balam to the book. "Jeremiah". I. was a scientist. expert on the trial of M.M. Beilis, wrote Op. "Religious Expertise" - about the blood libel on the Jews (remains in the manuscript). He took an active part in the publishing house. “Heb. encyclopedias "in Russian. lang. (1908-13).

izrailevka
has abstract: ISRAELEVKA, see Berezovatka.

izrailjskaya
has abstract: ISRAELI, see [[Great Colony.

izrailov tankho selimovich
has abstract: ISRAILOV Tanho Selimovich (1917, Baku - 1981, Moscow), dancer, ballet master. At the age of 17 he entered the ballet school at the Baku Theater named after. M.F.Akhundova. At the end of school he became a hand. Ans. bunk bed dances in the Palace of Culture. 26 commissars (Baku). In 1934, Anse was founded and directed. dance of mountain Jews. The meeting with I.A. Moiseev determined his creator. fate, he became a soloist as well as an assistant choreographer at Anse. bunk bed dance of the USSR. In 1955 he graduated from the ballet department. GITIS them. A.V. Lunacharsky. Participated in fasting, Caucasian dances and Dagestan lezginka. As a post thesis, a concert program for ans. I. also worked in t-re; staged dances in the performances "Dawn over the Caspian Sea" (Theater named after M.N. Ermolova), "Grooms" by A. Tokayev (Moscow Theater of Satire), "Silk Suzane" by A. Kakhkhara (Moscow Region Drama Theater named after A.N. Ostrovsky). After graduating from GITIS, he returned to Dagestan, participated in the creation. choreography ans. bunk bed the dance of the Dagestan ASSR "Lezginka"; in 1958–78 thin. hands. and dance director. In the 40s. thin hands. Turkm. ans. bunk bed dance. Nar. art. USSR (1978).

izraylevich leonid iosifovich
has abstract: ISRAYLEVICH Leonid Iosifovich (1909, Rostov-on-Don - 1993, ibid.), Composer, conductor. In 1931 he graduated from music. uch-shche in the class of pipes in Rostov-on-Don. He worked in symphony. orc. Vses. radio. In 1935–40 he studied at Lenigr. cons. by class of trumpet and by class of conducting. In 1940–44 he worked in Tuva Nar. republic, where he created the first military. brass orc. nar.-rev. army and nat. t-r Tuva. I. wrote many marches for a brass band., Created songs based on nat. melos, laying the foundations of prof. Tuvan music. In 1944-55 he worked in Frunze, was a hand. Kyrgyz state. Philharmonic, created symph. orc., wrote a number of orc. manuf. and songs to the words of Kyrgyz poets. In 1947, hand. Buryat-Mongolian state Philharmonic in Ulan-Ude. I. - one of the founders of the Buryat-Mongolian state. ans. song and dance "Baikal", Buryat Opera and Ballet Theater. In 1949–52 he worked in music. school in Rostov-on-Don, from where he was forced to leave due to increased anti-Semitism and returned to the post of thin. hands. Buryat-Mongolian Philharmonic. I. created a repertoire for the Buryat-Mongolian ans. song and dance, conducted a large cult.-skylight. work. From 1955 he worked again in. Rostov-on-Don, taught in music. uch-shche, since 1967 in music-ped. in-those at the department of wind instruments; since 1982 prof. In 1960–75 he was deputy. prev. dep. Union comp. RSFSR in Rostov-on-Don. Mn. manuf. I. for trumpet entered the repertoire of muses. uch-uch and cons. Among the main. Op .: Concerto for Trumpet and Orc., 13 Etudes for Trumpet and Orc. on Kyrgyz themes, concertino and sonata for clarinet, symph. “Sayan Cedars” (1974) and “Country of the Blue River”, suite on Tuvan themes for symphony. orc., symph. poems "The Tale of Podtelkov" (1960), "Duma of the Don" (1963), "Cossack Glory" (1983), etc .; sonata for clarinet and fp. (1983); choirs, songs. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Buryat ASSR (1963). Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Tuva AS…

izvalta
has abstract: IZVALTA, a village in Kraslava region (Republic of Latvia). Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Uzhvalda Dinaburgsky, from 1893 - Dvinsky u. Vitebsk lips. In 1918–40 it was part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 it was the Latvian SSR. In 1892 Jews lived in Israel. In 1941, after the arrival of parts of the Germans. army, 10 Jews were killed in I.

izvarin
has abstract: Izvarino, see Izvarino.

izvarino
has abstract: IZVARINO, urban-type settlement (since 1938) of the Krasnodon City Council in the Luhansk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - Izvarin farm of the 2nd Donetsk okr. The lands of the Don Cossack, since 1870 - the regions of the Don Cossacks. In 1939, 15 Jews lived in India.

izyaslav
has abstract: IZYASLAV (before 1910 - Zaslavl), a city, a regional center in the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). Main in 987. In the 16-18 centuries. - the town of the Kremenets povet of the Volyn Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century In 1765, 2807 Jews lived in I., in 1797 - 1667, in 1805 - 2136, in 1847 - 6107, in 1857 - 6138, in 1884 - 6447, in 1886 - 6633, in 1897 - 5998 ( 47.6%), in 1902 - 4668, in 1910 - 5973 (38%), in 1912 - 6365, in 1923 - approx. 3300, in 1926 - 3820 (32.6%), in 1939 - 3208 Jews. The Jewish community existed in India from the 16th century. During the "Khmelnytsky" era, most of the Jews fled from I., first to Ostrog and Mezhirich (modern [[Velikie Mezhirichi)], then to Dubno. During the capture of I., approx. 200 Jews (sick and returned fugitives), the synagogue was destroyed and turned into a stable. In 1708 there was a pogrom by Cossack detachments. In 1747 and 1830 facts of "blood libel" were noted in India. In the beginning. 18th century The famous cantor Rabbi Mordechai, a pupil of I.Baal Shem Tov, lived in I. In the 18th century. Rabbi Dovid was the rabbi in I. After the death of Rabbi Dovid, his son-in-law Yakov-Shimon Shapiro (1772-1811) became the rabbi of I., who founded the Hasidic dynasty in I. The dynasty was continued by his son Iskhor-Doyv-Ber, then by the son of Iskhor-Doiv-Bera, Pinhos-Yosef Shapiro-Dechner (? -1874). The head of the rabbinical court from 1834 to 1888 was Rabbi Arie-Leib ben Eliyahu. 20th century - Eliezer Harif (1845—?). In 1857 there were 14 synagogues in I., in 1886 - 9, in 1889 - 10, and in 1902 - 11. In 1886, a Jewish hospital, an almshouse, the library of Mark Borukh Feld and his bookstore operated in I. In 1909 Talmud-Torah worked (closed in 1913), male, female. and mixed private Jewish schools. In the beginning. 20th century in I. lived tzadik Avrom-Yeshua Rosenfeld. 30 nov. 1917 pogrom took place in India. In the beginning. 1920s was illegal. Zionist organization. 24 Aug. 1941 in I. was shot…

izyum
has abstract: IZYUM, a city (since 1639), a regional center in the Kharkiv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1571. At 19 - early. 20th century In 1868, 77 Jews lived in I., in 1910 - 91, in 1920 - 294, in 1923 - 175, in 1926 - 266 (2.8%), in 1939 - 403 Jews. I. had a Jewish cemetery and a synagogue. In 1942, several were shot in I. Jews.

kaakhka
has abstract: KAAKHKA, an urban-type settlement (since 1925), a regional center in the Ashgabat region. (Turkmenistan). Since 1881, it has been a non-county town in the Transcaspian Region. In 1939, 6 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In 1905, an attempt was made to evict Jews — subjects of Persia and Bukharian Jews — from Kazakhstan; police oversight was established over the Jews. A monument to the hero of Civil was erected in K. War Commissioner A.G. Ginzburg.

kaan avram
has abstract: KAAN Avram (1860, Podberez'e Vilna province. - 1951, New York), writer, editor, societies. activist. He studied at the Vilna ped. seminaries. Since 1882 in the USA. In 1883 publ. in ed. Joseph Pulitzer's New York Ward Sr., describing the coronation of Tsar Alexander III. For some time there was an Amer. corr. decomp. Russian periodic. ed., but soon gave up this work, discovering among the immigrants a great interest in his lectures in Yiddish, in which he developed the ideas of trade unionism and socialism. Was ed. ed. Nae Zeit, Aryter Zeitung and Tsukunfg, which laid the foundation for the popul. journalism in Yiddish. He also wrote in English. lang. essays, critical Art. and pass-tales for Amer. ed. Publ. book History of the New York Ghetto (1896); "Imported groom" (1898); "White Terror and Red" (1905) and "The Rise of David Levinsky" (1917). Worked as a police reporter for Gas. "Commercial edvetiser". He was obsessed with the idea of ​​resettlement of Jews from Vost. Europe to the USA. He was also a supporter of the socialist. ideas, which was reflected in the materials issued from 1897 Heb. gas. in Yiddish "Juish Daily Forward", which K. headed for almost half a century. Gas. was the leader of the Hebrews. working. press, the organizer of the Heb. working. movement, and also introduced its readers to the modern. culture, paid great attention to Heb. lit-re in Yiddish. Among the writers whose career began and developed with the participation of K. were Sh.Ash, I. Rosenfeld, I. I. Zinger and his brother I. Bashevis-Singer. K. strongly condemned the Sov. totalitarian regime. Having visited E.-I. in 1925, he began to treat the ideas of Zionism with great sympathy. In 1933, K. was the first of the members. Amer. socialist Party supported the idea of ​​social reforms F. Roosevelt.

kabachishche
has abstract: KABACHISHCHE, see Zelenodolsk.

kabachnik martin izrailevich
has abstract: KABACHNIK Martin Izrailevich (1908, Yekaterinburg - 1997, Moscow), organic chemist. Acad. USSR Academy of Sciences (1958), Hero of Socialist. Labor (1978). He graduated in 1931 Moscow. chemical-technol. in-t. In 1931-39 in the lab. by research. and grows synthesis. and animal substances of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1939–52 in Ying-those organic. chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences, since 1952 head. lab. in Ying-those elementoorganich. compounds of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, since 1989 advisor to the directorate of the Institute. tr. devoted to theoretical. organic questions chemistry and the development of organophosphorus chemistry. connections. In the 50s. synthesized sulfur analogs organophosphorus. oxygen-containing compounds (jointly with T.A. Mastryukova), performed research. in the region. tautometry, gave a fundamentally new understanding of the duals. reactivity organic. compounds (with A.N. Nesmeyanov). Developed new methods for the synthesis of many. practically important compounds, as a result of which previously unknown organophosphorus compounds were obtained. connections, new reactions are discovered. Joint. with sotr. lab. synthesized more than 200 insecticides with high activity and low toxicity. Conducted a study, which served as the basis. to obtain organophosphorus. complexes with high complexing ability. An active member of the anti-Zionist. 1970s and 1980s campaigns Became. pr. (1946). Linen. etc. (1974). State pr. USSR (1985). Cit .: On the mechanism of physiological. actions organophosphorus. connections, M., 1965; Organophosphorus substances, M., 1967; Phosphorus-containing complexones, M., 1989 (with N.M. Dyatlova).

kabak agaron avragam
has abstract: KABAK Aharon Avraham (1883, Smorgon, Vilna province - 1944, Jerusalem), writer. He studied at the cheder and yeshiva. From the age of 13 - an itinerant teacher. From 1901 he printed the lane. (E. Ozheshko and others), since 1904 - own. manuf. He wrote in Hebrew. In 1906 he participated in the Hebrew. self-defense of Grodno, then left for Turkey, from where he sent Art. for Heb. press. Since 1911 - in E.-I., teacher of the city. From 1914 he studied in Berlin, Geneva and Lausanne, received a doctorate in philosophy. In 1921 he returned to E.-I. and until the end of his life taught in the city of Heb. lit-ru. Rom .: "One" (1905); ist. the trilogy Shlomo Molho (1928–29); "Between the Sea and the Desert" (1933) and others. Dramas based on biblical subjects. Per. in Hebrew by Stendhal, P. Loti, J. Wasserman, D. S. Merezhkovsky, etc.

kabakovsk
has abstract: KABAKOVSK, see Serov.

kabansk
has abstract: KABANSK, a village, a regional center in the Republic of Buryatia (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Selenginsky u. In Transbaikal Oblast, 354 Jews (18%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1897, 166 (7.4%) in 1926, and 25 Jews in 1939, and a synagogue was opened in Kazakhstan in 1876. In 1881–84, the community was headed by the merchant Yevsey Fainberg. A new synagogue was built in 1907. In 1912 Wolf was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. In 1914 the rabbi of Verkhneudinsk (present-day Ulan-Ude) Milstein, by order of the governor, took over the affairs of the K. community, which practically lost its independence; Since 1915 the community was under the jurisdiction of Rabbi Stolper. In 1917–19, the Bund organization operated in K. were former. politician exiles and refugees. Dec. 1918 community representatives K. Chernyavsky and Chernikhovsky took part in the All-Siberian Congress of Jewish Communities. In the 1930s. the synagogue was closed in K. The synagogue building, built. in 1907, it is under the jurisdiction of the local administration. In 2002, approx. 20 descendants of Jews who lived in Kazakhstan at the beginning. 20th century

kabany
has abstract: BOOKS, see Dibrova.

kabile
has abstract: KABILE, a village in the Kuldiga region (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Talsensky district Kurland province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - in the Latvian SSR. 20th century There was a Jewish population in Kazakhstan. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units, 4 Jews were killed in Kazakhstan in 1941.

kabishcher elena arkadjevna
has abstract: KABISHCHER Elena Arkadyevna (1903, Vitebsk - 1990, Moscow), painter, graphic artist. The wife is a sculptor. D.A. Yakerson. She studied at the School of Drawing and Painting of Yu.M. Pen and in the Vitebsk Nar. thin school (1919–21), then in the workshops of VM Ermolaeva, Yakerson. In the beginning. In the 1920s, after P.P. Falk arrived in Vitebsk, she received an invitation to work at VKHUTEMAS in Moscow. She studied there until 1924 with Falk and V.V. Rozhdestvensky. Early works K. (Vitebsk period), created. under the direct influence of Pen and the poetics of M. Chagall, they represented grotesquely lyrical, expressive images of Hebrews. life and way of life. Subsequently K. joined the so-called. moscow school of painting, with its attention to color. side of production, lyric. thin system. Works of K. are kept in museums on the territory. former USSR (including the State Tretyakov Gallery) and private collections.

kabo lyubovj rafailovna
has abstract: KABO Lyubov Rafailovna (1917, Moscow - 2007), prose writer, publicist, teacher. Daughter of R.M. Kabo, sister of V.R. Kabo. Graduated from Moscow. ped. Institute (1940). She worked at school for many years. Izv. his speeches in the press on the problems of education, essays about the school, defending the right of teachers to creativity and independence. First. rum. "Beyond the Dniester" (Moscow, 1952) has an autobiographer, character, and tells about the formation of the Sov. authorities in Bessarabia, where K. taught in 1940. Pov. and K.'s stories are presented in the book. “And don't forget that I love you” (M., 1987). K. author of several. doc.-public book: "Station of destination - life" (Moscow, 1964), "It is not fun to be a philistine" (Moscow, 1965), "There was a teacher in the world" (Moscow, 1970), "Alone with a friend: Conversations for Art. age "(M., 1985) and others.

kabo rafail mikhaylovich
has abstract: KABO Rafail Mikhailovich (1886, Berdyansk, Taurida Gubernia - 1957, Moscow), geographer. Taught polit, economics and economics. geography in military studies. institutions (1919–23), Communist. un-those working people of the East (1922-35), in Ying-those nar. x-va them. G.V. Plekhanov (1922–24), at Moscow State University (1924–27). Prof. MGPI them. VI Lenin (1934–54), head. Department of Economics. geography. Participated in the exp. to Tuva (1930, 1931), where he studied Nar. agriculture and the population of the republic, developed materials for agricultural and demographic. censuses. In 1945 he founded the Commission on the Geography of the Population and Cities of Moscow. branch of Geogr. about-va of the USSR. K. - one of the founders of the modern. population geography; for the first time he created and taught at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute and Moscow State University (1947–48) a course on this discipline. He substantiated the leading role of production in settlement, outlined sections for studying the geography of the population, developed a methodology for geogr. research population and settlements, examined the process of the emergence and development of the system of cities and analyzed the city-forming factors. Cit .: Cities Zap. Siberia. Essays on Historical and Econ. geography (XVII - first half of the XIX centuries), M., 1949; Objective links between the development of bunks. x-va, the location of the branches of production and the process of formation of districts, Izv. Vses. geogr. about-va, 1956, t.88, item 1.

kabo vladimir rafailovich
has abstract: KABO Vladimir Rafailovich (b. 1925, Moscow), ethnographer, specialist in primitive culture and art; Dr. East Sciences (1970). Son of R.M. Cabo, brother of L.R. Cabo. In 1945 he entered the East. Faculty of Moscow State University, in Oct. 1949 arrested and sentenced to 10 years, held in Kargopollag, released by amnesty in August. 1954; in 1956 he graduated from the University. Since 1957 scientific. sotr. LO Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The author of St. 70 scientific. publications on history and modern. the problems of Australians and the population of Oceania, the problems of primitive culture. Cit .: The origin and early history of the aborigines of Australia, Moscow, 1969; Tasmanians and the Tasmanian problem, M., 1975; Primitive pre-agricultural community, M., 1986.

kabulyanskiy veniamin abramovich
has abstract: KABULYANSKY Veniamin Abramovich (b. 1921, Verkhneudinsk, Trans-Baikal region), specialist in the region. radio electronics, Ph.D. tech. sciences. After the end of physical and mathematical. Faculty of Tomsk State un-that in 1944 began to work in the experimental design bureau of the Novosibirsk electrovacuum plant of the Ministry of Electronic Industry - engineer, designer, deputy. head of scientific. work. Under the arm. K. and with his immediate. participation developed and implemented in the production of several. ser. electronic devices and modules, Ch. arr. for microwave equipment, devices for decomp. radio electronic devices, including for space. devices (satellites, instruments for the study of the Moon, Mars). Author of scientific. printed works and a number of inventions, has copyright certificates. Linen. etc. (1966). Since 1991 in Israel.

kacha
has abstract: KACHA, an urban-type settlement (since 1938), is subordinated to the Nakhimov district of the city of Sevastopol of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). In 1939, 52 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.

kachanov
has abstract: KACHANOV, see Kachanovo.

kachanovka
has abstract: KACHANOVKA, a village in the Khmelnytsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Litinsky district. In 1897, 14 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 there were 22 Jews. In 1919, a pogrom was carried out in Kazakhstan by units of the Polish. army.

kachanovo
has abstract: KACHANOVO, a village in the Gadyach district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - farm Kachanov, Gadyachsky district Poltava province. In 1910, two Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan.

kacherginskiy shmarjya
has abstract: KACHERGINSKY Shmarya (1908, Vilna - 1954, Mendoza, Argentina), poet, writer, literary critic. In his youth he joined the left movement, several. was arrested once. Active member gr. writers "Jung-Vilne". First stories publ. in the publishing house of this gr. in 1934–36. He also printed poetry. In 1939–40 he was a teacher in Bialystok, then returned to Vilnius. After the German invasion. troops to Lithuania wandered around the Vilna province, pretending to be deaf and dumb. In the spring of 1942 he came to the Vilna ghetto, helped to save cultural values, which he transferred abroad after the war (some of these materials are in the New York IVO). On Sept. 1943 together with gr. underground workers joined the partisans, participated in battles. Chronicle partisans. movement in the area, collected evidence of Jews who escaped extermination. In the beginning. 1946 moved to Lodz (Poland), from there to Paris. In 1949 he released the book in Paris. "Tsvishn gamer un sickle" ("Between a hammer and a sickle") about the death of Jewish culture in the USSR. Since 1950 - in Argentina. In Buenos Aires he organized the publishing house "Kiem", was published in the Jewish press. Published several. book, dedicated. ghetto. One of them is Sat. "Leader of the fun di getos un camp" ("Songs of the ghettos and camps") with lyrics and melodies; stories, reports, poems, art. about the lit-re, the drama "Zvishn falndike vent" ("Among the falling walls") are placed in the book. in memory of K., published in Buenos Aires in 1955. Died in a plane crash.

kacherovskiy moyshe-khaim shlemovich
has abstract: KACHEROVSKY Moishe-Chaim Shlemovich (b. 1910, Khoiniki, Rechitsa district, Minsk province), agricultural worker. Hero of Socialist Labor (1966). In 1948-53 the agronomist of the state farm "Brylevo", from 1953 - before. collective farm them. AI Mikoyan (since 1957 - the collective farm "Pobeda"), since 1976 deputy. prev. collective farm "Victory", since 1979 deputy. prev. collective farm them. XXII Congress of the CPSU, Gomel region.

kachevan
has abstract: KACHEVAN, see Nakhichevan-on-Don.

kachin
has abstract: KACHIN, a village in Kamen-Kashirsky district of the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Main in the 16th century. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Kovel district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Volyn Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. 19th century in K. lived apprx. 30 Jews (approx. 10%), in 1897 - approx. 25 Jews (approx. 5%) In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941 the Jews of Kazakhstan (18 people) were taken to Kamen-Kashirsky and shot there.

kachkarovka
has abstract: KACHKAROVKA, a village in the Berislavsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main at the end. 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kherson u. In 1913, approx. 200 Jews (approx. 4%), in 1920 - approx. 100 (approx. 3%), in 1926 in the Kachkar region - 772 Jews. in K. settled several. Jewish families. Main occupations - crafts and trade. Jews owned 2 tanneries, 6 shops, a lumber warehouse, and a grain barn. In 1882–1903, K. was closed for free settlement of Jews. In 1913, a Unity belonged to a Jew. pharmacy in K. 30 Aug 1941 5 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.

kachkovka
has abstract: KACHKOVKA, a village in the Yampolsky district of the Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Yampolsky u. Podolsk province. In July 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941 four Jews were killed in Kazakhstan.

kachreti
has abstract: KACHRETI, a village in the Gurjaani region (Georgia). Since 1861 - part of Ros. empire, in Signagh u. Tiflis province. In 1918–21 it was part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1926, 5 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.

kachug
has abstract: KACHUG, an urban-type settlement (since 1935), a regional center in the Irkutsk region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Verkholensky env. Irkutsk province. In 1926, 63 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939 - 81 Jews.

kachurin mark grigorjevich
has abstract: KACHURIN Mark Grigorievich (b. 1923, Vologda), literary critic, teacher. Dr. ped. Sciences (1976), prof. (1979). 1941–45 - at the front. Graduated from fi-lol. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1950). Since 1958, Dir. Leningrad. region in-that improvement of teachers. Since 1969 - in Leningrad. ped. in-those. Et al. textbook on literature for the 9th grade. (1964, jointly with M.A. Shneerson and D.K. Motolskaya; passed the 20th edition) and uch. manuals for grades 9-11: “St. Petersburg in Russian Literature” (with GA Kudyrskaya and DK Murin). In 1986–94 head. Department of School Management LGPI. Specialist in the region. methodologies and techniques of experimental and experimental. work at school. Vol .: Studying the language of writers of the 18th - early 19th centuries in secondary school. M., 1959 (with M.A. Shneerson); Gogol's poem "Dead Souls" in the school course. M., 1982 (jointly with A.M. Dokusov); Organization of research work of schoolchildren in literature lessons. M., 1987; Russian literature of the XI - the first half of the XIX century (for the 9th grade of lyceums with in-depth study of literature). M., 1994; The Bible and Russian Literature. SPb., 1995.

kachurovka
has abstract: KACHUROVKA, see Trostyanets.

kader boris
has abstract: KADER Boris (1882, Okmeny Shavelsky u. Kovno province - 1958, Chicago), playwright. Received a tradition. Heb. education. In 1907 he graduated from Russian. ziyu, then jurid. Faculty of Petersburg un-that. In the beginning. 20s lived in the Caucasus, in 1925-1937 - in Germany. From there he came to Chicago, where he worked as a librarian. He wrote in Yiddish, Russian, German. and English. lang. Author pl. Art. about Heb. t-re. In 1921, while living in Baku, publ. the play "Laidnde Neshomes" ("Suffering Souls"), which was staged under the title. "Against the stream". In 1939 his play Der Wahung (Awakening) was published in Chicago.

kadievka
has abstract: KADIEVKA, see Stakhanov.

kadievskiy rudnik
has abstract: KADIYEVSKY MINE, see Stakhanov.

kadima
has abstract: KADIMA, see Victory.

kadino
has abstract: KADINO, a village in the Monastyrshchinsky district of the Smolensk region. (Russian Federation). In the 16th - 18th centuries. - in the Orsha district of the Vitebsk (in the 18th century - Mstislavsky) voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1772 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mstislavsky u. Mogilev province. In the end. 1920s - early. 1930s - Kadinsky Jewish nat. the village council of the Monastyrshchinsky district. In 1832, 1,335 Jews (27.1%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1857 - 263, in 1880 - 472 (53.7%), in 1897 - 603 (52.5%), in 1908 - OK. 400 (about 53%), in 1925 - 586 (50.6%), in 1939 - 125 Jews. In 1814 there was a synagogue in Kazakhstan, in 1857 - 2 synagogues. In 1862 Menachem Luboshits became a rabbi in K. (after the death of his father-in-law, the previous rabbi K.). In 1880 Jews owned 75 houses out of 147. In 1881 the tanneries of Sholom Lapirov (from 1853) and Doni Tovbin (from 1870) worked. In the end. 19th century In 1919, a Jewish school (150 students) was opened in Kazakhstan, evening courses in Yiddish, drama. a circle and a Jewish department under the general library. By 1936, a Jewish collective farm named after I. May 1. In 1938 the Jewish school in Kazakhstan was reorganized into a Russian one. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in Kazakhstan in the fall of 1941, approx. 400 Jews. 2 monuments were erected at the place of executions The Jewish cemetery in Kazakhstan has been destroyed, and in its place is a pasture.

kadishev arnoljd borisovich
has abstract: KADISHEV Arnold Borisovich (1895, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1968, Moscow), military. historian. Dr. East sciences. Graduated from commercial. uch-shche, in 1914-16 he studied at the Psychoneurological. in-those (Petrograd). In 1916 he was drafted into the army. In 1918 he headed the underground revolutionary committee in Berdichev, after the defeat of the Directory - before. Berdichevsky mountains. Council, then commanded a detachment as part of the 1st Ukr. owls. divisions. In 1919 he organized the publishing house Zap. fr., a cut published dozens of ed. in different languages, including Yiddish. In 1921 - early. political department Zap. fr. Since 1922 - otv. ed. g. "Political worker" and early. military-polit. dep. Higher. military. ed. advice. In 1929–32 the beginning. dep. PUR print. Graduated from the Military. Academy named after M.V. Frunze (1932). In 1932–47, a teacher at the Department of Military. stories in the same place. The author of several. dozens of works on the history of civil. war and Sov. Army. Editor-compiler pl. book according to military-ist. and socio-polit. Subject: What a young Red Army man should know, Moscow, 1924 (16th ed., Moscow, 1931); Journalist at War, M., 1930; History of owls. military. lawsuit. 1917-1940, M., 1948.

kadishevich menakhem
has abstract: KADISHEVICH Menachem (1895, Beaver of Sennensky district of Mogilev province - 1937), publicist. Rod. in a Hasidic family, but was brought up in a secular spirit. Published in different. periodic. ed. From the second floor. 20s fast. sotr. Kharkiv Jews gas. In 1928 the correspondent went. from gas. Der Stern with the first echelon of Evr. migrants to Birobidzhan, published essays on the life and work of Birobidzhan people. As sotr. About-va of assistance to evr. in agriculture, he traveled to different districts of Ukraine to promote resettlement to D.Vostok. Author of brochures "Birobidzhan Today" (Vinnitsa, 1931) and others. Interesting is his large work "Birobidzhan in Literature", publ. in f. Visnschaft un revolution (Kiev, 1935-36). In 1936 he was repressed.

kadlubitsa
has abstract: KADLUBITSA, see Kadlubitskaya.

kadlubitskaya
has abstract: KADLUBITSKAYA, now part of the city of Fastov, Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1850 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony Kadlubitsa in Vasilkovsky u. Kiev province. immigrants from Fastov. Since 1925 - Kadlubitsky Jewish nat. the village council of the Fastovsky district of the Belotserkovsky okrug. In 1859, 430 people lived in Kazakhstan, in 1875 - 279 Jewish men, in 1896 - 826 Jews, in 1906 - 510 Jews, in 1931 - 515 people In the colony, some of the families were engaged in agriculture the rest - handicrafts and small trade. In 1900, a synagogue functioned in Kazakhstan. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Kazakhstan by units of the Volunteer Army; during the pogrom, 23 Jews were killed; 7 Jewish orphans were taken in by the peasants of neighboring villages, receiving for this the right to use the land. worked in K. early. Jewish school. The Reuter Poer (Red Peasant) collective farm was organized in the colony in 1929. On July 20, 1941, K. was occupied by units of the Wehrmacht. 16 Jews who did not manage to evacuate were shot.

kadnikov
has abstract: KADNIKOV, a city in the Sokolsky district of the Vologda region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1492. From 1780 it was a district town of the Vologda governorship, from 1796 - gubernia. In 1910 there were 7 Jews living in Kazakhstan, in 1926 - 1, in 1939 - 1 Jew. In 1913 Jews of Kazakhstan owned a headwear shop.

kadom
has abstract: KADOM, urban-type settlement (since 1958), a regional center in the Ryazan region. (Russian Federation). Since 1779 - the county town, from 1787 - the provincial town of Temnikovsky u. Tambov governorship, then - lips. Since 1926 it has been a rural settlement; 7 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1910, and 11 Jews in 1939.

kadymo
has abstract: KADYMO, see Victory.

kadzidlo
has abstract: KADZIDLO, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in the 18th century. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - in Ostrolenki u. Lomzhinskaya province. 133 Jews (14.5%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1921. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the middle. 19th century The first were 7 families of Jewish artisans (tailors, shoemakers, tanners). In 1862, plots of land were allocated to Jews. In the beginning. 20th century besides handicrafts, Jews were engaged in small trade (mainly agricultural products) and carriage. There was a cheder, a synagogue. In the 1920s. A library with books in Yiddish and Hebrew was opened. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.

kafengauz boris
has abstract: KAFENGAUZ Boris (Bernhard) Borisovich (1894, Proskurov, Podolsk province - 1969, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1947), prof. (1948). Brother of L.B. Kafenhaus. Graduated from History-Philology. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1920). He was engaged in scientific. and ped. activities, worked in RANION, Ying-those nar. kh-va (1921–35), Moscow State University (1936–37), MIFLI (1937–41). In 1940-65 Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Archivist, researcher and ed. ist. texts, documents, specialist in the history of Russia 12-19 centuries. and europe. the middle ages. In 1937 he published with comments. "The book about poverty and wealth" by IT Pososhkov, the monograph "IT Pososhkov. Russian publicist of the epoch of Peter I. Life and Activity ”(2nd ed., 1951), publ. with comment. some op. M.V. Lomonosov. Participated in collective tr. ("History of the USSR from ancient times to the present day", "Essays on the history of the USSR", "History of Moscow", "World history"). Ed. K. published textbooks and uch. manuals, software and methodical. development for teaching the history and history of nar. x-va, in particular "Essays on the history of the USSR in the 18th century. A guide for teachers "(1962). Cit .: Ext. Russian policy under Peter I. M., 1942; North. war and Nystadt peace (1700-1721). M. - L., 1944; Peter I and his time (1672-1725). M., 1948; History of the Demidov family in the 18th – 19th centuries. Research experience. on the history of the Ural metallurgy, vol. 1. M. - L., 1949; Essays int. Russian market of the first half. XVIII century. (Based on materials from internal customs). M., 1958; Ancient Pskov. Essays on the history of the feudal republic. M., 1969.

kafengauz lev
has abstract: KAFENGAUZ Lev (Leon, Leonid) Borisovich (1885, Proskurov, Podolsk province - 1940, Moscow), politician, economist. Prof. (1921). Brother of B.B. Kafenhaus. From 1904 he participated in the revolt. movement. In 1905–06, the propagandist of Moscow. org-tion of the Bolsheviks, participant in Dec. armed restore in Moscow. From 1906 - under the supervision of the police, withdrew from the political. activities. After graduating in 1910 econom. branches of jurid. Faculty of Moscow un-that left at the Department of Political Economy to prepare for a professorship; dismissed for participating in a strike to protest the actions of mines. bunk bed enlightenment L.A. Kasso. From 1911 he worked in statistics. dep. Moscow mountains. councils, in Moscow. commercial in-those. In 1911-17 sotr. gas. "Rus. statements ". After Feb. roar. 1917 members Moscow organization of the Mensheviks, criticized the April Theses of VI Lenin in the press. He defended the idea of ​​a "coalition of classes" based on mutual concessions between workers and entrepreneurs. Since May 1917, authorized by the Ministry of Food in Moscow. Since the summer of 1917 the vowel Mosk. mountains. thoughts, in Aug.-Oct. comrade (deputy) min. trade and industry Time. pr-va. Oct roar. condemned; The Bolshevik saw the way out of the crisis in liquidation. dominance ". He opposed a separate peace with Germany. In May-June 1918 he criticized finance. and prod. policy SNK, in July 1918 opposed the decree on the nationalization of a large industry. In 1919 he left the Menshevik party, worked at the Supreme Council of the National Economy. In the same year, at the request of the leadership of the organization close to the cadets “Nat. center "joint. with Ya.M. Bukshpan prepared a program of economics. revival of Russia in case of the fall of owls. authorities. In 1920 he was arrested on suspicion of belonging to the "Nat. center ”, released due to lack of evidence. He worked in the department. statistics of the Supreme Econo…

kafrit
has abstract: KAFRIT (Kashin) Sara (1900, Minsk - 1983, Kfar Yehoshua, Israel), politician. Sister E. Kaplan. In the end. 1910s participant of the "Ceirei Zion" movement in Russia. From 1920 - in E.-I., together with her husband founded the settlement of Kfar-Yehoshua. Active worker and member. Central Committee of the Mapai Party, member. the secretariat of the moshav movement. Dep. The Knesset.

kagaljnik
has abstract: KAGALNIK, a village in the Azov district of the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement of the Rostov environs. Lands of the Don Cossack, since 1870 - the Regions of the Don Cossacks. In 1910, 36 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939 - 1 Jew. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Kazakhstan. In 1942, several were shot in K. Jews in Kazakhstan. G.M. Kramarov, M.L. Rukhimovich.

kagaljnitskaya
has abstract: KAGALNITSKAYA, a village in the Zernograd district of the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of the Cherkassky env. The lands of the Don Cossack, since 1870 - the Regions of the Don Cossacks. In 1939, seven Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In the summer of 1942, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht; it was shot approx. 200 Jews (mostly evacuated).

kagalovskiy konstantin grigorjevich
has abstract: KAGALOVSKY Konstantin Grigorievich (b. 1957, Kaliningrad, Moscow region), state. activist. Graduated from Moscow. finance. in-t. Since 1980 he worked at the Research Institute of the State Planning Committee and the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1989 he created and headed the international. c. research econom. reforms. In 1990-91 he was a representative. RF for interaction with Mezhdunar. monetary fund. Since 1992 - director. Int. monetary fund from the RF.

kagan
has abstract: KAGAN (nee Lubarskaya) Rachel (1888, Odessa - 1982, Haifa), society. and polit. activist. In her youth she studied in high fur boots in St. Petersburg and Odessa. From 1919 - in E.-I. In 1933-47, ch. dep. welfare Heb. Municipal Council of Haifa, in 1937–47 - in Vaad Leumi. From 1946 before. Int. wives Zionist organization (MZHSO). In 1947 - Member. Provisional Prospect Island of Israel. Dep. Of the Knesset of the 1st and 5th convocations from the Liberal Party, in the Knesset of the 1st convocation (1949–51), member. to-t on education and law. From 1962 onwards. prez. MJSO Federation of Israel.

kagan avrom yakovlevich
has abstract: KAGAN Avrom Yakovlevich (1901, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1965, Kiev), prose writer, poet, playwright. Rod. in a Hasidic family, graduated from Heb. school, then commercial. uch-shche. Studied at Kiev University. He worked as a teacher in Berdichev and Kharkov, was an artist in a traveling Jew. t-re. In 1921 he made his debut verse, in Kiev gas. "Communistische background". First. Sat. verse. "Karbn" ("Scars") released in 1923. First. his pov. "Menchn fun alker" ("Alcove people") was published in 1927, and in 1932 rum. "Engineers". An important place in the work of K. is occupied by ist. themes (novel "Arn Lieberman", 1935, "At the River Rot", 1937, "Sholem Aleichem", 1961). To the events that took place around the process of M.M. Beilis, K. dedicated a rum. "Crime and Conscience" (1965). K.'s play "Energy" (1932) was staged by Heb. t-rum in Kharkov. Member of the 1941–45 war. The events of the war are dedicated to his rum. "Oif unzer erd" ("On our land", 1944). In 1945–48 he was a correspondent. gas. "Einikite" - the organ of Heb. antifash. to-that in Kiev. In 1948 he was repressed. In 1956 he returned to Kiev.

kagan ayzik
has abstract: KAGAN Aizik (1906 - 1956, Bobruisk), poet, prose writer. In 1928 he graduated from the Minsk Hebrew. ped. technical school, worked as a teacher. He made his debut verse, and stories in the Minsk youth gas. Der Junger Arbeter, center, Heb. gas. Einikite. Author Sat. verse. "Leader" ("Poems", 1932) and "Oyfn with Green Thunderstorms" ("On the Green Grass", 1935). In 1949 he was repressed. Released 1956.

kagan elena
has abstract: KAGAN Elena (1889, Tashkent - 1978, Jerusalem), doctor. In 1914 she graduated from honey. Faculty of Bernese University. From 1914 in E.-I. In 1916 she founded the first in E.-I. children b-tsu. In 1923–43, Ch. doctor children. houses for Arab children in the Old City of Jerusalem. Since 1933 - doctor of children. dep. b-tsy "Bikur-Holim" in Jerusalem. There was a member. reign of wives. Zionist. org-tion "Vico". State pr. Israel 1975 (medicine) for medical and societies. activity.

kagan eli sholomovich
has abstract: KAGAN Eli Sholomovich (1909, Minsk - 1944), prose writer. Ml. brother of Z.Sh. Kagan. After leaving school, he worked at a shoe factory. In 1928 publ. in Fig. adj. to gas. "Der emes" - "Emes-magazine" (Moscow) first. the story "A harts oif vesles" ("Heart on the oars"), dedicated. life of working youth. In 1932, the first came out in Minsk. Sat. humoresok K. "Der tseilungen un miniature" ("Stories and miniatures") - about youth. conflicts between old habits and new life. In 1935 K. went to the creative arts. a business trip to new buildings in Magnitogorsk, where many worked. Heb. young people who came from the townships of Belarus and Ukraine. The result is a book. K. “A shtot he cloisters” (“A City Without Churches”, 1936). Before the war he worked lit. ed. in the Minsk railway "Stern". In 1941 he went to the front, served in the infantry, then in the arm. gas. Killed on a command mission.

kagan ieguda-leyb
has abstract: KAGAN Yehuda-Leib (1881, Vilna - 1937, New York), philologist, folklorist. In 1889 he moved with his parents to Warsaw, studied at the cheder, was a watchmaker's apprentice. Early became interested in Heb. folklore and began collecting bunks. songs. In 1901 he moved to London, where he worked as a watchmaker and collected folklore among the Jews. population. Since 1904 in the USA. Here K. also collected songs of Lithuanian, Volyn, Podolsk, Galician and Romanian Jews. In 1910 K. publ. first scientific. work about Heb. folklore. In 1912, the New York publishing house "Library International" published two volumes collected by K. Heb. bunk bed songs. They included 331 songs and 171 melodies. In 1929 he published the collection. “Heb. bunk bed fairy tales". He took part in the creation. in-ta I VO and was chosen by hand. his folk. commission. In 1930 K. made a trip to Vilno, where he organized a congress of collectors of Hebrews. folklore.

kagan khaim kushelevich
has abstract: KAGAN Khaim Kushelevich (1897, Palichi, Mogilev province - 1976, Minsk), teacher, publicist. Lived in Minsk, worked as a teacher in Hebrew. schools, printed Art. on ped. Topics. In 1930, the center, Heb. publishing house (Moscow-Kharkov-Minsk) released its processing (jointly with Ya. Rubin) p. classic Heb. literature by II Linetskiy "Dos poilishe ingl" ("Polish boy"), a cut used as a teaching aid in Heb. schools. K. - the author of textbooks for Hebrews. schools: "Shprahkentenish" ("Linguistics", 1930) and others. with him. lang.

kagan matvey isaevich
has abstract: KAGAN Matvey Isaevich (1889, p. Pyatnitskoe, Pskov province - 1937, Moscow), social scientist. In 1897-1904 he attended Russian. school for Heb. children in Nevel, at the same time. received trad. Heb. education. In 1905 he graduated from the mountains. uch-shche. Since 1904, members RSDLP, was arrested. Higher. Philos. Educated in Germany, in 1907-14 he studied at Leipzig, Berlin, Marburg high fur boots. In 1914 he was interned as a citizen of a country that was at war with Germany. At the time of his arrest, he wrote art., Having eaten, philos. understanding the problem of war. Since then, d. scientific. interest K. - philosophy of history. Returning from Germany in 1918, he became close in Nevel with the philosophers and literary critics M.M. Bakhtin and L.V. Pumpyansky, and had a lot of influence on them. influence. In 1920 he lectured on Hebrew. mythology in Heb. un-those in Petrograd. From 1922 to 1924 he worked in the institutions of the People's Commissariat for Education, taught in Hebrew. an orphanage in Malakhovka (Moscow region). Since 1924, without stopping his studies in philosophy, he worked in the region. power engineering (compiled and edited by the Atlas of energy resources of the USSR).

kagan moisey samoylovich
has abstract: KAGAN Moisey Samoilovich (1921, Kiev - 2006, St. Petersburg), specialist in aesthetics, ethics, and cultural studies. Dr. Philos. Sciences, prof. Graduated from Philology. Faculty of Leningrad State University (1942), in 1946 he taught there, in 1946-60 at the East. f-those, from 1960 to philosophy. f-those. Main direction of scientific. activities - the development of a methodology for systems research. and its application in the study of the human. activities, culture, art as historically developing and self-regulating systems. Works: Beginnings of aesthetics, Moscow, 1964; Morphology of art, M., 1972; Human. activity. System research experience., M., 1974; Systematic approach and humanitarian knowledge. Fav. Art., L., 1991.

kagan oleg moiseevich
has abstract: KAGAN Oleg Moiseevich (1946, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk - 1990, Munich), violinist. As a child he studied in Riga, in Muz. school to them. E. Darzina under the Latvian state. cons. in the violin class of I. Braun, continued his studies with B.E. Kuznetsov in the Center. muses. school at Moscow. horse. Graduated from cons. (1969) and graduate school with her (1971) in the class of D.F. Oistrakh. Since 1971, soloist of Moscow. Philharmonic. Performed by different eras and styles, was the first performer of a number of works. owls. authors, including dedicated to him - the 3rd concert by A.G. Schnittke (1979), the concert by S.A. Gubaidulina, as well as dedicated. to him and N.G. Gutman of concerts for violin and cello by E.M. Mansuryan (No. 2, 1979) and A. Vieru (1980). He performed in an ensemble with pianist S.T. Richter and cellist Gutman (K.'s wife). International laureate contests them. J. Enescu (1964, Bucharest), them. J. Sibelius (1st Ave., 1965, Helsinki), them. P.I. Tchaikovsky (2nd avenue, 1966, Moscow), J.S.Bach (1st Ave., 1968, Leipzig). Has toured to many. European countries, the USA and Japan. Since 1985 he taught at Moscow. cons. Among the students are international laureates. competitions of violinists N. Kozhukhar and I. Min'kov.

kagan pavel solomonovich
has abstract: KAGAN Pavel Solomonovich (1885, Kovno - 1938, Moscow), specialist in the region. tractor construction, production organizer. He graduated from the Polytechnic in Charlottenburg (Germany), where he studied under the hands. prof. G. Schlesinger. In 1914–16 he worked at the Putilovsky plant as an engineer-designer, from 1916 - at the military. s-dakh, in 1925–27 early tractor shop on "Krasniy Putilovets". Since 1927 - in the branch of the State. Institute for the design of metal plants, hands. project of the Stalingrad Tractor Plant. In 1929 he was sent to the USA to study technology and organize the mass production of tractors, develop working drawings and purchase equipment. From 1930 - Ch. Ing. Institute for the design of automobile and tractor plants (Giproavto), in 1932–33 tech. dir. under construction Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant, in 1934 - Deputy. early pages and chap. Ing. construction of the Yaroslavl plant of heavy trucks, in 1935-38 - director. United Central Institute of Automotive and Tractor Industry. Ord. Lenin (1931), Tr. Cr. Banner (1934). On Feb. 1938 arrested on false charges, shot.

kagan sarra
has abstract: KAGAN Sarra (1885, Maksimovichi Olshansky u. Vilna province - 1941, Minsk), prose writer, poet. She graduated from high school and moved to Bobruisk. Worked as the head. mountains. b-koy, made her debut in Minsk gas. "October" correspondence, and also published in it the first. poems. In 1935, K. moved to Minsk, worked and at the same time studied philology. f-those of Minsk ped. in-that. The author of several. collection of poems: "Inweg" ("On the way", 1934), "Main gameland" ("My homeland", 1938), "Unzere menchn" ("Our people", 1940). Her verse. are distinguished by sincerity and tenderness. K. belong to Prince. prose "Di ershte Prize" ("First Prize", 1940), "Der Fiedler" ("Violinist", 1941). She died in the Minsk ghetto.

kagan solomon
has abstract: KAGAN Solomon (1896, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1959, Mexico City), journalist, writer, musician. critic. In Mexico since 1921. Master's degree, humanist. sciences. He taught at Mex. nat. ped. college (1925–39). Lecturer in the working class in the USA (1940–44). Ed. g. "The Way" in Mexico City (1945–48), post. corr. gas. “Muses. America "(New York) in Mexico (1946–56), since 1953 - ed. every month. "Tribune of Israel". Ch.-c. Heb. Academy of Arts and Sciences in New York (since 1939). The author of the book. “Emotions in Music” (1936), “Muses. Reflections "(1938)," Jewish Mexican "(1945) and others. Per. in Spanish “History of Heb. People ”by G. Gretz in 10 volumes (1942).

kagan veniamin fedorovich
has abstract: KAGAN Veniamin Fedorovich (1869, Shavli, Kovno province - 1953, Moscow), mathematician, founder of the tensor differential geometric school in the USSR, popularizer of science, publisher. In 1892 he graduated from Kiev University as an external student. Since 1897 pri-vat-assoc. Novoros. university (Odessa). From 1904 ed. the only specialized railway in Russia. "Bulletin of Experimental Physics and Elementary Mathematics". In 1904 joint. with S.O.Shatunovsky, A.R. Orbinsky and M. Shpentzer founded in Odessa one of the largest scientific. publishing house in Russia "Matezis", which existed until 1924. The largest scientists of that time, K.A. Posse, V.I.Shiff, and others were involved in cooperation. In 1923–33 K. - prof. Moscow State University, was actively engaged in scientific. activities. One of the founders of the 1st ed. TSB.

kagan yakov naumovich
has abstract: KAGAN Yakov Naumovich (1902, Chechersk Rogachevsky u. Mogilev province. - 1982, Minsk), state. activist. He studied at Leningrad State University. polytechnic in-those. In 1928, 38 on hand. work in the local industry system of Belarus. Since 1938, deputy. People's Commissar, since 1939 People's Commissar of the local industry of the BSSR. 1945–54 min. local industry of the BSSR. In 1954-62 Deputy. early Ch. management of communal services and energy under the Council of Ministers of the BSSR. Dep. Supreme Soviet of the BSSR 1st and 2nd convocations.

kagan yudifj matveevna
has abstract: KAGAN Yudith Matveevna (b. 1924, Moscow), writer, translator, Ph.D. philol. Sciences (1962). Daughter of M. I. Kagan. Graduated from the department. classic philology MGPI them. V.I. Lenin (1949). In 1952–55 she taught lat. lang. on Wednesday. school. In 1956-80 she taught lat. lang. in Moscow. state ped. in-those foreign. lang. them. M. Toreza. Translated from Latin. "Faces" by G. Bebel (M., 1970); T. Mora's "Utopia" (M., 1978); “Philos. manuf. " Erasmus of Rotterdam (M., 1986). Author of the book: “IV Tsvetaev: Life. Activity. Personality ". (M., 1987); Marina Tsvetaeva in Moscow: The Path to Death. (M., 1992), a number of Art. in antique and Russian culture, including "About V.V. Rozanov" (Sat. "Ark", Moscow - Jerusalem, MP), "About Heb. theme and biblical motives of Marina Tsvetaeva: Experience in the interpretation of several. verse." (In the railway station "De Vis", No. 3, M., 1993) and others.

kagan yuriy moiseevich
has abstract: KAGAN Yuri Moiseevich (b. 1928, Moscow), theoretical physicist. Acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1984, ch.-k. from 1970). Graduated from Moscow. engineer-phys. in-t. Since 1956 he has been working at the Institute of Atomic Energy. I.V. Kurchatova (head of the theoretical laboratory). At the same time. teaches at Moscow. engineer-phys. in-those (prof. from 1962). Main scientific. work on kinetic. theory of gases, theory of condensates. states, physics of low temp-r. Introduced into gas dynamics, along with the velocity vector, the vector is rotated. moment and built (with L.A. Maksimov) a general theory of transfer phenomena in the external. fields. Developed a follower. theory of the Mössbauer effect for regular and impurity crystals, predicting a number of anomalies in the temperature dependence of thermodynamic. and kinetic. quantities. He studied the interaction of nuclear radiation with crystals, predicted the effect of suppression of inelastic channels of a nuclear reaction, when the crystal becomes almost transparent to gamma radiation and neutrons. Built a microscope. theory of metals, developed the theory of irregular crystals, kinetic. phenomena in metals. Research kinetics of phase transitions near abs. zero (with I.M. Lifshitz), considering the phase transition as a process of quantum sub-barrier tunneling macroscopic. systems. Studied quantum diffusion and localization of crystal atoms at low temperature pax. Predicted the effect of changing the probability of inelastic processes in quantum gases in the presence of Bose condensation. The author is numerous. scientific. articles and monographs. Etc. Of the USSR Academy of Sciences M.V. Lomonosov (1975). State pr. USSR (1976), Len. etc. (1986).

kagan zalman sholomovich
has abstract: KAGAN Zalman Sholomovich (1906, Minsk - 1982, Leningrad), playwright, publicist, elder brother of E. Sh. Kagan. Graduated in 1930 Heb. lit.-ling-vistic. dep. 2nd Moscow State University. He taught Heb. lang. and lit-ru in Hebrew. dep. Kharkov state un-that and Communist. un-that. He began to publish in 1934 in the g. "Stern" (Minsk). Published Art. in decomp. periodic. ed. In 1937-1940 he studied at the screenwriting department. Vses. film academy. Member of the war 1941-45, served in art. parts, then was responsible. sec. divisional gas. Wrote for the military. gas. and radio approx. 200 essays. After the war, he wrote for Heb. stage, staged rum. Sholem Aleichem "Stempenu". In 1950 he received the 2nd pr. At a competition in Latvia for the play "Di glyklehe gas" ("Happy Street"). From 1961 he published in the journal. "Sovetish gameland" essays about writers, actors, painters, war heroes. In 1987 f. released as an app. his sat. essays "Funem journalism notebook" ("From a journalistic notebook").

kagana avragam
has abstract: KAGANA Avragam (1874, Skomorokhi of Volyn province - 1946, Tel Aviv), historian, philologist, lexicographer. Systematic did not receive education, independently studied the history of Hebrews. people, their literature and language. From 1923 in E.-I., was engaged in teaching, worked in the mountains. b-ke Tel Aviv. In 1936–37, he published with his commentaries a 2-volume collection of apocrypha, author of the monograph “History of the Jews in Rome” (1901), biography of the Kabbalist M.H. Luzzato (1898), compiler of the anthology “Literature on the History of the Jews” (1922– 23), "The Book of Hasidism" (1922), Russian-Hebrew. dictionary (1907), Hebrew grammar (1931).

kaganman iosef shlomo
has abstract: KAGANMAN Yosef Shlomo (known as the Ponevezh rabbi) (1886, Kuli, Kovno province - 1969, Bnei Brak, Israel), rabbi, societies. activist. He studied at the yeshiva in Telshi and Radun (Grodno province). In 1916, he headed a yeshiva in Grodno, started organizing yeshivas throughout Lithuania. Since 1919, the rabbi of Panevezys (he was for 20 years), where he founded Izv. later the yeshiva "Ogel Yitzhak", which became one of the largest in Lithuania. In 1923–25 he was a Lithuanian deputy. Diet from Orthodox Jewry, chl. Heb. Council of Lithuania. Was an active member. the orthodox party "Agudat Israel". Since 1940 - in E.-I. In 1944 he founded the Ponevezh yeshiva in Bnei Brak.

kaganov
has abstract: KAGANOV (Kagan) Itskhak (1904, Gorki, Mogilev province - 1978, Ashdod, Israel), poet. He wrote in Hebrew. He studied first with his grandfather-rabbi, then in the cheder and Talmud-Torah. He was fond of Hebrew and Hebrew. lit-swarm. In 1918 he created a cell in Gorki. Heb. young man. org-tion "Renaissance". In the beginning. 20s was engaged in the distribution of illegalities. Zionist. lit-ry. In 1921 he entered Petrograd. un-t, where he studied for two years. The first was published in 1926. and unity, in the USSR publication K. - mystical. the poem "Ktaim" ("Fragments"). From ser. 20-ies., After the prohibition of Hebrew in the USSR, K. temporarily moved away from lit. creativity. He worked as a teacher in Hebrew. sat down. school, in 1930-33 he studied at the theater. Studio S.M. Mikhoels in Moscow, in 1934-36 was dir. Heb. t-ditch in Simferopol and Dnepropetrovsk, then - in Russian. t-pah. During the war 1941–45 at the front, com. art. batteries. In 1947 he returned to lit. creativity. In 1948, together with gr. Heb. writers and cultural figures were arrested on charges of belonging to the "nationalist. Zionist. anti-Sov. org-tion ”and was sentenced first to 10 years, then sentenced to death, replaced by 25 years in prison. In 1955 he was released. While in prison, K. created 480 verses. in Hebrew, to-rye memorized without writing, as well as book. reflections on the history, fate and essence of Heb. people. All this material was recorded and published 20 years later in Israel: poetic. Sat. "The Voice of Shosrar" (1975) and Prince. "The Teaching of the Secret" (1978). Since 1976 - in Israel, where he worked on the book. rec. "Trails".

kaganov izrailj ljvovich
has abstract: KAGANOV Israel Lvovich (1902, Klimovichi, Mogilev province - 1985, Moscow), specialist in the region. prom. electronics. Dr. Tech. Sciences, prof. After graduation in 1925 Moscow. Higher. tech. uch-schA (MVTU) worked engineer. at the Kharkov electromechanical. s-de, performed calculations of single-armature converters, then in Moscow in the State. electrical engineering trust, participated in the construction and adjustment of the first traction substations with mercury rectifiers for trams and electrifiers. transport. In 1929 - Ch. Ing. on electrical equipment of the film factory (later "Mosfilm"), taught at the Moscow Higher Technical School, from 1931 in Moscow. energetic Institute (MPEI), in 1931–40 - deputy. head Department of Electrical Engineering. In 1933–34, for the first time in the country, he began to teach a course on electronic and ion converters, and published a textbook on this course (1937). At the same time. from 1934 to 1947 he worked at Vses. electrical engineering in-those them. VI Lenin (VEI) in Moscow, was engaged in research. valve converters, rectifiers-inverters, including two-stage arts. switching, circuits to-rykh have become classic. During the 1941–45 war, he headed a group of comp. VEI in the Urals will straighten it to ensure uninterrupted operation. substations of defense enterprises. In 1943, on the initiative of K., a department was created at the MPEI and the training of specialists in ionic devices and current converters began (from 1950 the department "Industrial electronics"), headed the department until 1974. Prev. Scientific and methodical. advice on prom. electronics at the USSR Ministry of Higher Education (1961–76). Linen. pr. (1962). Cit .: Inverting direct current in three-phase, M.-L., 1941; Electronic ionic converters (Fundamentals of industrial electronics), h. 1–3, M.-L., 1950–56; Ionic devices, M., 1972.

kaganov moisey isaakovich
has abstract: KAGANOV Moisey Isaakovich (b. 1921, Lubny, Poltava province), theoretical physicist, Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1958). In 1939 he entered Kharkov University, but was immediately drafted into the army. In 1939–45 he served in the Black Sea Fleet, took part in the battles in the defense of the Caucasus. After demobilization (1946) he returned to Kharkov un-t, to-ry he graduated in 1949. In 1949–70 he worked in Ukr. physical and technical in-those (head of laboratory). At the same time. from 1952 he taught at Kharkov University (prof.). Since 1970 in Ying-those physical. problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences. At the same time. prof. Moscow un-ta. scientific. research on the theory of magnetism and the electronic theory of metals. Built a macroscopic. the theory of kinetic. phenomena in low-temperature magnets, the theory of anomalous skin effect in the norm. metals (jointly with M.Ya. Azbel and I.M. Lifshits) and the theory of galvanomagn. phenomena in metals (LAC theory). Established a relationship of behavior in a strong magn. resistance field and Hall effect with topology of the Fermi surface. Constructed the theory of electronic absorption of ultrasound (with A.I. Akhiezer and G.YaLyubarsky). The author of St. 200 scientific. works, per. his monographs have been repeatedly published. Abroad, Works: Electronic Theory of Metals, Moscow, 1971 (with M.Ya. Azbel and I.M. Lifshits); The nature of magnetism, M., 1982 (with V.M. Tsukernik); Electrons, photons, magnons, M., 1979; Quasiparticles, M., 1976, 2nd ed., 1989 (with I.M. Lifshits).

kaganov samuil yurjevich
has abstract: KAGANOV Samuil Yurievich (b. 1923, Zolotonosha, Poltava province), pediatrician. Dr. med. Sciences, prof. (1966). After graduating from the 1st Moscow in 1948. honey. in-that works in the Research Institute of Pediatrics and children. surgery. In 1949-52 - a graduate student, in 1952-56 scientific. sotr., in 1956–61 - Art. scientific. sotr., deputy. dir. in science, since 1961 - hands. pulmonology clinic. research K. dedicated studying the problems of nonspecific pulmonary pathology in children, including congenital and hereditary allergic lesions of the lungs; clinical sramacology; organization of pulmonary care for children. Created scientific. school children. pulmonologists. K. - deputy. ch. ed. g. "Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics". Cit .: Chronic lung diseases in children and the criteria for their diagnosis, M., 1971; Diagnosis and treatment of respiratory allergies in children, M., 1976 (et al.); Congenital and hereditary diseases in children, M., 1980 (et al.); Organization of work of the pulmonological pediatric center, M. 1982; Respiratory allergies in children, M., 1986.

kaganovich lazarj moiseevich
has abstract: KAGANOVICH Lazar Moiseevich (1893, Boars of Radomyslsky u. Kiev province. - 1991, Moscow), part. and state. activist, member Communist. parties in 1911–61 (excluded), Hero of Socialist. Labor (1943). Rod. in a poor family, brother of M.M. and Yu.M. Kaganovich. Systematic. did not receive education, worked for leather. and shoes. f-kah, participated in the labor movement. In oct. 1917 pre. Polesie Regional Committee of the RSDLP (b). During the civil. war member. Vseros. collegiums for the organization of Kr. Army, then to the desks. work in Nizhny Novgorod and Voronezh. Since 1920 p. Turkestan Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), People's Commissar for Workers' Cross. Inspection of the Turkestan ASSR, head. Tashkent mountains. Council. Since 1921 instructor of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, secretary. Central Committee of the trade union of tanners. Since 1922 in the apparatus of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), head. org.-instructor, then org.-distribute. dep., from the beginning. 1920s was a member of the inner circle of J.V. Stalin. In 1924–25 sec. Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b), in 1925-28, the general sec. CP (b) U, in 1928-39 the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), 1930-35 - 1st secretary. MK VKP (b), one of the initiators of the development and implementation of the so-called. “The plan is a Bolshevist. reconstruction of Moscow "(1934–35), personally supervised the building of Moscow. metro (until 1955 was named after K.). In 1933-34 before. Centre. commissions for checking the desks. rows. In 1934–35 before. CPC under the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). In 1935-37 he was the People's Commissar of Railways of the USSR, in 1937-39 the People's Commissar for Heavy industry of the USSR, simultaneously. in Jan-Oct. 1939 People's Commissar of the Fuel Industry of the USSR. In 1939–40, the People's Commissar of Oil. industry of the USSR and simultaneously. in 1938–42 and 1943–44 again the People's Commissar …

kaganovich mikhail moiseevich
has abstract: KAGANOVICH Mikhail Moiseevich (1888, Boars of Radomyslsky u. Kiev province - 1941, Moscow), part. and state. activist, member Communist. parties since 1905. Brother L.M. and Yu.M. Kaganovich. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07, was repeatedly arrested and exiled. In 1917, before. VRK in Arzamas, then before. Workers' Council and Cross, Dep. in Surazh. In 1923–27 before. Nizhny Novgorod Governmental Council of National Economy. Since 1930, members Pres., From 1931 beginning. Ch. machine-builds. management and deputy. prev. VSNKh. Since 1932, deputy. Commissar heavy. industry of the USSR. From 1935 to the beginning. Ch. Aviation management. industry (for merits in its development and for organizing a non-stop flight Moscow - Nikolaevsk-on-Amur in 1936 was awarded the Order of Lenin). From 1936 deputy., In 1937-40 - People's Commissar of the Defense Industry of the USSR, at the same time. in 1939-40, People's Commissar for Aviation. industry of the USSR. In 1927–34 members. Central Control Commission of the CPSU (b), in 1930-34 members. Pres. Central Control Commission, in 1934–41 a member. Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, in 1934–39 in part. Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). Member All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Central Executive Committee of the USSR, dep. USSR Armed Forces (since 1937). Fearing arrest, he committed suicide (shot himself).

kaganovich yuliy moiseevich
has abstract: KAGANOVICH Yuliy Moiseevich (1892, Boars of Radomyslsky u. Kiev province - 1962, Moscow), politician brother L.M. and M.M. Kaganovich. From 1906 to 1913 (the year of conscription) he worked for hire. Member RSPRP in 1909-19, from 1919 in the RCP (b). In 1919–22 he was involved in political work in the Red Army. Since 1922 in the Nizhny Novgorod organization of the RCP (b): secretary. a number of county, district and district party committees, before. Nizhny Novgorod Regional Economic Council, 1st Secretary of the Nizhny Novgorod (Gorkovsk.) City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, in 1934–37 chairman of Gorkovsk. regional (region) Council of Deputies, was a delegate to 14, 16-17 congresses of the CPSU (b). Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the 1st convocation and a member of its Presidium. From Apr. 1937 to Jan. 1939 1st sec. Gorkovsk. regional committee of the CPSU (b), then, before retirement, in the People's Commissariat (Min-ve) external. trade of the USSR: deputy. Commissar (1939–45), trade representative of the USSR in the Mongolian People's Republic (1945–47), before. VO "Intern. book "(1947–49), early. State Inspection in terms of quality, export of goods (1949–51).

kaganovichi
has abstract: KAGANOVICH, see Dibrova.

kaganovskiy efroim
has abstract: KAGANOVSKY Efroim (1893, Warsaw - 1958, Paris), writer. He wrote in Yiddish. He studied painting as a thin artist. school. Began to publish in 1909. In 1914 came the first collection. short stories "Girls". During the 1st world. During the war, he was evacuated to Odessa, where he met M. Moikher-Sforim, about whom he later wrote memoirs. In 1921 he returned to Warsaw, where on Saturday. stories "Doors and Windows" (1921) for the first time in the literature in Yiddish portrayed the world of the "bottom" - thieves, vagabonds, etc .; later publ. cycle of stories about citizens. war and about Heb. pogroms in Russia, Sat. short stories "Flesh and Life" (1928), "Images" (1937), appeared in Heb. prints with humoresques, feuilletons, essays. In 1939 he fled from occupied Warsaw to Bialystok, from there into the interior of Russia. In 1941 in Minsk was published collection of articles. stories by K. "Altlebn" ("Old Life"). In Russia he worked on the book. "A shtot oif der Volge" ("City on the Volga") - about the defenders of Stalingrad. From 1949 - in Paris, where he wrote Ch. arr. rec. ("Hebrew writers at home", 1956; "Polish years", 1956, etc.).

kagarlitskiy boris yuljevich
has abstract: KAGARLITSKY Boris Yulievich (b. 1958, Moscow), societies. activist. Son of Yu.I. Kagarlitsky. He studied theater studies. f-those GITIS (until 1980). In 1977 he entered the underground group. Marxist. sense, consisted of young historians-graduates of Moscow State University, edged to publish samizdat. g. "Options"; in 1979–82 K. also participated in the publishing house. underground typewritten w. "Left Turn" (since 1981 it was published under the title "Socialism and the Future"). In 1980 K. became a candidate. in part. KPSS, but was soon expelled from the candidate. and expelled from the Institute as a result of a search conducted at his place. The author of the book. Dialectic of Hope (1981). Arrested together with gr. like-minded people in apr. 1982. Soon, under pressure from the West. communist. and socialist. the parties under investigation were asked to write a petition for pardon, after which almost all of them, including K., were released (April 1983). In the beginning. "Perestroika" was among the founders of one of the first so-called. informal org-tions - Social Club initiatives (end 1986). Member of the Socialist Federation societies. clubs (Aug. 1987), gr. "Socialist. initiative ”(Sept. 1987), one of the leaders of Moscow. Nar. front (June 1988). Since June 1990 - one of the hands. and ideologists Socialist. party, on the basis of a cut on the initiative of K. in the fall of 1991 the Labor Party was created. 1990–93 - dep. Mossovet, leader of the dep. gr. "Mosk. left".

kagarlitskiy yuliy iosifovich
has abstract: KAGARLITSKY Yuliy Iosifovich (1926, Moscow - 2000, ibid.), Literary critic, theater critic. Graduated from Moscow State University (1948). Dr. philol. Sciences (1972), prof. (1972). Vice President Wells Society (England, 1984). Member Association for the Study of Scientific. fiction (USA, 1972). Laureate of "Pilgrim" Ave. (USA, 1972). Prepared for publication the largest in Russia 15-volume collection. op. H. Wells (M., 1964). Art. for Comrades 3 and 7 "History of Western European Theater". Op. K. published in many. countries of the world. Author of books: "Herbert Wells: An Essay on Life and Work (1963)"; "What is fiction |" (1974); “Western European t-r of the Age of Enlightenment in the assessment of Russian. and owls. criticism. 1870 - 1930s. " (1976), Shakespeare and Voltaire (1980); "Tr for the ages: Tr of the era of enlightenment" (1987); “Looking into the future: Book. about H. Wells ”(1989).

kagarlyk
has abstract: KAGARLYK, city (since 1971), a regional center in the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1590. In the 17-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kievsky u. In 1861, 808 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 1414 (21.1%), in the 1910s. - OK. 2000, in 1923 - 275, in 1939 - 325 Jews (3.5%). occupation of the Jewish population of Kazakhstan in 19 - early. 20th century - crafts, as well as wholesale and retail trade; in K. fairs for the sale of livestock were held. Most prom. pr-ty, as well as bargaining. and drinking establishments (83 in total) belonged to Jews, including 20 grocery stores (out of 24), 15 manufacturing shops (out of 16), 6 flour shops, 3 butcher shops, etc .; the Jews owned an inn. Since 1875, Zvi-Leibish Podgoretsky (1847 -?) Was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. In 1909, Kazakhstan had a synagogue and a Talmud Torah. During the war, the Jewish population of Kazakhstan suffered from pogroms and looting. In Jan. 1918 the Jewish cemetery was destroyed. During the pogroms organized by local gangs, 63 Jews were killed, 3 people. was injured. During the pogrom perpetrated in June 1919 by the detachments of the ataman Zeleny, 25 Jews were killed. 30 Aug In 1919, units of the Volunteer Army staged a pogrom in Kazakhstan; died approx. 30 Jews, 22 wounded. In total, in 1918–20, 131 Jews were killed, 25 were wounded, and 215 Jews died of diseases. 111 Jewish families (464 people) fled to Boguslav. 167 Jews in Kazakhstan and 48 of those who fled to Boguslav died from epidemics. In the 1920s and 30s. the number of the Jewish population of Kazakhstan declined as a result of the resettlement of Jews to cities. 3 Aug. 1941 K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Sep 9 In 1941 72 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan. In 1999, 15 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In Kazakhstan, there were: A.D. Tsirlin; Semyon Moiseevich Kogan (1906–1993, Kiev), bridge builder, regiment., Early. Management "Kievavtodormost", load. 7 …

kage
has abstract: KAGE (Kagedan) Joseph (b. 1918, Minsk), specialist in the region. social provision. Since 1924 - in Canada. He studied at the University of Montreal, Doctor of Philosophy (1958). In 1942–45 he worked at the Institute of Baron M. de Guirche (Montreal), headed the department. providing lonely people. Since 1943 - Member. Council of the Canadian Socialist Association workers. In 1945-46 - pom. dir., teacher Heb. bunk bed schools. From 1952 publ. in periodic. print. Author of works: "Dawn of Canadian History" (1956), "200 York Hebrews. emigrants in Canada "(1960) and others.

kagul
has abstract: KAGUL, see Cahul.

kagyzman
has abstract: KAGYZMAN, a city in the Kara silt (Republic of Turkey). In 1878-1918 - as part of Ros. empire, city, center of env. In 1897, 271 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1904 - 23, in 1910 - 2 Jews. In 1910 there was a Jewish cemetery in Kazakhstan.

kainsk
has abstract: KAINSK, see Kuibyshev, Novosibirsk region.

kairy
has abstract: CAIR, a village in the Gornostaevsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1785. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Dnieper district. Tauride province Jews lived in K. from the middle. 19th century Main occupation - trade. Bazaars were held in Kazakhstan, and fairs were held twice a year. 1941 in K., several were shot. Jews.

kakabeti
has abstract: KAKABETI, a village in the Sagaredzhoi region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in the Signaghi u. Tiflis province. In 1918–21 it was a part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, in 1921–91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1926, 24 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.

kakhovka
has abstract: KAKHOVKA, city (since 1938), regional center in the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1791 as a village. From 1802 - a settlement, from 1840 - a town in the Dnieper district. Tavricheskaya lips. Since 1920 - in the Nikolaev province, since 1922 - in the Odessa province, since 1925 - the regional center of the Kherson region, since 1932 - in the Odessa region, since 1944 - in the Kherson region. In 1897, 3003 Jews (40%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1920 - 3832, in 1923 - 2696, in 1926 - approx. 2500 (31%), in 1939 - 1072 (8.5%), in 1979 - 148, in 1989 - 121 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the beginning. 19th century, mainly doing diff. crafts and trade. After the reform of 1861, bargaining became important. center and cr. labor market in the south of Ukraine. In 1887 the entrepreneur Gurevich founded the agricultural plant. guns (in the early 20th century - 300 workers). The Jews of Kazakhstan also founded an iron foundry (Gurevich), a steam mill (Pisochin), an oil mill (Belferman), a wool mill (Spektor), a perfumery plant (Rukman), and a chemical-technological plant. production-va; owned metalwork and blacksmith workshops, tin workshops, bakeries, and others. In 1867, two synagogues operated in Kazakhstan. In 1883, Yehuda Haimovich was the rabbi. The Great Synagogue was built in Kazakhstan in 1890, the Poalei Tzedek synagogue in 1906, and the Sloboda synagogue in 1918. In K. worked several. heders, talmud-torah, state Jewish 2-class and private uch-schA, about-in "Ezras Hoylim". In 1912 there were 2 Jewish savings and loans. t-va. In 1913, Jews owned 3 warehouses of pharmaceutical goods, approx. 60 shops (including all 5 grocery stores, all three haberdashery, only tobacco). In 1915 a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan, organized by the Cossack units of the Russian. army. During the years of Civil. During the war, the Jews of Kazakhstan suffered from the pogroms of units of the Volunteer Army (1919 and 1920) and various. gangs (1918–21). In the 1920s. the rabbi in Kaza…

kakhul
has abstract: KAHUL (until 1990 - Cahul), city, county center (Republic of Moldova). Main in 1835. At 19 - early. 20th century - a provincial town of the Bessarabian region, since 1873 - province. In 1918–40 it was a part of Romania, in 1940–91 it was the MSSR. In 1857 St. 1,300 Jews, in 1897 in Kazakhstan there were 801 Jews (11.3%), in 1910 - 1,060 (12.5%), in 1830 - 803, in 1940 - approx. 1200, in 1989 - 295 Jews. In 1839, during the expulsion of Jews from the 50-verst border strip, Jews who lived in the Kagul district were allowed to settle in Kazakhstan. In 1872, a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan. In 1910, Kazakhstan had 2 synagogues and a Jewish cemetery. In 1913 the Unity belonged to a Jew. in K. photo workshop. 1920-30-ies. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. In 1931 a Jewish school with teaching in Hebrew worked in Kazakhstan after the occupation of the Romanians. On July 20, 1941, troops in Kazakhstan set up a camp for Jews from the surrounding area. points. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated during the Holocaust. After 1945, some of the Jews returned to Kazakhstan. In 1948, the Jewish religion was active in Kazakhstan. community. In 1994, the Society of Jewish Culture was created in Kazakhstan (previously Vladimir Katz, b. 1936). In the building of the former. the synagogue houses a communal house. There is an old Jewish cemetery. In 2002, approx. 150 Jews in Kazakhstan. B.V. Zakhoder.

kakitelashvili mikhail
has abstract: KAKITELASHVILI Mikhail (1920, Kutaisi, Georgia - 1976, ibid.), Poet, journalist. First verse. published in 1933. Author of two. Sat. verse. His production. per. in Hebrew, Russian, Armenian lang.

kalach
has abstract: KALACH, see Kalach-on-Don.

kalach na donu
has abstract: KALACH ON DON, city (since 1951), center of Kalachevsky district in Volgograd region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1708 as a Cossack settlement. At 19 - early. 20th century - the farm Kalach of the 2nd Don env. Lands of the Don Cossacks, since 1870 - Regions of the Don Cossacks. In 1939 in K. n / a. 16 Jews lived. In the autumn of 1942, 12 Jews were killed on the Stalindorf collective farm in Kalachevsky district. 1990s in K. n / d. there is a community in 2002 in K. n / a. lived St. 500 Jews.

kalachinsk
has abstract: KALACHINSK, city (since 1952), regional center in the Omsk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1792. At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Kalachinskaya, Omsk district Tobolsk province. In 1939, 43 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.

kalachinskaya
has abstract: KALACHINSKAYA, see Kalachinsk.

kalageya
has abstract: KALAGEYA, railway siding in the Berezovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - railway patrol of Kologuei Odessa u. Kherson province. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In Jan. 1942 in Kazakhstan, apprx. 200 Jews from Odessa.

kalanchak
has abstract: KALANCHAK, urban-type settlement (since 1967), regional center in the Kherson region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Dneprovsky Tavricheskaya gubernia. In 1939, 25 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. 1941, eight Jews were shot in K. In 2003, there was a Jewish population in K..

kalarash
has abstract: KALARASH, see Kalerash.

kalashnikova evgeniya davydovna
has abstract: KALASHNIKOVA Evgeniya Davydovna (1906, Kiev - 1976, Moscow), translator. In 1931 she graduated from Moscow. in-t foreign. lang. Lit. engaged in labor since 1934. Per. manuf. amer. and English. writers: E. Hemingway "Death in the Afternoon", "To Have and Not to Have", "Farewell to Arms", "The Fifth Column" (jointly with VM Toper), "For Whom the Bell Tolls", "Islands in the Ocean "(With N.A. Volzhina); T. Dreiser "Oplot"; B. Show "Pygmalion" and "Devil's Apprentice"; J. Aldridge "Sea Eagle", "Heroes of the Desert Horizons", "Diplomat" (with IA Kashkin and Toper); C. Dickens "Little Dorrit"; R. Wright "Son of America"; S. Lewis "Kingsblood, Descendant of Kings" (with MF Lorie), "Gideon Plenish"; F. Scott Fitzgerald "The Great Gatsby" and "Tender Night"; J. Steinbeck "The Winter of Our Trouble" (with Volzhina); E. Caldwell, G. Fast, W. Teckeray and others.

kalashnikovo
has abstract: KALASHNIKOVO, an urban-type settlement (since 1932) in the Likhoslavl district of the Tver region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novotorzhsky u. Tver Gubernia. In 1926, one Jew lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1939 there were nine Jews.

kalata
has abstract: KALATA, see Kirovgrad.

kalauri
has abstract: KALAURI, a village in the Gurjaani region (Georgia). Since 1801 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1846 - in Telavsky u. Tiflis province. In 1918–21 it was part of the Georgian Democratic Republic, 1921–91 - in the Georgian SSR. In 1926, 10 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In 1928, Jews left Kazakhstan, moving to a Jewish collective farm in the Tsitelgori district.

kaleniki
has abstract: KALENIKI, a village in the Zolotonosha district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zolotonoshsky u. Poltava province. In 1910, two Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan.

kaler iljya leonidovich
has abstract: KALER Ilya Leonidovich (b. 1963, Moscow), violinist. Entered the Moscow. cons. in the class of LB Kogan, but graduated from it (1986) and graduate school with her (1990) as a student and graduate student of V.V. Tretyakov. Laureate of the international contests - them. N. Paganini (1st Ave., 1981, Genoa), them. J. Sibelius (1st Ave., Helsinki, 1985), them. P.I. Tchaikovsky (1st pr., Moscow, 1986). Tours a lot. In his repertoire, works Paganini, Sibelius, A. Vivaldi, Tchaikovsky, J.S.Bach, A.G. Schnittke and others. In 1991 he taught at the cons. Peabody in Baltimore (USA), then gave concerts in this country.

kaligorka mokraya
has abstract: KALIGORKA WET, see Wet Kaligorka.

kalik mikhail
has abstract: KALIK Mikhail (Moisey) Naumovich (b. 1927, Arkhangelsk), film director. Student dir. Faculty of State Institute of Cinematography was arrested on false charges. After several. years of imprisonment returned to Moscow. Graduated from VGIK in 1958. From 1958 dir. to / st them. M. Gorky and "Moldova Film". He made his debut as a game f. “The Youth of Our Fathers” (1958), post. joint with B.V. Rytsarev and O. P. Ulitskaya. Post with them. f. “Ataman Codr” (1959). The first independent f. "Lullaby" (1960, Honorary Diploma of the ICF in Locarno). Subsequent films: "A man follows the sun" (1962), "Goodbye, boys" (1964), "Love" (1968), "Price" (1969, TV movie). Since 1971 - in Israel, where the post. f. "Mallow". In 1991 in the USSR he shot an autobiographical f. "... And the wind returns."

kalinava
has abstract: KALINAVA, a village in Kaunas district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Mariampolskiy u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 19 - early. 20th century in K. lived several. Jewish families. In the 1920s and 30s. in K. there was an agricultural. ORT school. During the Holocaust, the Jews of K. were exterminated along with the Jews of Kaunas.

kalinin
has abstract: KALININ, see Tver.

kalinindorf
has abstract: KALININDORF, see Kalininskoe.

kalinindorfskiy evreyskiy natsionaljnyy rayon
has abstract: KALININDORF JEWISH NATIONAL DISTRICT, has not existed since 1939. Nowadays - the territory. modern Berislavsky and Velikoaleksandrovsky districts of the Kherson region and Snigirevsky district of the Nikolaev region. as part of Ukraine. Main in 1927 in the Kherson environs. Ukrainian SSR.K.E.N.R. formed on the territory. compact residence of Jewish farmers. In the structure of the first in the USSR Jewish national-adm. the district included 4 previously existing colonies - Kalinindorf (modern Kalininskoe), Shtendorf (modern Malaya Seidemenukha), Bobrovy Kut, Lvovo; 33 new Jewish settlers. village, main. in 1925–26, and 10 Ukrainian. and it. us. points. 9 Jewish, 2 Ukrainian were organized. and 1 German. village councils. OZET and Agrojunction provided assistance to the settlers. In 1928, collectivization covered 85% of the agricultural sector, in 1929 - 96%, in 1931 - 98.7% of the agricultural sector. Main direction with. x-va district was the cultivation of grain crops (wheat, corn) and live-in; 3 MTS worked. In 1931, pl. K.E.N.R. was 750 km2; 9500 Jews (76.6%) lived in the region. By 1933 the Jewish collective farms Der veg tsum socialism, Rosa Luxemburg, Friedrich Engels, Voroshilov, and them were operating in the Kalinindorf district. Litvinov, them. Petrovsky, them. Yakovlev, commune them. Dimanstein. In K.E.N.R. there were schools and clubs in Yiddish, the regional gas was released every other day. "Kolvert Emes" (circulation 2500 copies), in 1937 - the organ of MTS "Proletarian Emes". 1930s education in Jewish schools and office work in K.E.N.R. were translated from Yiddish into Ukrainian. lang. In 1939 the district ceased to exist as a Jewish national. - Sept. 1941 ter. K.E.N.R. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. The first execution in K.E.N.R. occurred approx. from. Red. In the 2nd floor. Sep 1941 on the territory. K.E.N.R. 3548 Jews were shot, including 850 people in Bobrovy Kut, 996 people in Kalinindorf, 340 people in Sternndorf, 416 people in Freileben (m…

kaliningrad
has abstract: KALININGRAD, see Korolev.

kalinino
has abstract: KALININO, a village in the Pervomaisky district of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine). Main in 1926 by Jewish settlers as a Jewish farmer. colony Kalinindorf. In 1935, it was in the Larindorf District. In the fall of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In June 1942, 36 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.

kalininsk
has abstract: KALININSK, see Cupchin.

kalininskiy
has abstract: KALININSKY, see Korolev.

kalininskoe
has abstract: KALININSKOE (in 1807–42 - Seidemenukha, in 1842–1927 - Bolshaya Seidemenukha, in 1927–44 - Kalinindorf), an urban-type settlement (since 1960) in the Velikoaleksandrovsky district of the Kherson region. (Ukraine). Main in 1807 as a Jewish agriculturalist. colony of Seidemenukha (in Hebrew "Sde mukha" - "Field of rest") in Kherson u. Kherson lips. In 1920–23 - in the Kherson district, in 1923–24 - in the Snigirevsky district of the Kherson district, since 1924 - the center of the Jewish nat. district (the first in the USSR), since 1927 - the center of the Kalinindorf Jewish nat. Kherson environs, from 1932 - Odessa, then - Nikolaev region. In 1810, 713 people lived in Kazakhstan, in 1839 - 1336, in 1897 - 1287 Jews (82%), in 1916 - 1945 people, in 1926 - 1679 Jews (90.5%), in 1931 - approx. 1,500, in 1939 - 1,670 Jews (78.7%). founded by settlers from Vitebsk, Mogilev and Chernigov provinces. In 1840–41, a group of immigrants from Vitebsk Gubernia settled on the outskirts of the colony, after which K. divided into Bolshaya Seidemenukha and Malaya Seidemenukha. In 1850, 18 families of German colonists settled in Kazakhstan. In 1883, Irahmiel Palik was the rabbi of K.. In 1912, a Jewish two-class school was opened in Kazakhstan. In 1916, the colonists worked 5506 dess. land; there were 3 synagogues, a rabbi, heders, a library, a credit office "Gmilus Hesed". In 1917, branches of the Zionist organizations "Ceirei Zion" and "Ge-Halutz" began to operate in Kazakhstan. During the war, the colony was subjected to pogroms and looting. In 1923–24 the K. kh-va were restored with the help of the EKO and the Joint. Since 1924 the colony has been replenished with new settlers. In 1926, immigrants from Kazakhstan founded apprx. K. Jewish agriculturalist. colony Rotfeld (present-day Vishnevoe). In the 1920s. material assistance to the community was provided by J.-I. Schneerson. In 1928–32 an electric station, a printing house, and a hospital were built in Kazakhstan. In the end. 19…

kalinkovichi
has abstract: KALINKOVICHI, city (since 1926), a district center in the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). Izv. from the 18th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Rechitsa u. Minsk province. In 1924–30 and from 1939 it was a regional center (in 1939–54 - in the Polesie region, from 1954 - in the Gomel region). In 1897, 1341 Jews (100%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1923 - 2612, in 1926 - 3102 (50.4%), in 1939 - 3386, in 1947 - 1460, in 1995 - approx. 300 Jews. 19th century in K. there were 3 synagogues; one of the rabbis was Shlomo Shapiro (? - 1905), from 1905 - his son Mordukh Shapiro, from 1911 - Osher Nevakhovich Lempert. In 1912, an underground Bund printing house was set up in Kazakhstan, and a Jewish loan and savings bank was operating. t-in, in 1913 - Jewish lit. about-in, Jewish library. Jews owned 7 shops (including all 3 grocery stores). In March 1920, a pogrom broke out in Kazakhstan, organized by the Polish. units (about 10 killed Jews), in November. 1920 pogroms were perpetrated by the detachments of SN Bulak-Balakhovich (19 killed). In 1922 the fact of disruption of sports events of the Maccabi Society during the celebration of Lag Ba-Omer was noted. In 1926, immigrants from Kazakhstan organized a Jewish agriculture in the Evpatoria region. collective "Proletarian" (11 people). In May 1926, 16 families (166 people) moved from Kazakhstan to the Crimea. In the end. 1930s all synagogues in K. were closed; believers prayed in a private house. 22 Aug. 1941 K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 22 Sep 1941 Jews of Kazakhstan (several hundred people) were taken to the Dudichi railway. moved and shot. In the liberation of the city on January 14. 1944 was attended by historical anti-tank. art. brigades under com. lieutenant regiment. Aron Isaakovich Kopelev and regiment. Georgy Yakovlevich Kagan. After 1945, some of the Jews returned to Kazakhstan. residential building in the center. part of K. was opened a synagogue, registered "…

kalinovitsa
has abstract: KALINOVITSA, a village in the Varvinsky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1780. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Lokhvitsky u. Poltava province. In the 1st half. 19th century 3 Jewish families lived in K.

kalinovka
has abstract: KALINOVKA, a village in the Gorodishchensky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 2nd floor. 16th century Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Cherkassky district Kiev province. In 1897, Jews accounted for 7% of the population of Kazakhstan. 20th century Jews owned 2 mills, a grinder, several. bargain. institutions.

kalinovskaya
has abstract: KALINOVSKAYA (nee Beron) Dina Mikhailovna (1934, Odessa - 2008, ibid.), Writer. First production - the screenplay "The Ballad of Recklessness" (1967) - et al. with V.S. Vysotsky. The novel "Oh, Saturday!" - the saga of Heb. a family from Odessa ("Friendship of Peoples", 1980, No. 8) translated into German, English, Polish, Japanese. and other languages. A story about an artist, about the psychology of creativity "Love in a tangerine garden" ("Friendship of peoples", 1984, No. 4). Stories about the Vologda village (Novy Mir, 1983, No. 4). The play "A Party for Brother" based on the novel "Oh Saturday!" and the story "A Walk over the Abyss". VP Kataev, in the preface to the publication in "Novy Mir", noted in the work of K. the main thing for a writer - "the ability to delicately balance between the visual and the narrative."

kaliny
has abstract: KALINA, a village in the Tyachiv region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the beginning. 15th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945 it was 91 in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1840, 44 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1910 - 55 Jews. occupation of the Jews of Kazakhstan in the 19th century. - gardening and crafts. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.

kalish
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КАЛИШ, город в Велькопольском воеводстве (Республика Польша). Изв. со 2 в. н. э. В 1253 получил Магдебургское право. В 16–18 вв. –главный город Калишского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. В 1793–1807 – в составе Пруссии, в 1807–15 – Вел. герцогства Варшавского. С 1815 – в составе Рос. империи, в 1815–37 – центр Калишского воеводства, в 1837–44 и с 1867 – губернский город.В 1629 в К. проживало 205 евреев, в 1787 – 487, в 1808 – 2535 (37,7%), в 1827 – 3463 (28,6%), в 1857 – 4352 (36,2%), в 1897 – 7580 (32%), в 1908 – 14 318 (36,2%), в 1921 – 15 566 (34,9%) в 1931 – 15 300 (27,6%), в 1939 – ок. 25 000, в 1946 – ок. 290 евреев.В 1139 в К. переселилась группа евреев из Германии. В 1264 евреи К. получили привилегии (т. н. Калишский статут), послужившие в дальнейшем основой польск. законодательства в отношении евреев. В 1287 евреи К. выкупили у города участок земли для устройства кладбища. В том же году была основана община, к-рая считалась одной из старейших в Вост. Европе. С сер. 14 в. вся финанс. и торг. деятельность общины была сосредоточена на еврейской улице. В 1349 эпидемия чумы повлекла за собой антиеврейские настроения в городе. В 1358 евреи К. получили разрешение на постройку синагоги (уничтожена пожаром в 1857).Осн. сферы экономич. деятельности евреев К. в 15–17 вв. – торговля (в т. ч. с Краковом и Бреславлем – Вроцлавом), ссудные операции, ювелирное и портняжное ремесла. В 1542 в К. поселились евреи из Богемии, Венгрии и Германии; этот факт спровоцировал антиеврейские беспорядки. В 1557 произошел инцидент, связанный с «кровавым наветом», в 1565 была осквернена синагога. В 1620 по ложному обвинению в оскорблении христианской религии в К. был убит еврей. В 1656 во время захвата города войсками гетмана С.Чернецкого было убито ок. 600 еврейских семей и полностью разрушен еврейский квартал. Через нек-рое время община возродилась. В 1670 общину пополнили евреи-беженцы из Вены. В 1676 король Ян III Собеский предоставил привилегии …

kaljchik
has abstract: KALCHIK, a village in the Volodarsky district of the Donetsk region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1880s. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - colony Kalchinovka Aleksandrovsky u. Ekaterinoslavskaya province. 19th century 9 Jews lived in K. Main occupation - small trade.

kaljchinovka
has abstract: KALCHINOVKA, see Kalchik.

kaljne
has abstract: KALNE, see Kalne.

kaljnenay
has abstract: KALNENAI, a village in Taurage district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - pos. Hookahs of Rossiensky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. 20th century one Jewish family lived in K.

kaljnibolota
has abstract: KALNIBOLOTA, a village in the Novoarkhangelsk district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1750s. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Elizavetgrad u. Kherson province. 588 Jews (11.8%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1897. In 1805, approx. 10 Jewish families, immigrants from Moldova. Main occupation of Jews in 19 - early. 20th century there was trade. Two Jewish merchants were engaged in the wholesale purchase of grain and its sale to Novoarkhangelsk. In 1913, Jews owned 20 shops (including all 5 grocery stores and 4 manufactures). In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Kazakhstan by units of the Volunteer Army; as a result of the pogrom, 5 Jews were killed, the shops and houses of the Jews were plundered. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.

kaljnik
has abstract: KALNIK, a village in the Mukachevo region of the Transcarpathian region. (Ukraine). Main in the 15th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Ugorskaya Rus as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–38 it was a part of Czechoslovakia, in 1939–44 it was in Hungary, in 1945–91 it was in the Ukrainian SSR. 48 Jews (7.0%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1900. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated during the Holocaust.

kaljnoe
has abstract: KALNOE, a village in the Kozovsky district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1473. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kalne of the Brzezansk district of the province of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopol Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1900, 64 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939 there were 10 Jews. In July 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by units of the Wehrmacht. In June 1942 the Jews of K. were sent to Kozlov, in Sept. 1942 together with local Jews were deported to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil), then to the extermination camp Belzhets.

kaljtinenay
has abstract: KALTINENAI, a place in Taurage district (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the 13th century Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Koltynyany Sventsiansky u. Vilna lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1923 130 Jews (20%) lived in Kazakhstan, and in 1940 - approx. 20 Jewish families. Jews lived in K. in the middle. 19th century The first settler was the cantonist Dovid Kaltinger, who built a synagogue and a bathhouse with a mikvah in the town. Ezra Altshuler (1859 -?) Was the rabbi in Kazakhstan since 1884. In 1913, Jews owned all three grocery stores; Among the Jews there were 3 timber merchants. In 1931 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned 5 out of 9 shops and shops, 2 mills, several. taverns, wool. In 1937, among the Jews of Kazakhstan there were 2 butchers, a stove-maker, and a tinsmith. The last rabbi of Kazakhstan was Itskhok-Eliezer Vishnevsky (? –1941). On June 24, 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by units of the Wehrmacht. On June 29, 1941, all Jewish men over 15 years old were sent to a labor camp and from there to the end. July 1941 - to Auschwitz and Dachau, where they were destroyed. K.'s women and children were taken out of K. and shot on 16 Sept. 1941.

kaljvariya
has abstract: KALVARIA, see Kalvaria.

kaljvyay
has abstract: KALVIAI, a village in Kaunas district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Forged Troksky u. Vilna lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - in the Lithuanian SSR. in K. lived several. Jewish families.

kaljyany
has abstract: Hookahs, see Kalnnai.

kalmanovich geri
has abstract: KALMANOVICH Gehry (1886 Dubrova Lidsky u. Vilna province - 1966, New York), playwright. At the age of 15 he came to the USA. He worked as a tailor. K. wrote about 90 plays, over 2,700 of his sketches from the middle. "Mine mooter un them" ("My mother and I") and "Dry doires" ("Three generations") were sung after the New York Hebrew. radio. Most popul. plays K. - "Di eibike mame" ("Eternal mother"), "Di neeshome fun a froy" ("Soul of a woman"), "Der spiegl fun lebn" ("Mirror of life"), "Di geshichte fun a libe" ("The Story of One Love"), etc.

kalmanovich moisey iosifovich
has abstract: KALMANOVICH Moisey Iosifovich (1888, village Rybnoe, Yenisei province - 1937), polit. activist. Into the roar. the movement entered as a teenager, from 1904 an SR. In the years of the 1st world. war in the army. In June 1917 he joined the RSDLP (b), led party work in Slutsk. From Oct. 1917 early. Minsk garrison, member. Bureau VRK Zap. fr., then his food commissioner. Delegate 1-5th North-West conf. RSDLP (b) -RKPb), in 1917-18 he was elected a member. North-West region to-that party of the Bolsheviks. From Feb 1918 prev. Council of People's Commissars Zap. region and fr. At the 1st Congress of the CP (b) of Belarus (1919) he was elected a member of the Center, Bureau of the CP (b) B. In 1919–20, People's Commissar for Food of the BSSR, member. Council of Defense and People's Commissar of Food Lithuanian-Belarusian. SSR, prev. special food. commission Zap. fr. Deputy prev. Central Executive Committee of the BSSR and member. CEC Lithuanian-Belarusian. SSR (1919). Member Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Lithuania and Belarus (1919–20). At the 2nd Congress of the CP (b) B, he was elected to the Central Committee of the party (1920). From February 1920 to households. work in Ukraine and Siberia, 1930–34 prev. Board of the State Bank of the USSR, deputy. People's Commissar of Finance of the USSR. In 1927–30 members. Centre. control commission of the CPSU (b). Since 1930, Cand. in part. Central Committee of the CPSU (b). Member All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Central Executive Committee of the USSR. The deputy was appointed. People's Commissars of Agriculture and Finance of the USSR. In 1934–37 the People's Commissar of Grain and a livestock breeder. state farms of the USSR. Repressed.

kalmanovich zelik-girsh
has abstract: KALMANOVICH Zelik-Girsh (1885, Goldingen, Kurland province - 1944, Narva), linguist, translator. He studied at the cheder, in 1901 he graduated from the externship. In 1902–10 he studied Semitology and other sciences in Berlin and Konigsberg. In 1919 he defended his doctoral dissertation. to Petrogr. un-those. Lit. activity began in 1906 per. Yiddish. Published Art. in different periodic. ed. He taught Yiddish without teaching. courses in Minsk. K. was one of the hands. Vilensky N.-I. in-that IBO. He was also engaged in the translation: “Heb. history "S.M. Dubnov (v. 1-4, Vilna, 1909-1910)," The Jewish War "by Joseph Flavius ​​(Vilna, 1914), rom. J. London "Hearts of Three" and others. In 1941–43 - in the Vilna ghetto. He died in a concentration camp.

kalmus uljrikh
has abstract: KALMUS Ulrich (| - |), publicist, playwright. He lived in Odessa. From 1866 he was published in Heb. gas. "Kol mevaser", then to petersburg. weekly "Idishes Folksblat" and Lviv "Isrolik". K. - the author of the pov. "Geshichte fun a zeltenem brice" ("History of rare circumcision", 1871), "A genarte hasene" ("Imaginary wedding", 1871) and many others. stories satirical. and humorous. character. K. owns the plays "Der Commissioner Velvele Tareramchik" ("Commissioner Velvele Tareramchik"), "Shmerele Trestinitser" ("Shmerele from Trostinets") and others.

kalniboloto
has abstract: KALNIBOLOTO, see Katerinopol.

kalnibolotskaya
has abstract: KALNIBOLOTSKAYA, a village in the Novopokrovsky district of the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - on. 20th century - in the Caucasian department. Kuban Region. In 1939, four Jews lived in Kazakhstan. 1942 48 evacuated Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.

kaluga
has abstract: KALUGA, a village in the Bereznegovatsky district of the Nikolaev region. (Ukraine). Main in 1810 in the Kherson district. Kherson province. In 1850 approx. 65 Jews (approx. 8%), in 1910 - 8 Jews.

kalush
has abstract: KALUSH, a city (since 1939), a regional center in Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1241. In 1549 he received the Magdeburg Law. In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Russian Voivodeship within the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - a city, the center of a povet in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Stanislavsk voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765, 1662 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1880 - 4267 (59.2%), in 1900 - 4323 (55%). in 1921 - 3121 (47.5%), in 1931 - 3967 Jews. Jews rented a salt mine in K. In 1765 they owned 135 houses. In the 2nd floor. 17th century a community was created in K. One of the first rabbis of K. was Benjamin Rapoport (1698–1771), in 1791–1809 - Yakov Lorberboim (1770–1832, Stryi). The rabbis of Kazakhstan in the 1830s. were Zvi-Hirsh Teumim and Menachem-Mendel Stern (? –1834), in 1852 - 54 - Zvi-Hirsh Hayus (1806–1855), in the 1870s. - Shimon Orenshtein. In the 18th century. the ideas of Hasidism in Kazakhstan were preached by Dovid Layfer and his nephew Itskhok (1770–1840). In the 19th century. The Hasidic court in Kazakhstan was founded by Israel Maer (1800–1880), then the dynasty was headed by his son Itskhok (1848–1940) and his grandson Israel Monzon (1880–1957, New York). From 1895 a Zionist organization operated in Kazakhstan. Zion ". In 1900 there were 6 synagogues in Kazakhstan; community taxes were paid by 600 Jews. In 1905, the Safa brura school was opened in Kazakhstan, teaching in Hebrew, and in 1911, the Tushiya school. In the beginning. 1910s in Polish. half of the students of K. gymnasium were Jews. In 1912 a trade union of Jews - construction workers was organized in Kazakhstan. During the war, a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan, organized by the Cossack units of the Rus. In 1916, 30 Jews were deported from Kazakhstan to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). In 1919, immigrants from Kazakhstan created a community in the United States. In 1…

kalush novyy
has abstract: KALUSH NEW, now part of the city of Kalush, Ivano-Frankivsk region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - it. a colony of the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - in the Stanislav Voivodeship within Poland, since 1939 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 156 Jews lived in KN. The Jewish population of KN was destroyed during the Holocaust.

kalushin
has abstract: KALUSHIN, a city (since 1718) in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of the Mazovian Voivodeship in the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - in Novominsk u. In 1765, 346 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1827 - 1455 (80%), in 1857 - 3667 (86.6%), in 1897 - 6419 (76.1%), in 1921 - 5033 (82, 2%), in 1939 - approx. 5200 Jews (approx. 60%). First mention. about Jews K. refers to 1714. Osn. occupations of the Jews of Kazakhstan in the 18th century. there were crafts, small trade, distillation. In the 1870s. Jews owned factories for the production of brushes, candles, soap, oil, vinegar, 2 mills. In the end. 19th century In 1834–74 the rabbi of K. was Chaim-Yehuda Epstein (? –1874), in 1870–1900 - Ikhl-Mikhl Mikhelzon (? –1913), in 1896– 1902 - Meir-Sholem Rabinovich, then - Yehezkiel Shtulman (? –1911), in 1913–35 - Shmuel-Kopl Kliksberg (? –1935). Among the Hasidic synagogues there were synagogues of the Varkov, Gur, Kuzinets, Strikov, and other Hasidims. All R. 19th century The Hasidic court in Kazakhstan was founded by Elkhonon Mogilnets. The dynasty was continued by his son - Zelig, then Zelig's son-in-law - Naftoli Shapiro (? –1942). In the 2nd half. 19th century Bikur Hoylim, Linas Ha-Tzedek, Hevras Bahurim, Hevras Mishnaes, and other societies began to operate in Kazakhstan. philanthropist. org-tion. In 1905, a branch of the Bund was founded. In 1912 there was a Jewish loan-savings institution. m-in. In 1916 a school with teaching in Hebrew was opened, which later became part of the "Tarbut" school network, later - children. garden with teaching in Hebrew. In 1916, the library opened by the Bund began to work, and later, the library opened by Poalei Zion. In the 1920s – 1930s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. A school for boys "Isudey Toire", a school for girls "Beis Yaak…

kalvariya
has abstract: KALVARIA, a city (since 1791) in Marijampole district. (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - a village, then the town of Kalvariya of the Grodno district of the Trok voivodeship in the Rzeczpospolita. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the county town of Suwalki province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1766, 1,055 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1827 - 3,072 (56%), in 1856 - 6508 (80%), in 1897 - 3581 (38 , 2%), in 1923 - 1233 (27%), in 1939 - approx. 1,000 Jews. Jews have lived in Kazakhstan since the 17th century. In 1713 they were allowed to engage in trade and crafts without joining the local guilds, as well as to build a synagogue and lay a cemetery. Rabbi in the con. 18th century there was Aron Broido (? - 1788), then Arie-Leib Broido. In 1803 a new synagogue was built in Kazakhstan. Main occupation of Jews in the 19th century. there were trade, crafts, agriculture. Almost all the shops were owned by Jews. Export of feed to Prussia and other agricultural products. products (including chickens and butter) also belonged to Jews. The owner of one of the largest mills in Lithuania was Romanov, and a tobacco factory was owned by Salomon. Rabbis in Kazakhstan were Yehoshua-Aizik Shapiro (? –1873), Arie-Leib Shapiro, in 1852–64 - Mordkhe Melzer (1797–1883, Lida), then Klyachko, from 1865 - Mordkhe Khokhman, Dovid-Shlomo Margulis, Benzion Sternfeld, in 1887-1909 Eliezer-Simkha Rabinovich (1830, Kovna - 1911, Lomzha). In 1858 the Jewish beginning was opened in Kazakhstan. school. In the 1860s. there were 7 synagogues. In the 1880s. acting decomp. Palestinophile organizations, since 1898 - a Zionist circle. In the end. 1890s A series of strikes organized by the Bund took place in Kazakhstan. In 1915 Jews were expelled from Kazakhstan. After 1920, some of them returned to the city. In 1931, out of 72 shops and worksh…

kalyaev grigoriy ivanovich
has abstract: KALYAEV Grigory Ivanovich (b. 1915, Kanev, Kiev province), geologist, specialist in the region. metallogeny. Dr. Geological-Mineralogical. Sciences (1965), prof. since 1970. In 1939 he graduated from geological and geogr. Faculty of Kharkov State un-that. In 1939-47 he conducted geological studies. research mineral resources in Turkmenistan, since 1947 - on the territory. Ukraine. Since 1959 in Ying-those geol. Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, since 1965 head. dep. geology and metallogeny, in 1969-86 was in charge of the same department. in the Institute of Geochemistry and Physics of Minerals of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, since 1986 leading scientific. employee-consultant. scientific. tr. are devoted to solving a number of fundamental problems of the geology of the Early Precambrian, in particular, its tectonics and metallogeny. He developed methods of formation analysis of the Early Precambrian, proposed tectonic. zoning of the Ukrainian shield. Introduced means. contribution to the creation. scientific. foundations of the search for uranium deposits in Ukraine. Proposed a new solution to scientific. problems of the connection between granitization and tectonics in the early history of the earth's crust, which have received wide recognition. Author of 138 scientific. printed works. One of the authors predictive metallogenic. maps of the Ukrainian Shield, Tektonich. maps of territories USSR and Tektonich. maps of Europe. State pr. Ukrainian SSR in the region. science and technology (1973). Works: Tectonics of the Ukrainian iron ore province, Kiev, 1965; Continents and oceans, Kiev, 1986.

kalyagin aleksandr aleksandrovich
has abstract: KALYAGIN Alexander Alexandrovich (b. 1942, Malmyzh, Kirov region), film and film actor. Graduated from honey. uch-shche, worked in an ambulance. In 1965 he graduated from the Theater. uch-shche them. B.V.Shchukina (Moscow). In 1965–67 he worked in Moscow. t-re on Taganka, in 1967–70 - in Moscow. t-re them. M.N. Ermolova. Since 1971 - in the Moscow troupe. thin t-ra them. M. Gorky. Among the best roles: Chichikov ("Dead Souls" by Nikolai Gogol), Fedya Protasov ("Living Corpse" by Leo Tolstoy), Lenin ("So We Will Win!" By MF Shatrov), Jim (" The Glass Menagerie "T. Williams), Aesop (" The Fox and the Grapes "by G. Figueired), etc. Since 1967 he has been acting in films. He played the roles: Bukeev ("Premature Man", 1973), Platonov ("Unfinished Piece for a Mechanical Piano", 1977), Seifi Ganiev ("Interrogation", 1979, USSR State Ave., 1981), etc. In 1982 he starred in headlining roles in the TV / f "Aesop". Teaches at Moscow. theater. uch-shche them. BV Shchukin (since 1984), at the Moscow Art Theater School (since 1985). In 1994 he organized and headed the ETSETERA Theater, which opened with the play "Uncle Vanya" by AP Chekhov. K. creates contradictory characters, imbued with compassion and good disposition towards people. K.'s favorite genre is tragicomedy. Nar. art. RSFSR (1983).

kalyazin
has abstract: KALYAZIN, city, regional center in the Tver region. (Russian Federation). Vozn. in the 12th century. like a settlement. From 1775 it was the district town of the Tver governorate, then the province. In 1910, 5 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1926 - 17 (0.1%), in 1939 - 28 Jews.

kalyus
has abstract: KALUS, a village in the Novoushitsky district of the Khmelnytsky region. (Ukraine). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Podolsk Voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Ushitsky u. Podolsk lips. In the 1930s. - the center of the Jewish nat. the village council of the Novoushitsky district of the Vinnitsa region. In 1662, 9 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1847 - 1842, in 1887 - approx. 1990 (62.6%), in 1897 - 1897 (61.5%), in 1923 - 983 Jews. 17th century in K. there was a Jewish community. During the Polish-Turkish wars, the community was devastated. Later, communal life in Kazakhstan was revived. In 1809 a Jewish printing house was opened in Kazakhstan; the first book was published in 1810. In 1865 there were three synagogues in Kazakhstan. Since 1902, Shneur-Zosia Elis (1873 -?) Was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. occupation of the Jewish population of Kazakhstan in 19 - early. 20th century - trade and crafts. In 1914 Jews owned all 3 pharmacies, all 3 timber warehouses, 9 shops (including 5 grocery stores); a Jew rented a mill; unity. the doctor in K. was a Jew. Four synagogues operated in Kazakhstan in 1914, and in 1919 a pogrom by units of the Volunteer Army took place in Kazakhstan. In 1924 there was a Zionist group (21 people). In 1925, 15 families (76 people) were registered in Kazakhstan who wished to move to the agricultural sector. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units, a ghetto was created in Kazakhstan. 20 Aug 1942 240 Jews were shot in Kazakhstan.

kalyuzhintsy
has abstract: KALYUZHINTSY, a village in the Srebnyansk district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Priluksky u. Poltava province. In 1910, two Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan.

kalyuzhnyy
has abstract: KALYUZHNY (real fam. Shaitelman) Naum (1885, Mirgorod, Poltava province - 1937), polit. activist and journalist. Member party Ukr. socialist revolutionaries. Formally, without going into her hands. organs, played a prominent role in the activities of its left wing, which took shape in March 1919 in the Borotbist Party. Rendered means. influence on its young leaders. From the end. Dec 1919 - ed. out in Russian. lang. gas. "Proletarskaya Pravda". Having joined the Communist Party with a part of the Borotbists (1920), he led the agitation train before. Vseukr. CEC G. I. Petrovsky, ed. gas. "Silska Bidnota", then train. "Chervoniy Shlyakh". In 1921–26 - Counselor of the Embassy of the Ukrainian SSR, later headed. ukr. section of the USSR embassy in Prague.

kamai
has abstract: KAMAI, a village in Postavy district, Vitebsk region. (Republic of Belarus). In the 16-18 centuries. - in the Vilna voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Sventsiansky district Vilna lips. In 1920–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the BSSR. 239 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1766, and 155 Jews (24.9%) in 1897. In July 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In the end. 1941 – early. 1942 Jews of K. were deported to the Postavy ghetto and subsequently exterminated there along with local Jews.

kamayay
has abstract: KAMAYAY, a place in Panevezys u. (Republic of Lithuania). In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Komai Novoaleksandrovsky u. Vilenskaya, from 1842 - Kovenskaya province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 - the Lithuanian SSR. In 1766, 216 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1847 - 453, in 1897 - 944 (85%), in 1914 - 90 Jewish families, in 1923 - 336 Jews (51%), in 1939 - 60 Jewish families. Jews have lived in Kazakhstan since the 17th century. In 1785 Rabbi Dovid ben Avraham was the rabbi in Kazakhstan. In the 19th century. the rabbi was Bunim-Tsemach Silver. Hasidim had their own. rabbi and shohet. In the end. 19th century Abraham-Leib Atlas, the father of Sh. Atlas, was a shohet. Since 1884 the rabbi of K. was Avrom Girshovich (1861–?), From 1899 - Eliyahu Gordon. 20th century anti-Semitic demonstrations provoked by Lithuanian peasants have repeatedly occurred in Kazakhstan; pogroms were averted thanks to the intervention of the authorities. Before the 1st World. During the war, all trade in Kazakhstan, including the trade in flax and eggs, was concentrated in the hands of the Jews. The Jews owned shops, taverns; many were fishing. Practically all the craftsmen of K. were Jews, among whom there were 3 tailors, 2 glaziers, a roofer, a tinsmith, and a shoemaker. Unities also belonged to the Jews. in K. there is a pharmacy and a post office; the duties of a doctor were performed by a Jewish paramedic. Since 1906, Eliezer-Zeev-Wolf Luft (1871–?) was Rabbi K. Until Aug. 1914 a yeshiva founded by Luft and the rabbi Israel-Zissul the Dvorets (about 50 students) operated in Kazakhstan. In 1915, a fire destroyed almost all Jewish homes; most of the Jews (excluding 10 families) left Kazakhstan. After 1918, part of the Jews returned to Kazakhstan; the community began to recover. There were two synagogues in Kazakhstan (including the Hasidic one); in addition, …

kamenechje
has abstract: KAMENECHE, a village in the Novoarkhangelsk region of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Umansky district Kiev province. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned 2 grocery stores. 1941 K. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. On Feb. 1942 Jews of Kazakhstan were shot.

kamenets
has abstract: KAMENETS (until 1940 - Kamenets-Litovsk), a city (since 1983), a regional center in the Brest region. (Republic of Belarus). Main in 1276. In the 16-18 centuries. - a town of the Brest povet and voivodeship in the Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Brest u. Grodno province. In 1920–39 - in the Polesie Voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as a part of the BSSR. In 1766, 886 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1847 - 1451, in 1897 - 2722 (76.5%), in 1921 - 1902 (80.9%), in 1924 - 2420 (80.3%), in 1928 - 3780 Jews (85.1%). about Jews K. refers to the 1st quarter. 16th century By decree of the Lithuanian vaad in 1623, the Kamenets-Lithuanian kagal was subordinate to Brest. In 1623 the Jews of Kazakhstan were given a privilege, which was confirmed and expanded in 1661; Jews received the rights to trade, crafts, ownership of real estate, and the construction of a synagogue. In 1867–80, Joshua Blumenthal was Rabbi K. the period of the Holocaust. In 1910, Kazakhstan had a Talmud Torah, Yeshiva, and societies. Jewish library, society for helping poor Jews, in 1912 - Jewish loan-savings. t-in, about-in "Bikur khoylim", in 1913 - about-in assistance to the Jews of all schools. institutions. In 1913 Jews owned 2 taverns and 62 shops (including 17 grocery stores, all 8 tanneries). In 1915, during the German occupation. troops, a school with teaching in Hebrew and German was opened in K. lang. In 1926, the yeshiva "Kneses Beis Itskhok", founded in 1897 in Slobodka, moved to Kazakhstan, which was headed by Borukh-Doiv Leibovich (? –1940). In the 1930s. in K. there were 6 synagogues. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht on June 22, 1941. In the beginning. July 108 young Jews were arrested and shot. In the fall of 1941, some of the Jews were deported to the Pruzhany ghetto. 1 jan. 1942 a ghetto was created in K., in which there were approx. 450 families. Se…

kamenets litovsk
has abstract: KAMENETS LITOVSK, see Kamenets.

kamenets podoljskiy
has abstract: Translated(src=en, dest=en, text=КАМЕНЕЦ ПОДОЛЬСКИЙ, город, районный центр в Хмельницкой обл. (Украина). Осн. в 1062. С 1352 – в составе Вел. кн-ва Литовского. В 1374 получил Магдебургское право. С 1569 – центр Подольского воеводства в составе Речи Посполитой. В 1672–99 – под властью Османской империи, с 1699 – в составе Речи Посполитой. С 1793 – в составе Рос. империи. В 19 – нач. 20 в. – центр Подольской губ. В 1937–41 – областной центр.В 1661 в К.-П. проживал 261 еврей, в 1681 – 140, в 1847 – 4629, в 1856 – 9022, в 1865 – 15 424, в 1897 – 16 211 (40%), в 1910 – 22 729 (47%), в 1914 – 23 430 (47%), в 1923 – 13 450, в 1926 – 12 774 (39,9%), в 1929 – 12 777 (29%), в 1939 – 13 796, в 1959 – ок. 2600 (ок. 6,5%), в 1970 – ок. 2100 (ок. 3%), в 1979 – ок. 1800 евреев (ок. 2%).Первые сведения о евреях К.-П. относятся к 1447, когда им было запрещено под страхом тюремного заключения пребывать в городе более 3 дней. В 1518 евреям запретили скупать с.-х. продукцию в деревнях (запрет был отменен во 2-й пол. 17 в.). В 1648 тысячи еврейских семей из др. нас. пунктов нашли в укреплениях К.-П. убежище от войск Б.М.Хмельницкого. Город оказался неприступным для казаков так же, как и в 1652, при вторичной осаде крепости Т.Хмельницким – сыном Б.Хмельницкого. В 1654 был издан указ об изгнании евреев из города. Несмотря на последующие запреты в 1665 и 1670, евреи продолжали жить в К.-П.В 1672 отряд солдат-евреев в составе 40 чел. участвовал в обороне К.-П. от тур. войск. Во время тур. владычества султан Магомет IV предоставил евреям свободу в выборе места жительства. Численность еврейского населения в К.-П. значительно увеличилась. С переходом в 1699 К.-П. под юрисдикцию Речи Посполитой возобновились преследования евреев. В 1750 король Август II издал указ об оставлении евреями К.-П. в теч. 24 час.; дома евреев отходили в собственность города, синагога была разрушена.В 1757 в К.-П. в теч. 8 дн. проходил открытый религ. диспут между представителями еврейской общины и франкистами. Епископ…

kamenets yoelj-naftali
has abstract: KAMENETS Yoel-Naftali (1896, Ostrov, Lomzhinsk province - 1944, Auschwitz), teacher, publicist. He founded a large school for Hebrews in Lodz. girls, wrote about issues of education, was published in the main. in ped. g. "Base Jacob". Has released several. textbooks on Jewish studies: "Judaism", Lodz, 1926-27 (manual for schools in 2 hours), "Rambam", "Religion. book Judaism in the form of fairy tales "," School of Judaism ", etc.

kamenetskiy baum menakhem mendelj ben aaron
has abstract: KAMENETSKY Baum Menachem Mendel Ben Aaron (1800, Kamenets-Litovsk, Brest u. Grodno province. - 1873), societies. activist, writer. From 1833 in E.-I. He opened a hotel in Jerusalem. K. - the author of tourist. reference book in Hebrew (1839), in Yiddish (1841). Great historical cult. the detailed information about the prof., economical is important. and the cultural situation in E.-I. ser. 19th century

kamenetskiy gersh mordukhovich
has abstract: KAMENETSKY Gersh Mordukhovich (1895, Chernyavka, Minsk province - 1957, Borisov, Minsk region), poet. He studied at the cheder and yeshiva. He worked as a hairdresser in Borisov. In 1919 he was mobilized to the Kr. Army and participated in battles against Poland. He studied at Belorus. un-those. Then he began to write poetry in Yiddish, ch. arr. about citizen war, typed kx in gas. "October", w. "Stern", collection of books and alm. First. book verse. "Mit gleikhe vegn" ("Straight Roads") was published in 1933, then two more collections were published: "Leader" ("Poems", 1938) and "A bashtelung oif yugnt" ("Order for Youth", 1940). From 1941 to 1945, K. lived in Buguruslan. After the war, he worked as an editor. in the state. publishing house of Belarus, released in 1948 Sat. verse. "Shtarker fun aizn" ("Stronger than iron"). In 1949 he was repressed, spent 7 years in Sib. link. K. translated rum into Yiddish. B. Yasenskiy "A man changes his skin", p. M. Gorky "Childhood" and others.

kamenetskiy iosif
has abstract: KAMENETSKY Joseph (1876, Pinsk, Minsk province - |), teacher, translator. At the age of 14 he entered to study in the Vilna Heb. teaches, in-t, then studied at Berlin University. In 1896 he worked as a teacher in Nevel, Vitebsk province. Joined the roar. movement, was arrested. From 1902 he settled in Vilna and worked as a teacher of science and history in Russian-Hebrew, cf. schools. K. was one of the organizers of the Hebrews. section Vseros. union of teachers. In 1908-15 he participated in Lit. muses. ob-ve, translated songs and one-act plays for children into Yiddish, published Art. on questions of Heb. pedagogy, later worked in Heb. schools of the Nizhny Novgorod province, in Tula, Ryazan, Vladimir, etc. He wrote for Heb. several schools. plays, staged for them "Boy Motl" by Sholem Aleichem, translated into Yiddish productions. Russian classics lit-ry. Since 1932 - teacher of geography in Moscow. schools, compiled geogr. the anthology "Earth is a workshop for man" (1925-1928) from orig. descriptions. Published scientific-popular and geogr. Art. and rec. into gas. and f. In 1920 he published (with J. Tsigelnitsky) the book. "Vegetable garden", in 1932 - "Victory on the Dnieper", in 1937 - "Natural resources of the Heb. autonomous region. "

kamenetskiy samuil lazarevich
has abstract: KAMENETSKY Samuil Lazarevich (1876 - 1942, Leningrad), lawyer, public. activist. From merchants. families. Graduated from law. Faculty of Petersburg un-that, pom. attorney at law, was engaged in advocacy. Since 1900 pom. clerk Society for the dissemination of education among Jews in Russia (OPE), then secret. (until 1929). Since 1912, member. his to-that. He participated in all the events held by the OPE, since 1923, in addition, the head. his b-coy. Member Hebrew ist.-ethnogr. about-va, one of the founders of Heb. lit. about-va (1908), developed its charter, chl. ped. Council of the Courses of Oriental Studies of Baron DG Gintsburg, was engaged in their reorganization in 1916-17. On the instructions of the OPE, studying ancient Hebrews. manuscripts from the library about-va, trans. in Russian lang. Hittite Legislative Code. After 1929 he worked in tech. b-kakh of Leningrad, kept in touch with Heb. leaders (N.R.Botvinnik, D.G. Magid), with famous orientalists (V.V. Struve, I.Yu. Krachkovsky). However, to engage in Heb. subject matter had no opportunity. He died of hunger during the blockade.

kamenev
has abstract: KAMENEV (real fam. Rosenfeld) Lev Borisovich (1883, Moscow - 1936, ibid.), Part. and state. activist, publicist. Member Communist. parties since 1901. He graduated from the government in Tiflis, in 1901–02 he studied law. f-those Mosk. University, where he joined the Social-Democrats. circle. In March 1902 he was arrested and exiled to Tiflis. In 1904, members. Kavk. union committee of the RSDLP. Member of the Revolution of 1905–07, left Russia in 1908; delegate to the 3rd (1905) and 5th (1907) congresses of the RSDLP, the 8th (1910) and 9th (1912) Intern. socialist Congr. In 1914, Gas was in charge. "Pravda" and a Bolshevist. faction of the 4th State. thoughts. In nov. 1914 arrested. At the trial in Feb. 1915 declared his disagreement with the Leninist slogan of the defeat of his pro-va in the war. Sentenced to exile to Siberia. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd. From Apr. 1917 members Central Committee of the RSDLP (b); member Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet and the Central Executive Committee, one of the editors gas. "True". He took a more moderate position than Lenin on the issue of attitude to the Time. pr-woo, etc. Was against the weapons. speeches in July 1917. On 7/7/1917 voluntarily surrendered to the authorities, placed in the prison "Kresty", released on 4 August. (in the absence of grounds for accusation). In Sept.-Oct. 1917 opposed the plan for the preparation of weapons. performances. 10/20/1917 left the Central Committee. However, from 24 Oct. participated in the leadership of the uprising., negotiated with the Left SRs about the joint. action, in the evening of 25 Oct. opened the 2nd All-Russia. Congress of Soviets. 27 oct. - 8 Nov. headed the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. From the autumn of 1918 before. Moscow Council. At the 8th Congress of the RCP (b) (March 1919), a member was elected. The Central Committee and the Politburo of the Central Committee (in the absence of Lenin, he usually chaired the meetings). In apr…

kameneva ninelj ivanovna
has abstract: KAMENEVA Ninel Ivanovna (b. 1931, Uman), actress. In 1953 she graduated from the State. in-t theater. claim to them. I.K. Karpenko-Kary and began working in Rus. dram. t-re them. A.P. Chekhova (Chisinau). The performance of the actress is distinguished by subtle psychologism, she succeeds in tragic. and comedic imagery. K.'s repertoire includes roles in Chekhov's plays - Arkadin (The Seagull), Sarah (Ivanov), Charlotte (The Cherry Orchard); in the dramas of M. Gorky - Liza ("Children of the Sun"), Tatiana ("Bourgeoisie"); in production owls. playwrights - Tamara (“Five Evenings” by AM Volodin), Natalya Gavrilovna (“The Capercaillie Nest” by VS Rozov), Irresponsible (“Red Mare with a Bell” by IP Druce), etc .; in plays of Western-European and Amer. playwrights: Queen Elizabeth ("Mary Stuart" by F. Schiller), Mrs. Higgins ("Pygmalion" by JB Shaw), Lucy ("Dead Without Burial" by J.P. Sartre), Big Ma ("Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" ), Mrs. Gofford (“The Milk Wagon Does Not Stop Here Any More” by T. Williams) and Dr. K. played the roles of Heb. women - Golda ("Memorial Prayer" by GIGorin based on "Tevye the Milkman" by Sholem Aleichem) and Rosa Gurevich ("Sailor's Silence" by AA Galich). Participates in concerts with the recitation of Hebrew poetry. poets. Nar. art. Mold. SSR (1982). Since 1989, thin. hands. Rus. dram. t-ra them. Chekhov.

kamenitser solomon efremovich
has abstract: KAMENITSER Solomon Efremovich (b. 1909), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (I960), prof. (1961), Hon. Scientist of the RSFSR (1967). Graduated from Moscow. Planning Institute (1931). Head department of the organization of planning and management of prom. pr-ty Mosk. in-that nar. x-va them. G.V. Plekhanov (since 1946). Main direction of scientific. works - problems of management and organization of prom. production. The author of monographs, popular textbooks and uch. manuals on the economics of the industry, methods of teaching economics. Under his editorship. and with direct. participation came out collection of works of the father. and nick. authors: “Analysis of the classification of production in the industry of the socialist countries. Commonwealth "(1988)," Theoretical. management problems prom. production "(1986)," Critical. analysis of bourgeois. theories and practice of management (based on materials of the international conference, Budapest, 1978) ”, (1980), as well as tr. MINHA - “Econ. and organiz. household problems. leadership ". Participant, organizer and hand. a number of int. conf. and meetings of economists on the problems of organization and management. Comp. with Int. Research Institute of Management Problems. A number of books. published abroad. Cit .: Course planning prom. pr-ti consistently socialist. type, M.-L., 1934; Labor productivity growth reserves for industrial pr-tiyah, M., 1956; Household. leadership prom. pr-tym, M., 1961; The economy is socialist. prom-sti, 4th ed., M., 1966; Basics of industrial management production, M., 1971.

kamenj
has abstract: STONE, see Teofipol.

kamenj kashirsk
has abstract: STONE KASHIRSK, see Stone-Kashirsky.

kamenj kashirskiy
has abstract: KAMEN KASHIRSKY, city (since 1939), regional center in the Volyn region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1196. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kamen-Kashirsk, Kovelsky u. Volyn province. In 1919–39 - in the Polesie voivodeship as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - as part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1847 in K.-K. 862 Jews lived, in 1897 - 1189 (98%), in 1921 - 617 (48.8%), in 1937 - approx. 1700 (approx. 60%) First mention. about Jews K.-K. refers to 1569. The community was run by Rabbi Kovel. In the 1890-1910s. rabbi in K.-K. there was a Trisk Hasid Peysakh-Aron Vaisman (1860–?), from 1897 - Moishe Goldschmid (1872–?). The majority of Jews K.-K. were Trisk and Kobrin Hasids. In 1904 in K.-K. began to work illegally. secession of the Zionist Socialist Party. Main occupation of Jews at the beginning. 20th century - crafts and trade. In 1914 Jews K.-K. owned a pharmacy, 2 timber warehouses, a tavern, 17 shops (including 10 grocery, 3 manufacturing). Until 1914 there was a Jewish mutual aid fund; there was a cheder. During the 1st world. war in K.-K. arrived Jewish refugees from the south. districts of Volyn. On Sept. 1915 retreating parts of the Russian. armies destroyed K.-K., forcing the Jews to flee to the surrounding forests. active Zionist activity was carried out, Jewish to-t to help those in need, a club and library were opened, a self-defense squad was created, to-ry in Sept. 1920 prevented 2 attempts at pogroms undertaken by the detachments of S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich. Dec. 1920 the detachments of S.N. Bulak-Balakhovich carried out in K.-K. pogrom, during which more than 120 Jews were killed. Since 1921, Rabbi K.-K. was Moishe-Mordhe Perlin (? –1940). occupations of Jews K.-K. in the 1920s and 30s. - small trade and crafts. There was a Jewish mutual aid fund, Nar branch. cooperative bank. In the end. 1920s the school of the Tarbut network was opened. In 1930 the Talmud-Torah worke…

kamenj na obi
has abstract: STONE ON OBI (until 1933 - Stone), city (since 1915), the center of the Kamensky district in the Altai Territory (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1751. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Stone of the Barnaul environs Tomsk province. In 1939 in K. n / O. there were 23 Jews.

kamenj rybolov
has abstract: KAMEN RYBOLOV, village, center of the Khankaysky district in the Primorsky Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - village, adm. center of env. Primorsky Region In 1939 in K.-R. 84 Jews lived.

kamenjchik
has abstract: KAMENCHIK, a village in the Mazovian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Main in the 15th century. In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1793-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - in Radiminsky district. Warsaw Province. 62 Jews (9.1%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1827, 81 (9.5%) in 1857, 170 (13.9%) in 1897, and 124 Jews (13%) in 1921. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the 16th century. Main occupations in the 19th century. there were crafts, small trade, carriage, s. x-in. In 1825–62 there were restrictions on the new settlement of Jews in K. There was a synagogue. In 1912 a school with teaching in Hebrew was founded in K.. Help to Jews K. in the restoration of economic. life after the 1st world. War was rendered by the Joint. In 1930–33 a mutual aid fund was operating in Kazakhstan. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. 1939 K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. The Jews of Kazakhstan were exterminated in the fall of 1941.

kamenjsk
has abstract: KAMENSK, a village in the Lodz Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). Izv. from the 13th century In the 16-18 centuries. - as part of the Commonwealth. In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - Posad Kamensk (until 1870 - a city) of Petrokovsky u. In 1764 25 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1793 - 74 (2.4%), in 1808 - 88 (17.6%), in 1827 - 268 (35.8%), in 1857 - 563 ( 32.7%), in 1897 - 781 (42.2%), in 1921 - 856 (35.8%), in 1939 - 834 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the beginning. 18th century Main occupations of the Jews of Kazakhstan in the 19th century. were trade and decomp. crafts; among artisans, tailors predominated. In 1830 a Jewish cemetery was founded. In 1828–32 the rabbi of K. was Chaim Stern, in 1832–57 - Moishe-Ikhl-Berish Stashevsky, in 1857–61 - Wolf Shefes, at the end. 19 - early. 20th century - Yisroel Stieglitz, 1920s – 30s. - Issachar-Ierakhmiel Rabinovich. 1920–30s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. During the Holocaust, the Jewish population of Kazakhstan was exterminated in Sept. 1942.

kamenka
has abstract: KAMENKA, see Kamenka-Dneprovskaya.

kamenka aleksandr
has abstract: KAMENKA Alexander (1888, Odessa - 1969, Paris), film producer. Graduated from Petersburg. un-t. From 1910 he worked as an actor, then opened an acting school in St. Petersburg. Since 1918 - in France. In 1920 he founded the "Albatross" film company, edges of the original. released f. Russian directors-emigrants (V. Turzhansky, I. I. Mozzhukhina, A. Volkova and others). All R. 1920s K. released the majority of f. French avant-garde: "The Beautiful Nivernezka", "The Lion of the Mongols", "The Adventures of Robert Maker" by J. Epstein (1924, 1924, 1925), "The Late Mathias Pascal" by M. d'Herbier (1925), "Carmen" by J. Fade (1926 ), "Straw Hat" and "Two Timid" by R. Claire (1927, 1928). Among the later films: "At the Bottom" by J. Renoir (1936) and "The Bukincan Brothers" by L. Daken (1947).

kamenka boris abramovich
has abstract: KAMENKA Boris Abramovich (1855 - |), banker, commerce advisor (1901). Control. Rostov department Azov-Don Bank, since 1894 - director. of his reign, after the transfer of the bank's residence from Taganrog to Petersburg (1903) - managing director, before. reign and one of Ch. its shareholders. Changed the profile of the bank from lending to grain trade to active financing of the industry. Brought the bank to the 4th place in terms of the volume of transactions in the list of growing. commercial banks; main capital by 1914 - 50 million rubles, 70 branches. Ch. The bank's sphere of interest is Kamenneug. and metallurgical. industry, where he was patronized by 11 large companies in the Donetsk and Ural districts. K. - before. of the board of 10 companies financed by the bank (he was a member of the directorate of the Taganrog Metallurgical Society, the United Cement Plant Society, the Rossiya Insurance Society, etc.); stock department Petersburg. stock exchange and elective common Russia. org-tion of entrepreneurs - the Council of Congresses of Representatives of Industry and Trade. He actively participated in the life of the Hebrews. us. empire - was before. Heb. communities in Rostov-on-Don, member. households management of the community in St. Petersburg, was engaged in charitable activities to improve the lives of Jews. Played a prominent role in societies. sphere - through a relative, chl. Board of the Azov-Don Bank A.I. Kaminku, who was a member. The Central Committee of the Cadet Party, supported the activities of the People's Freedom Party and its organ - gas. "Speech". In 1920, he rejected PN Wrangel's offer to take the post of Minister of Finance in the Crimean government. After 1920 he emigrated, participated in the creation. Grew up. bargaining-prom. and the final, the union established in Paris in 1921 grew. entrepreneurs.

kamenka bugskaya
has abstract: KAMENKA BUGSKAYA (in 1471-1944 - Kamenka-Strumilovskaya), a city (since 1939), a regional center in the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1406. In the 16-18 centuries. - the city of the Lvov land of the Russian voivodeship as part of the Commonwealth. In 1674 she received the Magdeburg Law. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - as part of Poland, in 1939–91 - in the Ukrainian SSR. In 1765 in K.-B. 552 Jews lived, in 1880 - 2922 (47.8%), in 1890 - 3142 (48.4%), in 1900 - 3164 (43.3%), in 1910 - 3549 (43.8%), in 1921 - 2685 (41.2%), in 1931 - 3283 Jews. about Jews K.-B. refers to 1465. In 1589 Jews were allowed to freely acquire in K.-B. home and trade. In 1627 it was allowed to build a synagogue. In the 1st floor. 17th century Rabbi K.-B. was Mordhe Raitsis (? –1635). During the Polish-Swedish wars, the Jewish community suffered greatly. In the beginning. 18th century Rabbi K.-B. was Chaim Ratses (1687-1728, Lvov), from 1750 - Avigdor Horvits, from 1754 - Mordkhe-Zeev Urenshtein (1735-1787). In 1837, the Hasidic dynasty was founded by Sholem Rosenfeld (1800-1852), then the dynasty was headed by his son Yehoshua (1830-1898). After the death of Yehoshua, his son Sholom (1853–1930) became the head of the dynasty, in 1930 the dynasty was headed by the son of Sholom Naftoli-Shmuel-Zvi. In 1916 from K.-B. 25 Jews were deported to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil). 20th century rabbi in K.-B. there was Dovid-Moishe Zayf, who died during the Holocaust. In 1924–39 in K.-B. there was a school with teaching in Hebrew. In the 1920s and 30s. operating divisions decomp. Jewish parties and org-tions. After the beginning. 2nd world. war in K.-B. arrived several. hundreds of Jewish refugees from the West. districts of Poland. June 28, 1941 K.-B. occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. On June 29, 1941, 180 Jews were shot. On July 2, 1941, there was a pogrom by local Ukrainians. In July 1941, the Judenrat was established. 10 nov. 1941…

kamenka dneprovskaya
has abstract: KAMENKA DNEPROVSKAYA (in 1786–93 and in 1920–34 - Kamenka, in 1793–1920 - Malaya Znamenka, in 1934–44 - Kamenka-on-Dnepr), a city (since 1957), a regional center in the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1786. In 19 - early. 20th century - in the Verkhnedneprovsky district Yekaterinoslavskaya gubernia. In 1926, 1,420 Jews lived in the Kamenkodneprovsky region, in 1939 in K. lived 81 Jews. Sep 1941 in K.-D. 31 refugee Jews were shot; at the end. Feb 1942 from K.-D. taken to Nikopol and shot there approx. 20 Jews. In 2003 in K.-D. there was a Jewish population.

kamenka na dnepre
has abstract: HEATER ON THE DNEPR, see Kamenka-Dneprovskaya.

kamenka shevchenkovskaya
has abstract: KAMENKA SHEVCHENKOVSKAYA, see Kamenka, Cherkasy region.

kamenka strumilovskaya
has abstract: KAMENKA STRUMILOVSKAYA, see Kamenka-Bugskaya.

kamenka voloska
has abstract: KAMENKA HAIR, now part of the village. Lipnik Zhovkivskyi district, Lviv region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kamenka-Voloska of the Ravsky district of the province of Galicia in the structure of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1909, in K.-V. 85 Jews lived, in 1939 - 80 Jews. occupations of Jews K.-V. at 19 - early. 20th century - mediation and small trade.

kamenki
has abstract: KAMENKI, a village in the Podvolochis district of the Ternopil region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39, it was in the Tarnopol Voivodeship, a part of Poland, in 1939–91, a part of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1921, 103 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In July 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. 17 oct. 1941 a Jewish labor camp was created in Kazakhstan, whose prisoners (about 700 people) were used in road works. There were divisions of the camp in Podvolochisk, Romanov Selo and Skalat. On July 10, 1943, during the liquidation of the camp, 1,020 prisoners (including the Jews deported to Kazakhstan from the camp in Romanov Selo) were shot.

kamenna
has abstract: KAMENNA, see Stone.

kamenna volya
has abstract: KAMENNA WOLA, a village in the Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1844 - the village of Kamenna Volya (other name - Kamenne) Konsky u. Radom province. 329 Jews (11.3%) lived in KV in 1897. In 1914 Shulim Geldblum was the rabbi in KV. in K.V. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.

kamennaya
has abstract: KAMENNAYA, a village in the Storozhinets district of the Chernivtsi region. (Ukraine). Izv. from the 18th century At 19 - early. 20th century - from. Kamienna of the Bukovina province as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1918–40, it was a part of Romania; in 1940–91, it was the MSSR. In 1930, 56 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In July 1941, Romanians occupied Kazakhstan. troops. In 1941 the Jews of Kazakhstan were deported to Transnistria.

kamennaya greblya
has abstract: STONE ROW, a village in the Skvirsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). Main in the 14th century. Since 1793 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1797 - in Skvirsky district. Kiev province. In 1846, 42 Jews (10%) lived in KG.

kamenne
has abstract: KAMENNE, see Kamenna Volya.

kamenno kostovataya
has abstract: STONE KOSTOVATAYA, see Kalinovka of the Dnepropetrovsk Region.

kamennyy brod
has abstract: KAMENNY FORD, an urban-type settlement (since 1938) in the Baranovsky district of the Zhytomyr region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In 1897, 1147 Jews (65%) lived in K.B., in 1939 - 857 (37%), in 1999 - 16 Jews. occupation of the Jewish population of KB in 19 - early. 20th century - handicrafts, crafts, petty trade. In 1914 the Jews of KB owned 22 shops (including 16 grocery stores, 3 iron-metal goods), a pharmacy, and others; the owner of the faience factory was Zusman (founded in 1877); unity. the doctor in KB was a Jew. In the end. 20th century a branch of the Bund operated in KB. During the war the Jews of K.B. suffered from robberies and pogroms. As a result of the pogrom perpetrated on July 10, 1919 by parts of the Directory, approx. 250 Jews. In July 1941, K.B. was occupied by the Germans. troops. In the fall of 1941, approx. 1 thousand Jews (including from neighboring villages). In 2003 there was a Jewish population in KB. Mina Smoler (1898 -?), Amer. writer, wrote in Yiddish, since 1912 - in the USA.

kamensk
has abstract: KAMENSK, see Kamensk.

kamensk shakhtinskiy
has abstract: KAMENSK SHAKHTINSKY (until 1927 - Kamenskaya), a city (since 1927), the center of the Kamensky district in the Rostov region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1686 as a Cossack settlement, since 1817 - the village of Donetsk env. Lands of the Don Cossacks, since 1870 - Regions of the Don Cossacks. In 1920 in K.-Sh. 22 Jews lived, in 1926 - 47 (0.3%), in 1939 - 197 Jews. In the summer of 1941 the majority of the Jewish population of K.-Sh. evacuated to the east. districts of the USSR. July 18, 1942 K.-Sh. was occupied by parts of the Wehrmacht. Those who remained in K.-Sh. Jews were shot in Sept. 1942.

kamensk uraljskiy
has abstract: KAMENSK URALSKY (until 1940 - Kamensk, Kamensk Plant), a city (since 1935), a regional center in the Sverdlovsk Region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1682. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kamyshlovsky u. Perm province. In 1939 in K.-U. 143 Jews lived, in 1959 - 1111 (0.8%), in 1970 - 742 Jews (0.4%). During the period of the 2nd world. war, the size of the Jewish population K.-U. increased due to evacuees. In 1953 in K.-U. a group of Jews was arrested [L.M. Kantor (1897–?), M.Ya. Hight (1897–?), SP Chernukhin (1907–?)], Accused of being nationalistic. activity in the 1990s. in K.-U. Jewish nat. cultural autonomy (previously - Z.S. Gavrilova), in 2000 - Jewish religion. community (formerly Vladimir Meerovich Chukhman, b. 1956). In 2002 in K.-U. lived approx. 500 Jews.

kamenskaya
has abstract: KAMENSKAYA, see Kamensk-Shakhtinsky.

kamenskiy abram zakharovich
has abstract: KAMENSKY Abram Zakharovich (1885-1938), part. and state. activist. Member Communist. party since 1917. Member of the roar. traffic in Donbass. In 1917 - member. Lugansk to-that and Donetsk-Kryvyi Rih regional committee of the RSDLP (b). In February-March 1918 - People's Commissar of the State. control of the Donetsk-Kryvyi Rih Republic. Participant citizen war. Since 1918, member. collegiums of the People's Commissariat, in 1920 21 deputy. People's Commissar for Nationalities of the RSFSR. In 1921-22 sec. Donetsk Provincial Party Committee. At 1.922-23 p. Collegiums of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the RSFSR. In 1927–33 he was director. Industrial academies. In 1933–36, members. Collegiums of the USSR People's Commissariat of Light Industry. From 1936 he worked in the People's Commissariat of Finance of the RSFSR. In 1925–26 he joined the Trotskyist opposition. In 1937 he was arrested and shot.

kamenskiy aleksandr abramovich
has abstract: KAMENSKY Alexander Abramovich (1922, Moscow - 1992, ibid.), Artist. critic and historian of art. Dr. lawsuit. Studied in 1940–45 under BR Wipper and GA Nedoshivin at the Artistic Department of Phil. f-that first in Moscow. in-those philosophy, literature, history, since 1941 in Moscow. un-those. Since 1946 he appeared in the press as a thin artist. critic, at the same time. studied at the graduate school of the Museum of Fig. lawsuit in them. A.S. Pushkin (Moscow). In 1949-52 the head. Department of Art History in Hood. in-those in Vilnius. Returning to Moscow, he became an active figure in art. life of the country. Accused in 1949 of “cosmopolitanism”, he was persecuted in 1962 as a defender and ideologist of young artists of the “severe style” (the name was invented by K.). The attacks continued until the critic's death, but K. enjoyed constant prestige among artists, was on friendly terms with many. major masters, wrote about them, helped young artists, promoted their work, was elected a member. Board, Secretary of Moscow. union of artists; was the head of Moscow. org-tion of critics and art historians. Ch. meaning is critical. and historiography, K.'s activities - restoration of the prestige of genuine art. values ​​and the destruction of the inflated reputation created by the officers. owls. criticism, analysis of the ways of becoming the most important thin. individuals and directions. The civic pathos of K.'s speeches (including in print, on radio and TV), the bright talent of a polemicist, lively, figurative speech made him the greatest artist. critic of Russia 2nd floor. 20th century (collection of articles "Vernissages", 1974). In ist. tr. K. reflected his brilliant criticism. talent: "Konenkov" (1962), "Sketches about the Artists of Armenia" (Yerevan, 1979), "Martiros Saryan" (1987), "Marc Chagall. Rus. and owls. period "(1988–89)," Romantic. montage ”(1989),“ Anna Golubkina ”(1990),“ World of Art ”(jointly with VN Petrov, 1991). Honored. art worker of Ru…

kamenskiy mikhail davidovich
has abstract: KAMENSKY Mikhail Davidovich (1885, Petersburg - 1970, ibid.), Specialist in the region. electrical engineering. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1943), prof. from 1932. Graduated in 1909 from St. Petersburg. polytechnic in-t. Until 1917 he worked on the design and construction of power plants and electric. networks. In 1918-22 - deputy. head department of electrical engineering. prom-sti VSNKh, participant in the development of the plan State. electrification of Russia (GOELRO). In 1922–32 - deputy. tech. dir. and early. builds. management of Lenenergo. At the same time. from 1918 he taught at Leningrad. polytechnic in-those (in 1930-65 - head of the department of electrical systems and networks) and in Leningrad. engineering and econom. in-those (in 1933–48 - head of the department of electrification). works related to the design and construction of power plants and electric. networks, with problems of choosing a system of current and voltage for mountains. central stations. Supervised the development of electric. parts of projects; in Gidroelektrostroy, Volgostroy, etc. He proposed methods for calculating high-voltage electric. networks with min. losses, proposed a method for determining losses in complex networks of electrical systems. Author of textbooks and uch. benefits. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1946). Vol .: Electric networks: Theory, calculation and design principles, L.-M., 1934.

kamenskiy zakhar abramovich
has abstract: KAMENSKY Zakhar Abramovich (1915, Lugansk - 1999), social scientist, Doctor of Philosophy. Sciences (1966). Graduated from Philosophy. Faculty of MIFLI (1938), sotr. IF AN SSSR (1941–49). During the period of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism" he was dismissed, taught logic at school (1951–57), ed., Then head. ed. philosophy of the publishing house “Sov. encyclopedia "(1957-68), art. scientific. sotr. Institute of Philosophy RAS (since 1968). Works in two directions: history of Russian. philosophy and propaedeutics of the history of philosophy. Cit .: Philosoorskie ideas of Russian education, M., 1971; Moscow circle of wisdom, M., 1980; N.I. Nadezhdin, M., 1984; T.N. Granovsky, M., 1988; History of Philosophy as a Science, M., 1992.

kamenskiy zavod
has abstract: KAMENSKY PLANT, see Kamensk-Uralsky.

kamenskoe
has abstract: KAMENSKOYE, see Dneprodzerzhinsk.

kameyka leon
has abstract: KAMEIKA Leon (1864, Volkovyshki, Suwalk Province - 1928, Watkins Glen, USA), newspaper publisher. Since 1885 - in the USA. Studied in Heb. Theological Seminary (New York). From 1889 he published the first daily in the United States. gas. in Yiddish "Yiddish Gazette", founded in 1886 by K.H.Sarason; became his partner, and after the death of Sarason (1905) - the owner of the gas. At the same time. was vice president. the corporation that published Yiddish Morgntsaitung in New York (merged with Yiddish Togblat in 1928). In 1914 he organized a committee to support the Jews. refugees from Vost. Europe. K. was one of the founders and long-term vice-president. About-va of shelters and support for immigrants. Published gas in Chicago. "Yiddish Courier".

kaminer isaak abramovich
has abstract: KAMINER Isaak Abramovich (1834, Levkov of Zhitomir u. Volyn province - 1901, Bern, Switzerland), doctor, poet and writer. Received a tradition. Heb. education, taught in Zhitomir Heb. uch-shche. All R. 1860s., Having already 6 children, entered the honey. Faculty of Kiev un-that, at the end of which (1870) was engaged in private practice in Kiev, in the 1880s. served as a zemstvo doctor in the Chernigov province. From his youth he wrote poetry and prose in Hebrew. In 1878 sotr. in f. "Ha-Emes" by A.Sh. Lieberman (Vienna). In the 1860s and 70s. K. is a supporter of the assimilation of Jews. In the beginning. 1880s member lips. Heb. commission in Chernigov, impressed by the Heb. pogroms came to the conclusion about the necessity and inevitability of the departure of Jews from Russia, in the 1890s. supported the Zionist movement. At the end of his life he bequeathed all the income from the publication of his works. in favor of the Odessa Society of Aid to the Jewish Farmers of Syria and Palestine. K.'s daughters - Augusta Tishchenko, Anna Kalman-son, Nadezhda (Esther) Axelrod and Sophia K. are active participants of the Kiev populists. circles 1st floor. 1870s Thanks to them, K.'s house became one of the centers of populists. movement in southern Russia (at K, in particular, meetings of the circle of P.B. Akselrod were held). K. himself on suspicion of "harboring propagandists" in the 1870s. subject to police supervision.

kaminer sergey mikhaylovich
has abstract: KAMINER Sergey Mikhailovich (1908, Nizhny Novgorod - 1938, Moscow), chess. composer; one of the founders of owls. sketch composition. Ed. department of studies and gas. 64 (1932-38). Graduated from chem. faculty MVTU im. N.E. Bauman (1931); process engineer. From 1924 he published St. 65 sketches, 15 of them awarded with prizes. The author of a number of Art. about the development of etude composition. Repressed.

kaminjskaya ester-rakhelj
has abstract: KAMINSKAYA Esther-Rachel (1868, Porozovo, Grodno Province - 1925, Warsaw), actress, director. “Mother of Hebrews. t-ra ". Rod. in the cantor's family. She made her debut in 1892 at the Eldorado theater in Warsaw. The popularity of K. was brought by roles in the plays of D. Pinsky "Hasya the Orphan" and J. Gordin "Mirele Efros". In 1907 created. "Warsaw lit. gr. ", where she put the production. gentile classics and played ch. roles ("At the Bottom" by M. Gorky, Lady with Camellias "by A. Dumas," Nora "by G. Ibsen). She toured with her t-rum in St. Petersburg, Kiev, Odessa, in 1914 in Paris and the USA. She starred in films: "Mirele Efros" (1912) and "Vow" (1924).

kaminjskaya ida
has abstract: KAMINSKAYA Ida (1899, Odessa - 1980, Germany), actress, director. Daughter of A. Kaminsky and E.-R. Kaminska. She made her debut on stage at the age of five (the role of Senka in the play "Mother" by D. Pinsky). In 1909–10 she toured with her parents in St. Petersburg and the USA. In 1917 she graduated from the drama. school in Warsaw. Together with her husband, dir. Z. Turkov, founded t-r "Vict", where she worked as an actress and dir. She made her film debut in 1912 with a cameo in f. Mirele Efros. She rarely starred in pre-war films: “God's Judgment”, “The Two-Married” (both - 1913), “Marriage at the Crossroads” (1916), “Vow” (1924), “Homeless” (1939). During the 1941–45 war in Frunze, she organized a Heb. theater. troupe, with a cut returned to Poland. In 1949 Heb. chamber t-r becomes State. Heb. t-rum, permanent thin. hands. to-rogo K. remained until 1968, when she was forced to emigrate from Poland. She lived in the USA, then in Germany, but was active in theater. no longer engaged in activities. Author of two plays. Per. about 60 pieces in Yiddish. authors. Staged 65 performances as a director, played 124 roles. For his role in f. "Shop on the Square" by Czechoslovak dir. Y. Kadar and E. Klos was awarded the Oscar Amer. Film Academy (1967).

kaminjskiy avraam
has abstract: KAMINSKY Abraham (Itskhok) (1867, Volya of Warsaw Province - 1918, Warsaw), actor, entrepreneur, translator. In 1887 he gathered an amateur troupe, with which he traveled around the Hebrew. small towns of Poland playing performances in Yiddish. From 1893 he played with this troupe in Warsaw, in the premises of the Russian-Polish theater Olginskaya. In 1906 he created his own t-r, for which he wrote several. small pieces. Per. in Yiddish "At the Bottom" by M. Gorky, "The Robbers" by F. Schiller, "The Imaginary Patient" by J.-B. Moliere. In 1908 he united the best Hebrews. actors of Warsaw in the "Literary corpse" ("Literary troupe"), edges led by his wife E.-R. Kaminskaya until 1910 toured in many. cities of Russia (including Kiev, Moscow, St. Petersburg). In 1913 he opened a new theater in Warsaw, the troupe of which in 1917 toured Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, and in 1918 - Poland.

kaminka agaron
has abstract: KAMINKA Aharon (1866, Berdichev, Kiev province - 1950, Israel), rabbi, translator, poet, researcher of TANAKH. Active leader of the Zionist movement. Studied in high fur boots in Berlin and Vienna. 1893-97 - Rabbi of Prague. 1901–24 - lecturer, rabbi in Vienna. school. 1926–38 - lecturer. Talmud and Heb. philosophy at the University of Vienna. Since 1938 - in E.-I. One of the leading classical translators. lit-ry. The author of the research. according to the translations of the TANAKH and the history of Israel of the period of the 2nd Temple. Author of poems and plays.

kaminka emmanuil isaakovich
has abstract: KAMINKA Emmanuil Isaakovich (1902, Kharkov - 1972, Moscow), artist, master of arts. the words. In the 1910s. he studied at the theater as a schoolboy. circles, participated in mass scenes in prof. t-re; played Bobchinsky in "The Inspector General" by NV Gogol, the emperor in "Princess Turandot" by K. Gozzi in the Kharkov drama. t-re. In 1920 at the Modern Theater (Kharkov) he played in E. Rostan's play Romantics. In 1923 he took part in the play "Jokers" by AN Ostrovsky together with the actor VN Davydov. Having visited his concert, I felt interest in thin. By the way, in the same year I first read from the stage the story of A.P. Chekhov "The Siren". In 1924 he moved to Moscow, worked at the Zamoskvoretskiy T-re, in 1925 - in the Satire T-re, from 1926 in the T-re b. Korsha, where he played the roles of Kinkelling ("The Lost Daughter" of Fulda), Fon-Tsimpo ("Well-Sewn Tailcoat", Dregelli, Ibrahim), Gershuni ("Azef" by A.N. Tolstoy and P.E. Shchegolev), Savorn (" Madame San-Zhen ”by V. Sardou and E. Moro), Isaac (“ The Heirs of Rabourdin ”by E. Zola). In 1930, K.'s first solo concert took place in the Small Horse Hall. He read "The Tale of how Ivan Ivanovich and Ivan Nikiforovich quarreled" by Gogol), soon left the theater and devoted himself to concert activities. K.'s repertoire includes works by A.S. Pushkin, Gogol, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, I.A.Bunin, A.I. Kuprin, I.E.Babel, M.E. Koltsov, M. Twain, G Maupassant, S. Zweig, J. London, A.N. Tolstoy, K.G. Paustovsky. Sholem Aleichem occupied a special place in K.'s repertoire, his story "If I were a Rothschild" is one of the brightest pages in the poet's work. For 40 years of work, K. prepared 15 solo programs, read 120 individual works in concerts. laureate of the 1st All-Union Union competition of art masters. reading. Honored. artist of the RSFSR (1947).

kaminskaya berta
has abstract: KAMINSKAYA Berta (Beti) Abramovna (1853, Melitopol, Tavricheskaya Gubernia - 1878, ibid.), Participant of the roar. movements of the 1870s. The daughter of a wealthy merchant. Received a home education. In 1871 she left for Switzerland, studied honey. f-those in Zurich and Berne high fur boots. Member populist. circle "Fritsch", participated in the publication of the roar. g. "Forward". In the fall of 1874 she returned to Russia, entered a weaving factory in Moscow with a fake passport in the name of the soldier M. Krasnova, led a roar. propaganda among the workers, to-rye, amazed at her literacy and knowledge, took K. for a schismatic. On Feb. 1875 participated in the development of the charter of the "All-Russian. socially roar. org-tion "(group" Muscovites "). In the spring of 1875 she was arrested, and a psychotic fell ill in prison. upset, bailed to her father. 11.11.1876 the case of K. was closed by the highest order. Having recovered from her illness, K. again tried to enter the faculty. Learning from the accused. the act that she was not brought to trial, deprived of the opportunity to be with her comrades, committed suicide.

kaminskaya dina isaakovna
has abstract: KAMINSKAYA Dina Isaakovna (1920, Yekaterinoslav - 2006, USA), lawyer. In 1943 she graduated from Moscow. jurid. Institute, since 1944 member. Moscow the bar association. Defender in the trials of pl. Izv. dissidents: V.K.Bukovsky (Aug 1967), Yu.T. Galanskova (Jan 1968), A.T. Marchenko (Aug 1968), P.M. Litvinova (Sept 1968), I.Ya. Gabaya (Jan 1970). One of several. owls. lawyers (along with B.A. Zolotukhin and S.V. Kalistratova), who revived the traditions of growing. pre-rev. advocacy in polit. process: demanding an acquittal on polit. charges, refusal to add. royalties, comprehensive (and not just legal) assistance to clients. K.'s speeches on polit. processes were distributed in samizdat, included in the document. collection of books compiled by dissidents. In the beginning. 1970s K. was deprived of "admission to the secretary. office work ", which did not allow her to take part in a number of political processes. But even after that K. continued to provide legal. assistance to people persecuted by polit. motives. In nov. 1976 a search was conducted in K.'s apartment, in the course of which, in particular, a handwritten sots-iologich was seized. her husband's work, izv. lawyer K.M. Simis on corruption in the USSR. The work was considered anti-Soviet. K. and her husband were interrogated by the KGB and were soon forced to leave the country under the threat of arrest. Since 1977 in the USA, they work at the radio station. “Freedom” and “Voice of America”. K. - the author of the book: "Notes of a lawyer" (Vermont, 1984).

kaminskiy abram markovich
has abstract: KAMINSKY Abram Markovich (b. 1927, Moscow), architect, urban planner, planner. In 1953 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Main work: a monument to Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya (1957, sculptors S. Fedorov, O. Ikonnikov), planning and development of the state farm "Povadinsky" in Mos. region (1970s), planning and development project for the settlement. Sharapovo, Chekhov district (1984), hippodrome in Ramenskoye Mos. region (1985). Laureate of Len Ave. Komsomol (1980).

kaminskiy egusha
has abstract: KAMINSKY Yegusha (1884, Malin Dubensky u. Volyn province - 1958, New York), prose writer, teacher. Since 1906 in the USA. Participated in the org-tion of the first. Heb. secular schools, was one of the founders of the publishing house "Matones" and "Kinder-journal". He wrote a lot for children. Among the works of K. - "Mine alefbase" ("My alphabet"), ser. children fairy tales, the textbook "I study Yiddish", etc.

kaminskiy grigoriy naumovich
has abstract: KAMINSKY Grigory Naumovich (1895, Ekaterinoslav - 1938, Moscow), part. and state. activist, member Communist. party since 1913. From the family of a blacksmith. In 1915-17 he studied honey. f-those Mosk. un-that. In 1917 sec. Tula Provincial Committee, then Moscow. region Bureau of the RSDLP (b), delegate to the 6th party congress. In oct. 1917 pre. Military Revolutionary Committee at the Tula City Committee of the RSDLP (b). In 1918–20 before. Tula Provincial Committee of the RCP (b) and lips. executive committee, adjusted the production of weapons for Kr. Armies at the Tula plants. Simultaneously, from Aug. 1919 members Military. Council of the Tula fortified, district, member. RVS of the 2nd (Western) Army. Since the fall of 1920, sec. Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Azerbaijan and before. Baku Council. In 1922-29 before. Collective farm center. In 1929 the head. department of agitation of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b). In 1930–31 sec. Moscow to-that CPSU (b), in 1932-34 before. Moscow Oblast Executive Committee. In 1934–37, People's Commissar of Health of the RSFSR, in 1936–37, People's Commissar of Health of the USSR. Delegate of the 8-10th congresses of the RCP (b). Since 1925 Cand. in part. Central Committee of the CPSU (b), member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee and Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Arrested, sentenced to higher. punished and shot.

kaminskiy iljya yakovlevich
has abstract: KAMINSKY Ilya Yakovlevich (1900, Ekaterinoslav - 1969, Tashkent), specialist in the region. water economy and hydropower. Dr. Tech. sciences. prof. since 1945. In 1927 he graduated from the Moscow State Technical University. N.E.Bauman. He worked in Tashkent engineer., Head. design bureau, ch. Ing. and the manager of the Central Asian department. Hydroelectric project in 1927–39; deputy. ch. engineer, deputy. early Chirchikstroy in 1940–42; ch. Ing. Aktepa and Farkhad hydroelectric power plants (1942–45). Since 1946, Dir. energetic Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, since 1952 headed Sredazgiprovodkhlopok. In 1956-59, Ch. Ing. Glavgolodstepstroy. In 1962-64 the beginning. management and member. collegiums of the State. cotton wool of the USSR. At the same time. from 1930 he taught at the Tashkent Polytechnic. in-those (head of the department "Hydraulics and hydraulic machines"). works are connected with the organization of the water economy, the construction of hydropower. and irrigation. structures with integrated use of natural resources. One of the first to begin the study of natural resources Wed. Asia. Author of reviews of the state of energy in this region, contributed to the preparation and publishing. multivolume work "Water-power scheme Cf. Asia ", in the work" General plan of electrification of the republics of the Middle. Asia ”was first offered by tech. solution of large water supply companies. facilities (Nurek HPP, Uch-Kurgan HPP). Honored. worker of science and technology of the Uzbek SSR (1952).

kaminskiy lev semenovich
has abstract: KAMINSKY Lev Semenovich (1889, Kiev - 1962, Leningrad), demographer. Dr. med. Sci., specialist in the field of honey. statistics and demography. Regiment. Member of the population census in 1918, 1920, 1923, 1926 and 1959. Prof. Department of Economics Statistics. Faculty of Leningrad State University, headed the department. dignity and honey. statistics of the Ministry of Health of the USSR. Head Department of Statistics of the VMA them. S.M. Kirov. Headed the Commission of experts a dignity. statisticians of the Ministry of Health in connection with the UN WHO. Author of over 120 tr.

kaminskiy semen davidovich
has abstract: KAMINSKY Semyon Davidovich (1861, Borzna, Chernigov province - 1939), ophthalmologist. In 1889 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Kiev University. He worked in the Kiev clinic of eye diseases, was a practicing doctor in Minsk. In 1903 on own. funds opened a paid eye clinic. Put forward proposals for the organization of the fight against trachoma and the development of honey. assistance to the population; supported the idea of ​​creating a medical statistician. the Bureau. I paid attention to the hygienic. education of the population; organizer of (1900) public readings. The secretary of the Minsk Doctors Society, headed its commissions, participated in the work of the Pirogov congresses. For participation in the roar. Movement 1905 was arrested and exiled for 2 years. Since 1920, after the creation of the BSSR - People's Commissar of Health of the Republic. In 1923–32 - prof., Head. Department of Eye Diseases, Minsk University. In 1934 he left scientific-ped. work, continued to head the commission of the People's Commissariat of Health of the BSSR on trachoma, since 1935 he served as a rep. ophthalmologist. Cit .: Dynamic disturbances in the activity of the cerebral cortex, M., 1948.

kaminskiy yosef
has abstract: KAMINSKY Yosef (1903, Odessa - 1972, Tel Aviv), composer, conductor, violinist. Son of E.-R. Kaminskaya. Studied at the Higher. muses. school in Berlin and in the New Cons. in Vienna. He made his debut in 1920 as a soloist with the Warsaw Philharmonic. orc. He played Heb. t-re in Warsaw. First violin of the Warsaw Radio Orchestra. Since 1937 in E.-I. Hands. Israeli Philharmonic. orc.; member String Quartet K.

kaminy
has abstract: FIREPLACES, now part of Vilnius (Republic of Lithuania). In the 19th century. - from. Fireplaces (other names - Comina) of Vilensky district and provinces. In 1903 K. were opened for the free settlement of Jews in exemption from the "Provisional Regulations" 1882. In the beginning. 20th century in K. there was a Jewish community.

kamionka
has abstract: KAMIONKA, see Kamenka, Grodno region.

kamionskiy oskar isaevich
has abstract: KAMIONSKY Oskar Isaevich (Isaakovich) (1869, Kiev - 1917, Yalta), singer (baritone). In 1888–91 he studied at St. Petersburg. cons, K.F. Everardi, S.I. Gabel and O.O. Palechek. On the advice of A.G. Rubinstein, he perfected himself in Italy with E. Rossi. In 1892 he made his debut at the Bellini Theater in Naples, then sang at the Florence Opera Theater (part of Tonio, "Pagliacci" by RLeoncovallo) and at the Royal Theater in Athens. In 1893 he returned to Russia. He performed on opera stages in Kharkov (1893–94, 1898–99), Kiev (1894–95, 1902–04), Rostov-on-Don (1895–96), Tiflis (1896–1901), and others. ... traveling troupes. In 1904–05 he sang at the Novaya Opera in St. Petersburg (Tsereteli's entreprise), in 1905–08 - at the opera by S. Zimin in Moscow. In 1909 he made a tour of the cities of Siberia and Japan. He left the stage in 1915. K. had a relatively small but beautiful timbre voice with a wonderful upper register. Thanks ital. and Russian. wok. In schools he mastered the bel canto style, performed both lyric and drama parts. character. He was called the "Russian Battistini". In a huge repertoire (about 40 parts) the best are Don-Juan ("Don-Juan" by W.A. Mozart), Onegin ("Eugene Onegin" by P.I. Tchaikovsky), Rigoletto ("Rigoletto" by Verdi), Renato (" Masquerade Ball "by G. Verdi), Gryaznoy (" The Tsar's Bride ", N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov), Count de Nevers (" Huguenots "by J. Meyerbeer), Wolfram (" Tannhäuser "by R. Wagner) and others. party - Figaro (The Barber of Seville by G. Rossini); according to his contemporaries, K. had no equal in Russian. scene.

kamkov
has abstract: KAMKOV (real family. Katz) Boris Davidovich (1885, Soroksky district of Bessarabian province - 1938, Moscow), politician, activist. Son of a zemstvo doctor. From the beginning. 1900s member Socialist-Revolutionary Party. In 1904 he was arrested, in 1905 he was exiled to the Turukhansk region, in 1907 he fled abroad, collaborated in the émigré press. In 1911 he graduated from law. Faculty of Heidelberg University. In the years of the 1st world. war "internationalist", participant of the Zimmerwald conference. After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Russia. From Apr. member Petrogr. to-that party of the Socialist-Revolutionaries, at the beginning. May opposed the entry of the socialists in Time. pr-in. One of the founders of the Party of the Left Social Revolutionaries (PLSR). From the beginning. nov. headed (together with G.E. Zinoviev) Mezhdunar. department of the Central Executive Committee. Participated in negotiations with the Bolsheviks on the entry of the Left SRs into the SNK. In the beginning. jan. 1918 participated in the dispersal of the Founding. meetings. In apr. at the 2nd Congress of the PLCR made a report on the break of the bloc with the Bolsheviks; elected before. Presidium of the Central Committee of the PLSR. Since May, he took part in the organization of combat squads and partisans. detachments for the fight against the Germans, occupiers, in the preparation of terrorists. acts against the leaders of the Germans. army, prepared the decisions of the Central Committee, condemning the punitive policy of the Bolsheviks, the decrees on food they adopted. dictatorship and to-takh of the poor. At the 3rd Congress of the PLSR (late June - early July 1918) he called for the “revolt. the uprising of the peasantry and workers to restore the trampled gains of the revolution "; again headed the Central Committee of the PLCR. At the 5th All-Russia. the Congress of Soviets on behalf of his faction introduced a resolution of no confidence in the SNK. After the …

kamorunay
has abstract: KAMORUNAI, a village in Alytus district (Republic of Lithuania). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Komoruntse Seinsky u. Suwalki province. 20th century K. had a Jewish population.

kamrash voljf
has abstract: KAMRASH Wolf (1822, Berdichev, Kiev province - |), teacher, playwright. Graduated from the Zhytomyr rabbinical school. From 1856 he worked as a teacher in Hebrew. schools in Belaya Tserkov, then in Letichev. K. entered the history of Hebrews. culture by the fact that on November 5, 1854, together with other listeners of the rabbinical school, he staged the play "Kagal in a shtetl" in Yiddish in Berdichevsky t-re (other names also appear. "Widow", "House of the Kagal"). The play has not survived, but according to rec. she portrayed life in the town and was directed against the leadership of the kahal. The play was banned by the censorship. Its production was the first. an attempt at organizing Heb. t-ra in Russia.

kamyanka
has abstract: KAMYANKA, see Kamenka in the city of Miropol.

kamyk
has abstract: KAMYK, a village in the Silesian Voivodeship (Republic of Poland). In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, since 1867 - the village of Czestochowa u. Petrokovskaya gubernia. In 1897, 368 Jews (41%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939 - 230 Jews. In 1866, an independent country was created in Kazakhstan. community, a synagogue was built in 1882. Rabbi K. in the 1880s –1920s. was Eliezer-Aba Zelinger. In 1908, 19 Jews of Kazakhstan were engaged in carriage. In 1915, Jews were expelled from Kazakhstan in the 1920s and 1930s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and organizations. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.

kamyshevakha
has abstract: KAMYSHEVAKH, an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Orekhovsky district of the Zaporozhye region. (Ukraine). Main in 1770. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Aleksandrovsky u. Yekaterinoslav Gubernia. 8 Jews lived in Kazakhstan in 1859, 28 in 1899, 13% of the population in 1913, and 4 Jews in 1939. 20th century a limestone deposit was developed in Kazakhstan; the quarry was owned by Rutenberg; Jews also owned an oil mill, a mill, 8 shops. In 1913 a synagogue operated in Kazakhstan. The Jew belonged to unity. pharmacy.

kamyshevskiy
has abstract: KAMYSHEVSKY, see Kamyshlov.

kamyshi
has abstract: KAMYSHI, a village in the Akhtyrsky district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Zenkovsky u. Poltava province. In 1910, two Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan.

kamyshin
has abstract: Kamyshin (until 1780 - Dmitrievsk), a city, a regional center in the Volgograd region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1668. From 1780 it was a district town of the Saratov governorship, from 1797 - a province. In 1939, 72 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.

kamyshino
has abstract: KAMYSHINO, see Kameshnya.

kamyshlov
has abstract: KAMYSHLOV, city, regional center in the Sverdlovsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1668 as a prison Kamyshevsky, from 1687 - Kamyshlovskaya Sloboda. From 1781 it was a district town of the Perm governorship, then - a province. In 1910 72 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939 - 73 Jews. In 1910 there was a synagogue and a Jewish cemetery in Kazakhstan. In 2002 several Jews lived in Kazakhstan. V.O. Portugalov lived and worked in K.

kamyshlovskaya sloboda
has abstract: Kamyshlovskaya Sloboda, see Kamyshlov.

kamyshnya
has abstract: KAMYSHNYA (until 1935 - Kamyshino), an urban-type settlement (since 1957) in the Mirgorod district of the Poltava region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Mirgorodsky u. Poltava province. In 1910, 36 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan, in 1926 in the Kamyshnyansky district - 15 Jews, in 1939 in the district - 56 Jews, in Kazakhstan - 5 Jews. In 1903, Kazakhstan was opened for free settlement of Jews. exemption from the "Provisional Rules" 1882.17 Sept. 1941 K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1942, three Jews were killed in Kazakhstan.

kan dmitriy vaviljevich
has abstract: KAN Dmitry Vavilievich (1925, Litin, Podolsk province. - 1989, Moscow), urologist. In 1951 he graduated from Vinnytsia honey. in-t. In 1951 - 54 - resident surgeon. dep. hospitals (station Yasinovataya). In 1954–57 - an intern at the Department of Urology, Leningrad State University. Institute of advanced training for doctors, then Center. institute for advanced training of doctors (TSIUV). In 1957–68 - head. urological. dep. hospitals them. S.P. Botkin. 1968–71 - Assoc. Professor, Head. organized by him the first in the USSR course of urogynecology TsIUV. In 1969 he defended his doctorate. dis. "Reconstructive operations on the ureter in repeated interventions." In 1971 - head. course, since 1972 - prof., head. Department of Urology Mosk. honey. dentist in-that. Member prez. Vses. and Vseros. about-in urologists, deputy. prev. Vseros. about-va of urologists. K. worked out the problems of reconstructive plastic. operations in urology. Honored. Scientist of the RSFSR (1985). Son K. - Yakov (b. 1951), Dr. med. Sciences, prof. Department of Urology Mosk. honey. dentist in-ta. Cit .: Intestinal plastic of the ureter, M., 1968; Damage to the ureters in obstetric and gynecological practice, M., 1973; Guide to obstetric and gynecological urology, M., 1976.

kan iljya abramovich
has abstract: KAN Ilya Abramovich (1909, Samara - 1978, Moscow), chess player; int. master (1950) and international. Arbitrator (1956). Shahm. writer and theorist, ed. chess. gas departments. "Red Star" "Soviet Warrior". A lawyer by profession. In the 1936 Moscow championship - 1–2 places. Member of ten championships of the USSR (1929-1955, the best result in 1929 - 3rd place) and three international. moscow tournaments (1935, 1936, 1937; best result - 1937 - 2nd place) Vol .: Defense in chess. parties, M., 1957; The laws of chess. battles, M., 1971; From opening to middlegame, M., 1978.

kan luis izidor
has abstract: CAN Luis Isidor (1901, O. Ezel, Livland Province - 1974, New York), architect, urban planner, architectural theorist. In 1915 he received US citizenship. In 1920 he graduated from the College of Art and Architecture of Pennsylvania State University, in 1925 architect. Department of the School of Laws at the same un-that. Prof. Yale (1947–57) and Pennsylvania high fur boots (1957–74), member. Amer. Academy of Literature and Arts (since 1973). Until 1947 he worked in decomp. architect. bureau, then yourself. K.'s work influenced the formation of the features of the new monumentality in Amer. architecture of the 1960s. According to K.'s projects, honey was built. laboratories at Pennsylvania State University (1957–61), Institute of Biol. research in San Diego (1959–66), the Olivetti factory in Harrisburg, pcs. California (1960s), adm. and uch. buildings in Dhaka (Bangladesh), the construction of a cut was carried out according to the general plan of K. since 1962, the Institute of Management in Ahmedabad (1963), and many others. Dr. K. also owns projects of structures associated with the Hebrew. religion and culture - Center buildings, Heb. communities in Trenton, pcs. New Jersey (1954-59), synagogues in the Chapak-kuo region, New York (1966-72), as well as non-existent. projects of the synagogue of the Mikve Israel community in Philadelphia (1961–70), reconstruction of the Hurva synagogue in the Old City of Jerusalem (1968), and the Six Million Memorial in New York (1967–69).

kan maks
has abstract: KAN Max (1887 - 1926, New York), physician. He arrived in the United States in 1897. In 1910 he graduated from Cornell University. He continued his studies at Columbia University (Master, 1911; Dr., 1912). Soon he was appointed professor of biology at the College of Medicine and Surgery of Columbia University, in 1919 he became a junior. prof. biol. f-that of this in-that. In 1912 he organized a physiological department. Chemistry at Base Israel Hospital (New York). scientific. K.'s interests focused on questions of biological. chemistry, int. diseases and diabetes. He proposed synthetic for the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus. fat is intarvin.

kan mariya iosifovna
has abstract: KAN Maria Iosifovna (b. 1926, Moscow), translator. (Father - Iosif Lvovich Kan, prof., Doctor of Biological Sciences, founder and head of the Department of Animal Physiology at Lomonosov Moscow State University). In 1949 she graduated from the 1st Moscow State Pedagogical Institute foreign. lang. Lit. has been working since 1958. The author of the lane. English-speaking writers (D. Austen, R. L. Stevenson, G. Wells, F. Weldon, D. H. Lawrence, R. Kipling, E. Wilson, A. Conan-Doyle, J. Golsworthy, F. Scott Fitzgerald, U. Faulkner and others). Continuing the tradition of I. Kashkin's seminar of the 30s, for many years together. with ED Kalashnikova and MF Lorie supervised the second translator. team. Pres. created on her initiative of the Society of Anglo-Rus. and Russian-English. translators. Organizer and participant of the international meetings of translators.

kan sergey borisovich
has abstract: KAN Sergey Borisovich (1896, Petersburg - 1960, Moscow), historian. Dr. East Sciences (1940), prof. (1940). Rod. in the family of a bank employee (his mother is the sister of the poet and literary critic V.F. Khodasevich). Graduated from East. department of f-that societies. Sciences of Moscow State University. In 1924–32 he taught new history to Zap. Europe at the Workers' Faculty Communist. un-ta them. Ya.M. Sverdlov, in 1934–37 and 1946–47 - to the East. Faculty of Moscow State University, in 1941–42 at Ped. in-those them, K. Liebknecht, in 1938–41 and 1943–46 at the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute. V. And Lenin, in 1946–49 at the Higher Dipl. school. In 1944-52 - Art. scientific. sotr. Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1955–59 in Moscow. mountains. ped. in-those them. V.P. Potemkina. Author of St. 80 works on the history of the labor movement in Germany 1st half. 19th century, int. relations of this period, the history of socialist. teachings (before the emergence of Marxism), the 1st International, the Paris Commune. Author of chapters in collective scientific. tr. and textbooks for universities: "Revolutions of 1848-1849" (vols. 1-2, M., 1952); "History of Diplomacy" (vol. 1, 2 ed., Moscow, 1959); "New history" (part 1, 1640-1870, Moscow, 1963, 1972, 1978) and others. Works: Two uprisings of Silesian weavers, Moscow, 1948; Revolution of 1848 in Austria and Germany, M., 1948; Him. historiography of the Revolution of 1848–1849 in Germany, M., 1962; The history of the socialist. ideas (before the emergence of Marxism), M., 1563.

kanash
has abstract: KANASH (until 1920 - Shikhrany), a city (from 1925), a regional center in the Chuvash Republic (Russian Federation). Main in 1891 in Tsivilsky u. Kazan province. In 1939, 85 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.

kanatkovtsy
has abstract: KANATKOVTSY, see Konatkovtsy.

kanavino
has abstract: KANAVINO, now part (since 1928) in Nizhny Novgorod (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Nizhny Novgorod district. Nizhny Novgorod province. Since 1925 it has been a city. In 1923, approx. 500 Jews On June 7, 1884, a pogrom took place in Kazakhstan, accompanied by robberies and murders. war, the number of the Jewish population of Kazakhstan increased due to refugees from the West. provinces of Russia. By 1918 several people lived in Kazakhstan. thousands of Jewish workers; the local bristle union was almost entirely Jewish. 11 oct. 1918 in the Kanavino organization of the RCP (b) there were 12 Jews. In 1919, the Poalei Zion club operated, taking care of the previously existing Jewish library. In 1923, a Jewish workers' club, a political, anti-religious, worked at the bristle factory. and dramatic. mugs; held relig. disputes in the Jewish workers' club at the union of tanners "Profintern". There was a Maccabi club in K., closed in 1925. 1924 the Jewish tailor and sewing cooperative "March 8" worked, since 1925 - the bookbinding workshop named after. Trumpeldor, organized by Ge-Halutz.

kandalaksha
has abstract: KANDALAKSHA, a city (since 1938) in the Murmansk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from the 11th century At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Kemsky u. Arkhangelsk province. 26 Jews (0.6%) lived in Kazakhstan in 1926, 95 in 1939, 71 in 1989, and approx. 70 Jews. From the end. 1990s K. began to provide assistance to the Jews. org-tion "Hesed" in Murmansk.

kandau
has abstract: KANDAU, see Kandava.

kandava
has abstract: KANDAVA, a city in the Tukums region (Republic of Latvia). Izv. from 1231. From 1567 - part of the Duchy of Courland. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Kandau Talsensky u. Kurland province. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - the Latvian SSR. In 1861 775 Jews (51%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1897 - 620 (34%), in 1920 - 44 (4%), in 1925 - 85 (6%), in 1935 - 68 Jews (4%) Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the beginning. 19th century In 1841–83 the rabbi of K. was Meir Siemenson, in 1883–92 - Mordkhe Lichtenstein, in 1892–97 - Boruch-Mordkhe Izraelson, in 1897–1912 - Mordkhe-Mendel Movshevich Zak. There was a synagogue, a mikvah, a Jewish cemetery. In 1913, Jews owned a pharmacy, both warehouses for pharmaceutical goods, and 9 shops (including all 5 manufactures). In 1915 all Jews were expelled from Kazakhstan, most of the Jewish houses were destroyed. After the end of the 1st world. war in K. returned several. dozens of Jews. During the heavy period. economical provisions of assistance to the Jewish population K. provided the Joint. Despite the difficulties, the community maintained a synagogue and a shokhet. In 1922 the Jews of Kazakhstan collected 1,100 rubles. donations to the Jewish nat. fund. In the 1920s and 30s. Jews K. were engaged in the main. trade; they owned 10 shops (out of 17). During these years, active Zionist activities were carried out in Kazakhstan. 1 July 1941 Germ. troops occupied K. Part of K.'s Jews were sent to Tukums, where they were burned alive in the building of the local synagogue. The rest of the Jews of K. were shot in the cemetery. In 1967, two former Jews were convicted for participation in the murder of Jews. Latvian police officers (one was sentenced to death, the other to 15 years in prison).

kandelj eduard izrailevich
has abstract: KANDEL Eduard Izrailevich (1923, Odessa - 1990, Moscow), neurosurgeon. In 1940 he entered the 1st Moscow. honey. in-t, to-ry he graduated in 1944. Then he served as a military doctor at the 3rd Belorus, fr., and after the end of the war - in Belarus. military. the district. In 1946 he entered the graduate school of the Institute of Neurosurgery named after N.N.Burdenko. In 1951–65 he worked there as a scientific. sotr. and head. In 1965, K. defended his doctorate. dis. dedicated surgical treatment of parkinsonism. In the same year created. neurosurgical department at the Research Institute of Neurology, to-eye of hands. 25 years old K. - one of the founders of functional and stereotactic neurosurgery, developed methods of surgical treatment of vascular pain and tumors of the central nervous system, studied the role of the nervous system in the regulation of body functions. For the development of new methods of treatment of vascular diseases of the brain, K. was awarded the State. pr. USSR. K. elected before. Moscow about-va of neurosurgeons, chl. and ch.-c. 15 for. about-in. In 1989 he was elected vice-president. Worldwide federation of neurosurgical ob-v. Cit .: Parkinsonism and its surgical treatment, M., 1965; Deforming muscular (torsion) dystonia, M., 1971 (et al.); Cryosurgery, 1974 (et al.); Functional and stereotactic neurosurgery, M., 1981.

kandelj feliks solomonovich
has abstract: KANDEL Felix Solomonovich (b. 1932, Moscow), writer. In 1956 he graduated from Moscow. Aviation in-t. Until 1962 he worked as a design engineer. Since 1963 - prof. writer. He wrote stories, pov., Plays and scripts for ps. Felix Kamov. Gained fame for humorous. stories and scripts of cartoons. f .; participated in the creation of scripts for ser. cartoons "Well, wait a minute!" (first seven ser.). Published in f. "New World" and "Youth", in "Literaturnaya Gazeta", "Week", "Crocodile" and others. From 1973 to 1977 - in "rejection"; out of work, fam. removed from credits f. Participated in Heb. demonstrations and hunger strikes - for the right to leave; ed. samizdat railway "Tarbut"; published stories and essays in samizdat railway station. "Jews in the USSR". Since 1977 - in Jerusalem, sotr. Russian ed. radio station. "Kol Yisrael". Since 1977 he was published in the West under his own. them. in f. "Continent", "22", "Grani", "Zion", "Time and We", in gas. "Our country", "Russian thought", "New Russian word" and others. K. constantly turns to Hebrew. topic. In his Sat. “The Gates of Our Exodus” (Jerusalem, 1980) includes essays that tell about the “refuseniks” Jews, and comprehend the fate of Hebrews. culture in the USSR. K. - the author of "Sketches of Times and Events" (Jerusalem, 1988–94) - a popular story about the history of growing up. Jews. Peru K. belongs to rum. "Corridor" (Jerusalem, 1981), "First Floor" (London, 1982), "Looking at Night" (Jerusalem, 1985), p. "The Rest Zone" (Jerusalem, 1975), "People of the Passing" (Jerusalem, 1986), and others. Lyric music is characteristic of K.'s prose. manner, irony, satire, attention to everyday details and precision of details. Awarded three litas in Israel. etc.

kane edit
has abstract: KANE Edith (b. 1915, Balti Bessarabian ryb.), Painter, graphic artist, designer, teacher. Educated in the state. Ohio State University, Cranbrook Academy, Columbus College of Art and Design. Prev dep. sculptures of this college (1961–73). Owner and Manager of Scrap Yard (1968–74). Worked for the French. g. according to art (created cover). K naib. significant works of K. include a mohair tapestry for the King Moshoshos chapel in Lesotho (1976). Had staff. exhibitions in pl. countries of the world. K.'s works are presented in decomp. collections.

kaner emmanuil ayzikovich
has abstract: KANER Emmanuil Aizikovich (1931, Kharkov - 1986, ibid.), Radiophysicist. Ch.-c. Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR (1982). Graduated from Kharkov University in 1954. In 1955–86 he worked in the Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR in Kharkov. In 1965 he founded and headed the department. TV theory. body. Since 1966 he taught at Kharkov University (prof. Of the Department of Theoretical Physics since 1968). scientific. tr. associated with the theory of electronic resonances in metals, the propagation of radio waves in metals, magn. acoustics and the theory of phonon spectra of metals, with problems of the instability of electronic states in semiconductors and gas-discharge plasmas. He discovered in 1957 (with M. Ya. Azbel) cyclotron resonance in metals and developed a theory of this phenomenon, laying the foundation for a new direction - the radiophysics of metals. Completed priority work on ballistic. the effects of anomalous transparency of metals, as well as electronic resonances and nonlinear phenomena in metals and semiconductors. Proposed the theory of collective e-magn. excitations and magnetoacoustic. phenomena in a degenerate plasma of metals. Developed theoretical. problems of wave propagation and plasma instabilities in semiconductors. State pr. Ukrainian SSR (1980). Works: Izbr. tr., Kiev, 1989.

kanev
has abstract: KANEV (Kanevsky) Itskhak (1896, Melitopol, Tauride province. - 1989, Tel Aviv), health care organizer, polit. activist. In 1917-19 he studied at the un-those of Simferopol. One of the organizers of the "Ge-Halutz" movement in Russia, a colleague of I. Trimpeldor | Trumpeldor]]. From 1919 - in E.-I. Worked with.-kh. workers. In 1920 he took part in the defense of the Tel Hai settlement in the Galilee from the Arab attack. In 1923 he was elected to the executive committee of the Kupat Holim organization. After completing his education in Vienna and London, the responsible sotr. by research. in the region. social Healthcare in Kupat Holim. In 1947 he founded the Institute of Social. research under prof. association Histadrut. After the formation of the State of Israel was engaged in creating. social schemes insurance and social. service. Since 1957, on behalf of the pr-v, he developed schemes for complex honey. insurance. From 1928 a member of the executive committee, from 1955 to 1964 vice-president. Int. associations of social. insurance. K. - the author of numerous works on social issues. insurance. State pr. Israel on social. Sciences (1962).

kanevshchina
has abstract: KANEVSHCHINA, a village in the Priluksky district of the Chernihiv region. (Ukraine). Main in 1881 in Priluksky district. Poltava province. In 1910, 21 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.

kanevskaya
has abstract: KANEVSKAYA, stanitsa, a regional center in the Krasnodar Territory (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Yeisk department. Kuban Region In 1939, 16 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In the fall of 1942, St. 300 Jews evacuated from West. districts of the USSR.

kanevskiy aminadav moiseevich
has abstract: KANEVSKY Aminadav Moiseevich (1898, Elisavetgrad, Kherson province. - 1978, Moscow), painter, graphic artist, cartoonist, book illustrator, poster artist. In 1920 he joined the Kr. Army. In 1921 he was sent to Moscow to study at the Rabsrak VKHUTEMAS. In 1924-30 he studied at VKHUTEMAS-VKHUTEIN under P.Ya. Pavlinov, N.N. Kupreyanov, V.A.Favorsky, D.S. Moor. From 1924 he began to cooperate in the railway station. "Pioneer", "Friendship of Peoples", "Art to the Masses", "Give", "Crocodile" (since 1936 constantly), gas. "Komsomolskaya Pravda" and others. He worked in the genre of polit. caricatures and satirical figures, in a poster, book and magazine graphics, is widely known as an illustrator of children's book. Was a member. AHRR. Nar. thin USSR (1973), part number of the Academy of Arts of the USSR (1973). Main works: ill. to the book. - A.L.Barto “The girl-revushka” (1936–56), S.Ya. Marshak “That's how absent-minded” (1956–59), “Cat's house” (1955), KI Chukovsky's “Moidodyr” ( 1944-50), A. N. Tolstoy "The Golden Key or the Adventures of Buratino" (1949-62), ill. to manuf. M.E.Saltykov-Shchedrin (1939), A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol (1936, aqu.), V.V. Mayakovsky (1964, 1967, ink, pen, aqu.); easel work: "On a hike!" (1937, gouache), The Provisional Government (1940, aqu.). Works are stored in the State Tretyakov Gallery, State Russian Museum, Pushkin Museum, GLM.

kanevtsy malye
has abstract: DIPPERS SMALL, see Malye Kanevtsy.

kanibadam
has abstract: KANIBADAM, a city (since 1937), a regional center in the Leninabad region. (The Republic of Tajikistan). Vozn. in the 9-10th centuries, Izv. from 1463.From 1868 - part of Ros. empire. In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - in the Turkestan Territory. In 1939, 48 Jews lived in Kazakhstan.

kanichi
has abstract: KANICHI, a village in the Kostyukovichsky district of the Mogilev region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - the town of Klimovichsky u. In 1880, 22 Jews (2.4%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1908 - 33 (2.8%), in 1923 - 28 Jews. In 1881, the distillery was rented by the Jew Genin.

kanimekh
has abstract: KANIMEKH (until 1964 - Kenimeh), an urban-type settlement (from 1935), a regional center in the Navoi region. (The Republic of Uzbekistan). In the end. 19 - early. 20th century - as part of the Bukhara Khanate. In 1939, 35 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. Since 1927, 2 Jewish agricultural enterprises have not worked in the Kenimeh region. artels: them. Akhunbabaev (59 people), them. Kalinin (32 people). In 1930 in the Kenimeh env. there was a Jewish collective farm "Fruits of October" (520 people).

kanizh
has abstract: KANIZH, a village in the Novomirgorodsky district of the Kirovograd region. (Ukraine). Main in 1751. In 19 - early. 20th century - in Elizavetgrad u. Kherson Gubernia Jews (immigrants from Moldavia and Poland) settled in K. at the end. 18th century; settlers were exempted from taxes for 10 years. In the end. 19th century Jews owned more than half of the grocery stores, taverns, creameries, and windmills. In 1913, Jews owned a grocery and haberdashery. In 1919, a pogrom broke out in Kazakhstan, organized by the detachments of the ataman N.A. Grigoriev, in the course of which b. h. Jewish houses were burned; pl. Jews were injured.

kann-novikova
has abstract: KANN-NOVIKOVA (nee Kogan, after Novikov's husband) Elizaveta Isaakovna (1902, Kiev - 1975, Moscow), musicologist. In 1920–24 she studied philology. f-those of Kiev un-that. In 1924-30 she was a student of vocational pedagogy. dep. muses. technical school them. Gnesins. From 1930 she wrote to the journal. "Sov. music ", into the gas. "Sov. lawsuit ", decomp. collections, prefaces in musical editions, etc. The author of the works of Ch. arr. about rus. classic music, its connections with literature, including for youth. Published muses. and the epistolary heritage of M.I. Glinka, E.E. Lineva, V.N.Kashperov, N.P. Ogarev, B.V.Asafiev.Soch .: M.Yu. Lermonotov and music, M., 1939; M.I. Glinka. New materials and documents, no. 1-3. M., 1950–55; Collector of Russian folk songs Evgenia Lineva, M., 1952; Stories about songs (Among the flat valley ...), M., 1963; A little story about Mikhail Glinka (stories about music for schoolchildren), M., 1964, 1968; You fell a victim in a fatal struggle, M., 1968; I want the truth! (about A.S. Dargomyzhsky), M., 1971.

kannegiser leonid ioakimovich
has abstract: KANNEGISER Leonid Ioakimovich (1896 - 1918, Petrograd), poet. Son of engineer and entrepreneur I.S. Kannegiser - dir. a number of shipbuildings. and metalworking. s-dov. Graduated from Y.G. Gurevich in St. Petersburg (1913). In 1913–16 he studied economics. department of the Polytechnic. in-that. In 1914 publ. first poems and reviews in f. "North. notes ". He maintained friendly relations with S.A. Yesenin. In March 1917 he joined the militia of Time, Prospect Island, member. party of plank beds. socialists (later the Labor People's Socialist Party). In June he was enrolled as a volunteer in the Mikhailovskoye art. uch-shche, soon headed the "Union of cadets-socialists" Petrograd. IN. Oct he resolutely condemned the revolution. From March 1918 he participated in a conspiratorial. anti-Sov. org-tions. In revenge for the shot friends-officers, on 08/30/1918 killed before. PetroChK M.S. Uritsky. The Bolsheviks used this murder as a pretext for deploying the "red terror", shooting 512 hostages in Petrograd. Attempts by the investigation to prove K.'s involvement in the “counterrev. conspiracy "had no success. In oct. 1918 he was shot. Lyrics by K. publ. his friends G. Adamovich, M. A. Aldanov and G. Ivanov in collection. Leonid Kannegisser (Paris, 1928).

kanonichi
has abstract: KANONICHI, a village in the Vladimir region of the Rivne region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1629. In the 17th and 18th centuries. - in the Lutsk district of the Volyn Voivodeship as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1795 - part of Ros. empire. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Lutsk district. Volyn province. In 1919–39 it was a part of Poland, in 1939–91 it was the Ukrainian SSR. In 1872, 5 Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 - 49 Jews, in 1926 - 35 Jews. Jews lived in Kazakhstan from the 18th century. Main occupation of Jews K. in 19 - early. 20th century - small trade. The Jewish population of Kazakhstan was destroyed during the Holocaust.

kanovich grigoriy
has abstract: KANOVICH Grigory (real name Yakov Semenovich) (b. 1929, Kaunas), writer. Writes in Russian. and litas. lang. Rod. in the family of a tailor. In 1953 he graduated from the History of Philology. Faculty of Vilnius University. Published since 1949. Author of prose. manuf. in Russian lang. about the life of the Lithuanians. shtetl Jewry: Pov. "I Look at the Stars" (1959), "Personal Life" (1967), the trilogy "Candles in the Wind" (1974–79), rom. "Tears and prayers of fools" (1983), "And there is no paradise for the slaves" (1985), "A kid for two pennies" (1987), etc., as well as poetry. Sat. in Russian and litas. lang. Prose K. is distinguished by a special poetry and aphoristic, raises eternal moral problems. In particular, K. explores the drama of a personality, gradually breaking away from his people, losing touch with his spiritual covenants. 1990–91 - dep. USSR Armed Forces. Since 1993 - in Israel.

kansk
has abstract: KANSK, a city (since 1822), a regional center in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Russian Federation). Main in 1628. In 1640-1822 - the Kansk prison, since 1823 - a city, the center of the district of the Yenisei province. Since 1925 it has been the center of the district of the Siberian Territory. In 1861, 134 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1864 - 96, in 1888 - 314, in 1889 - 339, in 1897 - 448, in 1910 - 812 (5.8%), in 1917 - 1100, in 1920 - 1046, in 1926 - 886 (4.6%), in 1939 - 489 Jews. In 1839 a group of Subbotniks lived in Kazakhstan. All R. 19th century the Jewish community was replenished by ch. arr. at the expense of exiles (including political ones). In 1859 a synagogue existed in Kazakhstan (authorized by the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1895); in 1861, 5 Jews studied at 2 schools. In 1900, at the expense of Jewish entrepreneurs, the beginning was opened. Jewish school (ch. arr. for children of poor Jews and homeless orphans). In 1903, several were operating in Kazakhstan. Zionist circles and organizations. In 1906 Ary Vilensky was the rabbi in K., in 1909–12 - Gersh Grose, in 1917 - L. Glitzburg. In 1910 an electronic station was built in K., funds for the construction of - the second was allocated by merchant Yakov Shmulevich. Among the Jews of K. there were 96 owners of real estate (YI Abramovich owned a gold mine). There was a Jewish cemetery. In 1913–14 there was a society of benefits for poor Jews. On the eve of Feb. Revolution of 1917 formed a group of exiled Bundists (15 people). After the revolution, most of the exiled Jews left K., an exiled member. Bunda Aron Girshevich Molochnikov in 1917 headed the Council of Workers and Soldiers. dep., ran for the Yenisei province. in Founding. meeting on the list of the RSDLP (united). There was also a Zionist organization in K. In 1918, a branch "Tsukunft" was opened in Kazakhstan. In 1919 the heads of the mountains were killed in Kazakhstan. to-that Zionist organization Ya.S. Aronov and L.G. Vanne. In the 1920…

kanskiy ostrog
has abstract: KANSKY OSTROG, see Kansk.

kantakuzovka
has abstract: KANTAKUZOVKA, see Prybuzhany.

kantemirovka
has abstract: KANTEMIROVKA, urban-type settlement, regional center in the Voronezh region. (Russian Federation). At 19 - early. 20th century - settlement Konstantinovka Bogucharsky u. Voronezh province. In 1939 five Jews lived in Kazakhstan. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1913 the Jews belonged to the Unity. pharmacy. On July 24, 1942, a local Jewish family (3 people) and 5 evacuated Jews were killed in Kazakhstan.

kantor anatoliy mikhaylovich
has abstract: KANTOR Anatoly Mikhailovich (b. 1923, Moscow), art critic. Studied at Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov at G.A. Nedoshivin, A.A. Fedorov, B.R. Wipper. In 1952-78 - scientific. ed. publishing house "Sov. encyclopedia". Participated in the org-tion, ed. and comp. a number of scientific and reference ed., including historical-artistic. encyclopedias "Laws of the countries and peoples of the world" (vols. 1-5), "Small history of arts" (10th issue), etc. Created. a number of works on the theory and history of art. Acts as thin. critic.

kantor ekhezkelj
has abstract: KANTOR Yehezkel (Khatskel) Davidovich (1878, Rogachev, Mogilev province - |), polit. activist, diplomat. From 1897 he participated in the Social-Democrats. movement. Organizer of the first Bund group in Rogachev. In 1900–02 he studied at Berlin University. After service in Kr. Army (1918-20) was the head. dep. nat. minorities of the People's Commissariat for Education of the RSFSR (1920–25), gen. consul of the LSSSR in Konigsberg and then the general. consul in Hamburg (1925-30). Upon his return from Germany, he worked as an editor. g. "Power of the Soviets".

kantor georg
has abstract: KANTOR Georg (1845, Petersburg - 1918, Halle, Germany), mathematician. Since 1855 - in Germany. In 1867 he graduated from the University of Berlin. Since 1869 - assistant professor at the University in Gal. In 1872-1913 he was a professor in the same place. Developed the theory of infinite sets and the theory of transfinite numbers. In 1874 he proved the uncountability of the set of all real numbers, thus establishing the existence of nonequivalent (that is, having different cardinalities) infinite sets. In 1878 he formed the general concept of the cardinality of a set. In 1879–84 he proved the existence of transcendental numbers, using considerations of cardinalities. Introduced the concept of a limit point of a derived set. He formulated the axiom of continuity, named after him. Set theory created by K. formed the basis of modern. mat. analysis and was the reason for a general revision of the logical foundations of mathematics. Set theory K. influenced the entire modern structure of mathematics.

kantor georgiy mikhaylovich
has abstract: KANTOR Georgy Mikhailovich (b. 1930, Ryazan), musicologist. Honored. figure in lawsuits in the Tatar ASSR. Moose. educated in the Ryazan muses. uch-shche (class fp.). In 1955 he graduated from the Kazan Cons. (class of musicology Y.M. Girshman), as well as East. Faculty of Ryazan ped. Institute (1954). In 1955-59 - taught at the Ryazan muses. uch-shche, in 1959-60 - in the Kazan muses. uch-shche. In 1960–76 - lecturer, associate professor, head. Department of History and Theory of Music Kazan ped. in-that. Since 1977 - teaches at the Kazan cons. In 1984–87 and since 1990 head. Department of Music History. Prof. (1992). Acts as a lecturer, permanent leading symphony. concerts. Main tr. in the region. muses. local history and muz.-scientific. bibliography. Among the works: "Literature on Tatar Music" (Biblical Index) (Kazan, 1983), "Musical Kazan" (1994). Ed. a number of collections, dedicated. development of the Tatar muses. culture, music. education and muses. life of Kazan. The author of Art. and reviews in rep. g. and gas. (over 200).

kantor lazarj moiseevich
has abstract: KANTOR Lazar Moiseevich (b. 1905, Maksatikha Tver province - 1990, Leningrad), economist. Dr. econ. Sciences (1961), prof. (1962). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1926). On scientific ped. work since 1930. In 1941–45 head. Department of Economics of Industry of the Kuibyshev Planning Institute, Head. Department of Industrial Economics (1968-70), since 1970 head. Department of Pricing Leningrad. financial and economic. in-that. Region scientific. research: main. funds and their reproduction, prime cost and pricing in the industry. The author, et al. and ed. numerous. textbooks and uch. benefits, including "Features of planning and costing in the branches of the people's. x-va: Uch. manual "(1988, et al.)," Development of theory and practice of pricing in the USSR "(1989) and others. Son - Eugene (b. 1934, Leningrad), economist, Dr. econom. sciences, prof., head. department economics pr-ti SZPi (St. Petersburg). Cit .: Reconstructive shifts in Leningrad. heavy. industry, L.-M., 1934 (et al.); Main industrial funds and their use, L., 1947; The cost price in socialist. prom-sti, M., 1958; Pricing in the USSR, M., 1964; Theory and methodology of return on assets under socialism, M., 1980; Industry of the USSR during the years Otech. war, SPb., 1991.

kantor lev osipovich
has abstract: KANTOR Lev Osipovich (real name Yehuda-Leib) (1849, Vilna - 1915, Riga), publicist. Rod. in the family of the cantor of the great Vilna synagogue. Received a tradition. Heb. religious education. In 1873 he graduated from the Zhytomyr Rabbinical Seminary, then studied in Berlin and received the title of Doctor of Medicine. Studying in Berlin and being a correspondent. gas. "Voice of Moscow", has become a fact. ed. gas. "Ha-Tsfira". In 1879 he settled in St. Petersburg, where he was ed. gas. "Rus. Jew". In 1890-1904 the rabbi was in Libau, then in Vilna and Riga. K. was the founder and editor. first daily gas. in Hebrew "Ha-Yom" (1886-87). In 1887 he began to write in Yiddish for gas. "Idishes folksblat", later became its editor. He wrote editorials, lit.-ist. Art., polit. reviews, feuilletons. Also published in the first. daily Heb. gas. “Der Fraind” and other Russian-Hebrews. periodic. ed. K. was one of the founders of the feuilleton genre in Hebrew. press, introduced in Heb. literature by S. Frug and D. Frishman. He wrote for “Heb. encyclopedias "in Russian. lang.

kantor lev yakovlevich
has abstract: KANTOR Lev Yakovlevich (born 1928, Minsk), specialist in the region. technology of satellite telephone, television communication and sound broadcasting, information transmission. Dr. Tech. Sciences, prof. (1985). After graduation in 1950 Moscow. electrical engineering in-that communications organized and headed productions, lab. Moscow region radio broadcast. networks. From 1959 he worked at the Scientific Research Institute of Radio (from scientific researcher to the head of the satellite communications department). In 1960, K. proposed a system of multi-program wire radio broadcasting, and in 1968 completed work on the creation of satellite television. system "Orbit", in 1972 graduated from theoretical. development of the issue of optimizing the construction of a satellite communication system. In 1973, with the participation of K., a television broadcast of a color image from Cuba to all countries of the world was developed and for the first time carried out through the Mars satellite communications station. K. took part in the development and implementation of all satellite communication systems in the USSR - "Molniya", "Orbit", "Moscow", "Ekran" and others. K. - a representative of Ros. Federation in the Commission for Satellite Communications in International. the telecommunication union. Author of over 130 scientific. printed works and a number of inventions. Acad. Int. academy of informatization. State pr. USSR (1968, 1981). Works: Satellite broadcasting, M., 1981; Satellite Communication Handbook, Moscow, 2nd ed., 1988 (translated into English, published in the USA); Satellite communication and problematic geostationary orbits, M., 1988.

kantor solomon abramovich
has abstract: KANTOR Solomon Abramovich (1908, Braslav, Vitebsk province. - 1971, Leningrad), specialist in the region. turbine engineering. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1948). He graduated from Leningrad in 1935. polytechnic in-t. In 1935–51 he worked at the Nevsky Mechanical Engineering. s-de in Leningrad as an engineer for the regulation of turbomachines, deputy. ch. constructor s-yes. During the war years 1941–45 he was engaged in the reconstruction, adjustment and repair of steam turbines and their control systems. In 1951–61 - prof. and head. department of turbine engineering in Leningrad. polytechnic in-those. Osn. work related to the design of ship turbines, ship turbine installations and systems for their regulation, as well as gas turbine power. installations decomp. appointments made according to a complex scheme, with theoretical systematization. issues, calculations and design of steam turbines. Author of articles and monographs. Became. pr. (1945, 1949). Works: Steam turbines, 2nd ed., L.-M., 1938 (in co-authorship); Regulation of turbomachines, M.-L., 1946; Theory and design of steam turbines, M.-L., 1947 (with II Kirillov); Regulation of ship thermal power plants, L., 1956.

kantor vladimir karlovich
has abstract: KANTOR Vladimir Karlovich (b. 1945, Moscow), aesthetics specialist, lit. critic, prose writer. Graduated from Moscow State University (1969). Dr. Philos. Sciences (1988). Author of books: “Rus. aesthetics of the second floor. XIX century and social struggle "(1978)," The Brothers Karamazov "F. M. Dostoevsky" (1983), "Among the storms of civil and anxiety ..: The struggle of ideas in Russian. lit-re 40-70s of the XIX century. " (1988).

kantor yakov
has abstract: KANTOR Yakov (1886, Pinsk, Minsk Province - 1964, Moscow), publicist, society. activist. Rod. to the merchant. family, was an activist of the Zionist Socialist Party and the Bund. Debuted Art. in Vilna Heb. press, wrote in political-economy., lit. and ped. Topics. Since 1925 - otv. sec. Komzet of Ukraine. In 1928–37 a member. editorial board ped. every month Ratnbildung. Published demographic. and statistical. works about the Jews of Ukraine. Cit .: What every citizen should know about elections to the soviets, Kharkov, 1926; To help an immigrant, Kharkov, 1928; Ten years nat. politicians owls. authorities, Kharkov, 1927; Heb. us. Ukraine, Kharkov, 1929; Heb. land management in Ukraine, M., 1929; Collectivization of the Hebrews. peasants in Ukraine, M. Kharkov-Minsk, 1930.

kantorovich anatoliy yakovlevich
has abstract: KANTOROVICH Anatoly Yakovlevich (ps. Ajax, N. Terentyev) (1896, Petersburg - 1944, Moscow |), orientalist, economist, journalist, Ph.D. Sciences (1936). Participant citizen war. Delegate to the 2nd Congress of Soviets. Graduated from the Faculty of Societies. Sciences Petrograd. un-that (1921). Comp. People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs Affairs of the USSR (1922 32), in 1924–28 at the USSR Embassy in Beijing. Head foreign dep. Izvestia, scientific. sotr. Ying-that world. x-va and the world. policy of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1932–44). The author of St. 120 scientific. and publicist. works on the recent history and economy of China, foreign policy. relations in the D. East. Cit .: Foreign. capital in heavy industry of China, "New East", 1925, book. 10-11, M .; Foreign capital and railway roads of China, "Planned economy", M.-L., 1928, book. 20-21; Anglo-Japanese. agreement, "New East", 1929, book. 25; The outbreak of war in D.Vostok, M., 1934; America in the Struggle for China, M., 1935; A new stage in the development of Japan. aggression, “Peace. x-in and the world. politics ", M., 1937, No. 1.

kantorovich gershen davydovich
has abstract: KANTOROVICH Gershen Davydovich (b. 1937, Leningrad), architect-restorer. In 1955 he graduated from building, faculty of the Ural Polytechnic. in-that. Hands. the design department of the Perm restoration workshop. Mn. made for the study, preservation and restoration of architectural monuments of the Urals and Siberia, Perm, Solikamsk, Usolye.

kantorovich leonid vitaljevich
has abstract: KANTOROVICH Leonid Vitalievich (1912, Petersburg - 1986, Moscow), mathematician, economist. Prof. (1934), Doctor of Phys.-Math. Sciences (1935), acad. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1964, ch.-k. from 1958). He worked in Leningrad. in-those engineers prom. page-va. (1930–39), in Leningrad. un-those (1932-64), in Leningrad. dep. Mat. Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1940–60), in the Institute of Mathematics Sib. dep. Academy of Sciences of the USSR and Novosibirsk University (1960-71), in the Institute of Management Nar. x-vom State. to-that on science and technology at the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1971–76), since 1976 in the All-Union Council. Research Institute of System Research. under the State. to-those on Science and Technology and the USSR Academy of Sciences. results - in func. analysis (introduced and investigated the class of semi-ordered spaces), in function theory, differential theory. and integra. ur-niy, in the calculus of variations and approx. methods in the field of application of mathematics in economics. Steel, etc. (1949), Len. pr. (1965), Nobel pr. (1975). Works: Approximation methods. solutions of partial differential equations, M.-L., 1936, (with V.I.Krylov); Mat. methods of organization and planning of production, L., 1939; Definite integrals and Fourier series, L., 1940; Options analysis in semi-order. spaces, M.-L., 1950 (jointly with B.Z. Vulikh and A.G. Pinsker); Options analysis in normed spaces, M., 1959, (with G.P. Akimov).

kantorovich meer
has abstract: KANTOROVICH Meer (1905, Novo-Zhagory, Kovno province - 1980, Ruzaevka, Kokchetav region), researcher of TANAKH. The son of a teacher at the local yeshiva. In 1927 he graduated from Heb. g-ziyu in Kaunas, in 1927–32 he studied philosophy. dep. Kaunas un-that, listened to the Semitic course. lang. In 1941 K. was arrested and imprisoned in a camp. In 1949 he was released and sent to settle in the village. Zerenda, Kokchetav region, where he was a night watchman on a collective farm. At the request of I.G. Ehrenburg, in 1953 he was promoted to German teacher. and English. lang. at the local school. In 1964 he began to write and send polemic to Israel. Art., dedicated. research biblical texts. After in-depth research. created the work “Research. book Ecclesiastes and the Proverbs of Solomon ”(Jerusalem, 1977). After his death, Sat. tr. "Research. Bible in owls. captivity "С1984).

kantorovich solomon iljich
has abstract: KANTOROVICH Solomon Ilyich (1892, Ekaterinoslav - 1937, Kiev), health care organizer. In 1917 he graduated from honey. Faculty of Rostov University. In 1919–20 he headed a dignity. service of the 12th army and the Kiev military. districts. Since 1920 head. Kharkov lips. dep. health care. In 1926-29 the deputy. People's Commissar of Health of the Ukrainian SSR, then Deputy. prev. Kharkiv Regional Executive Committee. Since 1929 People's Commissar of Health of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1937 the deputy. People's Commissar of Health of the USSR. Thanks to K.'s activity the first medical-dignity was organized in Ukraine. parts for prom. enterprises, dignity. - epidemiological. Art., collective farm family. at home, inf. morbidity, propaganda a dignity increased. culture among villages. population, etc. In 1937 he was arrested by the NKVD in Moscow on the fabricated case of the leading workers of the USSR People's Commissariat for Health. He died during the investigation in the Kiev prison.

kantorovich vladimir abramovich
has abstract: KANTOROVICH Vladimir Abramovich (ps. V. Kanev) (1886, Minsk - 1923, Petrograd), polit. activist, publicist. From 1904 he lived in St. Petersburg, conducted propaganda among students. After 1910 in the composition of gr. activists tried to unite the surviving parties. cells around the remaining at large members. Central Committee of the Bund, was a member of the editorial board and was sotr. legal Bund weekly. “Heb. lead. " After Feb. Revolution of 1917 Dep. Petrogr. council of workers and soldiers. dep., hands. his out-of-town department, organized the sending of delegates to the places to fight anti-Semitic demonstrations. The Central Committee of Bund was sent to the commission for preparing the convocation of Ros. Will establish. meetings. In the years of civil. war organized the collection of materials about Heb. pogroms in Ukraine. Publ. Sat. "Poems" (P., 1915), the work "The French in Odessa" (P., 1923). After K.'s death, the books written by him were published: “Chronicle of Feb. Revolution "(jointly with DO Zaslavsky, P., 1924) and" Alexandra Feodorovna. The experience of characterization ”(L., 1927).

kantorovich yakov abramovich
has abstract: KANTOROVICH Yakov Abramovich (1859 - |), lawyer, journalist. Publ. a number of books. in jurisprudence, author of historical-legal. tr .: "Wed-century. trials about witches "," Proceedings against animals in cf. century "," From the region. religious tolerance "," Oath of modern. teachings "," Laws of states ", etc. Publisher (last 2 issues - editor-publisher)" Judicial Review "(1902-05) - weekly. jurid. g. and its adj. “Bibliography court. Processes "(1903-05); ed., and from No. 3 for 1905 - editor-publisher of the "Bulletin of legislation and circular orders"; ed., and from No. 2 for 1905 - editor-publisher of the "Bulletin of Senate Practice" and its adj. “Decisions of the Cassation Departments of the Governing Senate” - both w. were published monthly in 1903-05.

kantsedik elisheva
has abstract: KANTSEDIK Elisheva (b. 1922, Augustow Bialystok Voivodeship, Poland), writer. In 1939 she graduated from the Vilna Hebrew. real g-ziyu and in the same year was admitted to the post-graduate course Heb. Research Institute. Participated in illegal. Komsomol movement, spent six months in prison. First. poems published in 1940. During the war of 1941–45 she was evacuated to Kuibyshev, wrote Art. and essays for Heb. antifash. set and radio broadcasts to abroad. In 1944 she returned to Vilnius, wrote essays, stories and correspondents, worked in the local press. In the 60s and 80s. published stories and essays in f. "Sovetish gameland". In 1984 f. published as an application sb. her essays "Bletlech fun unzer lebn" ("Pages of our life"). K. - the author of several. book stories and sketches. Since 1990 in Israel.

kantselj vladimir semenovich
has abstract: KANTSEL Vladimir Semenovich (1896, Moscow - 1977, ibid.), Artist, dir. In 1919–21 he studied at the Studio. F.I.Shalyapin and the 2nd studio of the Moscow Art Theater. Upon graduation, he worked in Moscow. t-re "The Bat", on the stage to-rogo played the role of Napoleon in "Chosen Fate" by B. Shaw. After the closure of the theater, in 1922–37, he played in the theater them. Sun Meyerhold, them. VF Komissarzhevskaya, Revolution, "Professional club workshop", them. Lensovet, Satires. Roles played by him during this period: Dromio ("The Comedy of Errors" by W. Shakespeare, 1923); Tarelkin (“Outlived Time” based on the trilogy by AV Sukhovo-Kobylin, 1924–25, both T. Komissarzhevskaya); Glumov ("Enough simplicity for every wise man" by AN Ostrovsky, "Professional club workshop", 1928); Levinson (after "The Defeat" by AA Fadeev, Lensovet Theater, 1932). Acting as a director, he post: "The Harbor of Storms" (after O. Balzac, Lensovet Theater, 1933) and "Andersen's Tales" (Goscentuz, 1936). After the war, his post enjoyed great fame. to the Center. Dr. Kr. Army (now - Center, t-r Ros. Army): "Dance teacher" L. de Vega (1946), "On the other side" by A.A.Baryanov (1948), "Craftswoman to cook porridge" by N.G. Chernyshevsky (1952), "Dreams of Kinola" by Balzac (1954). In 1958 in Moscow. t-re them. Linen. Komsomol post. performance based on the play "Saint Jeanne" Show. K. led the ped. work in Uzb. theater, studios in Moscow. The actors who graduated from this studio in 1927 formed the core of the Uzb troupe. t-ra them. Hamza. Since 1923, K. worked on the radio as a reader and director, for more than thirty years led a pedagogue. work with radio speakers.

kantsepoljskiy iosif samuilovich
has abstract: KANTSEPOLSKY Iosif Samuilovich (1903, Zelva Volkovyskiy u. Grodno province - 1976, Tashkent), chemical technologist. Cheater of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR (1968). In 1916-19 - a worker at a sawmill. Graduated in 1930 chem. dep. Central Asia. un-that. In 1930–41 the head. lab. binders of the research institute of the local industry. At the same time. in 1940-48 head. Department of Silicate Technology Central Asia. industrial in-that. In 1941-43 in Kr. Army. In 1943–75 the head. lab. chemistry of silicates of the Institute of Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR (prof. from 1967). Doct. chem. Sciences (1960). scientific. tr. associated with the technology of production of binders hydraulics. hardening (cements) from decomp. raw materials, with research. to intensify prom. production of cement, with creation. new types of cements based on local raw materials - dolomite-cement, loess, glezh-Portland cement, the production of which for the first time in the world was started in 1939 at the Kuvasay cement plant. Developed an understanding of the role of clay additives in the hardening and corrosion of Portland cement. Conducted work to improve the chemical. resistance of cements, the use of sulfate-resistant cements in the production of drainage pipes for saline areas. Author of scientific. and printed works and practical. manuals. Works: Gliezh-Portlandcement, Tashkent, 1941; Gliezh as an active mineral additive, Tashkent, 1958.

kanunova faina zinovjevna
has abstract: KANUNOVA Faina Zinovievna (b. 1922, Bryansk), literary critic, specialist in the history and theory of literature. Dr. philol. Sciences (1969). Prof. (1972). Graduated from Leningrad State University (1945). Head Department of Rus. and nick. literature of Tomsk University (since 1959). The author of the book. about N.V. Gogol (1962), N.M. Karamzin (1967), V.A. Zhukovsky (1990), etc.

kanuny
has abstract: KANUNY, a village in Novograd-Volynsky district, Zhytomyr region (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Novograd-Volynsky u. Volyn province. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941, 11 Jews were killed in Kazakhstan.

kapchinskiy iljya mikhaylovich
has abstract: KAPCHINSKY Ilya Mikhailovich (1919, Odessa - 1993, Washington, USA, buried in Moscow), physicist. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1962). Son of M.Ya. Kapchinsky. Graduated from Moscow. un-t (1942). In 1943–58 he worked at the research institute for radar, in 1958–91 - head of the department. Ying-that theoretical. and experiment. Physics (prof. 1967, 1991 chief scientist.) K.'s work on the linear theory of oscillations led to the development of the theory of low-frequency narrow-band amplifiers. Developed the theory of linear ion accelerators. Joint. with V.V. Vladimirsky proposed (1959) a self-consistent theory of collective interactions in intense beams of charges. particles. Participated in the development of a 70 GeV proton accelerator at the Institute of High Energy Physics. In 1968 (with V.A. Teplyakov) invented spatially homogeneous quadrupole focusing. The author of St. 150 scientific. works. State pr. USSR (1970), Len. etc. (1988). Poch. Dr. un-ta them. Goethe (1990, Germany). Works: Methods of the theory of oscillations in radio engineering, Moscow, 1954 (translated into Japanese, 1959, Chinese, 1964); Particle dynamics in linear resonant accelerators, M., 1966; Theory of linear accelerators, Moscow, 1982 (translated into English, 1986).

kapchinskiy mikhail yakovlevich
has abstract: KAPCHINSKY Mikhail Yakovlevich (1889, Belaya Tserkov, Kiev province - 1981, Moscow), film director and organizer of the film production. Deer. Odessa cinema since its foundation (1922). Dir. f. "From darkness to light." Since 1925, dir. The first Goskino factory in Moscow (Mosfilm cinema). Hands. staging f. SMEisenstein "Battleship Potemkin" (1925). In 1927 he directed the first full-length f. "Cafe Fanconi", then - f .: "The Dam is Broken" (1928), "White Death" (1934), "Pearl of the Steppe" (1936). Since the 30s. worked in scientific-popul. cinema, staged 34 films. He was arrested three times: in 1926 (released in the same year), in 1936 (released in 1937) and in 1953 (released in 1954).

kapchits khaim
has abstract: KAPCHITS Chaim (Efim Isaakovich) (b. 1937, Slutsk, Minsk region), painter, graphic artist, muralist. In 1963 he graduated from the Higher. art-prom. uch-shche them. V.A. Mukhina. Participant pl. grew up. unofficial. exhibitions. Heb. the theme appears in the works of K. in 1960 (a series of graphic sheets "Hebrew Alphabet" and others). In Israel since 1981. In 1982–86 he taught the course on monument, arts and graphics at the ORT-Neviim College in Jerusalem, stained glass and mosaics at the Center for Arts (ibid.). Since 1987, he strives to reveal the essence of Hebrew in color and plasticity. worldview, deeply interested in Heb. history K. created. work based on TANAKH, offers own. vision of the image of the powerful Heb. king ("King David"), created. picturesque ser. "Prophets". Author of monumental murals and stained-glass windows in Israeli synagogues (Jerusalem, Hedera, etc.), mosaics in the park of Israel, for the international. exhibition "Expo-90" in Japan (for this work K. was awarded a gold medal), etc. He is engaged in the restoration of ancient monumental works. Participant pl. Israeli and foreign, exhibitions (in the USA, Japan, France, etc.).

kapchyamestis
has abstract: KAPCHIAMESTIS, a place in Alytus u. (Republic of Lithuania). Izv. from the beginning. 17th century In 1795-1807 - as part of Prussia, in 1807-15 - Vel. Duchy of Warsaw. Since 1815 - part of Ros. empire, from 1867 - the town of Koptsiovo Seinsky u. Suwalki lips. In 1918–40 it was a part of the Republic of Lithuania, in 1940–91 it was the Lithuanian SSR. In 1897, 528 Jews (40%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1923 - 187 Jews (22%), in 1940 - approx. 45 Jewish families. Jews began to settle in K. at the end. 18th century Among the main. occupation of the Jewish population of Kazakhstan in 19 - early. 20th century trade and crafts prevailed. Almost every Jewish family had a private plot with a vegetable garden and a garden. Some Jews owned kr. land plots and dealt with. x-vom. There was a synagogue in K. The rabbis in Kazakhstan were: Zvi the Director, in 1887-1900 - Avrom-Tzvi-Pinhas Eliasberg (1863–?), In 1902–13 - Tzvi-Arie Lurie (1871–?), From 1913 - Meir Stolovich (1870–? In 1931 the Jews of Kazakhstan owned all 7 shops, shops, a pharmacy, a power station, 2 mills, and 2 mechanical workers. workshops. In 1938, among the Jews of Kazakhstan there were 5 tailors, 4 tinsmiths, 4 butchers, 2 shoemakers, a baker, a glazier, and a saddler. There was a cheder and a private school with teaching in Hebrew in K., with a library and a theater working. Studio. In the 1920s and 30s. in K. there were divisions of various. Jewish parties and org-tions. Since 1938 Menachem Mendel Sher (? –1941) has been the rabbi of Kazakhstan. On June 23, 1941, Kazakhstan was occupied by Wehrmacht units. 15 Sep 1941 Jews of K. were sent to the ghetto approx. the village of Katkishke, where they were killed on 3 November. 1941. After 1945 a monument was erected on the mass grave.

kapelyushnikov matvey alkunovich
has abstract: KAPELYUSHNIKOV Matvey Alkunovich (1886, Abastumai, Akhaltsikhe district, Tiflis province - 1959, Moscow), oil engineer. Ch.-c. USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). Graduated in 1914 from Tomsk University. In 1922 joint. with S.M. Volokh and N.A. Korneev invented a turbodrill for drilling oil. wells. In 1924–31 hands. designing and building in Baku the first large oil refinery in the country. In 1933–37, the director. Azerb. Research Institute of Oil. In 1941–45 at the Institute of Fossil Fuels of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. One of the authors of the development and application of methods for automation of oil drilling. wells. He developed methods of increasing oil production, to-rye were introduced in a number of fields. He proposed an original technology for the production of toluene directly. at the oil refinery. installations, which gave high savings. In 1949 he developed a method for injecting gases into oil-bearing layers, which ensured an increase in oil production. Honored. worker of science and technology of the RSFSR (1947).

kapitanka
has abstract: CAPTAIN, see Kapitanovka, Odessa region.

kapitanovka
has abstract: KAPITANOVKA, a village in the Kominternovsky district of the Odessa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - v. Captain of Odessa u. Kherson province. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In 1941, 2 Jews were killed in Kazakhstan.

kapitolovka
has abstract: KAPITOLOVKA, a village in the Izyum district of the Kharkov region. (Ukraine). Main on the 1st Thursday. 19th century At 19 - early. 20th century - in the Izyum district. Kharkov province. In 1910, 8 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1926 - 2 Jews.

kaplan
has abstract: KAPLAN (real Roytblat) Fanny Efimovna (Feiga Khaimovna) (1887, Yekaterinoslavskaya gubernia - 1918, Moscow), participant of the rev. movement. From a family of rural melamed. She graduated from the courses for milliners. In 1906 she joined the anarchists, in the same year she was wounded in the preparation of an attempt on the life of the Kiev governor-general by the Military-field court of the Kiev garrison in January. 1907 sentenced to eternal hard labor, was held with the Social Revolutionaries (M.A. Spiridonova, A.A. Izmailovich, etc.). After Feb. Revolution of 1917 returned to Europe. Russia is seriously ill and half-blind. 08/30/1918 arrested on charges of attempted murder of V. I. Lenin. During the investigation, she admitted that she had shot at Lenin, and on September 4. by order of the Cheka, she was shot by the commandant of the Kremlin P.D. Malkov.

kaplan-ingelj robert isaakovich
has abstract: KAPLAN-INGEL Robert Isaakovich (1884, Kobrin, Grodno Gubernia - 1951, Leningrad). Architect. In 1914 he graduated from architect. branch of Petersburg. in-that citizen engineers, in 1913 - Archeol. Institute in St. Petersburg. He worked a lot to preserve and restore the monuments of St. Petersburg. Main work - reconstruction of the spire of the Kunstkamera building on the Neva embankment (1948).

kaplan aleksandr efimovich
has abstract: KAPLAN Alexander Efimovich (b. 1938, Moscow), physicist. After graduation (1961) Moscow. physical and technical Institute - post-graduate student of the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Candidate of dissertation 1967 at Gorky University). He worked in Phys. Institute of the Armenian SSR (1961). Since 1966 in the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, in 1969, as a participant in the human rights movement, he was deprived of admission to secret documents and the Institute of History of Natural Science and Technology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was also transferred. Since 1979 in the USA. Sci. sotr. Nat. magn. lab. them. F. Bitter of Massachusetts Technol. Institute (1979–82), prof. Purdue University (1982–87), J. Topkins University in Baltimore (since 1987). Invited researcher Institute M. Planck (Germany), consultant lab. Bella (1980–81), Los Alamos nat. lab. (1981) and Honiwell (1982), ch. expert Dept. scientific. research US Air Force (since 1980) and others. research on quantum electronics and nonlinear optics. Studied subharmonic. high-frequency oscillations in a two-level parametric generator, proposed their use for frequency division and phase storage in memory devices will calculate. machines. Discovered and theoretically examined the phenomena of auto-synchronization in a two-level parametric. generator, discovered the anomalous effect of soft excitation of high-order subharmonics in single-loop systems. Research features of light reflection from nonlinear media, described the nonlinearities arising from the interaction of e-magnets. fields with single electrons undergoing Larmor rotation. Member Amer. physical about-va, Amer. optical about-va and other works: Parametric generators and frequency dividers, Moscow, 1966 (jointly with Yu.A. Kravtsov and V.A. Rylov).

kaplan anatoliy
has abstract: KAPLAN Anatoly (Tankhum) Lvovich (1902, Rogachev, Mogilev province - 1980, Leningrad), graphic artist. In 1918-1919 he was a drawing teacher at the Rogachev schools. Studied at VKHUTEMAS-VKHUTEIN (1922–28) under AA Rylov and NE Radlov at a painting faculty, but did not become a painter. In the last. years fulfilled orders for posters and slogans, was engaged in art. decoration of interiors of societies. buildings, festivals, exhibitions, ill. book in publishing houses. In 1937–40 he was engaged in lithography under the supervision of. G.S. Vereisky in the Leningrad workshop. SH (ser. Lithographs "Kasrilevka"). In 1950–51 - Ch. thin h-yes thin. glass in Leningrad (made the stained glass "MV Lomonosov" for the main building of the Pulkovo Observatory). Naib. Izv. manuf. - large autolithographs: "The Enchanted Tailor" (1953-63), "Tevye the Milkman" (1957-61) by Sholem Aleichem, which reflect the desire for a monument. form, genre diversity. In the sheets of “Heb. bunk bed songs "(tempera, gouache, 1958-60)," Heb. bunk bed songs "(lithograph., 1962)," Sholem Aleichem "and" Song of Songs "(color. lithograph., 1962)," Goat "(color. lithograph., 1957–61) K. acted as the successor of the rich nar. traditions. In the cycle on the themes of D.D.Shostakovich's songs “From Heb. bunk bed poetry "(tempera, gouache, 1962–63) K. showed himself in the region. colors. Last work - a series of autolithographs. on rum. M. Moikher-Sforima "Chip-Lame" (1966–67) - tends to a deep figurative generalization. In 1967–69 he was engaged in ceramics: created. dishes, plates, small volumetric plastic from chamotte, painted. color glazes plots in Heb. motives ("Double portrait", "Golden wedding", "Goat", etc.). K. exhibitor. plural exhibitions in diff. cities of the world, including dedicated. 100th anniversary of the birth. Sholem Aleichem in New York (1959).

kaplan arkadiy vladimirovich
has abstract: KAPLAN Arkady Vladimirovich (Aron Vulfovich) (1904, Warsaw - 2001), traumatologist and orthopedist, Dr. med. Sciences (1946), prof. (1962). After graduation in 1929 honey. Faculty of Belarus. un-that worked in the Petrikovskaya interdistrict b-tse of Mozyr u. Since 1930, the doctor of the divisional hospital, and then the clinic. resident in surgeon clinic Mosk. in-that ambulance to them. N.V. Sklifosovsky. He specialized in traumatology with a prominent Argentine surgeon and traumatologist L. Zeno invited to the USSR. Since 1933 resident, then head. surgeon and traumatology. branch of the Basmanny b-tsy in Moscow under the hands. P.A. Herzen and G.A. Reinberg. At the same time. assistant, then Assoc. faculty surgeon. clinics of the 3rd Moscow. honey. in-that, concurrently head. surgeon branch of Moscow. in-that skin tuberculosis. In 1939 he participated in the military as a surgeon. actions in the district. Khalkhin-Gol. During the war years 1941–45 ch. front-line hospital surgeon, Ch. surgeon of the 29th army. Since 1945 Assoc. hospital surgeon clinics of the 2nd Moscow. honey. in-that, head. surgeon and traumatology. branch. He was persecuted in connection with the preparation of the "Doctors' Plot": in May 1952 he was removed from work in the clinic, for a certain time he worked as a leading surgeon at Moscow. region hospital for disabled war veterans, but in Feb. 1953 was fired. From May 1953 - Art. ed., then head. editorship of medicine publishing house "Sov. Encyclopedia". Since June 1955 - lecturer at the Department of Clinics. and military field surgery in the military. f-those Center, in-that advanced training of doctors and head. traumatological. clinic. Since July 1957 - hands. traumatology clinic Center. Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics (CITO) them. M.N. Priorov. Retired since 1992. K. publ. St. 450 scientific. works, including 16 monographs. Research are devoted to the problems of emergency surgery, traumatology, reconstructive and thoracic su…

kaplan arnoljd ljvovich
has abstract: KAPLAN Arnold Lvovich (1919, Cherkasy, Kiev province - 1996, New York), pianist, teacher. In 1931 he entered the Special Children's Group for Gifted Children (later transformed into the Central Music School) at Moscow. horse, in the class fp. A.B. Goldenweiser; he continued to study with him in Moscow. cons. (graduated in 1944). In 1946-49 he was engaged in graduate school. Laureate of Vses. competition of pianists (2nd avenue, 1938, Moscow), 1st Intern. festival democr. youth (1st avenue, 1947, Prague). Since 1943 the soloist of the Moscow. Philharmonic. In 1953-59 he taught at Moscow. cons., from 1959 - in Muz.-ped. in-those them. Gnesins. He gave concerts a lot. Performed classical, and modern. manuf. Until the 80s. led an active concert activity. K.'s game is distinguished by artistry, romantic. elation, a sense of form. Most successfully performed op. R. Shuman and A. N. Skryabin. He performed in an ensemble with BE Goldstein, with LB Kogan. From the beginning. 80s abroad.

kaplan boris mikhaylovich
has abstract: KAPLAN Boris Mikhailovich (b. 1921, Moscow), architect, specialist in the design of textile enterprises. Member of the 1941–45 war. In 1949 he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute. Participated in the competition for the project of a wool spinning factory (1979, 2nd ave.). Main works: a wool-spinning combine in Kalinin (1962), a cotton combine in Kamyshin (1966), a silk combine in Tchaikovsky (1975, prospect SM USSR).

kaplan eliezer
has abstract: KAPLAN Eliezer (1891, Minsk - 1952, Genoa, Italy), polit. and state. activist, brother of R. Kafrit. Education - Ing. In the 1910s. member of the Zionist. movement in Russia. Member To-that Heb. delegations to the peace conference. at Versailles (1919). In 1920–23 he headed the branch of the Gitagadut party in Berlin. From 1923 in E.-I., from 1933 a member. Board of Heb. agencies. In 1948–52 min. finance and deputy. prime min. State of Israel.

kaplan isaak mikhaylovich
has abstract: KAPLAN Isaak Mikhailovich (1924, Moscow - 1997, Petersburg), artist. In 1950 he graduated from thin. Faculty of VGIK. In cinema since 1947. Since 1953 at the Lenfilm cinema. Debuted F. "Dzhambul" (1953, jointly with VE Egorov and EE Enei). Ch. arr. with dir. IE Kheifits (he designed almost all the f. With BS Manevich): “Unfinished Story” (1955), “Rumyantsev's Case” (1956), “My Dear Man” (1958), “Lady with a Dog” ( 1960), Bad Good Man (1973). Among his works are also: "The Old Man Hottabych" (1957), "The Overcoat" (1960), "Three Fat Men" (1966), "The Player" (1973), "And Other Officials" (1976), "Torpedo Bombers" (1983 ) and others. artist of the RSFSR (1976).

kaplan itskhok
has abstract: KAPLAN Itskhok (1874, Pereyaslav, Poltava province - 1929, New York), playwright. I started with children. roles in the play by A. Goldfaden, then became prof. an actor. The author of plays to-rye played on Amer. Heb. scene: "Tsurik ageim kane Zion" ("Back home to Zion"), "Dos farmer-lebn" ("The life of a farmer"), "Der fisher" ("Fisherman"), "Der ganev" ("Thief"), "Der emes" ("Truth"), "Der tivel-kush" ("Kiss of the Devil"), "Der gefunener zun" ("Found son") and others. K. also belongs to the operetta "Itsik wil khasene gobn" (" Itzik wants to get married "). K. translated into Yiddish several. plays from classical. repertoire rus. drama.

kaplan lazarj moiseevich
has abstract: KAPLAN Lazar Moiseevich (1917, Skorodnoe, Mogilev province. - 1994, Voronezh), Hero of the Sov. Union (1945). In Kr. Army since 1936. He graduated from Leningrad. art. uch-shche (1938). Member of the Soviet-Finl. war. At the front from Aug. 1941. Deputy. com. art. regiment, Major K. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for the courage and heroism shown in the battles during the liberation of Latvia in the summer of 1944. Since 1959, Lieutenant Colonel K. - in the reserve. The author of the book. Years of Fire (Voronezh, 1970).

kaplan mikhl
has abstract: KAPLAN Mikhl (1882, Chernobyl, Kiev province. - 1944, New York), poet. He was a pharmacist. He made his debut in poetry literature. into gas. "Der id" in 1899. In 1912, together with B. Botvinnik, he published a collection of works. Heb. verse., dialed lat. font - in order to promote the idea of ​​introducing lat. alphabet in Yiddish. He published essays and poems, as well as Art. about the book. in different ed. Since 1905 in the USA. All my life I collected rare books. and manuscripts and early. 40s presented them to New York University. The author is poetic. collection of books "A Field" ("Violin", 1900), "Geto-Klangen" ("Sounds of the Ghetto", 1910); fav. verse., stories and sketches "Gezamlte font" (1947). 60 of his songs have been translated into English, language. and published in 1927.

kaplan mordekhay menakhem
has abstract: KAPLAN Mordechai Menachem (1881, Sventsyany, Vilna province - 1984, New York), religious philosopher. In the USA since 1890. Received early religious education in the spirit of Orthodox Judaism. Graduated from Theologic. seminary, in 1909 he began teaching, which lasted until 1959. In 1922 he founded the Society for the Spread of Judaism - c. the movement of reconstructivism created by him, which is based on the idea of ​​Judaism as a developing religion. teaching.

kaplan peysakh
has abstract: KAPLAN Peysakh (1870, Staviski, Lomzhinskaya province - 1943, Bialystok), prose writer, publicist. From 1888 he lived in Bialystok, was a teacher. In 1897 he graduated from teaching. courses in Grodno and opened Heb. mountains. school. He made his debut in Hebrew in Gas. "Ha-Melitz" in 1889, and from 1914 he wrote in Yiddish. Published in gas. "Der Fraind", "Der Tog" and other periodicals. ed. Art., stories, rec., feuilletons. In 1919 he founded the daily. gas. "Dos nae lebn", edges existed until the beginning. 2nd world. war. K. - the author of the book. "Yaponishe maiselekh" ("Japanese fairy tales", 1921), "Gezang-oytser far shul un game" ("Treasure of melodies for school and home", 1924), "Biblishe gezangen" ("Biblical melodies", 1933-1938) and others, was also engaged in trans. with different. He died in the ghetto.

kaplan samuil aronovich
has abstract: KAPLAN Samuil Aronovich (1921, Roslavl, Smolensk Gubernia - 1978, Gorky), astronomer. Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences (1957), prof. (1961). Graduated from Leningrad. state ped. in-t them. A.J. Herzen (1945) and graduate school at Leningrad State University (1948). In 1948–61 he worked at Lvov University (head of the department of astrophysics at the observatory of the university, professor of the department of theoretical physics). In 1961–78 prof. Gorky un-that and scientific. employee N.-i. radiophysis. Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Gorky. He was engaged in the theory of the structure of white dwarfs (stars of small size with very high density), found the limit of their density, using the principles of general relativity. Constructed the theory of cooling white dwarfs (the theory of K.-Mestel). He studied the interstellar medium, in particular, the turbulence arising in it in a magnetic field, as well as shock waves and ionization. breaks. He investigated the propagation of fast particles in interstellar magnetic fields, radiation transport in a nonstationary medium. One of the pioneers of plasma astrophysics. Joint. with VN Tsytovich calculated the probabilities of dec. plasma processes leading to the generation of powerful radio emission and to the acceleration of fast charged particles in space. sources of this radiation. K.'s calculations formed the basis of many. works on the theory of radio emission from the Sun, on the theory of pulsars (rapidly rotating neutron stars) and galactic nuclei. Author of the monographs "Interstellar gas dynamics" (1958), "Interstellar medium" (with S.B. Pikelner, 1963), "Plasma astrophysics" (with Tsytovich, 1972), "Dimensions and similarity of astrophysics. magnitudes "(jointly with EA Dibay, 1976)," Introduction to space. gas dynamics "(with FA Baum and KP Stanyukovich, 1958)," Physics of the plasma of the solar atmosphere "(with Pikel'ner and Tsytovich, 1977)," Physics of the interstellar medium "(with Pikelner, 1979 …

kaplan semen solomonovich
has abstract: KAPLAN Semyon Solomonovich (Shlemovich) (1911, Petersburg - 1983, ibid.), Ballet dancer and teacher. Graduated from Leningrad. choreography technical school (1930). In 1930–59 at the t-re im. S.M. Kirov. Main parts: Siegfried, Basil, Desiree, Romeo, Philippe ("The Flame of Paris"), Slave ("Corsair"), Armen ("Gayane"), etc. In 1936–70 and since 1978 - teacher Leningrad. choreography uch-schA. In 1959–64 he was a tutor of the Leningrad ballet. Small Opera House t-ra, in 1964–78 - t-ra im. M.S. Kirov. Scriptwriter ball. "Taras Bulba". Honored. artist of the RSFSR (1949). Became. pr. (1949).

kaplanovich dov-pinkhas
has abstract: KAPLANOVICH Dov-Pinhas (1880, Varnyan, Vilna province - 1932, Vilno), prose writer, translator. He studied at the cheder and yeshiva. In 1899 he moved to Vilna. Gave private lessons. In 1903-05 he was in exile for the revolt. work. In 1904 he made his debut in St. Petersburg. gas. "Der Fride" is an essay from the life of exiles. Printed in different. periodic. ed. stories, essays, art., feuilletons on polit. and societies. themes, as well as per. First. book stories and sketches published in Vilna in 1909. The author of the book. Einzame Menchn (Lonely People, 1920), Haverim (Comrades, 1920), In a Fargliverter Shtot (In a Frozen City, 1921). He also wrote the comedy "Di erushe" ("Inheritance"). Translated into Yiddish by M. Twen, A. Konan-Doyle, P. A. Kropotkin, A. P. Chekhov, S. Zheromsky and others.

kaplanskiy semen
has abstract: KAPLANSKY Semyon (Samuil) Yakovlevich (1897, Moscow - 1965, ibid.), Biochemist. At the end of the honey. Faculty of Moscow un-that (1921) worked there. Since 1931 in Biol. in-those them. K.A. Timiryazeva (Head of the Department of Biochemistry). In 1937–41 the head. dep. fiziol. chemistry, in 1938-53 head. lab. pathochemistry in Vses. in-those experiment. medicine. At the same time. (1938–53) head. Department of Biochemistry 2nd Moscow. honey. in-that, since 1954 head. lab. fiziol. chemistry in Ying-those biol. and honey. Chemistry, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Tr. on enzymology, protein, amino acid and nitrogen metabolism. Research hormonal regulation of amino acid metabolism. He showed that protein deficiency leads to disturbances in the action of enzyme systems and, first of all, liver enzymes, as well as to disturbances in nitrogen metabolism, established an important regulatory function of trace elements in this process. Research the relationship of blood proteins and tissues. Elucidated the role of the liver in the formation of whey proteins. Research biochemical. processes in the skin. Created scientific. School: Acid-alkaline balance in the body and its regulation, 2nd ed., M.-L., 1940.

kaplanskiy shlomo
has abstract: KAPLANSKY Shlomo (1884, Bialystok, Grodno province - 1950, Haifa, Israel), one of the ideologists and Zionist leader. labor movement. As a student at the Vienna Higher. tech. schools, participated in the creation. working Zionist. Party "Poalei Zion" in Austria-Hungary (1904), later - World. association "Poalei Zion" (1907). From 1912 in E.-I., he taught mathematics in the city. Member guide Heb. nat. Foundation in The Hague, was responsible for the settlement activities in E.-I. (1913-19). One of the founders of Keren ha-Yesod - ch. finance. body of the World. Zionist. org-tion (1920). Until 1927 he headed the department. settlement activity under the Zionist rule, org-tion in Jerusalem. In 1924–29, an advisor on economics. questions of the General Federation of Hebrews. workers in E.-I. In 1929–31 members. reign Heb. agency in London. Since 1932, dir. Technion in Haifa. Member Council for the highest. education at the office of Ch. pr-va, part. Nat. council for scientific. research The author of the book. "Issues of settlement E.-I." (1923), collection of essays (1932), etc.

kaplany
has abstract: DROPS, see Kaplan.

kaplau
has abstract: KAPLAU, see Kaplava.

kaplava
has abstract: KAPLAVA, a village in the Kraslava region (Republic of Latvia). At 19 - early. 20th century - Kaplau settlement of Illukskiy u. Kurland province. In 1918–40 - as part of the Republic of Latvia, in 1940–91 - in the Latvian SSR. in K. lived apprx. 20 Jews. After the occupation by Wehrmacht units in Kazakhstan on July 30, 1941, 30 Jews were killed.

kapler aleksey yakovlevich
has abstract: KAPLER Alexey Yakovlevich (1904, Kiev - 1979, Moscow), screenwriter. Since 1920, actor and dir. Kiev t-ditch, organizer of the puppet t-ra and t-ra "Harlequin" (jointly with GM Kozintsev and SI Yutkevich), member. F-ki eccentric. actor (FEKS). Filmed in the films "Ferris Wheel", "Overcoat" (both 1926). In 1929 assistant A.P. Dovzhenko on the set of f. "Arsenal". Since 1928, screenwriter and dir. popular scientific f. at Kievskaya k / st. In 1930 he staged a play f. "The right to a woman." Script writer f. "Three Comrades" (1935), "Miners" (1937), "Lenin in October" (1937), "Lenin in 1918" (1939), "Kotovsky" (1943), "She defends the Motherland" (1943) and etc. In the middle. 1940s arrested on false charges, released in 1956. One of the organizers and host of the popular TV show "Kinopanorama". Honored. figure in lawsuits in the RSFSR (1969). Became. pr. (1941). Works: Izbr. Prod., vol. 1–2, Moscow, 1984.

kaplintse
has abstract: KAPLINCE, see Kaplintsy.

kaplintsy
has abstract: KAPLINTSY, see Panotteryay.

kaplun anatoliy isaakovich
has abstract: KAPLUN Anatoly Isaakovich (1907, Moscow - 1992, ibid.), Architect, theoretician. In 1930 he graduated from architect. dep. VKHUTEIN, student of N. Ladovsky. In 1928–30 he was a member of the Association of Urban Architects. In 1939–40 he worked at the excavations of Phanagoria, during the war years 1941–45 he was engaged in disguising the strategist. objects in Baku. Participated in the reconstruction project of Stalingrad. He worked at the Central Research Institute of Theory and History of Architecture. The author is theoretical. tr., including ch. in “History of Rus. architecture "(1951, 1956)," General history of architecture "(1966-69), book. Cossacks (1957, et al.), Style and Architecture (1985). Main works: participation in the Avtostroy project in Nizhny Novgorod (1930), a railway station in Novosibirsk (1932), participation in the planning and development of the social city at Sinarsky metallurgist. comb-those (1933, chief architect V. Baburov), a school on Sadovnicheskaya st. in Moscow (1935), the front building of the therapeutic hospital in Alma-Ata (1937), the building of the USSR Prosecutor's Office in Moscow (1939).

kaplun grigoriy danilovich
has abstract: KAPLUN Grigory Danilovich (1906, Nikolaev, Kherson province - 1979, Moscow), shipbuilding engineer. Graduated in 1934 Nikolaevsky shipbuilding. in-t. In 1937–40, the director. shipbuilding. plant No. 202 in Vladivostok (Dalzavod). In 1940–46 deputy. People's Commissar of Shipbuilding of the USSR (in 1941, Acting People's Commissar). In 1946-53 the deputy. min. shipbuilding industry of the USSR, in 1953–57 beginning. Main Department of the Ministry of Shipbuilding. industry of the USSR, then in the Economic Council of the Khabarovsk Econ. district. Since 1966 deputy. early dep. State Planning Committee of the USSR.

kaplunov arkadiy ljvovich
has abstract: KAPLUNOV Arkady Lvovich (1912, Glukhov, Chernigov province - 1943), Hero of the Sov. Union (1943). In Kr. Army since 1934. In 1935 he graduated from the junior school. leith. Member of the Polish campaign (1939) and Soviet-Finl. war. At the front since June 1941. Deputy. com. tank. brigade Colonel K. was awarded the title of Hero of the Sov. Union for battles when crossing the Dnieper. Killed in battle in the district of the village of Khodorov, Mironovsky district, Kiev region.

kaplunov rodion pavlovich
has abstract: KAPLUNOV Rodion Pavlovich (1904, Dorogobuzh, Smolensk province. - 1975, Moscow), scientist in the region. forge. affairs. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1948), prof. from 1949. After graduating from Moscow. horn, academy (1926) worked in the Krivoy Rog iron ore basin. In 1935-59 he taught at Moscow. mining institute, head. Department of Underground Mining of Ore Deposits. He proposed a classification and a method for selecting systems for the development of ore deposits, mechanization schemes. excavation of thin ore layers using boring-transport. aggregates. He substantiated the thermal method. drilling in the mining industry. Son K. - David (b. 1934, Moscow), miner. Dr. Tech. Sciences (1986), prof. since 1988, acad. Grew up. Academy of Natural Sciences. Sciences (1993). Developed methods for the optimal design of systems for the development of ore deposits. Etc. CM USSR (1982, 1990).

kaplyanskiy aleksandr aleksandrovich
has abstract: KAPLYANSKY Alexander Alexandrovich (b. 1930), physicist, Ph.D. USSR Academy of Sciences (1987). Graduated from Moscow State University in 1953. He worked in Phys.-Tech. in-those them. AF Ioffe, went from assistant to head. department. Ch. direction of scientific. activities - the study of funds. properties tv. bodies by the optical method. spectroscopy. Linen. pr. (1966), State. pr. USSR (1975).

kaporenka
has abstract: KAPORENKA, a village in the Bragin district of the Gomel region. (Republic of Belarus). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Rezhitskiy district Minsk province. In the summer of 1941, K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. In oct. 1941 on the west. from K., 0.2 km from the cemetery, 3 Jewish families (7 people) were shot.

kapreshty
has abstract: Capreshty, see Capreshty.

kapsukas
has abstract: CAPSUKAS, see Marijampole.

kapustino
has abstract: KAPUSTINO, a village in the Shpolyansky district of the Cherkasy region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century -from. Kapustyan Zvenigorodsky u. Kiev province. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned 2 out of 4 grocery stores. 1942 several. Jews K. were deported to Shpola and later shot there together with local Jews.

kapustintsy
has abstract: KAPUSTINTSY, a village in the Yagotynsky district of the Kiev region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Pyriatinsky district Poltava province. In 1910 three Jewish families lived in Kazakhstan.

kapustinyar
has abstract: KAPUSTIN YAR, a village in the Akhtubinsky district of the Astrakhan region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1805. At 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Tsarevsky u. Astrakhan province. In 1939, three Jews lived in K. Ya. In 1911, a Jew belonged to a unity. pharmacy in K. Ya.

kapustyana
has abstract: KAPUSTYAN, see Kapustino.

kapustyany
has abstract: KAPUSTYANY, a village in Trostyanetsky district of Vinnitsa region. (Ukraine). At 19 - early. 20th century - in Bratslav district Podolsk province. 19 - early. 20th century K. had a Jewish population. In 1914, Jews owned all three grocery stores in Kazakhstan. In July 1941, Kazakhstan occupied parts of the Wehrmacht. In 1942–44, a camp for Jews from Bukovina was located in Kazakhstan. On Sept. 1943 there were 66 Jews in the camp. After 1945, some of the Jews returned to Kazakhstan. In the 1940s – 1950s. the Jews of K. bought matzo in Tulchin.

kara suu
has abstract: KARA SUU, a city (since 1960), a regional center in the Osh region. (Kyrgyz Republic) In 1939 in K.-S. 48 Jews lived.

karabanovo
has abstract: KARABANOVO, a city (since 1938) in the Vladimir region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1846. In 19 - early. 20th century - the village of Aleksandrovsky u. Vladimir province. In 1926, 25 Jews (0.2%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1939 - 9 Jews. In 1911 Jews belonged to unity. shop angry. and silver. products, units. pharmacy.

karabash
has abstract: KARABASH (until 1933 - Soimanovsky), a city (from 1933) in the Chelyabinsk region. (Russian Federation). Main in 1822. At 19 - early. 20th century - Soymanovsky Mine of Yekaterinburg u. Perm Gubernia. In 1939, 149 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In 2002, several Jews lived in Kazakhstan. Jews.

karabchievskiy yuriy arkadjevich
has abstract: KARABCHIEVSKY Yuri Arkadievich (1938, Moscow - 1992, ibid.), Poet, prose writer, publicist, lit. critic. After leaving school he entered the technical department. uch-shche. He worked as an adjuster of electronic equipment. Until 1988, all production. K .: poems, articles, prose publ. only abroad. Naib, the book received fame. "Resurrection of Mayakovsky", published in 1985 in Munich and hon. etc. them. V. I. Dal. In 1990 this book. publ. publishing house "Sov. writer". In 1991, the book was published. "Homesickness" (M., "Word"), which includes rum. "The Life of Alexander Zilber", pov. "Tosca but Armenia" and "Unforgettable Mishunya". K. shows the drama of an intellectual realizing his Jewishness and at the same time belonging to the Russian. culture, obsessed with love for Russia, but also painfully acutely aware of his rejection. Both in prose and in K.'s poetry, a strongly confessional beginning, deep psychologism is combined with the ability to vividly convey lyricism. feeling and complexity is human. relationships. Committed suicide. In 1992, after K.'s death, the collection was published. his verse. Farewell to Friends.

karabdakent
has abstract: KARABDAKENT, see Karabudakhkent.

karabudakhkent
has abstract: KARABUDAKHKENT, village, center of Leninsky district in the Republic of Dagestan (Russian Federation). Since 1813 - as part of Ros. empire, from 1860 - the village of Karabdakent, Dagestan Region. In 1867 105 Jews lived in Kazakhstan, in 1886 - 71, in 1900 - 70, in 1926 - 9, in 1939 - 5 Jews. about Jews K. belongs to the 10th century. Jews settled again in K. at the end. 17 - early. 18th century In the end. 18th century pl. Jews left Kazakhstan as a result of anti-Jewish actions of the local population. In the 1860s. in K. there was a synagogue, a cheder; there was a rabbi. St. 60% of Jews were engaged in leather dressing. In the 1860s. the land was confiscated from the Jews. In 1886, among the Jews of Kazakhstan there were 2 peddlers, 2 workers, and 12 tanners; a Jew owned a grocery store. During the war, almost all Jews left K., 2 Jewish families remained in the aul.

karabulat
has abstract: CARABULAT, see Leninskoe, Kherson region.

karabutovo
has abstract: KARABUTOVO, a village in the Konotop district of the Sumy region. (Ukraine). Main in the 1570s. From 1667 - part of Rus. state-va. At 19 - early. 20th century - in Konotop district of Chernigov province. In 1853 62 Jews (4.8%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 - 4 Jews.

karachaevsk
has abstract: KARACHAYEVSK (until 1944 - Mikoyan-Shahar, in 1944–57 - Klukhori), a city (since 1929) in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic (Russian Federation). Main in 1926. In 1944–57 it was a part of the Georgian SSR. In 1939 49 Jews lived in Kazakhstan. In the fall of 1942, Kenya was occupied by units of the Wehrmacht. In Jan. 1943 62 Jews were killed in Kazakhstan.

karachev
has abstract: KARACHEV, city, regional center in the Bryansk region. (Russian Federation). Izv. from 1146 c. At 19 - early. 20th century In 1897, 306 Jews (2%) lived in Kazakhstan, in 1910 - 147, in 1923 - 432, in 1926 - 522 (4%), in 1939 - 443 Jews. In 1910 there were synagogue and Jewish cemetery. During the 1st world. war the size of the Jewish population increased due to refugees. In 1915, 173 Jewish refugees from the West. provinces of Russia. 6 Oct. 1941 K. was occupied by Wehrmacht units. Most of the Jews managed to evacuate to the east. districts of the USSR. In oct. 1941 a ghetto was created in Kazakhstan, which contained approx. 100 people Dec. 1941 the ghetto was liquidated, all Jews in it were destroyed. 1990s "Hesed" operates in K. In 2003, approx. 70 Jews in Kazakhstan. David Borisovich Lokshin (b. 1921), musician-guslar, painter, soloist-guslar of Mosconcert, creator of orig. concert gusli designs, 4 pers. artist exhibitions in Moscow (1984, 1986, 1989, 1991).

karachinov
has abstract: KARACHINOV, a village in the Yavoriv district of the Lviv region. (Ukraine). Izv. from 1410. At 19 - early. 20th century - in the province of Galicia as part of Austria-Hungary. In 1919–39 - a part of Poland, in 1939–91 - the Ukrainian SSR. 19th century Shmul Rubin was the rabbi of K., then his son, Osher (1865 -?) In 1914, pogroms were carried out in K. by Russian soldiers. army, as a result of which 68 Jewish houses were looted. In 1916, 2 Jews were deported from Kazakhstan to Tarnopol (present-day Ternopil).

karadarjya
has abstract: CARADARYA, see Paishanba.

karadzhi
has abstract: KARADZHI, see Olenevka of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.